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TEORI RINGKAS
ACTIVE/PASSIvE, PARTICIPLE, CONCORD, MODALS

ACTIVE/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
Active participle ialah verb + ing
Passive participle ialah verb 3, yang dapat digunakan sebagai
a. noun modifier
b. clause modifier

A. Noun Modifier terdiri dari

Active/passive participle sebelum kata benda
Contoh:









The dancing girl is my sister
The singing bird is a murai
(the dancing girl is a girl who is/was dancing)
The broken car was sold

Active participle/passive participle phrases
Contoh
The man wearing a cap is my father
The boy riding the buffalo is my brother
The man killed in the field is my aunt

Keterangan : The boy riding that buffalo dapat diubah menjadi:
The boy who is/was riding that buffalo atau
The boy who rode that buffalo
The man killed the field berarti
The man who is killed in the field

B. Active participle/Participles phrases sebagai clause modifier
Contoh:















Being old,he has to wear glasses
Shouting,he kicked the door
Surrounded by mountains, Bandung has cool climate
Keterangan
Because he is old,he has to wear glasses
While he was shouting,he kicked the door
Because Bandung is surrounded by mountains it has cool climate

Penggunaan active participle
1. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama pada waktu yang bersamaan
maka salah satu kalimat tadi dibentuk menjadi active participle
Contoh:
He rode away.He whistled as he went
He rode away whistling
The children came.They ran to meet us
The children came running to meet us
2. Bila suatu perbuatan diikuti oleh perbuatan lainnya dan dilakukan olehsubjek yang
sama,maka perbuatan yang pertama dinyatakan dengan active participle
Contoh
He opened the drawer and took out a revolver
Opening the drawer,he took out a revolver
Active participle dapat menggantikan as/since/because + subject + verb
Contoh
Because he was a student, he was naturally interested in museum = Being a
student,he was naturally interested in museum
As he didnt know the answer,he kept silent = Not knowing the answer, he kept
silent

3. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama dan pekerjaan yang satu sudah
selesai dikerjakan lalu diikuti oleh pekerjaan lainnya maka pekerjaan yang sudah
selesai,dinyatakan dengan active participle
Contoh
After I had finished my work,I went out= Having finished my work, I went out


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II. CONCORD

Concor d adalah persesuaian antara subject dengan predikat
Contoh-contoh dalam bentuk sederhana adalah sebagai berikut:
I fly to menado once a week
He flies to Menado once a week





I have been to Bali
He has a nice car
You are always complaining in she is good at maths seeking a job

Contoh-contoh lainnya
1. Ada beberapa kata benda yang nampaknya tunggal tetapi mempunyai arti jamak .
Yaitu cattle, public, police, people, poultry
Contoh :
The cattle are grazing in the field
The police enforce the law

2. beberapa kata benda yang kelihatannya jamak tetapi mengandung arti tunggal.
Yaitu : economics, statistics, billiards, mathematics, measles, mumps.
Contoh:
Mathematics is difficult
Measles is a contagious disease

3. Beberapa kata benda yang bisa jamak, bisa tunggal
Yaitu: jury, committee, team, crowd, class, family, crew, army, congress, press.
Contoh :
The jury consists of ten person
The jury are arguing among themselves
Notes : Kalau yang dilihat itu kesatuannya maka mengandung arti tunggal. Tetapi kalau
yang dilihatnya itu anggotanya maka mengandung arti jamak

4. contoh-contoh kalau subject digabungkan dengan kata eitheror; neithernor;
bothand.







Either you or she was here yesterday
(yang dilihat, kata setelah or).
Neither I nor he likes coffee (kata yang dilihat kata setelah nor).
Both you and your sister work well (subjeknya jamak karena terdiri dari you and
your sister)
Not only Rudy but also his brother are actors.
Not only does Rudy teach math but also English.
Rudy teaches not only math but also English

5. penggunaan each, either, dan neither of, every, one of.
kalau dalam sebuah kalimat dimulai dengan kata each, either, atau neither maka
sudah pasti kata kerjanya harus berbentuk singular


Contoh :
Neither of the films is interesting
My school has ten class rooms; each is equiped by the over head projector

6. penggunaan as well asbila dua subjek tunggal dihubungkan dengan kata as well as
maka kata kerja yang digunakannya untuk subjek tunggal
Contoh :
an apple as well as an orange is good for our health
a television as well as a radio is the source of information

bila kedua subjeknya tidak sama jumlahnya maka yang dilihat (disesuaikan) adalah
subjek yang ditulis terdahulu
Contoh :
The students as well as the teacher have worked hard; A banana as well as oranges
is going to be sent to you

