Chiang Mai

1
Chiang Mai
Not to be confused with Chiang Rai.
This article is about the city Chiang Mai. For other uses, see Chiang Mai (disambiguation).
Chiang Mai

City Municipality
Top left: view of Chiang Mai's east moat; top right: the chedi of Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep; middle left: view from Doi Suthep of downtown Chiang
Mai; middle right: Thapae gate; bottom left: aSongthaew share taxi; bottom right: Wat Chiang Man
Location of the city within Chiang Mai Province
Location of the city within Thailand
Coordinates: 184743N 985955E
[1]
Coordinates: 184743N 985955E
[1]
Country
Thailand
Province Chiang Mai Province
Government
Type City municipality
Mayor Tatsanai Puranupakorn
Area
Chiang Mai
2
City Municipality
40.216km
2
(15.527sqmi)
Metro
2,905km
2
(1,122sqmi)
Elevation 310m (1,020ft)
Population (2008)
City Municipality 148,477
Density
3,687/km
2
(9,550/sqmi)
Metro 960,906
Metrodensity
315.42/km
2
(816.9/sqmi)
Time zone Thailand (UTC+7)
Airport IATA: CNX ICAO: VTCC
Website
Official website
[2]
Chiang Mai (/tjma/, from Thai: [ti mj]( ), Northern Thai: [ta.mj]( ))
sometimes written as "Chiengmai" or "Chiangmai", is the largest and most culturally significant city in northern
Thailand. It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province, a former capital of the Kingdom of Lanna (12961768) and was
the tributary Kingdom of Chiang Mai from 1774 until 1939. It is located 700km (435mi) north of Bangkok,
among the highest mountains in the country. The city is along the Ping River, a major tributary of the Chao Phraya
River. Chiang Mai means "new city" and was so-named because it was the new capital, founded in 1296, succeeding
Chiang Rai (founded 1262) in the capital of the Lanna kingdom.
In recent years, Chiang Mai has become an increasingly modern city and has been attracting over 5 million visitors
each year, of which between 1.4 million and 2 million are foreign tourists (depending on the
year).Wikipedia:Citation needed
Chiang Mai gained prominence in the political sphere in May 2006, when the Chiang Mai Initiative was concluded
here between the ASEAN nations and the "+3" countries (China, Japan, and South Korea). Chiang Mai was one of
three Thai cities contending for Thailand's bid to host the World Expo 2020 (the others were Chon Buri and
Ayutthaya). However, Ayutthaya was the city chosen by the Thai Parliament to register for the international
competition.
[3]
It has also recently positioned itself to become a Creative City, and is considering applying for Creative City Status
with UNESCO.
[4]
Chiang Mai is one of two tourist destinations in Thailand on TripAdvisor's list of "25 Best
Destinations in the World", where it stands in place 24.
Chiang Mai's historic importance is derived from its close proximity to the Ping River and major trading routes.
While officially the city (thesaban nakhon) of Chiang Mai only covers most parts of the Mueang Chiang Mai district
with a population of 160,000, the urban sprawl of the city now extends into several neighboring districts. This
Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area has a population of nearly one million people, more than half the total of Chiang Mai
Province.
The city is subdivided into four wards (khwaeng): Nakhon Ping, Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila. The first three are
on the west bank of the Ping River, and Kawila is located on the east bank. Nakhon Ping district comprises the north
side of the city. Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila consist of the west, south, and east respectively. The city
centerwithin the city wallsis mostly within Srivijaya ward.
Chiang Mai
3
History
View of Chiang Mai from Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep
Wat Chiang Man, the oldest Buddhist temple in
the city
The north-western corner of the city wall
King Mengrai founded the city of Chiang Mai
(meaning "new city") in 1296 on the location of an
older city of the Lawa people called Wiang
Nopburi.
