.

Abstract-This paper presents the VLSI architecture design for adaptive filtering of Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal and
epileptic seizure detection using Quantitative Recurrence Plot (QRP). The preprocessing of EEG is done by using notch, wavelet
and adaptive filter. The comparison of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the filter outputs proves that the adaptive filter provides
better performance and VLSI architecture for adaptive filter has been proposed in which optimal compressor based addition
technique is used in order to reduce the power consumption and increase the performance. The design is developed usingVerilog
HDL and mapped to 65nm technological node. The power results are compared with conventional architecture of adaptive filter.
The major advantage of choosing QRP is that, it provides better information even for short non-stationary and nonlinear signals
where other methods fail to provide good results. And it requires no conventions about data set size or dispersal of the data. The
algorithm is applied on epileptic EEG signal from CHB MIT database. The QRP measures are determined from the recurrence
plot and its performance is measured in terms of Sensitivity and Specificity as 97.4% and 93.5% respectively.
Keywords-Epileptic seizure, Adaptive filter, Quantitative Recurrence Plot, Compressor based addition
1. INTRODUCTION
Epilepsy is a disorder of brain function which can be characterized by the abnormal discharges in large number of
neurons in brain structures. The epilepsy disease affects approximately 1% of the worlds population. Each year 2.4
million new cases are estimated to occur globally. The abnormal discharges in brain structures will appear either in
the period of seizures or between seizures which are often known as ictal or inter ictal segments respectively. EEG is
used to measure brains electrical activity [5]. The epileptic seizures which are manifestations of epilepsy disease
caused due to sudden and synchronous neuron firing in cerebral cortex and are recorded by EEG. Theseizures
VLSI ALGORITHM AND ARCHITECTURE FOR SEIZURE DETECTION IN
EEG USING QUANTITATIVE RECURRENCE PLOT
L.Murali
1
, D.Chitra
2
, T.Manigandan
3

1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, Hindusthan College of Engineering and
Technology,Coimbatore,muralilakshmanan20apr86@gmail.com
2
Professor, Dept. of CSE, P.A.College of Engineering and Technology
3
Principal, P.A.College of Engineering and Technology

have twomajorcategories which includes partial and generalized seizures.The partial seizure will occur in a particular
part of brain whereas the generalized seizure involves the whole brain causing seizures.
The EEG recording will consists of both ictal and inter ictal periods. The most familiar forms of the inter ictal periods
are individual spikes or sharp waves. This condition occurs in most of the EEG signals obtained from epileptic
patients. During the ictal period a distinct pattern in EEG can be observed as sharp waves or low amplitude
waveforms. Although inter ictal periods prove the existence of epilepsy, the diagnosis of epilepsy usually be carried
out on observation of the seizures.
The visual inspection of long term EEG signal will be time consuming and accuracy will be less. Hence, it has not
been proven to be efficient for the diagnosis of epilepsy. So, automatic seizure detection algorithms and time
frequency analysis methods have been developed [3], [6]. The purpose of those algorithms are not to replace the
neurologist to detect epilepsy but to lessen the burden by reducing the time consumption, improving the efficiency
and to decrease the misinterpretation results in the epileptic seizure detection [2].
The parameters derived from analysis of EEG signals will be very useful in the epilepsy diagnosis. Usually the
EEG is a recording of electrical activities from brain. It consists of different frequency bands which includes delta
(0.4 to 4 Hz), theta (4 to 8 Hz), alpha (8 to 12 Hz), beta (12 to 30 Hz) and gamma (above 30 Hz). The conventional
frequency analysis method is not sufficient to analyze EEG signal to detect epilepsy as the signal is non-stationary
and non-linear time series. So, time frequency analysis methods are used to overcome the drawbacks in the frequency
analysis method including Fourier transforms and other parametric methods.
There are two major classifications of artifacts affecting EEG signal which includes physiological and non-
physiological artifacts. The physiological artifacts are patient related such as eye movements, eye blinking, cardiac or
muscle activity. The non-physiological artifacts include power line interference, cable movements, broken wire
contacts, electrode popping, etc. The acquired EEG signal from patients may be affected by above artifacts so that
preprocessing of EEG signal is a significant stage before applying any algorithm to detect epileptic seizures. The
general purpose digital signal micro-processors possess a large range of applications by implementing moderately
complex digital filters in the given frequency. And the digital signal microprocessor architectures are usually
optimized for the sum-of-products operation by fetching the data from the memory units [20]. These architectures are
not intended to design a specific Digital Signal Processing (DSP) function or for specific algorithm or to the specific
design quality metrics corner. But they are generally designed as the cores or the software packages.
In this paper, an effort has been made to develop the power aware architecture at the filter level which can be utilized
in digital signal processing applications. The concept of compressor is incorporated to perform the addition of the
parallel generated samples in the adaptive FIR filter implementation. This helps in reducing the area required, further
reducing the power consumption and it also reduces the interconnect delays between the gates as the lesser
compressor blocks are required. In this paper line frequency or power line artifact from EEG signal is removed using
various filters. The notch filter is used to remove artifacts from EEG signal but it provides poor performance. So
wavelet filter is used in which input signal is decomposed into sub bands and denoising is performed. But adaptive
filtering of EEG provides better performance in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio.
The related works are summarized in section II. The proposed algorithm and preprocessing are described in
section III. The simulation results have been shown in section IV. Section V deals with results and discussion. The
conclusions are made in section VI.

