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ANSYS, Inc.
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Release 14.5
October 2012
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certified to ISO
9001:2008.
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Table of Contents
About This Archive ....................................................................................................................................... xi
I. Legacy Features ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Piping Models ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. What the Piping Commands Can Do for You ................................................................................ 3
1.2. Modeling Piping Systems with Piping Commands ....................................................................... 3
1.2.1. Specify the Jobname and Title ............................................................................................ 4
1.2.2. Set Up the Basic Piping Data ............................................................................................... 4
1.2.3. Define the Piping System's Geometry ................................................................................. 5
1.2.3.1. Review and Modify Your Piping Model ....................................................................... 5
1.3. Example Piping Model Input ....................................................................................................... 5
2. Subroutines ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1. Creep Subroutine UserCr ............................................................................................................ 9
2.2. Subroutine UserPL (Writing Your Own Plasticity Laws) ............................................................... 10
2.3. Subroutine UserVisLaw (Defining Viscosity Laws) ....................................................................... 12
2.4. Subroutine usflex (Computes the flexibility factor for PIPE16 and PIPE18) ................................... 12
3. Restarting a Direct Coupled-Field Analysis .................................................................................... 15
3.1. Singleframe Restart ................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1. Singleframe Restart Requirements .................................................................................... 15
3.1.2. Singleframe Restart Procedure ......................................................................................... 17
3.1.3. Restarting a Nonlinear Analysis From an Incompatible Database ....................................... 18
3.1.3.1. Re-establishing Boundary Conditions ....................................................................... 19
4. Partial Solution Procedure .............................................................................................................. 21
4.1. Partial Inertia Relief Calculations ................................................................................................ 21
4.2. Comparison of Linear Perturbation and Partial Solution Procedures ........................................... 22
5. Surface Solution .............................................................................................................................. 25
6. Reduced Modal Analysis Procedure ................................................................................................ 27
II. Legacy Commands ................................................................................................................................ 29
III. Legacy Material Properties .................................................................................................................. 79
1. Anisotropy ....................................................................................................................................... 81
2. Multilinear Elasticity ....................................................................................................................... 83
IV. Legacy Elements .................................................................................................................................. 85
4. BEAM4: 3-D Elastic Beam .................................................................................................................... 87
12. CONTAC12: 2-D Point-to-Point Contact ........................................................................................... 101
16. PIPE16: Elastic Straight Pipe ............................................................................................................ 109
18. PIPE18: Elastic Curved Pipe ............................................................................................................. 121
42. PLANE42: 2-D Structural Solid ......................................................................................................... 131
45. SOLID45: 3-D Structural Solid ......................................................................................................... 139
52. CONTAC52: 3-D Point-to-Point Contact ........................................................................................... 149
59. PIPE59: Immersed Pipe or Cable ..................................................................................................... 157
63. SHELL63: Elastic Shell ..................................................................................................................... 175
79. FLUID79: 2-D Contained Fluid ......................................................................................................... 185
80. FLUID80: 3-D Contained Fluid ......................................................................................................... 189
81. FLUID81: Axisymmetric-Harmonic Contained Fluid ......................................................................... 195
82. PLANE82: 2-D 8-Node Structural Solid ............................................................................................ 201
92. SOLID92: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Structural Solid ......................................................................... 209
95. SOLID95: 3-D 20-Node Structural Solid ........................................................................................... 215
V. Legacy Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 223
1. Archived Theory Element Library ................................................................................................. 225
1.1. BEAM4 - 3-D Elastic Beam ........................................................................................................ 225
1.1.1. Stiffness and Mass Matrices ............................................................................................ 225
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Feature Archive
1.1.2. Gyroscopic Damping Matrix ........................................................................................... 229
1.1.3. Pressure and Temperature Load Vector ........................................................................... 229
1.1.4. Local to Global Conversion ............................................................................................. 229
1.1.5. Stress Calculations .......................................................................................................... 231
1.2. CONTAC12 - 2-D Point-to-Point Contact ................................................................................... 232
1.2.1. Element Matrices ............................................................................................................ 232
1.2.2. Orientation of the Element ............................................................................................. 234
1.2.3. Rigid Coulomb Friction ................................................................................................... 234
1.3. PIPE16 - Elastic Straight Pipe .................................................................................................... 235
1.3.1. Assumptions and Restrictions ......................................................................................... 236
1.3.2. Stiffness Matrix ............................................................................................................... 236
1.3.3. Mass Matrix .................................................................................................................... 236
1.3.4. Gyroscopic Damping Matrix ........................................................................................... 237
1.3.5. Load Vector .................................................................................................................... 238
1.3.6. Stress Calculation ........................................................................................................... 240
1.4. PIPE18 - Elastic Curved Pipe ..................................................................................................... 246
1.4.1. Other Applicable Sections .............................................................................................. 246
1.4.2. Stiffness Matrix ............................................................................................................... 246
1.4.3. Mass Matrix .................................................................................................................... 249
1.4.4. Load Vector .................................................................................................................... 250
1.4.5. Stress Calculations .......................................................................................................... 250
1.5. PLANE42 - 2-D Structural Solid ................................................................................................ 251
1.5.1. Other Applicable Sections .............................................................................................. 252
1.6. SOLID45 - 3-D Structural Solid ................................................................................................. 252
1.6.1. Other Applicable Sections .............................................................................................. 253
1.7. CONTAC52 - 3-D Point-to-Point Contact ................................................................................... 253
1.7.1. Other Applicable Sections .............................................................................................. 253
1.7.2. Element Matrices ............................................................................................................ 253
1.7.3. Orientation of Element ................................................................................................... 254
1.8. PIPE59 - Immersed Pipe or Cable ............................................................................................. 255
1.8.1. Overview of the Element ................................................................................................ 256
1.8.2. Location of the Element .................................................................................................. 256
1.8.3. Stiffness Matrix ............................................................................................................... 257
1.8.4. Mass Matrix .................................................................................................................... 257
1.8.5. Load Vector .................................................................................................................... 258
1.8.6. Hydrostatic Effects .......................................................................................................... 258
1.8.7. Hydrodynamic Effects ..................................................................................................... 260
1.8.8. Stress Output ................................................................................................................. 260
1.9. SHELL63 - Elastic Shell ............................................................................................................. 262
1.9.1. Other Applicable Sections .............................................................................................. 263
1.9.2. Foundation Stiffness ....................................................................................................... 263
1.9.3. In-Plane Rotational Stiffness ........................................................................................... 264
1.9.4. Warping ......................................................................................................................... 264
1.9.5. Options for Non-Uniform Material ................................................................................... 265
1.9.6. Extrapolation of Results to the Nodes ............................................................................. 266
1.10. FLUID79 - 2-D Contained Fluid ............................................................................................... 266
1.10.1. Other Applicable Sections ............................................................................................ 267
1.11. FLUID80 - 3-D Contained Fluid ............................................................................................... 267
1.11.1. Other Applicable Sections ............................................................................................ 268
1.11.2. Assumptions and Restrictions ....................................................................................... 268
1.11.3. Material Properties ....................................................................................................... 268
1.11.4. Free Surface Effects ...................................................................................................... 269
iv
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Feature Archive
1.11.5. Other Assumptions and Limitations .............................................................................. 270
1.12. FLUID81 - Axisymmetric-Harmonic Contained Fluid ............................................................... 272
1.12.1. Other Applicable Sections ............................................................................................ 272
1.12.2. Assumptions and Restrictions ....................................................................................... 272
1.12.3. Load Vector Correction ................................................................................................. 273
1.13. PLANE82 - 2-D 8-Node Structural Solid .................................................................................. 273
1.13.1. Other Applicable Sections ............................................................................................ 273
1.13.2. Assumptions and Restrictions ....................................................................................... 273
1.14. SOLID92 - 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Structural Solid ............................................................... 274
1.14.1. Other Applicable Sections ............................................................................................ 274
1.15. SOLID95 - 3-D 20-Node Structural Solid ................................................................................. 275
1.15.1. Other Applicable Sections ............................................................................................ 275
2. Hydrodynamic Loads on Line Elements ........................................................................................ 277
2.1. Wave Theory ........................................................................................................................... 277
