PROBLEM 3.

72
KNOWN: Plane wall with internal heat generation which is insulated at the inner surface and
subjected to a convection process at the outer surface.
FIND: Maximum temperature in the wall.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction with uniform
volumetric heat generation, (3) Inner surface is adiabatic.
ANALYSIS: From Eq. 3.42, the temperature at the inner surface is given by Eq. 3.43 and is
the maximum temperature within the wall,
2
o s
T qL / 2k+T . =
The outer surface temperature follows from Eq. 3.46,
s
6 2
s
3
T T qL/h
W
T 92 C+0.3 10 0.1m/500W/m K=92 C+60 C=152 C.
m

= +
=

It follows that
( )
2 6 3
o
T 0.3 10 W/m 0.1m / 2 25W/m K+152 C =
o
T 60 C+152 C=212 C. = <
COMMENTS: The heat flux leaving the wall can be determined from knowledge of h, T
s
and T

using Newtons law of cooling.

( ) ( )
2 2
conv s
q h T T 500W/m K 152 92 C=30kW/m .

= =
This same result can be determined from an energy balance on the entire wall, which has the
form
g out
E E 0 =

where
g out conv
E qAL and E q A. = =

Hence,
6 3 2
conv
q qL=0.3 10 W/m 0.1m=30kW/m . =
PROBLEM 3.95
KNOWN: Dimensions and thermal conductivity of a spherical container. Thermal conductivity and
volumetric energy generation within the container. Outer convection conditions.
FIND: (a) Outer surface temperature, (b) Container inner surface temperature, (c) Temperature
distribution within and center temperature of the wastes, (d) Feasibility of operating at twice the energy
generation rate.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) One-dimensional radial
conduction.
ANALYSIS: (a) For a control volume which includes the container, conservation of energy yields
g out
E E 0 = , or
conv
qV q 0 = . Hence
( )
( )
( )
3 2
i o s,o
q 4 3 r h4 r T T

=
and with q = 10
5
W/m
3
,
( )
( )
3 5 2 3
i
s,o
2 2 2
o
10 W m 0.5m qr
T T 25 C 36.6 C
3hr 3000 W m K 0.6m

= + = + =

. <
(b) Performing a surface energy balance at the outer surface,
in out
E E 0 = or
cond conv
q q 0 = .
Hence
( )
( ) ( )
( )
ss s,i s,o
2
o s,o
i o
4 k T T
h4 r T T
1 r 1 r

( ) ( )
( )
2
o
s,i s,o o s,o
ss i
r h 1000 W m K
T T 1 r T T 36.6 C 0.2 0.6 m 11.6 C 129.4 C
k r 15 W m K

= + = + =

.<
(c) The heat equation in spherical coordinates is
2 2
rw
d dT
k r qr 0
dr dr
+ =



.
Solving,
( )
3 2
2 1
1 2
rw rw
dT qr qr C
r C and T r C
dr 3k 6k r
= + = +
Applying the boundary conditions,
r 0
dT
0
dr
=
= and ( )
i s,i
T r T =
C
1
= 0 and
2
2 s,i i rw
C T qr 6k = + .
Continued...
PROBLEM 3.95 (Cont.)
Hence
( )
( )
2 2
s,i i
rw
q
T r T r r
6k
= + <
At r = 0,
( )
( )
( )
2 5 3 2
i
s,i
rw
10 W m 0.5m qr
T 0 T 129.4 C 337.7 C
6k 6 20 W m K
= + = + =

<
(d) The feasibility assessment may be performed by using the IHT model for one-dimensional, steady-
state conduction in a solid sphere, with the surface boundary condition prescribed in terms of the total
thermal resistance
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
2 2
i i o 2 i
tot,i i tot cnd,i cnv,i
ss o
r 1 r 1 r
1 r
R 4 r R R R
k h r

= = + = +



where, for r
o
= 0.6 m and h = 1000 W/m
2
K,
cnd,i
R

= 5.56 10
-3
m
2
K/W,
cnv,i
R

= 6.94 10
-4
m
2
K/W,
and
tot,i
R

= 6.25 10
-3
m
2
K/W. Results for the center temperature are shown below.
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)
475
525
575
625
675
C
e
n
t
e
r