[5]
Chiang Mai succeeded Chiang Rai as the
capital of the Lanna kingdom. The ruler was known
as the Chao. The city was surrounded by a moat and
a defensive wall, since nearby Burma was a constant
threat as well as the armies of the Mongol Empire
which only decades earlier had conquered most of
Yunnan, China, and in 1292 overran the bordering
Thai L kingdom of Chiang Hung. With the decline
of the Lanna Kingdom, the city lost importance and
was occupied by the Burmese in 1556. Chiang Mai
formally became part of Siam in 1775 by an
agreement with Chao Kavila, after the Thai King
Taksin helped drive out the Burmese. Because of the
Burmese counterattacks, Chiang Mai was abandoned
between 1776 and 1791. Lampang then served as the
capital of what remained of Lanna. Chiang Mai then
slowly grew in cultural, trading and economic
importance to its current status as the unofficial
capital of northern Thailand, second in importance
only to Bangkok.
The modern municipality dates to a sanitary district
(sukhaphiban) that was created in 1915. This was
upgraded to a municipality (thesaban) on March 29,
1935, as published in the Royal Gazette, Book No. 52
section 80. First covering just 17.5km
2
(7sqmi), the
city was enlarged to 40.216km
2
(16sqmi) on April
5, 1983.
Climate
Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate
(Kppen Aw), tempered by the low latitude and
moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather
year-round, though nighttime conditions during the dry season can be cool and are much lower than daytime highs.
The maximum temperature ever recorded is 42.4C (108.3F) in May 2005.
Chiang Mai
4
Climate data for Chiang Mai (19812010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high
C (F)
35.5
(95.9)
38.2
(100.8)
40.8
(105.4)
41.6
(106.9)
42.4
(108.3)
40.5
(104.9)
39.3
(102.7)
38.0
(100.4)
41.2
(106.2)
37.1
(98.8)
36.5
(97.7)
35.0
(95)
42.4
(108.3)
Average high
C (F)
29.8
(85.6)
32.6
(90.7)
35.2
(95.4)
36.5
(97.7)
34.2
(93.6)
32.7
(90.9)
31.8
(89.2)
31.5
(88.7)
31.7
(89.1)
31.4
(88.5)
30.1
(86.2)
28.6
(83.5)
32.18
(89.93)
Average low
C (F)
14.9
(58.8)
16.2
(61.2)
19.5
(67.1)
22.9
(73.2)
23.8
(74.8)
24.0
(75.2)
23.9
(75)
23.7
(74.7)
23.2
(73.8)
22.2
(72)
19.2
(66.6)
15.7
(60.3)
20.1
(68.2)
Record low C
(F)
0.5
(32.9)
3.3
(37.9)
7.8
(46)
14.4
(57.9)
17.2
(63)
20.6
(69.1)
20.0
(68)
20.2
(68.4)
19.7
(67.5)
16.3
(61.3)
11.1
(52)
4.8
(40.6)
0.5
(32.9)
Rainfall mm
(inches)
4.2
(0.165)
8.9
(0.35)
17.8
(0.701)
57.3
(2.256)
162.0
(6.378)
124.5
(4.902)
140.2
(5.52)
216.9
(8.539)
211.4
(8.323)
117.6
(4.63)
53.9
(2.122)
15.9
(0.626)
1,130.6
(44.512)
Avg. rainy
days ( 1 mm)
1 2 2 6 14 14 16 18 20 14 5 1 113
% humidity 68 58 52 57 71 77 79 81 81 79 75 73 70.9
Mean monthly
sunshine
hours
272.8 251.4 269.7 258.0 217.0 177.0 170.5 161.2 156.0 198.4 234.0 263.5 2,629.5
Source #1: Thai Meteorological Department
[6]
(Normal 1981-2010), (Avg. rainy days 1961-1990)
Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory
[7]
(sunshine)
A panoramic view of the city of Chiang Mai during the rainy season, August 2014
Chiang Mai
5
Emblem
The city emblem depicts the chedi at Wat Doi Suthep in its center. Below it are clouds, representing the moderate
climate in the mountains of northern Thailand. There is a naga, the mythical snake said to be the source of the Ping
River, and rice stalks, which refer to the fertility of the land.
