Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
4, September-October 2013
ISSN: 2321 2403 2013 | Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 84
AbstractThe oscillatory nature of the Bessel Functions of the first kind is used to determine the spectrum of
a frequency modulated signal in broadcasting music and speech. A novel method proposed in the synthesis of
FM to develop the spectral characteristics of the FM equation is discussed. The frequency modulated
transmission is mathematically represented by a harmonic distribution of a sine wave carrier modulated by a
sine wave signal which will be represented graphically using Matlab software in a user specified range in order
to confirm oscillatory nature of these functions. The graph obtained will be compared with the one in the final
expression which describes the motion of sound when acted on by a sinusoidal forcing function. This type of
analysis is highly crucial and significant for FM transmitters commonly used by business band for mobile
communication and FM radio services for voice transmission.
KeywordsAmplitude; Bessel Functions of the First Kind; Frequency Modulated Transmission; Gamma
Function; Matlab Plots; Sinusoidal; Voice Transmission.
AbbreviationsFrequency Modulation (FM); Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
(JKUAT).
I. INTRODUCTION
AVES are many of the phenomena encountered in
daily life. Music is transmitted from radio stations
in form of electromagnetic waves which is
decoded and made to form the membrane in the speaker to
vibrate. This vibration causes pressure in a wave in the air
which represents a simple harmonic motion. According to
Chowning (1986), the nature of sound and human hearing are
connected to mathematical investigation whereby human
hears are able to detect sound and how mathematics gives a
powerful way to understand sound and then create and
manipulate it. Frequency modulation synthesis is an elegant
technique for creating complex sounds that was used in the
first commercially successful music synthesizers produced in
the 1980s. These applications have solutions that are based on
the Bessel functions, Jennifer (2008). One such example is
that of a uniform density chain fixed at one end undergoing
small oscillations; therefore these functions are associated
with a wide range of problems in important areas of
mathematical physics. A single frequency travelling wave
will take the form of a sine wave, Sebastian (2011). There are
two major features of the sinusoidal vibration; namely
frequency and amplitude. This is a general wave relationship
which applies to transverse waves whose examples are sound
and light waves, Erwin (2006), other electromagnetic waves,
and waves in mechanical media. Both music and mathematics
are expressive languages whose relations are revealed
through pattern and serendipity, Frederick (1947). Bessel
functions were first used to describe body motions, with the
Bessel functions appearing in the series expansion on
planetary perturbation, Niedziela (2008). These mathematical
functions were derived around 1817 by the German
astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel during an investigation
of solutions of one of Keplers equations of planetary motion.
Chowning (1986) discovered that by bringing the modulation
rate down into the range of human hearing, and by using a
computer to strictly control the relationship between the
carrier frequency, the modulating frequency, and the amount
of modulation, musical timbres would result. The modulation
W
*Student, Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, KENYA.
E-Mail: majorblinda@yahoo.com
**Supervisor, Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, KENYA.
E-Mail: masenoo@gmail.com
***Supervisor, Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, KENYA.
E-Mail: jsigey2002@jkuat.ac.ke
****Supervisor, School of Mathematic, University of Nairobi, KENYA. E-Mail: jmkwoyo@uonbi.ac.ke
Vincent M. Bulinda*, J.A. Okelo**, J.K. Sige*** & J. Okwoyo****
Application of Bessel Function of the
First Kind in Frequency Modulated
Transmission
The SIJ Transactions on Computer Networks & Communication Engineering (CNCE), Vol. 1, No. 4, September-October 2013
ISSN: 2321 2403 2013 | Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 85
of those frequencies was far above the range of human
hearing. Frequency modulation synthesis also turned out to
be a much less computationally intense process that simple
additive synthesis, where sine tones are stacked up to create
artificial musical tones. The problem under study is the
analysis of Bessel functions of the first kind to determine the
amplitudes of frequency modulation component.