3. Reduced Method for Modal Analysis ............................................................................................ 285
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List of Figures
4.1. BEAM4 Geometry ................................................................................................................................. 87
4.2. BEAM4 Stress Output ............................................................................................................................ 91
12.1. CONTAC12 Geometry ........................................................................................................................ 101
12.2. CONTAC12 Force-Deflection Relationship .......................................................................................... 105
16.1. PIPE16 Geometry .............................................................................................................................. 109
16.2. PIPE16 Stress Output ......................................................................................................................... 114
18.1. PIPE18 Geometry .............................................................................................................................. 121
18.2. PIPE18 Stress Output ......................................................................................................................... 125
42.1. PLANE42 Geometry ........................................................................................................................... 131
42.2. PLANE42 Stress Output ..................................................................................................................... 134
45.1. SOLID45 Geometry ........................................................................................................................... 139
45.2. SOLID45 Stress Output ...................................................................................................................... 143
52.1. CONTAC52 Geometry ........................................................................................................................ 149
52.2. CONTAC52 Force-Deflection Relationship .......................................................................................... 153
59.1. PIPE59 Geometry .............................................................................................................................. 157
59.2. PIPE59 Geometry .............................................................................................................................. 158
59.3. PIPE59 Velocity Profiles for Wave-current Interactions ......................................................................... 164
59.4. PIPE59 Stress Output ......................................................................................................................... 166
63.1. SHELL63 Geometry ........................................................................................................................... 175
63.2. SHELL63 Stress Output ...................................................................................................................... 181
79.1. FLUID79 Geometry ............................................................................................................................ 185
80.1. FLUID80 Geometry ............................................................................................................................ 189
81.1. FLUID81 Geometry ............................................................................................................................ 195
82.1. PLANE82 Geometry ........................................................................................................................... 201
82.2. PLANE82 Stress Output ..................................................................................................................... 204
92.1. SOLID92 Geometry ........................................................................................................................... 209
92.2. SOLID92 Stress Output ...................................................................................................................... 211
95.1. SOLID95 Geometry ........................................................................................................................... 215
95.2. SOLID95 Stress Output ...................................................................................................................... 218
1.1. Order of Degrees of Freedom .............................................................................................................. 226
1.2. Force-Deflection Relations for Standard Case ....................................................................................... 234
1.3. Force-Deflection Relations for Rigid Coulomb Option .......................................................................... 235
1.4. Thermal and Pressure Effects ............................................................................................................... 240
1.5. Elastic Pipe Direct Stress Output .......................................................................................................... 242
1.6. Elastic Pipe Shear Stress Output .......................................................................................................... 242
1.7. Stress Point Locations ......................................................................................................................... 244
1.8. Mohr Circles ........................................................................................................................................ 245
1.9. Plane Element ..................................................................................................................................... 247
1.10. U-Tube with Fluid .............................................................................................................................. 270
1.11. Bending Without Resistance .............................................................................................................. 271
2.1. Velocity Profiles for Wave-Current Interactions ..................................................................................... 281
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List of Tables
3.1. Restart Information for Nonlinear Analyses ............................................................................................ 16
4.1. Linear Perturbation vs. Partial Solution Procedures ................................................................................. 22
5.1. Output Available via ETABLE ................................................................................................................. 25
4.1. BEAM4 Real Constants .......................................................................................................................... 90
4.2. BEAM4 Element Output Definitions ....................................................................................................... 91
4.3. BEAM4 Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 0) ............................................................................ 93
4.4. BEAM4 Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 1) ............................................................................ 94
4.5. BEAM4 Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 3) ............................................................................ 95
4.6. BEAM4 Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 5) ............................................................................ 96
4.7. BEAM4 Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 7) ............................................................................ 97
4.8. BEAM4 Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 9) ............................................................................ 99
12.1. CONTAC12 Real Constants ................................................................................................................. 104
12.2. CONTAC12 Element Output Definitions ............................................................................................. 105
12.3. CONTAC12 Item and Sequence Numbers ........................................................................................... 106
16.1. PIPE16 Real Constants ....................................................................................................................... 113
16.2. PIPE16 Element Output Definitions .................................................................................................... 114
16.3. PIPE16 Item and Sequence Numbers (Node I) .................................................................................... 116
16.4. PIPE16 Item and Sequence Numbers (Node J) .................................................................................... 117
16.5. PIPE16 Item and Sequence Numbers ................................................................................................. 118
18.1. PIPE18 Real Constants ....................................................................................................................... 124
18.2. PIPE18 Element Output Definitions .................................................................................................... 125
18.3. PIPE18 Item and Sequence Numbers (Node I) .................................................................................... 127
18.4. PIPE18 Item and Sequence Numbers (Node J) .................................................................................... 128
18.5. PIPE18 Item and Sequence Numbers ................................................................................................. 129
42.1. PLANE42 Element Output Definitions ................................................................................................ 135
42.2. PLANE42 Miscellaneous Element Output ........................................................................................... 136
42.3. PLANE42 Item and Sequence Numbers .............................................................................................. 137
45.1. SOLID45 Element Output Definitions ................................................................................................. 144
45.2. SOLID45 Miscellaneous Element Output ............................................................................................ 145
45.3. SOLID45 Item and Sequence Numbers .............................................................................................. 146
52.1. CONTAC52 Real Constants ................................................................................................................. 152
52.2. CONTAC52 Element Output Definitions ............................................................................................. 154
52.3. CONTAC52 Item and Sequence Numbers ........................................................................................... 155
59.1. PIPE59 Real Constants ....................................................................................................................... 161
59.2. PIPE59 Water Motion Table ................................................................................................................ 162
59.3. PIPE59 Element Output Definitions .................................................................................................... 166
59.4. PIPE59 Item and Sequence Numbers (Node I) .................................................................................... 168
59.5. PIPE59 Item and Sequence Numbers (Node J) .................................................................................... 169
59.6. PIPE59 Item and Sequence Numbers (Pipe Options) ........................................................................... 170
59.7. PIPE59 Item and Sequence Numbers (Cable Option) .......................................................................... 171
59.8. PIPE59 Item and Sequence Numbers (Additional Output) .................................................................. 171
63.1. SHELL63 Real Constants .................................................................................................................... 180
63.2. SHELL63 Element Output Definitions ................................................................................................. 181
63.3. SHELL63 Miscellaneous Element Output ............................................................................................ 182
63.4. SHELL63 Item and Sequence Numbers .............................................................................................. 182
79.1. FLUID79 Element Output Definitions ................................................................................................. 187
79.2. FLUID79 Item and Sequence Numbers ............................................................................................... 188
80.1. FLUID80 Element Output Definitions ................................................................................................. 191
80.2. FLUID80 Item and Sequence Numbers ............................................................................................... 192
81.1. FLUID81 Element Output Definitions ................................................................................................. 197
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Feature Archive
81.2. FLUID81 Item and Sequence Numbers ............................................................................................... 198
82.1. PLANE82 Element Output Definitions ................................................................................................ 204
82.2. PLANE82 Miscellaneous Element Output ........................................................................................... 206
82.3. PLANE82 Item and Sequence Numbers .............................................................................................. 206
92.1. SOLID92 Element Output Definitions ................................................................................................. 212
92.2. SOLID92 Miscellaneous Element Output ............................................................................................ 213
92.3. SOLID92 Item and Sequence Numbers .............................................................................................. 214
95.1. SOLID95 Element Output Definitions ................................................................................................. 219
95.2. SOLID95 Miscellaneous Element Output ............................................................................................ 220
95.3. SOLID95 Item and Sequence Numbers .............................................................................................. 220
1.1. Stress Intensification Factors ............................................................................................................... 242
2.1. Wave Theory Table .............................................................................................................................. 277
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
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xii
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Piping Models
Other actions required for a piping system analysis include applying additional loads (D, F, etc.), obtaining
the solution, and reviewing the results. See the Basic Analysis Guide for more information.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Piping Models
rst r
trt s r
s
rs
s r
trt t rst
!