Religious sites
Fireworks over Wat Phantao during the extended
Loi Krathong festivities in Chiang Mai
The chedi at Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep
Wat Chedi Luang.
Chiang Mai has over 300 Buddhist temples (called "wat" in Thai).
[8]
These include:
Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep, the city's most famous temple, stands on
Doi Suthep, a hill to the northwest of the city. This temple dates
from 1383.
Wat Chiang Man, the oldest temple in Chiang Mai, dates from the
13th century. King Mengrai lived here during the construction of
the city. This temple houses two important and venerated Buddha
figures, the marble Phra Sila and the crystal Phra Satang Man.
Wat Phra Singh is located within the city walls, dates from 1345
and offers an example of classic northern Thai style architecture. It
houses the Phra Singh Buddha, a highly venerated figure brought
here many years ago from Chiang Rai.
[9]
Wat Chedi Luang was founded in 1401 and is dominated by a large
Lanna style chedi which took many years to finish. An earthquake
damaged the chedi in the 16th century and only two-thirds of it
remains.
[10]
Wat Ku Tao in the city's Chang Phuak District dates from (at least)
the 13th century and is distinguished by an unusual alms
bowl-shaped stupa thought to contain the ashes of King
Nawrathaminsaw, Chiang Mai's first Burmese ruler.
[11]
Wat Chet Yot is located on the outskirts of the city. Built in 1455,
the temple hosted the Eighth World Buddhist Council in 1977.
Wiang Kum Kam is at the site of an old city on the southern
outskirts of Chiang Mai. King Mengrai lived there for ten years
before the founding of Chiang Mai. The site includes many ruined
temples.
Wat Umong is a forest and cave wat in the foothills in the west of
the city, near Chiang Mai University. Wat U-Mong is known for its
fasting Buddha, representing the Buddha at the end of his long and
fruitless fasting period before he gained enlightenment.
Wat RamPoeng (Tapotaram), near Wat U-Mong, is known for its
meditation center (Northern Insight Meditation Center). The temple
teaches the traditional vipassana technique and students stay from
10 days to more than a month as they try to meditate at least 10
hours a day. Wat RamPoeng houses the largest collection of
Tipitaka, the complete Theravada canon, in several Northern
dialects.
[12]
Chiang Mai
6
The Baan Haw Mosque.
Wat Suan Dok is a 14th-century temple located just west of the old
city-wall. It was built by the king for a revered monk visiting from
Sukhothai for the rains retreat. The temple is also the site of
Mahachulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya Buddhist University, where
monks pursue their studies.
[13]
"First Church", Chiang Mai, was founded in 1868 by the Laos
Mission of the Rev. Daniel and Mrs. Sophia McGilvary. Chiang
Mai has about 20 Christian churches Chiang Mai is the seat of the
Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiang Mai.
Muslim traders have been travelling to north Thailand for many centuries, and a small settled presence has existed
in Chiang Mai from at least the middle of the 19th century.
[14]
The city has mosques identified with Chinese or
Chin Haw Muslims as well as Muslims of Bengali, Pathan and Malay descent. In 2011, there were 16 mosques in
the city.
Two gurdwaras (Sikh Temples) serve the city's Sikh community, Siri Guru Singh Sabha and Namdhari Sikh
Temples.
Hindu temple Devi Mandir serves the Hindu community.
Culture
Festivals
Thousands of Khom Fai in Mae Jo during Loi
Kratong
A truckload of people after getting hit by water
during Songkran in Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai hosts many Thai festivals, including:
Loi Krathong (known locally as Yi Peng): Held on the full moon of
the 12th month in the traditional Thai lunar calendar, being the full
moon of the 2nd month of the old Lanna calendar. In the western
calendar this usually falls in November. Every year thousands of
people assemble floating banana-leaf containers (krathong)
decorated with flowers and candles onto the waterways of the city
to worship the Goddess of Water. Lanna-style sky lanterns (khom
fai or kom loi), which are hot-air balloons made of paper, are
launched into the air. The sky lanterns are believed to help rid the
locals of troubles and are also taken to decorate houses and streets.