II. RELATED WORK

The time and frequency domain measures have been carried out on EEG signal for diagnosis of epilepsy over the past
two decades. The algorithms had been started working in the early 1970s. Some of the algorithms includes Artificial
Neural Networks (ANN), rule based approaches, Independent Component Analysis (ICA), template matching and
topographic classification. But recently time-frequency distributions are widely used in this field. When frequency
domain is alone considered for analysis of EEG signal, it does not provide good time resolution [7]. To overcome this
time scale transform which includes wavelet transform has been proposed. 2D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is also
used for epileptic seizure detection. Yule Walker and Burgs method obtains power spectral density to identify the
seizures.
The non-stationary signal cannot be analyzed by the use of classical time domain representations or frequency
domain representations based on Fourier Transform. It requires those methods which do not assume condition of
stationary and hence Time Frequency Distribution (TFD) has been introduced as a tool for analysis of EEG.
Lyapunov exponents method, a quantitative measure for discriminating among the various types of orbits based on
their dependence of sensitivity was proposed by A. Wolf et al., (1985). The Lyapunov exponents are estimated from
the dynamic system equations [4], [17]. Then a theoretical breakthrough in the field of time frequency was proposed
by Wigner (1987) in the context of quantum mechanics. It provided an optimal spectral resolution. But, it also possess
cross term interferences and artifacts. So, wavelet analysis has been introduced which outperforms previous methods
[10]. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is a better signal processing tool to deal with nonlinear signal analysis [18].
In [1] an adaptive non-linear measure has been proposed as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) by N.E.Huang
et al., (1998) for EEG signal analysis. It decomposes EEG signal into number of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs)
based on Hilbert transforms. Though EMD provides good performance, the interpretation of results is difficult [8],
[11].
III. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
The Recurrence Quantification Analysis (QRP) is a nonlinear method which was developed by Charles Webber and
Joseph Zbilut. This algorithm will quantify differently appearing recurrence plots [12]. The recurrence behavior of
phase space trajectories of dynamical systems can be visualized using QRP. It has its wide application in fields like
physiology, geology, finance, climatic observations, etc.

A. Flow of algorithm
Niknazar et al., [12] have proposed an algorithm for epileptic seizure detection based on Recurrence
Quantification Analysis. A modified algorithm in which preprocessing phase of EEG signal involves adaptive filter to
remove artifacts from raw EEG signal especially the line frequency / power line interference has been proposed in
this paper. The flow of proposed algorithm is shown in Fig. 1. The EEG signal is obtained from CHB MIT database
[19] which is given as the input to adaptive filter. EEG signal of different patients are taken as input and simulation is
done. The notch filter output is simulated and compared with the adaptive filer output.




Fig. 1.Flow chart of proposed algorithm
B. Pre processing
1) Notch filter
Power line interference can be removed with the use of notch filter when the noise distribution is centered exactly
at the frequency for which the filter was designed. However the frequency of this artifact is not constant at 50Hz or
60Hz. But notch filter will remove the frequencies which includes the EEG information. Hence the performance will
be poor.
2) Wavelet filter
The power line artifact in EEG signal is removed using wavelet filter in which wavelet decomposition is performed
and then filtering is obtained. It shows nearly an equal performance of notch filter.

