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3.

2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE) JBIC SECTION


Except at locations of the chainages 02+000, 42+000 and 52+000, the new trace deviates
from the combined trace. The major deviation occrs between 0!+000 and 2"+000 and
the rest are relativel# small in extent. Ecologicall#, the minor deviation between 00+000
and 0"+000, and between 0$+000 and 0%+500 cannot be expected to impose a mar&edl#
different impact on the environment as the# still traverse the same or similar wetland
areas which are mostl# abandoned padd# fields and bilt p land. The description and
impact anal#ses therefore are restricted to the major deviation between 0!+000 and
2"+000.
3.2.1 Flora
3.2.1.1 Terrestral !lora
The major deviation in this part of the trace lies between 0!+000 and 2"+000. The
deviated segment however traverses largel# over bilt p land where the hman
settlements are and between "%+!00 and "'+000 crosses a segment of the low(l#ing areas
at )anape. Therefore the predominant terrestrial flora along the deviation comprises of
that in home gardens. *owever, ot of the 0% endemic species encontered in the area 0+
were recorded among terrestrial flora. The terrestrial plants encontered along the ,-./
trace are presented in Table ".
Table ."0 )lant species encontered along the ,-./ trace of the sothern highwa#
Terrestal
Acacia caesia *ingr(vel 1abaceae
Allophylus cobbe 2obbe 3apindaceae
Antidesma ghaesembilla -(embilla Ephorbiaceae
Areca catechu )wa& 4recaceae
Argyreia populifolia
+
5iritilla /onvolvlaceae
Artocarpus incisus 6ata( del 7oraceae
Arundo donax )oaceae
Canavalia cathartica 8al bonchi 1abaceae
Caryota urens 2ithl 4recaceae
Cassia tora Tora 1abaceae
Ceiba pentandra )ln( imbl -ombacaceae
Cerbera manghas 4poc#naceae
Cerbera odollam 5on(&adr 4poc#naceae
Chromolaena odorata
*
)odi(sinnomaran 4steraceae
Chukrasia tabularis *lan(hi& 7eliaceae
Cinnamomum sp. 2rnd 9araceae
Clerodendrum infortunatum )inna :erbenaceae
Clidemia hirta 7elastomataceae
Clitoria ternatea ;il(&atorod 1abaceae
Cocos nucifera )ol 4recaceae
Crotalaria verrucosa <a&(bairi#e 1abaceae
Cyperus corymbosus 5al(ehi /#peraceae
Derris scandens 2ala(wel 1abaceae
Dillenia suffruticosa =i#apara =illeniaceae
Elaeocarpus serratus 8eral Elaeocarpaceae
Ficus hispida 2ota(dimbla 7oraceae
Ficus tinctoria 8al(ehet 7oraceae
Glochidion coriaceum
+
Ephorbiaceae
Glochidion Moonii
+
-(*n &irilla Ephorbiaceae
Glochidion stellatum
+
2irilla Ephorbiaceae
Glochidion eylanicum *n(&irilla Ephorbiaceae
Gomphrena globosa 6aja(pohott 4maranthaceae
Gymnema pergularioides
+
4sclepiadaceae
!edyotis trichoneura 6biaceae
!evea brasiliensis 6bber( Ephorbiaceae
!ibiscus furcatus ;a(piritta 7alvaceae
!ibiscus tiliaceus -eli patta 7alvaceae
!orsfieldia iryaghedhi
+
7alaboda 7#risticaceae
"xora coccinea 6atambala 6biaceae
#eucaena leucocephala
*
.pil ipil 1abaceae
#imonia acidissima =ivl 6taceae
#itsea glutinosa -o(mee 9araceae
#ud$igia sp. 8el(&arab >nagraceae
Macaranga peltata 2enda Ephorbiaceae
Mangifera indica 4mba 4nacardiaceae
Morinda coreia 4h 6biaceae
%ephelium lappaceum 6ambtan 3apindaceae
&lax "mbricata Telati#a >lacaceae
&lax eylanica 7ella >lacaceae
&sbeckia aspera -owiti#a 7elastomataceae
'agiantha dichotoma =ivi(2adr 4poc#naceae
'anicum maximum
*
6ata(tana )oaceae
'avetta indica )avetta 6biaceae
'hoenix sylvestris .ndi 4recaceae
'ongamia pinnata 7agl(&aranda 1abaceae
'othus scandens )ota(wel 4raceae
'remna obtusifolia 8el(midi :erbenaceae
'sidium gua(ava )era 7#rtaceae
'sychotria eylanica
+
6biaceae
)ichadia scrabra 6biaceae
*chefflera sp. 4recaceae
*colopia sp. 1lacortiaceae
*ida acuta 5as(bevila 7alvaceae
+erminalia catappa 2ottamba /ombretaceae
+rema orientalis 5admba ?lmaceae
+riumfetta pentandra Epala Tiliaceae
,ernonia eylanica
+
)pla 4steraceae
-alidda antidysenterica
+
.dda 4poc#naceae
-edelia trilobata
*
8edelia 4steraceae
.iiphus oenoplia Eramini#a 6hi@ophoraceae
3.2.1.2 A"#at$ !lora
4AaticB amphibios flora consists of plant species characteristic to freshwater wetlands,
particlarl# abandoned padd# fields in the lowlands of 3ri 9an&a. The habitats available
in the wetland are of considerable diversit#. -esides the channels across the wetlands that
eventall# drain into -olgoda la&e, open water areas occr in the wetland and the# are
the relativel# deep areas of the wetland. 3ch areas are srronded b# patches of
herbaceos vegetation that consists of marsh plants.
The marsh consists of herbaceos species characteristic to abandoned padd# fields in the
soth western coastal plain and it is dominated b# grasses and sedges. 1reshwater aAatic
plants occr in the open water areas in the middle part of the wetland along the channels.
The peripheral vegetation is dominated b# tree species that t#picall# occr associated
with freshwater marshes. 4 list of tree and shrb species fond to occr in association
with the )anape wetland C"%+ !00D is presented in Table 2 and the herbaceos plant
species encontered in the wetland are presented in Table $.
Table 20 Tree and shrb species associated with )anape wetland.