Songkran: Held in mid-April to celebrate the traditional Thai new
year. Chiang Mai has become one of the most popular locations to
visit for this festival. A variety of religious and fun-related activities
(notably the good-natured city-wide water-fight) take place each
year, along with parades and a Miss Songkran beauty competition.
Chiang Mai Flower Festival: A three-day festival held during the
first weekend in February each year, this event occurs when Chiang
Mai's temperate and tropical flowers are in full bloom.
Tam Bun Khan Dok, the Inthakin (City Pillar) Festival, starts on the
day of the waning moon of the six lunar month and lasts 68 days.
Chiang Mai
7
A street in Chiang Mai
Language
The inhabitants speak Kham Muang (also known as Northern Thai or
Lanna) among themselves, though Central Thai is used in education
and is understood by almost everyone. English is used in hotels and
travel-related businesses and many educated people speak English. The
Kham Muang alphabet is now studied only by scholars, and Northern
Thai is commonly written with the standard Thai alphabet.
[15]
Museums
Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Center.
Chiang Mai National Museum highlights the history of the region and the Kingdom of Lanna.
Tribal Museum showcases the history of the local mountain tribes.
Mint Bureau of Chiangmai or Sala Thanarak, Treasury Department, Ministry of Finance, Rajdamnern Road (one
block from AUA) has an old coin museum open to the public during business hours. The Lanna Kingdom used
leaf (or line) money made of brass and silver bubbles, also called "pig-mouth" money. Nobody has been able to
duplicate the technique of making pig-mouth money, and because the silver is very thin and breakable, good
pieces are now very rare.
Dining
Khantoke dinner is an old Lanna Thai tradition in Chiang Mai. It is an elaborate dinner or lunch which is offered by
a host to guests at various ceremonies or parties, e.g., at weddings, housewarmings, celebrations, novice ordinations,
or funerals. It can also be held for temple celebrations such as celebrations for specific buildings in a Thai temple
and at Buddhist festivals such as Khao Pansa, Og Pansa, Loi Krathong, and Thai New Year (Songkran).
Education
Chiang Mai has several universities, including Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai Rajabhat University, Rajamangala
University of Technology Lanna, Payap University, Far Eastern University, and Maejo Universityas well as
numerous technical and teacher colleges. Chiang Mai University was the first government university established
outside of Bangkok. Payap University is the first private institution in Thailand that was granted university status.
Nature
Nam Tok Huai Kaeo (lit. "Crystal Creek
Waterfall") lies at the foot of Doi Suthep on the
western edge of the city
The nearby national parks include Doi Inthanon National Park,
which includes Doi Inthanon, the highest mountain in Thailand; Doi
Pui Suthep; and Obkhan.
Doi Pui Suthep National Park is just outside town. From all over
Chiang Mai you can see the Wat Doi Suthep Buddhist temple
looking down on the town from Doi Suthep mountain.
Elephant Nature Park: Approximately 60km (37mi) north of the
city or about one hour drive, the Elephant Nature Park is home to
approximately 30 rescued elephants.
Chiang Mai
8
Hill-tribe tourism and trekking: A large number of tour companies offer organized treks among the local hills and
forests on foot and on elephant back. Most also involve visits to the various local hill tribes. These include
representatives from the Akha, Hmong, Karen, and Lisu tribes.
[16]
Recreation
Nightlife
Night Market on Wua Lai Road, south of the center
Nightlife in Chiang Mai consists of numerous bars,
several discotheques and live music venues. The
discotheques play a variety of music, ranging from
electronic dance music to reggae, while live music
venues, like the Maya Cafe, feature solo artists as part
of the roster. Also, Loi Kroh Road, in the center of the
city, is well known for the hostess bars that are located
along the length of most of the streetthe street also
features a walk-in arcade, with a Muay Thai boxing
ring, near the Imperial Mae Ping Hotel.