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,

T
(
0
)

(
C
)
ro = 0.54 m
ro = 0.60 m
Clearly, even with r
o
= 0.54 m = r
o,min
and h = 10,000 W/m
2
K (a practical upper limit), T(0) > 475C and
the desired condition can not be met. The corresponding resistances are
cnd,i
R

= 2.47 10
-3
m
2
K/W,
cnv,i
R

= 8.57 10
-5
m
2
K/W, and
tot,i
R

= 2.56 10
-3
m
2
K/W. The conduction resistance remains
dominant, and the effect of reducing
cnv,i
R

by increasing h is small. The proposed extension is not

feasible.
COMMENTS: A value of q = 1.79 10
5
W/m
3
would allow for operation at T(0) = 475C with r
o
=
0.54 m and h = 10,000 W/m
2
K.
PROBLEM 3.123
KNOWN: Length, thickness and temperature of straight fins of rectangular, triangular and parabolic
profiles. Ambient air temperature and convection coefficient.
FIND: Heat rate per unit width, efficiency and volume of each fin.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant properties, (4)
Negligible radiation, (5) Uniform convection coefficient.
ANALYSIS: For each fin,
f max f f b p
q q hA , V A = = =
where
f
depends on the value of m = (2h/kt)
1/2
= (100 W/m
2
K/185 W/mK 0.003m)
1/2
= 13.4m
-1
and the product mL = 13.4m
-1
0.015m = 0.201 or mL
c
= 0.222. Expressions for
f
,
f
A

and A
p
are
obtained from Table 3-5.
Rectangular Fin:
c
f f c
c
tanh mL 0.218
0.982, A 2L 0.033m
mL 0.222
= = = = = <
( )
( )
2 5 2
q 0.982 50W/ m K 0.033m 80 C 129.6W/ m, V tL 4.5 10 m

= = = = <
Triangular Fin:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1/ 2
2 2 1
f f
0
I 2mL 1 0.205
0.978, A 2 L t / 2 0.030m
mL I 2 mL 0.201 1.042

= = = = + =


<
( )
( ) ( )
2 5 2
q 0.978 50 W/ m K 0.030m 80 C 117.3 W/ m, V t / 2 L 2.25 10 m

= = = = <
Parabolic Fin:
( )
( )
( )
2
f f 1 1
1/ 2
2
2
0.963, A C L L / t ln t / L C 0.030m
4 mL 1 1

= = = + + =
+ +






<
( )
( ) ( )
2 5 2
f
q 0.963 50 W/ m K 0.030m 80 C 115.6 W/ m, V t / 3 L 1.5 10 m

= = = = <
COMMENTS: Although the heat rate is slightly larger (~10%) for the rectangular fin than for the
triangular or parabolic fins, the heat rate per unit volume (or mass) is larger and largest for the
triangular and parabolic fins, respectively.
PROBLEM 3.134
KNOWN: Geometry and cooling arrangement for a chip-circuit board arrangement.
Maximum chip temperature.
FIND: (a) Equivalent thermal circuit, (b) Maximum chip heat rate.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional heat transfer in chip-
board assembly, (3) Negligible pin-chip contact resistance, (4) Constant properties, (5)
Negligible chip thermal resistance, (6) Uniform chip temperature.
PROPERTIES: Table A.1, Copper (300 K): k 400 W/mK.
ANALYSIS: (a) The thermal circuit is
( )
( ) ( )
o
b
f
1/ 2
f
o c,f o
cosh mL+ h / mk sinh mL
R
16q
16 h PkA sinh mL+ h / mk cosh mL

, ]
]
(b) The maximum chip heat rate is
c f b i
q 16q q q . + +
Evaluate these parameters
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
2
-1 o o
c,f p
h P 4h 4 1000 W/m K
m 81.7 m
kA kD 400 W/m K 0.0015 m
j \ j \ j \

