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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676!-ISSN: 2"2#-"""1 $olu%e & Issue & ('a() - Jun) 2#1") ** "+-,6
- - - ) i os r. ourna l s ) o rg
Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Electric Transmission
Line using STATCOM
Manish Pal
1
, Om Prakash Mahela
2
, Mukesh Kumar Gupta
3
1
(')/ec0 Sc0olar Jagannat0 1ni2ersit( Jai!ur India)
2
(3raduate Student 'e%4er IEEE 5 Junior Engineer-I RR$*N6 Jai!ur India)
"
(7ssistant *rofessor 8e!art%ent of Electrical Engineering JNI/ Jai!ur India)
Abstract : /0e increased electric !o-er consu%!tion causes trans%ission lines to 4e dri2en close to or e2en
4e(ond t0eir transfer ca!acities resulting in o2erloaded lines and congestions) 97:/S de2ices !ro2ide an
o!!ortunit( to resol2e congestions 4( controlling acti2e and reacti2e !o-er flo-s as -ell as 2oltages) 97:/S
de2ices can 4e connected to a trans%ission line in 2arious -a(s suc0 as in series s0unt or a co%4ination of
series and s0unt) S0unt 97:/S de2ices are used for controlling trans%ission 2oltages !o-er flo- reducing
reacti2e losses and da%!ing of !o-er s(ste% oscillations for 0ig0 !o-er transfer le2els) /0e S$:
and S/7/:O' are t-o i%!ortant s0unt 97:/S de2ices) In t0is !a!er t0e o!ti%al location of
S/7/:O' for reacti2e !o-er co%!ensation in electric trans%ission line to control !o-er flo-s is
in2estigated) /0e reacti2e !o-er co%!ensation of t0e S/7/:O' is studied -it0 t0ree different locations in t0e
trans%ission line) /0e S/7/:O' is located at t0e recei2ing end %iddle and at 2;" distance fro% t0e sending
end of t0e trans%ission line) /0e '7/67< si%ulation results s0o- t0e relati2e !erfor%ance)
Keywords = electric trans%ission line 97:/S de2ices reacti2e !o-er co%!ensation static
s(nc0ronous co%!ensator (S/7/:O') s0unt 97:/S de2ices)
I. INTRODCTION
Modern power system is a omple! network omprising o" numerous generators, transmission lines,
#ariety o" loads and trans"ormers. $letri transmission system is the intermediate stage in the trans"er
o" eletrial energy "rom the entral generating station to the onsumers %1&. 'n highly omple! and
interonneted power systems, the power "lows in some o" the transmission lines are well (elow their normal
limits, other lines are o#erloaded, whih has an o#erall e""et on deteriorating #oltage pro"iles and dereasing
system sta(ility and seurity %2&. 'n present senario, it (eomes more important to ontrol the power "low
along the transmission lines to meet the needs o" power trans"er. )he ma!imum power trans"er o" transmission
system an (e inreased (y shunt *+, ompensation %3&. *+, ompensation is de"ined as the
management o" reati#e power to impro#e the per"ormane o" a power systems. )he onept o" *+,
ompensation em(raes a wide and di#erse "ield o" (oth system and ustomer pro(lems, espeially related
with power -uality issues, sine most o" power -uality pro(lems an (e attenuated or sol#ed with an ade-uate
ontrol o" reati#e power. ,eati#e power ompensation in transmission systems also impro#es the sta(ility o"
the a system (y inreasing the ma!imum ati#e power that an (e transmitted %.&.
/+0)1 de#ies are onsidered one o" the (est a#aila(le tehnology that redues the transmission
ongestion and allows (etter utili2ation o" the e!isting grid in"rastruture, along with many other (ene"i ts
%3&. )he loation o" /+0)1 de#ies an (e (ased on stati or dynami per"ormane o" the system. 1alim et al)
%4& desri(ed the theory and simulation (y M+)5+6 o" /+0)1 de#ies used in the distri(uted power
systems. 1hunt /+0)1 de#ies are used "or ontrolling transmission #oltage, power "low, reduing reati#e
losses, and damping o" power system osillations "or high power trans"er le#els. +nulekha et al) %7&
in#estigates the enhanement in #oltage sta(ility margin as well as the impro#ement in the power trans"er
apa(ility in a power system with the inorporation o" "i!ed apaitors, 1)+)0OM and 1*0. )he results
o(tained a"ter Matla( simulation demonstrate the per"ormane o" shunt apaitors, 1*0 and 1)+)0OM when
onneted to a system on the #erge o" unsta(ility. 'n this paper, an analysis o" ati#e and reati#e power "low
in eletri transmission line when ompensated (y 1)+)0OM, the shunt /+0)1 de#ie is arried out.