Bars and late-night restaurants are located throughout
the city, but many can be found on either side of the
moat's eastern flank (in the Thaphe Gate area). Live music venues are located in several areas: along the Ping River
near Nawarat Bridge; along Immanent road in the western part of the city; or in the vicinity of the night bazaar. The
Playhouse Theatre, on Chang Puak road in the old city, offers nightly shows and entertainment, performed by Thai
national performers, featuring contemporary jazz, ballet and tap dance performances; the 350-seat venue also offers a
unique Lanna dining experience, surrounded by mountains and waterfalls.
Karaoke lounges can be found throughout the city, with many found on Chiang Mai Land Road; some very large
establishments exist along the length of Chang Klan Road, extending south from the night bazaar. Go-go bars can be
found in Chiang Mai, but they are less significant in comparison to karaoke venuesFoxy Lady Night Bazaar, off
Thaphe Rd, is one such bar.
Activities
The Chiang Mai Zoo is the oldest zoo of northern Thailand, and sprawls over an enormous tract of land.
Shopping: Chiang Mai has a large and famous night bazaar for local arts and handicrafts. The night bazaar
sprawls across several city blocks along footpaths, inside buildings and temple grounds, and in open squares. A
handicraft and food market opens every Sunday afternoon till late on Rachadamnoen Road, the main street in the
historical centre, which is then closed to motorised traffic. Every Saturday evening a handicraft market is held
along Wua Lai road, Chiang Mai's silver street
[17]
on the south-side of the city beyond Chiang Mai gate, which is
then also closed to motorized traffic.
Thai massage: The back streets and main thoroughfares of Chiang Mai have an abundance and variety of massage
parlours which offer anything from quick, simple, face and foot massages, to month-long courses in the art of
Thai massage.
Thai cookery: A number of Thai cooking schools have their home in Chiang Mai (see also Thai food).
For IT shopping, there's Pantip Plaza just south of Night Bazaar, as well as Computer Plaza, Computer City, and
Icon Square near the northern moat and IT City department store in Kad Suan Kaew mall.
Horse racing: Every Saturday starting at 12:30 are the races at "Kawila Race Track" and betting on the horses is
legal.
Chiang Mai
9
Transportation
Songthaew on Wualai Road in Chiang Mai
Tuk-tuks waiting for passengers near Tapae Gate
in Chiang Mai
Bus, train and air connections serve Chiang Mai well. A number of bus
stations link the city to central and northern Thailand. The Central
Chang Pheuak terminal (north of Chiang Puak Gate) provides local
services within Chiang Mai Province and the Chiang Mai Arcade bus
terminal northeast of the city (requires songthaew or tuk-tuk ride, see
below) provides services to over 20 other destinations in Thailand
including Bangkok, Ayutthaya, and Phitsanulok. There are several
services a day from Chiang Mai Arcade terminal to Bangkok (a 1012
hour journey).
The state railway operates 14 trains a day to Chiang Mai Station from
Bangkok. Most journeys run overnight and take approximately 1215
hours. Most trains offer first-class (private cabins) and a second-class
(seats fold out to make sleeping berths) service..
To get to cities such as Mae Hong Son or Chiang Rai a plane or bus
must be used. No trains are available to cities north of Chiang Mai.
International departure hall at Chiang Mai Airport
Chiang Mai International Airport receives up to 28
flights a day from Bangkok (flight time about 1 hour 10
minutes) and also serves as a local hub for services to
other northern cities such as Chiang Rai, Phrae and
Mae Hong Son. International services also connect
Chiang Mai with other regional centers, including cities
in other Asian countries.
The local preferred form of transport is personal
motorbike and, increasingly, private car.
Local public transport is provided in four forms:
tuktuks, songthaews, less frequently rickshaws and the
recently re-launched, though infrequent, Chiang Mai
bus service. Local songthaew fare is usually 2050
Thai baht per person for trips in and around the city. If the group of people is larger, the fare per person will be less.
Tuk-tuk fare is usually at least 20 baht per trip (comfortable for two, but some can squeeze in four passengers); fare
increases with distance. Chiang Mai's local bus service was relaunched in 2006. It serves routes in and around the
city, although the service itself lacks the frequency and network available in other major cities.