, ( , ( , (
, ( , ( , (

( , ( , ( ,
( )
-1
mL 81.7 m 0.015 m 1.23, sinh mL 1.57, cosh mL 1.86
( )
2
-1
1000 W/m K
h/mk 0.0306
81.7 m 400 W/m K

( )
1/ 2
2
o p p b
M h D k D / 4
( )
( )
( )
1/ 2
3 2 2
M 1000 W/m K / 4 0.0015 m 400 W/m K 55 C 3.17 W.
, ]

, ]
]
Continued ..
PROBLEM 3.134 (Cont.)
The fin heat rate is
( )
( )
f
sinh mL+ h/mk cosh mL
1.57+0.0306 1.86
q M 3.17 W
cosh mL+ h/mk sinh mL 1.86+0.0306 1.57

f
q 2.703 W.
The heat rate from the board by convection is
( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
b o b b
q h A 1000 W/m K 0.0127 m 16 / 4 0.0015 m 55 C
, ]

, ]
]
b
q 7.32 W.
The convection heat rate is
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
2
c ,i
i
-4 2
i t,c b b c
0.0127 m 55 C
T T
q
1/h R L / k 1/ A
1/40+10 0.005/1 m K/W

+ +
+
i
q 0.29 W.
Hence, the maximum chip heat rate is
( ) [ ]
c
q 16 2.703 7.32 0.29 W 43.25 7.32 0.29 W , ] + + + +
]
c
q 50.9 W. <
COMMENTS: (1) The fins are extremely effective in enhancing heat transfer from the chip
(assuming negligible contact resistance). Their effectiveness is
( )
2
f p o b
q / D / 4 h 2.703
W/0.097 W = 27.8
(2) Without the fins, q
c
= 1000 W/m
2
K(0.0127 m)
2
55C + 0.29 W = 9.16 W. Hence the fins
provide for a (50.9 W/9.16 W) 100% = 555% enhancement of heat transfer.
(3) With the fins, the chip heat flux is 50.9 W/(0.0127 m)
2
or
5 2
c
q 3.16 10 W/m 31.6
W/cm
2
.
(4) If the infinite fin approximation is made, q
f
= M = 3.17 W, and the actual fin heat transfer
is overestimated by 17%.
PROBLEM 3.145
KNOWN: Dimensions and base temperature of aluminum fins of rectangular profile. Ambient air
conditions.
FIND: (a) Fin efficiency and effectiveness, (b) Rate of heat transfer per unit length of tube.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional radial conduction in fins, (3)
Constant properties, (4) Negligible radiation, (5) Negligible base contact resistance, (6) Uniform
convection coefficient.
PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Aluminum, pure (T 400 K): k = 240 W/mK.
ANALYSIS: (a) The fin parameters for use with Figure 3.19 are
2c 2
r r t 2 40mm 2mm 0.042m = + = + =
c
L L t 2 15mm 2mm 0.017 m = + = + =
2c 1
r r 0.042m 0.025m 1.68 = =
5 2
p c
A L t 0.017 m 0.004m 6.8 10 m

= = =
( ) ( )
1/ 2
1/ 2
3/ 2 3/ 2 2 5 2
c p
L h kA 0.017 m 40 W m K 240 W m K 6.8 10 m 0.11

= =


The fin efficiency is
f
0.97. From Eq. 3.86 and Fig. 3.5,
2 2
f f max f f (ann) b f 2c 1 b
q q hA 2 h r r = = =


( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
f
q 2 0.97 40 W m K 0.042 0.025 m 180 C 50 W = =



<
From Eq. 3.81, the fin effectiveness is
( )( )
f
f
2
c,b b
q 50 W
11.05
hA
40 W m K 2 0.025m 0.004m 180 C

= = =

<
(b) The rate of heat transfer per unit length is
( )( )
f 1 b
q N q h 1 N t 2 r

= +
( )( )
2
q 125 50 W m 40 W m K 1 125 0.004 2 0.025m 180 C

= +
( ) q 6250 565 W m 6.82kW m

= + = <
COMMENTS: Note the dominant contribution made by the fins to the total heat transfer.