)he reati#e power ompensation o" the 1)+)0OM is studied with three di""erent loations in the
transmission line. )he 1)+)0OM is loated at the reei#ing end, middle and at 283 distane "rom the
sending end o" the transmission line. )he M+)5+6 simulation results show the relati#e per"ormane. )his
paper is organi2ed as "ollows9 setion '' desri(es the 1tati 1ynhronous 0ompensator :1)+)0OM;.
1etion ''' presents the proposed model o" transmission line "or loation o" 1)+)0OM under study. )he
simulation results and their disussion are presented in setion '*.
O!ti%al Reacti2e *o-er :o%!ensation in Electric /rans%ission 6ine using S/7/:O'
II. STATIC S!NC"RONOS COMPENSATOR
)he "le!i(le +0 transmission system :/+0)1; has reei#ed muh attention in the last two deades. 't
uses high urrent power eletroni de#ies to ontrol the #oltage, power "low, sta(ility et. o" a transmission
system %<&. )he pressure assoiated with eonomial and en#ironmental onstraints has "ored the
power utilities to meet the "uture demand (y "ully utili2ing the e!isting resoures o" transmission "ailities
without (uilding new lines. /+0)1 de#ies are #ery e""eti#e and apa(le o" inreasing the power trans"er
apa(ility o" a line, in so "ar thermal limits permit, while maintaining the same degree o" sta(ility %=&. )he
/+0)1 de#ies an (e onneted to a transmission line in #arious ways, suh as in series, shunt, or a
om(ination o" series and shunt. )he 1hunt /+0)1 de#ies are used "or ontrolling transmission #oltage,
power "low, reduing reati#e losses, and damping o" power system osillations "or high power trans"er
le#els %1>&. 1hunt ontroller is a #aria(le impedane, #aria(le soure, or a om(ination o" these. +ll
shunt ontrollers injet urrent into the system at the point o" onnetion. +s long as the injeted urrent is in
phase -uadrature with the line #oltage, the shunt ontroller only supplies or onsumes #aria(le reati#e power.
+ny other phase relationship will in#ol#e handling o" real power as well %11&. 1tati 1ynhronous
0ompensator :1)+)0OM; is one suh ontroller.
)he 1)+)0OM is (ased on a solid state synhronous #oltage soure whih generates a (alaned set
o" three sinusoidal #oltages at the "undamental "re-ueny with rapidly ontrolla(le amplitude and phase angle
%12&. +s per '$$$ de"inition 1)+)0OM is de"ined as ?+ stati synhronous generator operated as a shunt
onneted stati *+, ompensator who@s 0apaiti#e or 'nduti#e output urrent an (e ontrolled independent
o" the +0 system #oltageA. )he 1)+)0OM ontrols transmission #oltage (y reati#e shunt ompensation. 't
an (e (ased on a #oltageBsoured or urrentBsoured on#erter %13&. /ig. 1 shows a one line diagram o"
1)+)0OM (ased on a #oltage soured on#erter and a urrent soured on#erter. Cormally a #oltage soure
on#erter is pre"erred "or most on#erter (ased /+0)1 ontrollers. 1)+)0OM an (e designed to (e an
ati#e "ilter to a(sor( system harmonis.
Detailed analysis o" 1)+)0OM relating to its on"iguration, ontrol as well as installation has (een
done in %1.&. + omparison (etween shunt apaitor, 1*0 and 1)+)0OM has (een done to show their
per"ormane while onneted to a MultiB(us system in %13&. 1)+)0OM has (een "ound to pro#ide
higher #oltage sta(ility margin as well as higher loading margin ompared to other /+0)1 de#ies %14&.
De#araju et al) %17& presented eletromagneti transient studies "or the distri(ution stati ompensator :DB
1)+)0OM;. 0omprehensi#e results are presented to assess the per"ormane o" eah de#ie to mitigate the
power -uality pro(lems. EheiBMin 5in et al) %1<& used partile swarm optimi2ation tehni-ue "or optimal
loation o" /+0)1 de#ies "or #oltage sta(ility. + new model is proposed to impro#e e!isting powerB
eletronis (ased model (y using the Corton e-ui#alent theorem. )he proposed model an (e integrated
with the e-ui#alent urrent injetion power "low model. 6y using $0' algorithm and P1O, the optimal
loation o" 1)+)0OM an (e o(tained.