Chiang Mai
10
Tourism
Courtyard of Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep
The Tourism Authority of Thailand's (TAT) website
promotes the city as "a place where both backpackers
and luxury tourists can enjoy the ultimate Thailand
holiday", as the city is "one of the few places in
Thailand where it is possible to experience both
historical and modern Thai culture coexisting side by
side: the city features centuries-old chedis and temples
next to modern convenience stores and boutique
hotels."
The Tourism Authority of Thailand's Chiang Mai office
expects the number of tourists from China to increase
by at least 20 per cent this year from 2012, driven by
the success of the Chinese film "Lost in Thailand".
More than 80 per cent of the film was shot in the
northern province.
Chiang Mai has more than 33,000 hotel rooms and Chiang Mai International Airport is Thailands third largest, after
Suvarnabhumi and Don Mueang in Bangkok.
The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau (TCEB) is aiming to market Chiang Mai as a global MICE
(Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions) city as part of a five-year MICE plan. In 2012, the total value of
the Chiang Mai MICE industry reached 3.9 billion baht, of which 3.8 billion baht was contributed by 46,826 foreign
MICE travellers.
However, the influx of tourists has put a strain on the citys natural resources. Faced with rampant unplanned
development, air and water pollution, waste management problems and traffic congestion, the city has launched a
non-motorised transport (NMT) system. The initiative, developed by a partnership of experts and with support from
the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create employment
opportunities for the urban poor. The climate compatible development strategy has gained support from
policy-makers and citizens alike as a result of its many benefits.
[18]
Air pollution
See also: Environmental issues in Thailand
A continuing environmental problem facing Chiang Mai is the incidence of air pollution which primarily occurs in
February and March. This issue has been acknowledged for some time. Back in 1996, speaking at the Fourth
International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement conference, which was held in Chiang Mai
in that year, the then governor of Chiang Mai, Virachai Naewboonien invited guest speaker Dr. Jakapan
Wongburanawatt, the Dean of the Social Science Faculty of Chiang Mai University at that time, to discuss the state
of Chiang Mai air pollution efforts. Dr. Wongburanawatt stated that back in 1994, there were already increasing
numbers of city residents coming to hospitals suffering from respiratory problems associated with city air
pollution.
[19]
The Thailand Pollution Control Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is
actively engaged in finding solutions with public awareness campaigns and other initiatives. During this period,
unlike the majority of the year, air quality in Chiang Mai often remains below recommended standards with
fine-particle dust levels reaching twice the standard.
The northern centre of the Meteorological Department has reported that low-pressure areas from China trap
forest-fire smoke in the mountains along the Thai-Myanmar border. In a research conducted between 2005 and 2009,
average PM10 rates in Chiang Mai during February and March were found to be well above the country's safety
Chiang Mai
11
level of 120 g/m
3
, peaking at 383 g/m
3
on 14 March 2007.
[20]
The World Health Organization acceptable level is
50 g/m
3
.
To address the increasing greenhouse gas emissions from transport in Chiang Mai, the city government has
advocated the use of non-motorised transport (NMT). In addition to its potential to reduce greenhouse emissions, the
NMT initiative addresses other issues such as traffic congestion, air quality, income generation for the poor and the
long-term viability of the tourism industry.
Twin towns Sister cities
Chiang Mai has agreements with four sister cities:
[21]
Uozu, Japan (8 August 1989)
Saitama prefecture, Japan (9 November 1992)
Kunming, Yunnan, China (7 June 1999)
Harbin, China (29 April 2008)
Gallery
Inthakhincity pillar building,
Wat Chedi Luang.
Street food at
the Sunday
Evening Market.
Selling
umbrellas at the
Sunday Evening
Market.
A soi northeast
of the city center
A police tuktuk at Tapae Gate. A street scene in Chiang Mai,
showing (center right), a gate of
the old city wall.
Looking south along the eastern
moat of the historical city center
of Chiang Mai. The road on the
right is Moon Muang, on the left,
Chaiya Poom.