7. lama waktu, jarak, berat, volume, selalu diikuti dengan kata kerja untuk subjek
tunggal.
Contoh :
Five hours is not long for me to wait
Two hundred kms is not far away nowadays
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Five kgs is heavy to carry,eight is enough

8. kata-kata berikut ini selalu diikuti oleh predikat untuk benda jamak
tweezers, binoculars, glasses, shoes, pyjamas, pliers, trousers.
tetapi bisa ditunggalkan dengan kata a pair of (sepasang)
bandingkan :


My glasses are on the table
A pair of glasses is on the table; two pairs of glasses are on the table

9. kata benda yang bentuk tunggal dan jamaknya sama
deer, sheep, salmon, mackerel, aircraft, vietnamese, chinese, japanese,
Contoh :
I saw two japanese in that hotel
There are hundred and hundred of deer in the palace garden

III. MODALS

Modal adalah kata kerja atau auxilliary verb yang terdiri dari:
Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare,
used to
Kata-kata tersebut diatas diikuti verb.
Contoh

Shall :
Dipakai untuk
1 Untuk menyatakan future dengan
subjek I/We
Contoh:
I shall leave for America tomorrow
2 Janji
Contoh: You shall have a motorbike

(saya janjikan anda akan dapat sepeda)
3 Ancaman
Contoh:
You shall be punished if you do that


Should :
1. Bentuk past dari shall,kalau berada
pada anak kalimat
Contoh:
I say that I shall leave
I said that I should leave
2 Mangandung arti seharusnya dalam
bentuk present
Contoh:
You should obey your parents
You ought to obey your parents
3 Mengandung arti sebaiknya
suggestion/advice
Contoh:
If you are tired,you should take a rest

Will :
Dipakai
1. Untuk bentuk future
Contoh:
I will go to Jakarta tomorrow
2. Untuk janji
Contoh:
I will come to your house if it doesnt rain
3. Untuk polite request
Contoh:
Will you open the window please!

Would :
1. Past tense dari will kalau berada
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pada anak kalimat
Contoh:
He says he will come
He said he would come
2. More polite request
Would you open the door, please!
3. Berarti want kalau ditambah like
(would like=want)
Would you like a cup of tea?= Do you want a cup of tea ?

Can:
Mengandung arti
1. ability at present
Contoh: I can speak English
2. Permission
Contoh: Can I go out?
3. Request
Contoh : can you help me
4. Present Possibility
He can be at home

Could:
Mengandung arti
1. Past dari can kalau berada pada
anak kalimat
Contoh:
I said that I could go with you
2. ability in the past
Contoh:
When I was young, I could play tennis well
3. Permission (izin yang lebih halus dari
can)
Contoh:

Could I borrow your ball point?
4. Past Possibility
He could be at home last night


May:
Berarti
1. Permission
Contoh:
May I go home now Bolehkan..)
2. Possibility
Contoh:
He may come late (mungkin)

Might:
Berarti
1. Past dari may kalau berada pada anak kalimat
He said that he might go home (boleh)
2. Probability
Contoh:
She might be late (mungkin)

Must :
Mengandung arti
1. Harus (obligation)
Contoh : You must study hard
2. Pasti (conclusion)
Contoh : Andi has many luxurious cars; he must be rich

Need :
Dapat dipakai
1. Sebagai kata kerja biasa
Contoh:
Do you need a new book?
2. Sebagai kata kerja bantu
Contoh:
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Need you go so soon?

MODAL PERFECT

(Subject-Modal-Have-Verb 3-Object etc)
Contoh
1. I could have lifted the box just now (saya bisa mengangkat peti itu tetapi tidak saya
lakukan)
Artinya suatu kemampuan di waktu lampau yang tidak dikerjakan

2. He might have gone by train early this morning (mungkin dia pergi dengan kereta
api tadi pagi-pagi)
Artinya suatu kemungkinan di waktu lampau

3. The road is wet it must have rained last night (pasti tadi malam hujan buktinya jalan
basah)
Suatu kesimpulan di waktu lampau

4. I would have returned your bicycle (saya ingin mengembalikan sepedamu tetapi
tidak bisa)
Suatu keinginan yang tidak terpenuhi

5. I should have given him some money (seharusnya saya memberi dia uang tetapi
tidak saya lakukan)
Suatu keharusan yang tidak dipenuhi