Tree 3pecies 3inhala name 1amil# name
Annona glabra 8el(attha 4nnonaceae
-alidda antidysenterica .dda 4poc#naceae
Elaeocarpus serratus 8eral Elaeocarpaceae
!evea brasiliensis 6bber( Ephorbiaceae
Glochidion Moonii -(*n &irilla Ephorbiaceae
Glochidion Coriaceu Ephorbiaceae
Antidesma ghaesembilla -(embilla Ephorbiaceae
Glochidion stellatum 2irilla Ephorbiaceae
Canavalia cathartica 8al bonchi 1abaceae
&sbeckia aspera -owiti#a 7elastomataceae
!orsfieldia iryaghedhi 7alaboda 7#risticaceae
&lax "mbricata Telati#a >lacaceae
Cinnamomum sp/ 2rnd 9araceae
Table $0 4AaticB ambhibios plants in )anape wetland CE ( Endemic speciesD
3cientific name :ernaclar name
Cyperus difformis
Cyperus haspan
Cyperus iria
Cyperus pilosus
)hyncospora corymbosa
*coenoplectus grossus
Echinochloa colonum
"sachne globosa
'anicum repens
'andanus sp/
#ud$igia decurrens
#imnocharis flava
Monochoria vaginalis
#agenandra ovata
Exacum sp/*
Thnessa
*alpan
8el hiri
Thnessa
Thn hiri#a
8el mar&
-atadella
Etora
8eta&e#a
8el(&aramb
=i#a gowa
2etala
-inara