#ig. $ %a& STATCOM 'ase( on voltage)source( converter an( %'& current)source( converter
III. PROPOSED PO*ER S!STEM MODEL
)he 13>Km long 132 K* transmission line is modeled. )he sending end (us is taken as swing (us and
reei#ing end (us is taken as load (us. )he ,B5 load is onneted to reei#ing end o" the transmission line.
/ig.
2:a; shows the transmission line without ompensation. /ig. 2:(; shows the transmission line ompensated (y
1)+)0OM at load end. )he 1)+)0OM is onneted at the middle point o" the transmission line as shown in
/ig. 2:;. /ig. 2:d; shows the transmission line ompensated at 283 distane "rom the sendin g end i.e. at
distane o" 1>>km "rom the sending end and 3>km "rom the reei#ing end.
#ig.+ %a& Transmission Line wit,out compensation %'& Transmission Line compensate( '- STATCOM at loa( en( %c&
Transmission Line compensate( '- STATCOM at mi((le point an( %(& Transmission Line compensate( '- STATCOM at +./
(istance 0rom sen(ing en(.
I1. SIMLATION RESLTS AND DISCSSIONS
)he 132 K* transmission line with length o" 13>km is modeled in M+)5+681imulink en#ironment.
)he transmission line without ompensation, ompensated (y 1)+)0OM at load end, ompensated (y
1)+)0OM at middle, and ompensated (y 1)+)0OM at 283 distane "rom sending end is onsidered
in study. )he transmission line parameters used are shown in )a(le. ' %1=&.
)+65$ '
),+C1M'11'OC 5'C$ P+,+M$)$,1
S. No. Parameters o0 Transmission Line 1alue o0 Parameters
1 Positi#e se-uene reatane 1.3><=>$B3 F8Km
2 Gero 1e-uene ,eatane 3.27223$B3 F8Km
3 Positi#e se-uene ,esistane >.13<3> H8Km
. Gero 1e-uene ,esistane >.3=423 H8Km
3 Positi#e se-uene ,esistane =.13.2.$B= /8Km
4 Gero 1e-uene ,esistane 3.27223$B= /8Km
7 )ransmission line length 13> Km
< *oltage o" swing (us 132 K*
= 1urge 'mpedane 5oading .3ME
I1.$ Transmission Line wit,out Compensation
)he transmission line without ompensation shown in /ig. 2:a; is onsidered in study. )he
transmission line is simulated in Matla(81imulink en#ironment and the orresponding graphs o" ati#e and
reati#e power "low in the transmission line at sending end and reei#ing end are shown in /ig. 3 and /ig. .
respeti#ely.
#ig. / Active an( reactive power 0low at sen(ing en( o0 transmission line wit,out
compensation
#ig. 2 Active an( reactive power 0low at receiving en( o0 transmission line wit,out
compensation
I1.+ Transmission Line Compensate( '- STATCOM at Loa( en(
)he transmission line ompensated (y 1)+)0OM at reei#ing end as shown in /ig. 2:(; is onsidered
in study. )he transmission line is simulated in Matla(81imulink en#ironment and the orresponding graphs o"
ati#e and reati#e power "low in the transmission line at sending end and reei#ing end are shown in /ig. 3
and /ig. 4 respeti#ely.
#ig. 3 Active an( reactive power 0low at sen(ing en( o0 transmission line compensate( '- STATCOM at loa(
en(
#ig. 4 Active an( reactive power 0low at receiving en( o0 transmission line compensate( '- STATCOM at loa(
en(
I1./ Transmission Line Compensate( '- STATCOM at Mi((le
)he transmission line ompensated (y 1)+)0OM at middle as shown in /ig. 2:; is onsidered in
study. )he transmission line is simulated in Matla(81imulink en#ironment and the orresponding graphs
o" ati#e and reati#e power "low in the transmission line at sending end and reei#ing end are shown in /ig. 7
and /ig. < respeti#ely.
#ig. 5 Active an( reactive power 0low at sen(ing en( o0 transmission line compensate( '- STATCOM at mi((le
#ig. 6 Active an( reactive power 0low at receiving en( o0 transmission line compensate( '- STATCOM at mi((le
I1.2 Transmission Line Compensate( '- STATCOM at +./ (istance 0rom sen(ing en(
)he transmission line ompensated (y 1)+)0OM at 283 distane o" line length "rom sending end as
shown in /ig. 2:d; is onsidered in study. )he transmission line is simulated in Matla(81imulink
en#ironment and the orresponding graphs o" ati#e and reati#e power "low in the transmission line at
sending end and reei#ing end are shown in /ig. = and /ig. 1> respeti#ely.