The problem involves studying the motion of sound
which is a wave subjected to a sinusoidal forcing function.
The intention is to obtain an expression that describes the
motion of the mass in one dimension when acted on by a
sinusoidal forcing function. Bessel function of the first kind
would be used to obtain the equation of motion in series
form. Bessel functions of the first kind are used to determine
the amplitudes of an oscillating wave. In this work, this will
be achieved by;
Derivation of the general equation of a simple
harmonic motion that is periodic will be done by
using the knowledge obtained from differential
equations as a whole to simplify the equations
resulting to the general equation of the wave by
using Newtons second law of motion and Hooks
law.
Plotting graphs to show the nature and behaviour of
sound waves. The graphs drawn will show that the
function
(2)
We consider a particle at distance from a particle from
its right, Straus (1992), Kythe et al., (1997) and Smith &
Roland (2002). Let the wave travel from left to right with
velocity . Then the displacement at point is given by
= ( ) (3)
where =
2
=
2
2
=
2
2
(4)
Bessel differential equations given by;
2
+
+
2
2
= 0
(5)
Where n is the order of differential equation and it is a
given number, real or complex. The point = 0 is a regular
singularity, and is the Bessel functions which is a solution of
equation (5) which has a solution of the form
=
=0
(6)
Using power series solutions and substituting in equation
(5), we get the solution
() =
( +1)
1
2
2(2 +2)
+
4
2.42 +2(2 +4)
(7)
The Bessel functions
=
1
+2
! + +1
=0
(8)
Here
= (1)
(9)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This modulated signal is consisting of three or more
frequency components added together to give the appearance
The SIJ Transactions on Computer Networks & Communication Engineering (CNCE), Vol. 1, No. 4, September-October 2013
ISSN: 2321 2403 2013 | Published by The Standard International Journals (The SIJ) 86
of a sine wave. We can easily see that the frequency is
varying with time when displayed in the time domain. From
the two graphs of Bessel Functions above, the values of the
term
terms are
calculated. Mathematically, the results of the numerical
computation of the values of
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
and so forth are plotted on graphs as shown
in figure 1 and figure 2.
Figure 1: Plots of Bessel Functions of the First Kind at 0 mf20
From Matlab plots used in plotting amplitude of side
bands as a function of modulation index of Bessel Functions
of the first kind, it can be observed from the graph that for
small values of mf, the only Bessel functions with any
significant amplitude are
0
and
1
while the
amplitude of the higher-order (n > 1) sideband pairs is very
small, Saxena et al., (2009). As mf increases, the amplitude of
the rest frequency decreases and the amplitude of the higher-
order sidebands increase, thus an increasing signal
bandwidth. It is therefore observed that as mf keeps
increasing, the sideband pairs are essentially zero amplitude
until about mf = n, at which point they increase in amplitude
to a maximum and then decrease again. In all cases, as mf
keeps increasing, each Bessel function appears to behave like
an exponentially decaying sine wave. Therefore, the
amplitudes of the higher-order sideband pairs eventually
approach zero, Abramowitz & Stegun (1965).
For particular values of mf the amplitude of particular
side frequency pairs becomes zero. The amplitude of the
carrier and each pair of sidebands is given by Bessel
functions of the first kind and the amplitude of higher order
side frequencies decreases rapidly with increase in time. This
presents application of Bessel functions of the first kind in
analysis of side bands in the process of frequency
modulation.
Figure 2: Plots of Bessel Functions of the First Kind at 0 mf60
V. CONCLUSION
The application of Bessel function in analyzing side band
frequency is discussed in analytical manner. In all cases,
including the rest frequency,
0
, the amplitude of the
Bessel function goes to zero for numerous values of mf,
meaning that the rest-frequency component of the FM wave
can disappear. As mf increases, the bandwidth increases too
and individual spectral lines do not increase in amplitude
monotonically, Saxena et al., (2009). Their amplitudes are
determined by