Except for Exacum sp/ 4ll other species are not endemics and the# occr in abndance in
association with padd# fields throghot the wet @one. The sedge *coenoplectus grossus
CThnhiri#aD is collected from this wetland b# the villagers to weave mats.
3.2.2 Fa#%a
3.2.2.1 Terrestral !a#%a a%& a'()*a%s
Terrestrial environment in the location of deviation Cassociated with )anape wetlandsD is
predominantl# homesteads and rbber plantations. The# provide habitats for terrestrial
fana, particlarl# insects, birds and reptiles. .n terms of diversit#, the least represented
fanal grop in this part of the trace and in the site of deviation are the small mammals.
Thirteen btterfl# species have been recorded from the area of the deviation and the# are
ecologicall# important as pollinators. Three species of sna&es happen to occr in the
area ot of which one, i.e. 0enochrophis asperrimus C=i#a bari#aD is endemic to 3ri
9an&a. )#thons which are rare sna&es in the area ma# find their territories and nmber of
habitats shrin& once the road is constrcted and the# will become more vlnerable.
/innamon plantations arond 2rndgahahete&ma is the onl# area where the endemic
small mammal species CAxis porosnus D C8il mwa(3D are fond in 3ri 9an&a.
Table 4 presents the diversit# of btterflies, a major grop of pollinators, fond to occr
along the ,-./ trace while Table 5 presents the reptiles reported to occr in the area.
These species were also &nown to occr in and arond the )anape wetland.
Table 40 3pecies of btterflies recorded along the ,-./ trace of the sothern highwa#.
B#tter!les
The nigger
The white for(ring
The lesser grass ble
The ble tiger
The common je@ebel
The plains cpid
=ar& cerlean
The gre# pans#
The peacoc& fans#
The indian dart
The Three(spot grass #ellow
/ommon crow
/ommon sailor
Table 50 3pecies of reptiles reported to occr along ,-./ trace
Fa'l+,S(e$es E%-ls) %a'e Stat#s
A-a'&ae
Calotes calotes 5reen garden li@ard Threatened
Calotes versicolor /ommon garden li@ard

Bo&ae
'ython molurus )#thon Threatened

B#!o%&ae
-fo melanostics /ommon hose toad

Col#*r&ae
1oiga trigonata /ommon cat sna&e
Amphiesma stolatum -ff(striped &eelbac&
0enochrophis asperrimus 8ater sna&e Endemic

Ela(&ae
%a(a na(a /obra
1ungarus ceylonicus 3ri 9an&an &raits EndemicB Threatened

Ge..o%&ae
!emidactylus brookii *ose 5ec&o
!emidactylus maculatus 3potted roc& gec&o
!emidactylus triedrus Termite hill gec&o

Ra%&ae
#imnonectus limnocharis /ommon padd# field frog
)ana temporalis /ommon wood frog
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 8ater s&ipper

Vara%&ae
,aranus bengalensis 9and 7onitor
,aranus salvator 8ater monitor Endemic

S$%$&ae
7ab#a carinata /ommon s&in&
7ab#a maclaria 6oc& s&in&
Table + presents the mammal species that inhabit the habitats associated along the road
trace of the ,-./ section.
Table + 0 7ammal species associated with the area along the road trace of the ,-./
section of the sothern highwa#.
Fa'l+,S(e$es E%-ls) %a'e Stat#s
S#&ae
*us scrofa

8ild bore

/ommon
Tra-#l&ae
+ragulus meminna

7ose deer

Threatened
Car%&ae
Canis aureus

,ac&al

/ommon

/er(est&ae
!erpestes smithii 3ri 9an&a rdd# mongoose
!erpestes viticollis 3triped nec&ed mongoose Threatened

/+str$)&ae
!ystrix indica )orcpine Threatened

Cer$o(t)e$&ae
+achypithecus vetulus )rple faced leaf mon&e# Endemic
Macaca sinica ToAe mon&e# Endemic

S$#r&ae
)atufa macroura 5iant sAirrel
Funambulus palmarum )alm sAirrel /ommon

M#r&ae
Mus mesculus .ndian hose mose /ommon
)attus ratus *ose rat /ommonB
Axis porosnus 8il mwa Endemic
3.2.2.2 A"#at$ !a#%a
.nvertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, insects and mammals constitte the fana of
)anape wetlands and among which fish and birds are visibl# the most important grops
of fana in the ecolog# of )anape wetlands. Table % presents the common fish species
that occr in )anape wetlands. 2nife fish, an escaped exotic ornamental fish is abndant
in the area and being a carnivoros fish, it appears to affect the indigenos fish
poplations in the marsh and the associated streams, hence it is considered an alien
invasive species.
Table %0 /ommon fish species in )anape wetlands of the ,-./ section of the road trace