! Sample piping data input
!
/FILNAM,EXAMPLE
/TITLE, EXAMPLE PIPING INPUT
/UNITS,BIN
! A reminder that consistent units are U. S. Customary inches
!
/PREP7
! Define material properties for pipe elements
MP,EX,1,30e6
MP,PRXY,1,0.3
MP,ALPX,1,8e-6
MP,DENS,1,.283
PUNIT,1
! Units are read as ft+in+fraction and converted to
! decimal inches
PSPEC,1,8,STD
! 8" standard pipe
POPT,B31.1
! Piping analysis standard: ANSI B31.1
PTEMP,200
! Temperature = 200
PPRES,1000
! Internal pressure = 1000 psi
PDRAG,,,-.2
! Drag = 0.2 psi in -Z direction at any height (Y)
BRANCH,1,0+12,0+12 ! Start first pipe run at (12",12",0")
RUN,,7+4
! Run 7'-4" in +Y direction
RUN,9+5+1/2
! Run 9'-5 1/2" in +X direction
RUN,,,-8+4
! Run 8'-4" in -Z direction
RUN,,8+4
! Run 8'-4" in +Y direction
/PNUM,NODE,1
/VIEW,1,1,2,3
EPLOT
! Identify node number at which 2nd run starts
BRANCH,4
! Start second pipe run at node 4
RUN,6+2+1/2
! Run 6'-2 1/2" in +X direction
TEE,4,WT
! Insert a tee at node 4
/PNUM,DEFA
/PNUM,ELEM,1
EPLOT
! Identify element numbers for bend and miter inserts
BEND,1,2,SR
! Insert a "short-radius" bend between elements 1 and 2
MITER,2,3,LR,2
! Insert a two-piece miter between elements 2 and 3
/PNUM,DEFA
/PNUM,NODE,1
! Zoom in on miter bend to identify nodes for spring hangers
/ZOOM, 1, 242.93
, 206.62
, -39.059
, 26.866
PSPRNG,14,TRAN,1e4,,0+12
! Insert Y-direction spring at node 14
PSPRNG,16,TRAN,1e4,,0+12
! Insert Y-direction spring at node 16
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Although two hangers are provided, more restraints are needed before proceeding to the solution.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Chapter 2: Subroutines
2.1. Creep Subroutine UserCr
In contrast to the UserCreep subroutine, the UserCr subroutine requires that you specify the creep
strain tensor. A detailed explanation of this subroutine follows.
*deck,usercr
USERSDISTRIB
subroutine usercr (elem,intpt,mat,ncomp,kfirst,kfsteq,e,posn,d,
x proptb,timval,timinc,tem,dtem,toffst,fluen,dfluen,epel,epcrp,
x statev,usvr,delcr)
c
c *** primary function:
allow users to write their own creep laws.
c
this logic is accessed with c6 = 100
c *** secondary function:
demonstrate the use of user-written creep laws
c
c *** Notice - This file contains ANSYS Confidential information ***
c
c
c
*** Copyright ANSYS. All Rights Reserved.
c
*** ansys, inc.
c
c input arguments:
c
variable (type,sze,intent)
description
c
c
elem
(int,sc,in)
- element number (label)
c
intpt
(int,sc,in)
- element integration point number
c
mat
(int,sc,in)
- material reference number
c
ncomp
(int,sc,in)
- no. of stress/strain components (1,4 or 6)
c
1 - x
c
4 - x,y,z,xy
c
6 - x,y,z,xy,yz,xz
c
kfirst
(int,sc,in)
- 1 if first time through, 0 otherwise
c
(useful for initializing state variables
c
to a non-zero value)
c
kfsteq
(int,sc,in)
- 1 if first equilibrium iteration of a
c
substep, 0 otherwise
c
c
c
e
(dp,sc,in)
- elastic young'S MODULUS
c
posn
(dp,sc,in)
- poisson'S RATIO
c
d
(dp,ar(ncomp,ncomp),in)- elastic stress-strain matrix
c
proptb
(dp,ar(72),in)
- material properties input on tb commands
c
(do not use proptb(13), as it is used elsewhere)
c
timval
(dp,sc,in)
- current time value
c
timinc
(dp,sc,in)
- time increment over this substep
c
tem
(dp,sc,in)
- temperature at the end of this substep
c
dtem
(dp,sc,in)
- temperature increment over this substep
c
toffst
(dp,sc,in)
- temperature offset from absolute zero
c
fluen
(dp,sc,in)
- fluence at the end of this substep
c
dfluen
(dp,sc,in)
- fluence increment over this substep
c
c
epel
(dp,ar(ncomp),inout)- elastic strain
c
epcrp
(dp,ar(ncomp),inout)- creep strain from previous substep
c
statev
(dp,ar(ncomp*5+2),inout)- state variables from previous
c
(converged) substep. This variable is for
c
explicit creep only and refers to a
c
different internal variable than that
c
defined by TB,stat which is used by
c
implicit creep (usercreep) and usermat.
c
usvr
(dp,ar(nuval,nintp),inout)- additional state variables from
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Subroutines
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
output arguments:
variable (type,sze,intent)
epel
epcrp
statev
usvr
delcr
description
description
- temporary variable
- creep strain increments
- equivalent elastic strain (before creep)
- total strain
- equivalent total strain, elastic + creep
- equivalent stress (before creep)
- temperature on the absolute scale
10
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intpt
mat
ncomp
(int,sc,in)
(int,sc,in)
(int,sc,in)
kfirst
(int,sc,in)
kfsteq
(int,sc,in)
e
nu
dens
prop
(dp,sc,in)
(dp,sc,in)
(dp,sc,in)
timval
timinc
(dp,sc,in)
(dp,sc,in)
tem
dtem
toffst
flu
dflu
(dp,sc,in)
(dp,sc,in)
(dp,sc,in)
(dp,sc,in)
(dp,sc,in)
epel
d
ktform
eppl
statev
usvr
epeq
plwork
(dp,sc,inout)
(dp,sc,inout)
output arguments:
variable (type,sze,intent)
description
epel
eppl
statev
usvr
epeq
plwork
(dp,sc,inout)
(dp,sc,inout)
sigepl
sigrat
depeq
(dp,sc,out)
(dp,sc,out)
(dp,sc,out)
dt
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11
Subroutines
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
nintp
note:
(int)
internal variables:
variable (type,sze)
b
(dp,ar(6,6))
c
(dp,ar(6,12))
con
(dp,sc)
deppl
(dp,ar(6))
dfds
(dp,ar(6))
dlamb
(dp,sc)
ep
(dp,ar(6))
epshfo
(dp,ar(6))
epshft
(dp,ar(6))
et
(dp,sc)
h
(dp,sc)
n2
(int,sc)
seqtr
(dp,sc)
sigtr
(dp,ar(6))
sigy
(dp,sc)
vect
(dp,ar(6))
description
- 2nd derivative of the yield function
- part of deff
- temporary variable
- plastic strain increment
- derivative of the yield function (normal)
- plastic multiplier
- shifted strain
- initial shift strain (center of the yield surf)
- shift strain (center of the yield surface)
- tangent modulus (stress/total strain)
- plastic tangent modulus (stress/plastic strain)
- ncomp squared, ncomp*ncomp
- equivalent (von mises) trial stress
- trial stress
- yield stress
- temporary vector
2.4. Subroutine usflex (Computes the flexibility factor for PIPE16 and
PIPE18)
Legacy pipe elements PIPE16 and PIPE18 are described in Part IV: Legacy Elements (p. 85).