3) Adaptive filter
EEG signal possess overlapping spectra so that the conventional filters do not give optimized performance, hence
adaptive filtering technique is used. It adjusts its parameters according to the selected features of the signals being
analyzed. When the input signal is given into adaptive filter, the coefficients will adjust themselves to obtain desired
coefficients results of the linear filter and then its frequency response will generate a signal which is similar to noise
component present in the signal to be removed. Adaptive FIR filter using Recursive Least Square (RLS) algorithm is
used. FIR filters are simple and stable and RLS algorithm has less computational power.

Input EEG
signal
Pre
Processing
Recurrence
Plot
Parameter
Extraction
Seizure
Detection
QRP analysis




Fig. 2.Structure of Adaptive Filter
The signal is modeled as a combination of true EEG x(n) and a noise component l(n). r(n) is the reference input
(line frequency artifact). Then the output from noise canceller e(n) is EEG free from artifact which can be expressed
by
e(n) = S(n)-r(n)+[l(n)-r(n)] (1)
C. Architecture Design
Application for Biomedical Signal processing is the continuously monitoring system, where filtering process is
commonly required. FIR filters have finite impulse response and they are also known as non-recursive digital filters
due to the absence of feedback in its realization. A standard adaptive filter realization in such design needs the
transversal structure implementation. Adaptive FIR filter structure is depicted in Fig. 3. Relationship between the FIR
filter input x(n) and output y(n) is given by:

() ()( )

()

And the error signal () can be represented as the following.

() () ()(3)
Adaptive
Filter


S(n)
r(n)
S(n)=x(n)+l(n)
Filter
output

+
_
e(n)
Adaptive controller is the function of error signal and it contains the algorithm that monitors ()and adjusts the
filter co-efficient until the () becomes zero. But in real time, its not possible to get 100% match for the response
ofthe system. Hence system is considered to have reached optimal adaptation when the error signal ()has minimal
value [24].

Fig. 3.Adaptive Filter FIR Architecture
In the insight of Fig.3, the

is the one sample/ unit of time delay and is implemented using shifter register
components. Output is the weighted sum of present input and previous samples. Each of the output samples needs
(M-1) registers to store (M -1) samples and M registers to store the M co-efficient. Hence the critical path of the
N-tap filter structure would be single multiplier and number of adder delays. In [25], the author has demonstrated a
filter architecture which has single multiplier and 4 adder delays in its critical path.
Multi-level addition in the filter implementation can be done in various methods and the conventional way is adding
in stages of two. This method involves the horizontal and vertical carry propagation in every addition stage.
Conventional Full Adder architecture is not suited in multi-level addition, which involves horizontal and vertical
carry propagation. Hence a Full adder architecture which generates the sum and carry logics parallel is suited, so that
the overall delay in multi-level addition is reduced. The use of compressed addition with standard compressor cell
saves the delay in terms of stages by generating the carries internally within the cell. For example to add 4 rows of
digits, conventional method requires 2 stage delays with horizontal and vertical carry propagation, whereas
compressed additions involves only one stage delay.
In this paper, the compressed addition concept is incorporated in the addition part of the adaptive filter
implementation. Among which the conventional compressor standard cell has four gate delays each for sum path &
vertical carry and two gate delays for horizontal carries. The proposed compressor component has two gate delays
each for sum path and vertical carry and one gate delay for horizontal carry. The conventional and proposed
compressor component is shown in Fig. 2. The proposed .compressor cell architecture needs lesser gates to
implement and it directly relates to the power consumption. i.e., lesser the area; less will be the power consumption.
This proposed architecture also reduces inter gate delays.


Fig. 4.Conventional compressor componentFig. 5. Proposed compressor component

In the proposed architecture the transistor stack of the gates are higher than the gates in conventional architecture. The
impact of transistor stacking on the power consumption is large due to the negative gate to source voltage (Vgs) and
increased threshold voltages. The transistor stacking can be analyzed using the sub-threshold and gate leakage
current. The transistor in the top of the stack with increased threshold voltage leaks less than the single transistor in
the stack during OFF condition. Hence the ON resistance of the transistor stack will be large and reduces the leakage
current flow between the supply rails (Vdd and Vss), when the transistors are in standby mode.