Fa'l+,S(e$es
Ver%a$#lar
Na'e Stat#s /a*tats
A%-#ll&ae
Anguilla bicolor 2a&&ta arndha ;ative 7arshes
/etero(%e#st&ae
!eteropneustes fossilis *nga ;ative 7arshes
C$)l&ae
Etroplus suratensis 2orali#a ;ative
&reochromis mossambicus Teppili .ntrodced 1reshwater
&/ niloticus
C)a%%&ae
Channa striata ;ative 1reshwater
Channa punctata 2ola &ana#a ;ative 1reshwater
Clar&ae
Clarias brachisoma 7agra Endemic 1reshwater
A%a*a%t&ae
+richogaster pectoralis 7ada&ana#a .ntrodced 1reshwater

Chitala ornatus* 2nife 1ish .ntrodced 1reshwater

3.2.2.3 A0a% !a#%a
Table ! smmarises the bird diversit# associated with the wetlands of )anape. .nterviews
with the villagers revealed that migrator# bird species, of which the# do not &now the
names and large birds sch as )elicans and 9arge Egrets visit this wetland dring certain
times of the #ear. 3ince the srve# was done dring the months of ,ne(4gst the
members of the srve# team were not able to observe them in the field.
Table !0 terrestrial and aAatic birds reported to visit the wetlands of )anape
C)1 F )add# fieldG 9/ 89 F 8etland F 9ow /ontr#G ?4 F ?rbarn areaG 4)1 F 4bandoned
padd# fieldG *5 F *ome gardenG >4 F >pen areaG 4H F 4ll HonesG 9=H F 9owland dr# @oneG
98H F 9owland wet @oneG :/ F :er# /ommonG / F /ommonG 7i F 7igrantD
3cientific ;ameB1amil# English ;ame *abitats Stat#s
4cciptridae
4ccipiter badis 3hi&ra *5 VC
*aliaster inds -rahmin# &ite 89B)1 VC
3pilornis cheela /reasted serpent eagle 89 VC

4lcedinidae
4lcedo atthis /ommon &ingfisher 89B)1B*5 VC

4nhingidae
4nhinga melanogaster .ndian =arter )1B89 C

4podidae
4ps affimis *ose swift )1, 89 VC
4rdeidae
4rdea cinera 5re# heron 89B75B)1 C
4rdea prprea )rple heron 89B75B)1 C
4rdeola gra#ii )ond heron 89B75B)1 VC
-blcs ibis /attle egret 89B75B)1 VC
/asmerodis albs 5reat egret 89B75B)1 C
Egretta gra@etta 9ittle egret )1B89 VC
.xobr#chs sinensis <ellow bittern 89B)1 C
7esopho#x intermedia .ntermediate egret )1B89 VC
;#cticorax n#cticorax ;ight heron 75B89B)1 C

/entropodidae
/entrops sinensis 5reater cocal *5 VC

/haradriidae
:anells indics 6ed(wattled lapwing >4B89B)1 VC

/olmbidae
3treptopelia chinensis 3potted dove *5B>4 VC
Treron bicincta >range breasted green pigeon *5 C
Treron pompadora )ompador green pigeon *5 C

/orvidae
4egithina tiphia /ommon .ora *5B89 C
/orvs macrorh#chos ,ngle crow *5B89 VC
/orvs splendens *ose /row *5B89 VC
=icrrs caerlescens 8hite(bellied drongo 89B75B)1B*5 VC
>riols xanthorns -lac&(hooded oriole *5B75 VC

/clidae
Ed#nam#s scolopacea 4sian &oel *5 VC

=endroc#gnidae
=endroc#gna javanica 9esser whistling dc& 89B)1 VC

*alc#onidae
*alc#on capensis 3tor& billed &ingfisher 75B89 C
*alc#on sm#rnensis 8hite(brested &ingfisher *5B)1B89B?4 VC