*deck,usflex
USERSDISTRIB
subroutine usflex (etype,elem,rvrm,kff,prs,ex, flexi,flexo)
c *** primary function:
to (re)compute the flexibility factor
c
for pipe16, pipe17, pipe18, and pipe60
c
this is accessed by inputting the flexibility factor
c
as any negative number.
c *** secondary functions: none
c
c *** Notice - This file contains ANSYS Confidential information ***
c
c
*** Copyright ANSYS. All Rights Reserved.
c
*** ansys, inc.
c
c
typ=int,dp,log,chr,dcp
siz=sc,ar(n)
intent=in,out,inout
c
c input arguments:
c
variable (typ,siz,intent)
description
c
etype
(int,sc,in)
- pipe element type (16, 17, 18 or 60)
c
elem
(int,sc,in)
- element number
c
rvrm
(dp,ar(*),in)
- real constants
c
kff
(int,sc,in)
- keyopt for flexibility factor
c
(not used for pipe16 or pipe17)
c
prs
(dp,ar(5),in)
- pressures
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Subroutine usflex (Computes the flexibility factor for PIPE16 and PIPE18)
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
ex
flexi
flexo
(dp,sc,in)
(dp,sc,inout)
(dp,sc,inout)
output arguments:
variable (typ,siz,intent)
flexi
(dp,sc,inout)
flexo
(dp,sc,inout)
- young's Modulus
- effective in-plane flexibility factor
- effective out-of-plane flexibility factor
(not used for pipe16 or pipe17)
description
- effective in-plane flexibility factor
- effective out-of-plane flexibility factor
(not used for pipe16 or pipe17)
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Note
In a nonlinear analysis, if the program terminates due to nonconvergence, time limits, the
abort file (Jobname.ABT), or other program-detected failure, the database is automatically
saved, and the solution output (Jobname.OUT) will list the files and other information required for restarting. See also Table 3.1: Restart Information for Nonlinear Analyses (p. 16)
for a list of termination causes and the element saved data file needed to restart.
If the files .RDB, .LDHI, or .Rnnn/.Mnnn were accidentally created from a previous run,
you must delete them before performing a singleframe restart.
In interactive mode, an existing database file is first written to a backup file (Jobname.DBB).
In batch mode, an existing database file is replaced by the current database information with
no backup.
Table 3.1: Restart Information for Nonlinear Analyses
Cause of Termination
Element Saved
Data File
Jobname.ESAV
Nonconvergence
Jobname.OSAV
Nonconvergence due to
insufficient equilibrium
iterations
Jobname.ESAV
If the solution was converging, allow more equilibrium equations (NEQIT command).
Cumulative iteration
limit exceeded (NCNV
command)
Jobname.ESAV
Jobname.ESAV
None (simply restart the analysis). (If you were running the analysis interactively and you want to restart it from within the same ANSYS session, you
must reset the time limits before attempting the
restart.)
Jobname.OSAV
Negative pivot
Jobname.OSAV
Jobname.ABT
Jobname.ESAV,
if solution was conver- Jobging
name.OSAV
16
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Singleframe Restart
Cause of Termination
Element Saved
Data File
Not applicable
Note
Singleframe restart does not support surface-to-surface, node-to-surface, line-to-line, or lineto-surface contact. Use multiframe restart if your model contains any of the following contact
elements: CONTA171, CONTA172, CONTA173, CONTA174, CONTA175, CONTA176, CONTA177.
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18
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Singleframe Restart
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19
20
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See the OUTPR, IRLF, and IRLIST commands in the Command Reference. See also the PSOLVE command
in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).
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A modal analysis can be done at any time point A modal analysis can be done only at the last
during the prior analysis as long as the multisubstep of the last load step of the prior analysframe restart file is made available.
is.
The stress expansion pass uses linear material
properties and is always allowed.
All nonlinear effects, including history dependent and large rotation effects, are taken into
consideration and handled consistently, guaranteeing correct results for the linear perturbation
analysis.
The nodal coordinate update is done automat- The nodal coordinate update for the original
mesh is done by an external UPCOORD comically at the beginning of the second phase of
the solution; the stress expansion is done based mand (and is optional).
on the updated geometry.
All prestress effects are included automatically
(independent of PSTRES, OMEGA, or CMOMEGA command settings) in the phases of a
linear perturbation analysis. Also, even though
the base analysis is linear, the prestress effects
are still taken into account in the subsequent
linear perturbation analysis.
All prestress and spin-softening effects are invoked by the commands PSTRES, OMEGA, and
CMOMEGA at the earlier stage of the analysis,
as well as in the PSOLVE phase.
If the base analysis includes geometric nonlin- For the QRDAMP eigensolver, the solution may
earity (NLGEOM,ON), the solution accuracy from be less accurate compared to the UNSYM eigena QR damped (MODOPT,QRDAMP) linear persolver.
turbation analysis is greatly improved. The linear
perturbation architecture enables this improvement on the QRDAMP eigensolver.
The EMATWRITE command is unnecessary.
22
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3-D
2-D
Axisymm
FACE
FACE
FACE
AREA
AREA
AREA
TEMP
TEMP
TEMP
PRES
PRES
PRES
EPX
EPPAR
EPPAR
EPY
EPPER
EPPER
EPZ
EPZ
EPZ
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Surface Solution
Element Dimensionality
snum
3-D
2-D
Axisymm
EPXY
EPSH [1]
SX
SPAR
SPAR
10
SY
SPER
SPER
11
SZ
SZ
SZ
12
SXY
13
14
SSH [1]
15
S1
S1
S1
16
S2
S2
S2
17
S3
S3
S3
18
SINT
SINT
SINT
19
SEQV
SEQV
SEQV
1. Axiharmonic only
If an additional face has surface output requested, then snum 1-19 are repeated as snum 20-38.
Convection heat flow output may be given on convection surfaces of solid thermal elements. Output
is valid on interior as well as exterior surfaces. Convection conditions should not be defined on condensed
faces or on the zero-radius face (center line) of an axisymmetric model.
26
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FLUID COUPLING
FLUID ELEMENTS (FLUID81)
ARCHIVED ELEMENT)
! MODE-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
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Notes
Defines a bellows (straight-pipe element PIPE16 with adjusted specifications and loadings) at a given
location in a piping run.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines a bend of curved (elbow) pipe elements (PIPE18) in place of the intersection of two previously
defined straight pipe elements (RUN). Two new nodes are generated at the ends of the bend (at the
tangency points). A node is also generated at the center of curvature point. The two straight pipes are
automatically "shortened" to meet the ends of the bend. The bend specifications and loadings are taken
from the corresponding two straight pipes. The flexibility factors are calculated from the internal pressure
and EX (evaluated at TAVE) based on the current PPRES and PTEMP command specifications when the
element is generated.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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BRANCH, NODE, X, Y, Z
Defines the starting point for a piping branch.