The Ho Trai
(library) of Wat
Phra Singh
The Sunday Evening Market is
one of the main attractions of
Chiang Mai
Huai Tueng Thao lake, on
the northwestern outskirt
of Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai
12
References
[1] http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Chiang_Mai&
params=18_47_43_N_98_59_55_E_type:city(148477)_region:TH
[2] http:/ / www. cmcity. go.th/ index.php/ en/
[3] [3] Expo 2020
[4] Chiang Mai Citylife: Chiang Mai a Creativity City by James Austin Farrell (http:/ / www. chiangmainews. com/ ecmn/ viewfa. php?id=3065).
Chiangmainews.com (2011-01-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
[5] See also the Burmese chronicle of Chiang Mai, 'The Zinme Yazawin', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume
4. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
[6] http:/ / www. tmd. go.th
[7] http:/ / www. hko. gov.hk/ wxinfo/ climat/ world/ eng/ asia/ se_asia/ chiang_mai_e. htm
[8] 'Lan Na rebirth: recently re-established temples', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai
,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
[9] 'Wat Phra Singh Woramahaviharn', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books,
2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
[10] ^ 'Wat Chedi Luang: Temple of the Great Stupa', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai
,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
[11] 'Wat Ku Tao: Chang Phuak's Matermelon Temple', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1. Chiang Mai ,
Cognoscenti Books, 2012.
[12] 'Wat Rampoeng Tapotharam' in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books,
2012.
[13] 'Wat Suan Dok, the Flower Garden temple', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai
,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
[14] 'The Muslim Community Past and Present', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai
,Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
[15] See: Forbes, Andrew, 'The Peoples of Chiang Mai', in: Penth, Hans, and Forbes, Andrew, A Brief History of Lan Na (Chiang Mai City Arts
and Cultural Centre, Chiang Mai, 2004), pp. 221-256.
[16] 'Chiang Mai's Hill Peoples' in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books, 2012.
[17] 'Shan Silversmiths of Wua Lai', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai ,Cognoscenti Books,
2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
[18] Catalysing sustainable tourism: The case of Chiang Mai, Thailand (http:/ / cdkn. org/ resource/ sustainable-tourism-thailand/ ), Kyoko
Kusakabe, Pujan Shrestha, S. Kumar and Trinnawat Suwanprik, the Climate and Development Knowledge Network, 2014
[19] [19] Chiang Mai's Environmental Challenges, Fourth International Conference of Environmental Compliance and Enforcement
[20] http:/ / cdn.intechopen.com/ pdfs/ 30054.pdf
[21] [21] (page 21)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chiang Mai.
City of Chiang Mai (http:/ / www. cmcity. go. th/ english/ history. php) (English)
City of Chiang Mai (http:/ / www. cmcity. go. th) (Thai)
Chiang Mai travel guide from Wikivoyage
Article Sources and Contributors
13
Article Sources and Contributors
Chiang Mai Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=620869790 Contributors: 40fifw0, 499siriporn8, 97198, ASDFGH, Aaron Gibbons, Abstinent, Adam Carr, Adamc92, Adbar,
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ChrisKC, CommonsDelinker, Comte De Boigne, CrazyflowerLi2, Cymru.lass, Dantilley, Davidlawrence, DawnOfTheBlood, Delhiwallah, Derek R Bullamore, Dewritech, Diliff, Discospinster,
DocWatson42, Dr. Blofeld, Durova, Eeekster, Ekavuth Kawila, Endangl1, Enric Naval, Ermanon, Evanh2008, Everyone Dies In the End, Farmanesh, Felixboy, Fixer88, Flewis, Global trips,
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Rlevse, Rosiestep, Rukterna, SFC9394, Sabrinaja2, Samgreen87, Sbewers, Sbharris, Scythian1, Seligne, Sendthistopeej, SeoMac, Setsunakami, Sim100, Skookum1, Smsarmad, Soulparadox,
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File:Chiang Mai City.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiang_Mai_City.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: This image was
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
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