D. Recurrence Plot
The important measure in QRP is recurrence plot which is obtained for filtered EEG signal in this application. The
recurrence plot describes a plot which shows at a given moment of time, the time at which the phase space trajectories
approximately visits the same area in phase space [13].
() ()(4)
Showing i on x-axis and j on y-axis, and is the phase space trajectory. Phase space is nothing but a space in which
all the possible states of a dynamical system are represented with each possible states of the system which
corresponds to one unique point in the phase space. The evolving state of that particular system over time traces a
path known as phase space trajectory.
The recurrence plots describes the group of pairs of times at which the phase space trajectory will be at the same
place, that is set of (i, j) with() (). The recurrence can be represented as a binary function as,
( ) * () () (5)
Where ||.|| represents the maximum norm and is the cut off distance in recurrence plot. The recurrence plot have
black dots (points) at the coordinates (i, j) if R (i, j) = 1 [14].
E. QRP parameter extraction
Each dynamical system has recurrence plot with different topology. EEG is such a system in which the recurrence
plot can be quantified as QRP parameters based on the measures of diagonal and vertical lines [15]. Diagonal line
measures include determinism, average diagonal line length and entropy. The vertical line measures include
Laminarity and Trapping time.
Determinism (predictability) of the system is the ratio of recurrence points that forms diagonal structures of
minimum length

to all recurrence points.

DET =
()

()

(6)

The average diagonal line length describes the mean prediction time given as,

L=
()

()

(7)
The entropy measure in QRP corresponds to Shannon entropy which depicts the complexity of recurrence plot
with respect to diagonal lines.
ENTR = - ()()

(8)

Where()
()

(9)
The Laminarity measure is the ratio of recurrence points forming the vertical structures to the entire set of
recurrence points.
LAM =
()

()

(10)
Trapping time represents the average length of vertical structures.

TT=
()

()

(11)
It determines the mean time for which the specific state is trapped. In this paper

=2 and

=2 is adopted [16].
IV. SIMULATION
The adaptive filtering of EEG signal, EMD and QRP analysis were simulated in MATLAB tool. The EMD algorithm
is applied for the same EEG database and the parameters including sensitivity and specificity are compared with those
values obtained by QRP on EEG signal. The noise affected EEG was given as input to adaptive filter and filtered
output is obtained as shown in Fig.7. The performance of the adaptive filter used is compared with the notch filter
which is used to filter the input EEG signal. The adaptive filter is proven to be efficient in terms of Signal to Noise
Ratio.

Fig. 6.Empirical Mode Decomposition of EEG signalFig. 7. Adaptive Filter Output
The line frequency artifact which occurs at 50 to 60 Hz is eliminated by using adaptive filter. The following table
shows the comparison of SNR for notch and adaptive filter. The input EEG is also filtered using notch filter and the
results are shown in table and graphical representations as in TABLE I and Fig.7.respectively.
The recurrence plot for filtered EEG signal is obtained which can be then quantified to determine QRP measures
and it is shown in Fig. 8. The recurrence plot is simply a graphical depiction of the recurrence matrix of order NxN. It
is an autocorrelation plot of the given signal x (t) with x (i) along the horizontal axis and x (j) along the vertical axis.
Only those points which satisfies x (i) = x (j) are defined as the values of i and j. The vertical line and diagonal line
measures quantified from recurrence plot are plotted as shown in Fig. 9.