PREP7:Piping
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
NODE
Start branch at this node.
X, Y, Z
Start branch at this location (in the active coordinate system). Used only if NODE is not input or input
but the node itself is not previously defined. In either case a node is generated at this location and assigned the number NODE (or 1 + previous maximum node number if NODE is not input).
Notes
See the RUN command in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29) for information relating to piping models.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines a flange (straight-pipe element PIPE16 with adjusted specifications and loadings) at a given
location in a piping run. (See the RUN command, and other commands described here, in Part II: Legacy
Commands (p. 29).)
The FLANGE command is similar to the VALVE command except for a different flexibility factor default.
The location may be 1) between two adjacent colinear straight pipes, 2) between an adjacent straight
pipe and a different piping component, or 3) at the end of a straight pipe.
For Case 1, two new nodes are generated at the ends of the flange. The two straight pipes are automatically "shortened" to meet the ends of the flange. The flange specifications and loadings are taken from
the corresponding two straight pipes.
For Case 2, one new node is generated at one end of the flange. The straight pipe is automatically
"shortened" to meet this end of the flange. The other end of the flange meets the other piping component. The flange specifications and loadings are taken from the straight pipe.
For Case 3, one new node is generated at the free end of the flange. The other end of the flange meets
the straight pipe. The flange specifications and loadings are taken from the straight pipe.
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FLANGE
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines a mitered bend of piecewise straight-pipe PIPE16 elements in place of the intersection of two
previously defined straight pipe elements (RUN). This command is similar to the BEND command except
that straight pipe elements are used to form the bend instead of curved (elbow) elements. (See the
RUN and BEND command descriptions in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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PCORRO, CTK
Specifies the allowable exterior corrosion thickness for a piping run.
PREP7:Piping
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
CTK
Allowable corrosion thickness.
Notes
Specifies the allowable exterior corrosion thickness for a piping run. (See the RUN command description
in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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PDRAG, PX1, PY1, PZ1, H1, PX2, PY2, PZ2, H2, Kcord
Defines the external fluid drag loading for a piping run.
PREP7:Piping
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
PX1, PY1, PZ1
External fluid drag pressure (global Cartesian components) at height H1.
H1
Height (along Kcord coordinate) for first drag pressure.
PX2, PY2, PZ2
External fluid drag pressure (global Cartesian components) at height H2.
H2
Height (along Kcord coordinate) for second drag pressure.
Kcord
Coordinate direction for height value (in the global Cartesian coordinate system):
X
X coordinate.
Y
Y coordinate (default).
Z
Z coordinate.
Notes
Defines the external fluid drag loading (pressure) as a function of height for a piping run. (See the RUN
command description in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).) The element drag pressure is determined
from the centroid height and linear interpolation. Pressures are assigned to the elements as they are
generated.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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PFLUID, DENS
Defines the contained fluid density for a piping run.
PREP7:Piping
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
DENS
Density of the contained fluid.
Notes
See the RUN command description in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).
Distributed ANSYS Restriction
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines a spring-gap constraint (gap element CONTAC52) at a given location in a piping run. Gives
spring constraint resistance after a specified gap is closed. (See the RUN command description in
Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Command Default
No insulation.
Notes
Defines the external insulation constants in a piping run. (See the RUN command description in
Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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PIPE
Specifies "Pipe modeling" as the subsequent status topic.
PREP7:Status
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> FL EM EH DY PP EME MFS
Notes
This is a status topic command. If status is requested for some items, it appears in the log file (Jobname.LOG). This command should be followed immediately by a STAT command, which reports the
status for the specified topic.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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POPT, Lop1
Selects the piping analysis standard for a piping run.
PREP7:Piping
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Lop1
Option label:
B31.1
for ANSI B31.1.
NC
for ASME Section III NC, Class 2.
Command Default
ANSI B31.1.
Notes
Selects the piping analysis standard for a piping run (RUN). Affects only the flexibility and stress intensification factors applied to the curved pipe elements. (See the RUN command description in
Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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PPRES, PRESS
Defines the internal pressure for a piping run.
PREP7:Piping
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
PRESS
Pipe internal pressure.
Notes
Defines the pipe internal pressure for a piping run (RUN). These pressures are assigned to the elements
as they are generated. (See the RUN command description in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Note
If you want to include prestress effects (PSTRES,ON) from a previous prestress analysis, the ELFORM option requires the Jobname.EMAT and Jobname.ESAV files
generated by that analysis.
ELPREP
Modifies element matrices for solution and calculates inertia relief terms (IRLF). Requires Jobname.EMAT. Produces Jobname.EROT.
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PSOLVE
TRIANG
Triangularizes the matrices completely. This option is required prior to performing a partial solution
using the EIGREDUC option.
Rkey
Key for initial contact results:
CNDI
Write initial contact configuration to the results file. This option is only valid for Lab = ELFORM.
Notes
Directs the program to perform a partial solution (that is, one step of an analysis sequence). Predefined
analysis types (ANTYPE) perform a defined subset of these solution steps in a predefined sequence.
You can use the partial-solution procedure to repeat a certain step of an analysis or to restart an analysis.
Not all steps are valid for all analysis types. The order of the steps may vary depending on the result
you desire. See the Basic Analysis Guide for a description of how to perform partial and predefined
solutions.
An example of a prestressed modal analysis is given below. The Jobname.EMAT and Jobname.ESAV
files from a prior static analysis must be available.
The example is provided for illustration purposes only, as the linear perturbation analysis method is
recommended in place of this partial-solution method.
! Prestressed modal analysis
!
/SOLU
ANTYPE,MODAL
! Modal analysis
UPCOORD,1.0,ON
! Display mode shapes relative to deformed geometry
!
in the postprocessor.
PSTRES,ON
! Prestress effects ON
MODOPT,LANB
! Select eigensolver
PSOLVE,EIGLANB
! Calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
! EIGxxx label must be consistent with mode extraction method on MODOPT command.
FINISH
/SOLU
!Additional solution step for expansion.
EXPASS,ON
MXPAND,...
! Specify the number of modes to expand, if desired.
PSOLVE,EIGEXP
! Expand the eigenvector solution. (Required if you
!
want to review mode shapes in the postprocessor.)
FINISH
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PSOLVE
In a prestressed modal analysis, issue a PSOLVE,TRIANG command immediately before a PSOLVE,EIGREDUC command to ensure that ANSYS creates a proper .FULL file. The PSOLVE ,EIGUNSYM;
PSOLVE,EIGLANB; PSOLVE,EIGDAMP; PSOLVE,EIGQRDA; PSOLVE,EIGLANPCG; and PSOLVE,EIGSNODE
commands do not require a preceding PSOLVE,TRIANG command and should not be preceded by a
PSOLVE,TRIANG command.
Distributed ANSYS Restriction Only the EIGLANB, and EIGLANPCG options on this command are
supported in Distributed ANSYS.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines pipe material and dimensions. (See the RUN command description in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines a spring constraint (spring element COMBIN14) at a given location in a piping run. (See the
RUN command description in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Command Default
Assign uniform temperature BFUNIF to elements.
Notes
Defines the pipe wall temperatures in a piping run. These temperatures are assigned to the elements
as they are generated. (See the RUN command description in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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PUNIT, KOPT
Selects the system of length units to be used in a piping run.
PREP7:Piping
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
KOPT
Units key:
0
Input units are consistent (no conversions are done) (default).