#ig. 7 Active an( reactive power 0low at sen(ing en( o0 transmission line compensate( '- STATCOM at +./ (istance 0rom
sen(ing en(
#ig. $8 Active an( reactive power 0low at receiving en( o0 transmission line compensate( '- STATCOM at +./ (istance
0rom sen(ing en(
/ig. 3 to /ig. 1> shows that the ati#e power "low through the transmission line inreases as well as
transmission line losses dereases with ompensation (y 1)+)0OM. /ig. 3 to /ig. 1> shows that the reati#e
power re-uirement is "ully meet out (y the 1)+)0OM when it is loated at distane o" 283 "rom the
sending end o" the transmission line and transmission lines is loaded near surge impedane loading and power
"low through the line is ati#e power. )he ma!imum a#aila(le apaity o" the transmission line is used "or
ati#e power trans"er "rom sending end to the reei#ing end. 'n this loation o" the 1)+)0OM, the ati#e
power loss in the transmission line is also minimum.
1. CONCLSION
)his paper in#estigates the opportunities to install 1)+)0OM and its optimal loation in eletri
transmission line "or optimal reati#e power ompensation. )he ati#e and reati#e power "low in the
transmission line studied. )he study shows that the transmission apaity o" the line inreases with
ompensation (y 1)+)0OM and reati#e power "low in the line deeases in the line. )he transmission line
loss also dereases with ompensation (y the 1)+)0OM. )he ma!imum (ene"its o" ompensation are
o(tained when 1)+)0OM is installed at 283 distane "rom sending end i.e. at distane o" 1>>Km "rom
sending end and
3>Km "rom reei#ing end o" the 13>Km long transmission line under
study..
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9IO:RAP"IES
Manis, Pal was (orn in 6arisadri :0hittorgarh; in ,ajasthan 1tate o" 'ndia on
/e(ruary
1>, 1=<<. Fe studied at Iaipur $ngineering 0ollege Kukas Iaipur and reei#ed the
$letrial $ngineering Degree "rom ,ajasthan )ehnial Kni#ersity Kota, ,ajasthan
,'ndia in 2>1>. Fe is urrently Pursuing M.)eh :Power 1ystem; "rom Iagannath
Kni#ersity Iaipur, 'ndia.
Fe was 1ite $ngineer in ,.M.1.' P#t ltd. /rom 2>1> to 2>11, he has (een projet
engineer with )eh Mart2 $ngineer :6ajaj Group; Iaipur sine 2>11. Fis speial "ields o"
interest are reati#e power management in transmission and distri(ution networks
and
Om Pra;as, Ma,ela was (orn in 1a(alpura :Kuhaman 0ity; in the ,ajasthan state o"
'ndia, on +pril 11, 1=77. Fe studied at Go#t. 0ollege o" $ngineering and )ehnology
:0)+$;, Kdaipur, and reei#ed the eletrial engineering degree "rom Maharana Pratap
Kni#ersity o" +griulture and )ehnology :MPK+);, Kdaipur, 'ndia in 2>>2. Fe is
urrently pursuing M.)eh. :Power 1ystem; "rom Iagannath Kni#ersity, Iaipur, 'ndia.
/rom 2>>2 to 2>>., he was +ssistant Pro"essor with the ,'$), Iaipur. 1ine
2>>., he has (een Iunior $ngineerB' with the ,ajasthan ,ajya *idhyut Prasaran
Cigam 5td., Iaipur, 'ndia. Fis speial "ields o" interest are )ransmission and Distri(ution :)LD; grid
operations, Power $letronis in Power 1ystem, Power Muality, 5oad /oreasting and 'ntegration o"
,enewa(le $nergy with $letri )ransmission and Distri(ution Grid, +ppliations o" +' )ehni-ues in
power system. Fe is an author o" 22 'nternational Iournals and 0on"erene papers. Fe is a Graduate 1tudent
Mem(er o" '$$$. Fe is mem(er o" '$$$ 0ommuniations 1oiety. Fe is Mem(er o" '$$$ Power L $nergy
1oiety. Fe is ,e#iewer o"
)IP,0 'nternational Iournal o" $letrial and $letronis $ngineering ,esearh. Mr. Mahela is reipient o"
Kni#ersity ,ank erti"iate "rom MPK+), Kdaipur, 'ndia, in 2>>2.
Mu;es, <umar :upta ompleted his 6.$. Degree in $letroni 'nstrumentation L
0ontrol $ngineering 6ranh in 1==3 and M.$. Degree in Power 1ystem in 2>>= "rom
$ngineering 0ollege Kota :,)K Kota; ,ajasthan, 'ndia and he is pursuing Ph.D on 1olar
$nergy "rom Iagannath Kni#ersity Iaipur, ,ajasthan, 'ndia.