*irndinidae
*irndo darica 6ed(rmped swallow )1, 89 C
*irndo rstica -arn swallow )1, 89 VC,M

.renidae
/hloropsis cochinchinensis ,erdonIs chloropsis *5 C

,acanidae
*#drophasians chirrgs )heasant(tailed jacana 89B4)1 VC

9aniidae
9anis cristats -rown shri&e >4 C,M
9aridae
5elochelidon nilotica 5ll(billed tern 89 C,M
3terna albiforns 9ittle tern 89 C

7egalaimidae
7egalaima @e#lanica -rown headed barbet )1B89B>4 VC

7scicapidae
/ops#chs salaris >riental magpie robin *5 VC
3axicoloides flicata -lac& robin *5B89 VC

;ectariniidae
=iacaem er#throrh#nchos Tic&ellIs flower pec&er *5 VC
;ectarina @e#lonica )rple(rmped snbird *5B)1B89 VC
;ectarinia asiatica )rple snbird *5 VC
;ectarinia lotenia 9otenIs snbirds 75B*5 VC

)asseridae
9onchra striata 8hite(rmped mnia *5B)1 VC

)elicanidae
4nastoms oscitans >pen bill stor& )1B89 C
)elicans philippensis 3pot billed pelican 89

)halacrocoracidae
)halacrocorax niger 9ittle /ormorant )1B89B75 C

)hasianidae
)avo cristats .ndian peafowl )1B>4 C

)ittidae
)itta brach#ra .ndian pitta *5 C,M

)sittacidae
)sittacla epatria 4lexandrine para&eet *5 C
)sittacla &rameri 6ose(ring para&eet *5B?4 VC

)#cnonotidae
)#cnonots cafer 6ed(vented blbl *5B?4B>4 VC
)#cnonots lteols 8hite(browed blbl *5B?4B>4 VC

6allidae
4marornis phoenicrs 8hite(breasted waterhen 89B)1B75 VC
5allinla chlorops /ommon moorhen 89B)1 C
)orph#rio porph#rio )rple swamphen 89B4)1 VC

3trnidae
4cridotheres tristis /ommon m#na *5B)1B89 VC

3#lviidae
>rthotoms storis /ommon tailorbird *5 VC
Trdoides affinis /ommon babbler *5B)1 VC