FTIN or 1
English units (feet A, inch B, fraction of inch C/D). Use A+B+C/D format for PDRAG, BRANCH, RUN,
BEND, MITER, REDUCE, VALVE, BELLOW, FLANGE, PSPRNG, and PGAP commands. Precede by "-'' sign
for negative coordinates. (Example: 5+6+7/16 for 5 ft. 6-7/16 in., +3 for 3 in., -0+3 for -3 in., +0+9/16
for 9/16 in.).
The two signs should not be consecutive. A, B, C, and D must be integers. Use B+C/D format
for PSPEC, PINSUL, and PCORRO commands. (Example: 2 for 2 in., 3+1/2 for 3-1/2 in., +3/8 for
3/8 in.)
METRIC or 2
Metric units (meter A, centimeter B, fraction of cm C/D). Use as explained for English units. (Example:
5+6+7/10 for 5 m 6-7/10 cm with PDRAG command.)
Command Default
Input units are consistent (no conversions are done).
Notes
Selects the system of length units to be used for the piping commands. Mixed length units require a
+ sign to delimit (or position) the units in the system and are converted to the smallest unit of the
system (inches or centimeters) upon input.
This conversion is local only to pure length units of the piping commands listed. Other units and units
for other commands must be input to be consistent with the smallest length unit of the system used.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines a reducer (straight-pipe element PIPE16 with averaged specifications) in place of the intersection
of two previously defined straight pipe elements in a piping run. (See the RUN command description
in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).) Two new nodes are generated at the ends of the reducer. The two
straight pipes are automatically "shortened" to meet the ends of the reducer. The reducer specifications
and loadings are taken from the corresponding two straight pipes.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines a pipe run from a previous point to an incremental point. Nodes (and elements) are generated
straight (in the active coordinate system). Elements are of type PIPE16 straight pipes. Material properties,
real constants, and loads are derived from the previously defined piping specifications. Piping loads
and specifications are defined via PCORRO, PDRAG, PFLUID, PINSUL, POPT, PPRES, PSPEC, PTEMP, and
PUNIT commands.
Generated items may be listed (or displayed) with the standard commands (NLIST, ELIST, NPLOT,
EPLOT, ETLIST, RLIST, etc.).
Items may also be modified (NMODIF, EMODIF, RMODIF, etc.) or redefined as desired.
See Piping Models (p. 3) for more information.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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SSTIF, Key
Activates stress stiffness effects in a nonlinear analysis.
SOLUTION: Nonlinear Options
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Key
Stress stiffening key:
OFF
No stress stiffening is included (default unless NLGEOM,ON).
ON
Stress stiffening is included (default if NLGEOM,ON).
Command Default
SSTIF will be turned on if NLGEOM,ON; otherwise it will be turned off.
Notes
Activates stress stiffness effects in a nonlinear analysis (ANTYPE,STATIC or TRANS). (The PSTRES command
also controls the generation of the stress stiffness matrix and therefore should not be used in conjunction
with SSTIF.) If used within the solution processor, this command is valid only within the first load step.
When SOLCONTROL and NLGEOM are ON, SSTIF defaults to ON. This normally forms all of the consistent
tangent matrix. However, for some special nonlinear cases, this can lead to divergence caused by some
elements which do not provide a complete consistent tangent (notably, elements outside the 18x
family). In such a case, ANSYS recommends issuing an SSTIF,OFF command to achieve convergence.
For current-technology elements, setting SSTIF,OFF when NLGEOM is ON has no effect (because stress
stiffness effects are always included).
The default values given for this command assume SOLCONTROL,ON (the default). See the description
of SOLCONTROL for a complete listing of the defaults set by SOLCONTROL,ON and SOLCONTROL,OFF.
This command is also valid in PREP7.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines a tee in place of the tee intersection of three previously defined straight pipe elements. (See
the RUN command description in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).)
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75
TEE
The new tee is also composed of three PIPE16 straight pipe elements, but of the leg lengths specified
and with the appropriate tee factors calculated.
Three new nodes are generated at the ends of the tee.
The original three straight pipes are automatically "shortened" to meet the ends of the tee. The tee
specifications and loadings are taken from the corresponding three straight pipes.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Notes
Defines a valve (straight-pipe element PIPE16 with adjusted specifications and loadings) at a given
location in a piping run. (See the RUN command description in Part II: Legacy Commands (p. 29).) The
location may be 1) between two adjacent colinear straight pipes, 2) between an adjacent straight pipe
and a different piping component, or 3) at the end of a straight pipe.
For Case 1, two new nodes are generated at the ends of the valve. The two straight pipes are automatically "shortened" to meet the ends of the valve. The valve specifications and loadings are taken from
the corresponding two straight pipes.
For Case 2, one new node is generated at one end of the valve. The straight pipe is automatically
"shortened" to meet this end of the valve. The other end of the valve meets the other piping component.
The valve specifications and loadings are taken from the straight pipe.
For Case 3, one new node is generated at the free end of the valve. The other end of the valve meets
the straight pipe. The valve specifications and loadings are taken from the straight pipe.
Menu Paths
This command cannot be accessed from a menu.
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Chapter 1: Anisotropy
This option (TB,ANISO) allows for different stress-strain behavior in the material x, y, and z directions
as well as different behavior in tension and compression (see Anisotropic Elasticity). A modified von
Mises yield criterion is used to determine yielding. The theory is an extension of Hill's formulation as
noted in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference. This option is not recommended for cyclic or highly
nonproportional load histories since work hardening is assumed. The principal axes of anisotropy coincide
with the material (or element) coordinate system and are assumed not to change over the load history.
The material behavior is described by the uniaxial tensile and compressive stress-strain curves in three
orthogonal directions and the shear stress-engineering shear strain curves in the corresponding directions.
A bilinear response in each direction is assumed. The initial slope of the curve is taken as the elastic
moduli of the material. At the specified yield stress, the curve continues along the second slope defined
by the tangent modulus (having the same units as the elastic modulus). The tangent modulus cannot
be less than zero or greater than the elastic modulus. Temperature dependent curves cannot be input.
All values must be input as no defaults are defined. Input the magnitude of the yield stresses (without
signs). No yield stress can have a zero value. The tensile x-direction is used as the reference curve for
output quantities SEPL and EPEQ.
Initialize the stress-strain table with TB,ANISO. You can define up to 18 constants with TBDATA commands. The constants (C1-C18) entered on TBDATA commands (6 per command) are:
Constant
C1-C3
C4-C6
C7-C9
C10-C12
C13-C15
C16-C18
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Meaning
Property
Dimensionless
Strain value
Force/Area
Corresponding
stress value
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BEAM4
3-D Elastic Beam
MP ME ST PR PRN DS DSS <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
t t s s r t
t
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87
BEAM4
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BEAM4
stress stiffening is turned on [SSTIF,ON]
more than one component of angular velocity is applied [OMEGA]
any angular velocities or accelerations are applied with the CGOMGA, DOMEGA, or DCGOMG commands.
A summary of the element input is given in "BEAM4 Input Summary" (p. 89). A general description of
element input is given in Element Input.
89
BEAM4
1 -Use the consistent tangent stiffness matrix (i.e., a matrix composed of the main tangent stiffness
matrix plus the consistent stress stiffness matrix) when NLGEOM is ON. (SSTIF,ON will be ignored
for this element when KEYOPT(2) = 1 is activated.) Note that if SOLCONTROL is ON and NLGEOM
is ON, KEYOPT(2) is automatically set to 1; i.e., the consistent tangent will be used.