Fig.8.Recurrence plot for input EEG signalFig. 9.QRP extracted parameters for input EEG signal
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The adaptive filter used for filtering EEG is compared with notch filter, wavelet filter and their performance is
measured in terms of SNR.The SNR
O
represents the signal to noise ratio of the original EEG affected with line
frequency artifact which is given as the input to the filter. The SNR
N
, SNR
W
and SNR
A
represent the output signal
from notch filter, wavelet filter and adaptive filter respectively. The comparison graph has been plotted using the
values in TABLE I.
Digital Adaptive FIR Filter architectures are designed using Verilog HDL, verified the functionality using waveform
editor of Mentor Graphics Modelsim tool and then synthesized with the help of Synopsys Design compiler by
mapping the design to 65nm technological node. Standard ASIC Design methodology was applied to benchmark the
results of both existing and proposed FIR Filter architectures. Results are tabulated in Table II.
The compressed addition is incorporated in the addition of the output samples of the multiplier in the filter
architecture. Table II gives the synthesized results of conventional and proposed Adaptive FIR filter architectures,
from which we can observe that the significant amount (10%) of Leakage power of the proposed design is reduced.
As mentioned in section III, the results prove that the leakage power can be reduced by the use of transistor stacked
gates. It can also be observed that the delay has been matching in both existing and proposed architectures. This due
to the increased delay by transistor stacking is balanced by the reduction of inter gate delays.
A digital adaptive FIR filter architecture was implemented and the importance of Data path circuits is addressed. Both
the proposed and conventional architectures were implemented with the compressed addition technique to add the
output samples of the multiplier of the adaptive FIR filter architecture, to reduce the delay involved in the addition
process.

TABLE I
SNR comparison of Notch, Wavelet and Adaptive filter

Fig. 10. Comparison of Signal to Noise Ratio



Input EEG
Patient ID
SNR
O
SNR
N
SNR
W
SNR
A
Chb01_18 45.1899 62.0996 62.4578 69.2669
Chb02_26 58.9864 62.4830 62.7014 69.6056
Chb03_03 55.0055 68.9478 69.1596 75.6573
Chb05_06 53.6271 60.1685 60.1733 66.8727
Chb08_09 58.1092 61.7597 61.7211 68.3376
Chb09_15 59.4289 67.0238 67.0536 73.6336
Chb13_20 33.1207 60.6131 60.8659 67.4651
Chb17_12 46.1049 54.3497 54.5318 61.0446
Chb18_07 60.5250 63.4840 63.6207 70.3669
Chb21_05 49.3458 64.0489 64.1583 70.8031
TABLE II
Power results of Digital Adaptive FIR Filter architectures



Note: Area in Square microns
Timing in nano seconds
Dp = Dynamic power in micro watts
Lp = Cell Leakage power in micro watts
Tp = Total Power in micro watts

The performance of proposed algorithm is described in measures such as sensitivity (SEN) and specificity (SPE)
given as,

SEN =

x 100% (12)

SPE =

x 100% (13)

where TP, TN, FP and FN are true positive, true negative, false positive and false negative values respectively. The
comparison of performance of EMD and QRP which are executed on 10 EEG input segments from CHB MIT
database are given in Table III. The input EEG signal contaminated with line frequency artifact is preprocessed using
three different filters. The preprocessed output from various filters are analyzed with QRP algorithm and the
parameters measured including true positive, false positive, true negative and false negative are taken to obtain the
sensitivity and specificity which are then compared with the values obtained from EMD algorithm. The adaptive
filtered EEG analyzed using QRP algorithm shows better performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity.
Architecture Existing Proposed
%
gain
Area 1250.64 1300.68 -4.00
Timing 9.86 9.86 0.00
Dp 47.00 47.51 -1.09
Lp 13.13 11.75 10.51
Tp 6013.70 5926.2 1.46

TABLE III
Comparison of EMD and QRP algorithm
Method Pre processing TP FP TN FN
SEN
(%)
SPE
(%)
EMD
Band pass
filter
40 2 21 4 90.9 91.3
QRP
Notch filter 39 2 24 3 92.8 92.3
Wavelet
filter
40 2 26 3 93.0 92.8
Proposed
Adaptive filter
38 2 29 1 97.4 93.5
VI. CONCLUSION
The simulation of EMD and QRP algorithm is done on same EEG signals fromCHB MITPhysionet database. The
adaptive filter provides a better performance in terms of SNR which is proved from the simulation results shown in
TABLE I and VLSI architecture proposed for adaptive filter is compared with conventional architecture and
performance is proved to be better in terms of power and its performance is shown in TABLE II. The QRP applied for
filtered output from adaptive filter shows better Sensitivity and Specificity of 97.4% and 93.5% respectively. The
QRP measures are quantified from the recurrence plot of EEG signal and are compared with EMD algorithm
parameters. The advantage of using QRP is that it provides good results even for short and non-stationary data and it
can beaninspiring tool for nonlinear dynamical system like EEG signal analysis.

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