Thres&iornithidae
Thres&iornis
melanocephals
-lac&(headed ibis )1B89 VC
2 IM1ACT I2ENTIFICATION JBIC SECTION
Tables $ presents the networ& anal#sis of potential impacts de to the major deviation
between 0!+000 and 2"+000 in the ,-./ section of the road trace.
2.1 Flora
2.1.1 Terrestral !lora
The major deviation that occrs in the ,-./ section of the trace lies at -andaragama area
Cbetween 0!+000 and 2"+000D and it traverses across a relativel# small Ccompared to
-olgoda wetlandsD patch of wetlands sitated arond )anape ela CstreamD.
3ince the terrestrial flora is represented primaril# b# the flora of home gardens
constrction of the road ma# not lead to complete loss of these species, bt will redce
significantl# the available habitats for fana, inclding birds and particlarl# the insects
that are of extreme importance as pollinators. *arvests from home gardens depend
largel# on the pollination sccess and when the pollinators lose habitats and ths srvival
in the area agricltral prodce too will decline.
2.1.2 A"#at$ !lora
8etlands of )anape represent an abandoned padd# field and the floral species present are
characteristic to sch environments, as sch removal of these species from the area ma#
not contribte immensel# to decrease plant diversit# in general. The onl# endemic plant
species encontered in the area CExacum spD is also rare and of high potential as an
ornamental plant.
7an# wetland plant species are traditionall# sed b# the villagers for sbsistence ses
sch as sedges for weaving mats and other hosehold items and with the road
constrction sch opportnities will not be available for the villagers.
4lthogh the wetland arond )anape is going to be reclaimed and changed with all the
impacts discssed herein, sggestion to deviate it to the present trace will prodce less
impact when compared to the combined trace which was proposed to traverse across the
-olgoda la&e wetland complex.
6eclamation of this wetland will affect the local water table as this is an area with
stagnant freshwater that ma# pla# the role of grondwater recharge.
2.2. Fa#%a
2.2.1 Terrestral !a#%a a%& a'()*a%s
Terrestrial fana are affected mainl# throgh loss of habitats, particlarl# those that are
important as pollinators and biological pest controllers sch as insects. *abitats of the
endemic mammal Axis porosnus will not be affected b# the deviated road trace, however
road &ills of this rare species ma# ta&e place as the cinnomon plantations have been
fragmented b# the major trace Ccombined traceD. )ollinators will lose habitats and ths
their role will be hampered reslting local declines in crop harvests, particlarl# frits.
2.2.2 A"#at$ !a#%a
8ith the proposed activities of the road constrction, habitats for aAatic fana,
particlarl# fish will be largel# lost permanentl#. )anape wetlands spport otters, a
protected animal in 3ri 9an&a. 6emoval of vegetation, reclamation and noise created b#
the traffic will ma&e this site nfavorable for them and ma# leave the area with time as
this wetland is connected to -olgoda la&e wetland complex and 2al ganga.
2.2.3 A0a% !a#%a
)anape wetland at the deviation is a site that a considerable nmber of resident as well as
a few migrator# birds visit de to its sheltered localit# and relativel# low distrbance.
8ith reclaiming part of it for the road and de to sbseAent introdction of traffic, this
will become nsitable as a bird habitat and it will affect bird poplations, leading to
declining diversit# among them.
/learing vegetation will redce the habitats, food and shelter for the avifana and this
will lead to decline in their poplation si@es. -irds are seed dispersal agents and low
nmbers of birds in the area ma# affect natral seed dispersal and in trn will negativel#
affect terrestrial plant diversit#.
Table$ 0 4 networ& anal#sis for the identification of ecological impacts of the proposed deviations of ,-./ section of the
6oad trace for sothern highwa#. "0 3ite clearingG 20 /t and fillG $0 9and reclamationG 40 5enerated J diverted traffic
Ecological
component
)roject activities predicted
to have significant impacts
.mpacts
)rimar# C.nitialD 3econdar# CsbseAentD 1inal
" 2 $ 4
Terrestrial flora .rreversible loss of plants,
inclding 0% endemic species
9oss of plants, inclding those that
are sed b# people Cmedicines,
timberD
1ragmentation of poplations,
=eclining poplation si@es J
fragmentation decrease the
viabilit# of poplations, especiall#
of endemics
.rreversible loss of plants J
animal diversit#
=eclining opportnities for
sbsistence ses for villagers
Terrestrial fana 9oss of habitats for terrestrial J
avifana, pollinators Cbtterflies,
insects J small mammalsD
Enhanced exposre
=eclining poplation si@es J
fragmentation decrease the
viabilit# of poplations, especiall#
of endemics J rare ones
=ecreasing protection, road &ills
9oss of animal diversit#
9ow #ields from crops de to
enhanced pest attac&s, infertilit#
C pollination failresD
4Aatic flora 9oss of plants and wetland area
9oss of endemic and rare plants
CExacum spD
9oss of habitats for fana, wetland
processes that remove ntrients J
heav# metals from water
9oss of genetic resorces, habitats
for fana
=ecline in poplation si@es of
plants and associated fana,
deterioration of environmental
Aalit#
=rop in water table and less water
in srface wells
4Aatic fana 9oss of plants and area of wetlands 9oss of habitats, food , shelter J
conditions for reprodction for
some aAatic fana
=eclining fanal diversit# of the
area
)oor retrns from fisher# prodce
4vifana .rreversible loss of habitats, food
sorces J protection
9oss of habitats for migrator# bird
species
;oise and vehicle lights in the
night change the Aalit# of bird
habitats
)oplation si@es decline
-irds will move to other areas,
high competition, lac& of food and
habitats for resident J migrant
birds
)oor seed dispersal and predator
control, affects agricltral
prodctivit#
7igrator# birds ma# not have
enogh energ# to complete the life
c#cle, poplation decreaseB
extinction

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