2 -Turn off consistent tangent stiffness matrix (i.e., a matrix composed of the main tangent stiffness
matrix plus the consistent stress stiffness matrix) when SOLCONTROL is ON. Sometimes it is necessary
to turn off the consistent tangent stiffness matrix if the element is used to simulate rigid bodies by
using a very large real constant number . KEYOPT(2) = 2 is the same as KEYOPT(2) = 0, however,
KEYOPT(2) = 0 is controlled by SOLCONTROL, ON or OFF, while KEYOPT(2) = 2 is independent of
SOLCONTROL.
KEYOPT(6)
Member force and moment output:
0 -No printout of member forces or moments
1 -Print out member forces and moments in the element coordinate system
KEYOPT(7)
Gyroscopic damping matrix:
0 -No gyroscopic damping matrix
1 -Compute gyroscopic damping matrix. Real constant SPIN must be greater than zero. IYY must equal
IZZ.
KEYOPT(9)
Output at intermediate points between ends I and J:
N -Output at N intermediate locations (N = 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
Table 4.1: BEAM4 Real Constants
No.
90
Name
Description
AREA
Cross-sectional area
IZZ
IYY
TKZ
TKY
THETA
ISTRN
Initial strain
IXX
SHEARZ
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
BEAM4
No.
Name
Description
10
SHEARY
11
SPIN
12
ADDMAS
1. SHEARZ goes with IZZ; if SHEARZ = 0, there is no shear deflection in the element Y direction.
2. SHEARY goes with IYY; if SHEARY = 0, there is no shear deflection in the element Z direction.
Definition
EL
Element number
NODES
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91
BEAM4
Name
Definition
MAT
VOLU:
Element volume
XC, YC, ZC
TEMP
PRES
SDIR
SBYT
SBYB
SBZT
SBZB
SMAX
SMIN
EPELDIR
EPELBYT
EPELBYB
EPELBZT
EPELBZB
EPTHDIR
EPTHBYT
EPTHBYB
EPTHBZT
EPTHBZB
EPINAXL
MFOR(X, Y,
Z)
MMOM(X, Y,
Z)
1. The item repeats for end I, intermediate locations (see KEYOPT(9)), and end J.
2. If KEYOPT(6) = 1.
3. Available only at centroid as a *GET item.
The following tables list output available through the ETABLE command using the Sequence Number
method. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) of the Basic Analysis Guide and The Item and Sequence
Number Table of this manual for more information. The following notation is used in Table 4.3: BEAM4
Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 0) (p. 93) through Table 4.8: BEAM4 Item and Sequence
Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 9) (p. 99):
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 4.2: BEAM4 Element Output Definitions (p. 91)
92
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BEAM4
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J
sequence number for data at nodes I and J
ILN
sequence number for data at Intermediate Location N
Table 4.3: BEAM4 Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 0)
Output
Quantity
Name
SDIR
LS
SBYT
LS
SBYB
LS
SBZT
LS
SBZB
LS
10
EPELDIR
LEPEL
EPELBYT
LEPEL
EPELBYB
LEPEL
EPELBZT
LEPEL
EPELBZB
LEPEL
10
SMAX
NMISC
SMIN
NMISC
EPTHDIR
LEPTH
EPTHBYT
LEPTH
EPTHBYB
LEPTH
EPTHBZT
LEPTH
EPTHBZB
LEPTH
10
EPINAXL
LEPTH
11
MFORX
SMISC
MFORY
SMISC
MFORZ
SMISC
MMOMX
SMISC
10
MMOMY
SMISC
11
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
P1
SMISC
13
14
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93
BEAM4
Output
Quantity
Name
OFFST1
SMISC
15
16
P2
SMISC
17
18
OFFST2
SMISC
19
20
P3
SMISC
21
22
OFFST3
SMISC
23
24
P4
SMISC
25
P5
SMISC
26
Pseudo Node
TEMP
LBFE
IL1
SDIR
LS
11
SBYT
LS
12
SBYB
LS
13
SBZT
LS
14
SBZB
LS
10
15
EPELDIR
LEPEL
11
EPELBYT
LEPEL
12
EPELBYB
LEPEL
13
EPELBZT
LEPEL
14
EPELBZB
LEPEL
10
15
SMAX
NMISC
SMIN
NMISC
EPTHDIR
LEPTH
11
EPTHBYT
LEPTH
12
EPTHBYB
LEPTH
13
EPTHBZT
LEPTH
14
EPTHBZB
LEPTH
10
15
EPINAXL
LEPTH
16
MFORX
SMISC
13
94
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BEAM4
Output
Quantity
Name
IL1
MFORY
SMISC
14
MFORZ
SMISC
15
MMOMX
SMISC
10
16
MMOMY
SMISC
11
17
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
18
P1
SMISC
19
20
OFFST1
SMISC
21
22
P2
SMISC
23
24
OFFST2
SMISC
25
26
P3
SMISC
27
28
OFFST3
SMISC
29
30
P4
SMISC
31
P5
SMISC
32
Pseudo Node
TEMP
LBFE
IL1
IL2
IL3
SDIR
LS
11
16
21
SBYT
LS
12
17
22
SBYB
LS
13
18
23
SBZT
LS
14
19
24
SBZB
LS
10
15
20
25
EPELDIR
LEPEL
11
16
21
EPELBYT
LEPEL
12
17
22
EPELBYB
LEPEL
13
18
23
EPELBZT
LEPEL
14
19
24
EPELBZB
LEPEL
10
15
20
25
SMAX
NMISC
SMIN
NMISC
10
EPTHDIR
LEPTH
11
16
21
EPTHBYT
LEPTH
12
17
22
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95
BEAM4
Output
Quantity
Name
IL1
IL2
IL3
EPTHBYB
LEPTH
13
18
23
EPTHBZT
LEPTH
14
19
24
EPTHBZB
LEPTH
10
15
20
25
EPINAXL
LEPTH
26
MFORX
SMISC
13
19
25
MFORY
SMISC
14
20
26
MFORZ
SMISC
15
21
27
MMOMX
SMISC
10
16
22
28
MMOMY
SMISC
11
17
23
29
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
18
24
30
P1
SMISC
31
32
OFFST1
SMISC
33
34
P2
SMISC
35
36
OFFST2
SMISC
37
38
P3
SMISC
39
40
OFFST3
SMISC
41
42
P4
SMISC
43
P5
SMISC
44
Pseudo Node
TEMP
LBFE
Item
IL1
IL2
IL3
IL4
IL5
SDIR
LS
11
16
21
26
31
SBYT
LS
12
17
22
27
32
SBYB
LS
13
18
23
28
33
SBZT
LS
14
19
24
29
34
SBZB
LS
10
15
20
25
30
35
EPELDIR
LEPEL
11
16
21
26
31
EPELBYT
LEPEL
12
17
22
27
32
EPELBYB
LEPEL
13
18
23
28
33
96
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BEAM4
Output
Quantity
Name
IL1
IL2
IL3
IL4
IL5
EPELBZT
LEPEL
14
19
24
29
34
EPELBZB
LEPEL
10
15
20
25
30
35
SMAX
NMISC
11
13
SMIN
NMISC
10
12
14
EPTHDIR
LEPTH
11
16
21
26
31
EPTHBYT
LEPTH
12
17
22
27
32
EPTHBYB
LEPTH
13
18
23
28
33
EPTHBZT
LEPTH
14
19
24
29
34
EPTHBZB
LEPTH
10
15
20
25
30
35
EPINAXL
LEPTH
36
MFORX
SMISC
13
19
25
31
37
MFORY
SMISC
14
20
26
32
38
MFORZ
SMISC
15
21
27
33
39
MMOMX
SMISC
10
16
22
28
34
40
MMOMY
SMISC
11
17
23
29
35
41
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
18
24
30
36
42
P1
SMISC
43
44
OFFST1
SMISC
45
46
P2
SMISC
47
48
OFFST2
SMISC
49
50
P3
SMISC
51
52
OFFST3
SMISC
53
54
P4
SMISC
55
P5
SMISC
56
Pseudo Node
TEMP
LBFE
IL1
IL2
IL3
IL4
IL5
IL6
IL7
SDIR
LS
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
SBYT
LS
12
17
22
27
32
37
42
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97
BEAM4
Output
Quantity
Name
Item
IL1
IL2
IL3
IL4
IL5
IL6
IL7
SBYB
LS
13
18
23
28
33
38
43
SBZT
LS
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
SBZB
LS
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
EPELDIR
LEPEL
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
EPELBYT
LEPEL
12
17
22
27
32
37
42
EPELBYB
LEPEL
13
18
23
28
33
38
43
EPELBZT
LEPEL
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
EPELBZB
LEPEL
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
SMAX
NMISC
11
13
15
17
SMIN
NMISC
10
12
14
16
18
EPTHDIR
LEPTH
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
EPTHBYT
LEPTH
12
17
22
27
32
37
42
EPTHBYB
LEPTH
13
18
23
28
33
38
43
EPTHBZT
LEPTH
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
EPTHBZB
LEPTH
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
EPINAXL
LEPTH
46
MFORX
SMISC
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
MFORY
SMISC
14
20
26
32
38
44
50
MFORZ
SMISC
15
21
27
33
39
45
51
MMOMX
SMISC
10
16
22
28
34
40
46
52
MMOMY
SMISC
11
17
23
29
35
41
47
53
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
P1
SMISC
55
56
OFFST1
SMISC
57
58
P2
SMISC
59
60
OFFST2
SMISC
61
62
P3
SMISC
63
64
OFFST3
SMISC
65
66
P4
SMISC
67
P5
SMISC
68
98
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BEAM4
Pseudo Node
TEMP
LBFE
SDIR
LS
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
SBYT
LS
12
17
22
27
32
37
42
47
52
SBYB
LS
13
18
23
28
33
38
43
48
53
SBZT
LS
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
49
54
SBZB
LS
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
EPELDIR
LEPEL
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
EPELBYT
LEPEL
12
17
22
27
32
37
42
47
52
EPELBYB
LEPEL
13
18
23
28
33
38
43
48
53
EPELBZT
LEPEL
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
49
54
EPELBZB
LEPEL
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
SMAX
NMISC
11
13
15
17
19
21
SMIN
NMISC
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
EPTHDIR
LEPTH
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
EPTHBYT
LEPTH
12
17
22
27
32
37
42
47
52
EPTHBYB
LEPTH
13
18
23
28
33
38
43
48
53
EPTHBZT
LEPTH
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
49
54
EPTHBZB
LEPTH
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
EPINAXL
LEPTH
56
MFORX
SMISC
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
MFORY
SMISC
14
20
26
32
38
44
50
56
62
MFORZ
SMISC
15
21
27
33
39
45
51
57
63
MMOMX
SMISC
10
16
22
28
34
40
46
52
58
64
MMOMY
SMISC
11
17
23
29
35
41
47
53
59
65
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
P1
SMISC
67
68
OFFST1
SMISC
69
70
P2
SMISC
71
72
OFFST2
SMISC
73
74
P3
SMISC
75
76
OFFST3
SMISC
77
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99
BEAM4
Output
Quantity
Name
P4
SMISC
79
P5
SMISC
80
Pseudo Node
TEMP
LBFE
100
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CONTAC12
2-D Point-to-Point Contact
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
trs t
rtt
s t
st
r
101
CONTAC12
also be computed from the maximum expected force divided by the maximum allowable surface displacement. KS defaults to KN. Stiffnesses should be on a full 360 basis for an axisymmetric analysis.
The initial displacement interference, , defines the displacement interference (if positive) or the gap
size (if negative). The value may be input as a real constant (INTF) or automatically calculated from the
input node locations if KEYOPT(4) = 1. Stiffness is associated with a zero or positive interference. The
initial element status (START) is used to define the "previous" condition of the interface to be used at
the start of the first substep. This input is used to override the condition implied by the interference
specification and is useful in anticipating the final interface configuration and in reducing the number
of iterations required for convergence.
The force deflection relationships for the interface element can be separated into the normal and tangential (sliding) directions as shown in Figure 12.2: CONTAC12 Force-Deflection Relationship (p. 105).
The element condition at the beginning of the first substep is determined from the START parameter.
If the interface is open, no stiffness is associated with this element for this substep. If the interface is
closed and sticking, KN is used in the gap resistance and KS is used in the sliding resistance. If the interface is closed but sliding, KN is used in the gap resistance and the limit friction force FN is used for
the sliding resistance.
In the normal direction, when the normal force (FN) is negative, the interface remains in contact and
responds as a linear spring. As the normal force becomes positive, contact is broken and no force is
transmitted.
KEYOPT(3) can be used to specify a "weak spring" across an open interface, which is useful for preventing
rigid body motion that could occur in a static analysis. The weak spring stiffness is computed by multiplying the normal stiffness KN by a reduction factor. The default reduction factor of 1E-6 can be
overridden with real constant REDFACT.
In the tangential direction, for FN < 0 and the absolute value of the tangential force (FS) less than
(|FN|), the interface sticks and responds as a linear spring in the tangential direction. For FN < 0 and
FS = |FN|, sliding occurs.
If KEYOPT(1) = 1, rigid Coulomb friction is selected, KS is not used, and the elastic sticking capability is
removed. This option is useful for displacement controlled problems or for certain dynamic problems
where sliding dominates. With this option, no tangential resistance is assumed for the first substep.
The only material property used is the interface coefficient of friction MU. A zero value should be used
for frictionless surfaces. Temperatures may be input at the element nodes (for material property evaluation
only). The node I temperature T(I) defaults to TUNIF. The node J temperature defaults to T(I). The circular
gap option (KEYOPT(2)) is useful where the final contact point (and thus the orientation angle) is not
known, such as with concentric cylinders. With this option the angular orientation THETA is initially set
to 0.0 and then internally calculated from the relative displacements of the nodes at the end of the
substep for use in the next substep. The user specified THETA (if any) is ignored. A negative interference
(gap) and a zero coefficient of friction is used with this option.
For analyses involving friction, using NROPT,UNSYM is useful (and, in fact, sometimes required) for
problems where the normal and tangential (sliding) motions are strongly coupled, such as in a wedge
insertion problem.
A summary of the element input is given in "CONTAC12 Input Summary" (p. 103). A general description
of element input is given in Element Input.
102
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CONTAC12
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103
CONTAC12
KEYOPT(4)
Interference or gap:
0 -Interference (or gap) based on INTF real constant
1 -Interference (or gap) based on initial node locations (ignore INTF real constant)
KEYOPT(7)
Element level time incrementation control. Note that this option should be activated first at the procedure
level if SOLCONTROL is ON. SOLCONTROL,ON,ON is the most frequent usage with this element. If
SOLCONTROL,ON,OFF, this keyoption is not activated.
0 -Predictions are made to achieve the minimum time (or load) increment whenever a change in contact
status occurs
1 -Predictions are made to maintain a reasonable time (or load) increment (recommended)
Table 12.1: CONTAC12 Real Constants
No.
Name
Description
THETA
Interference angle
KN
Normal stiffness
INTF
Initial displacement interference or gap. A negative INTF (interference) assumes an initially open gap.
START
KS
Sticking stiffness
REDFACT
KN reduction factor
104
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CONTAC12
The value of USEP is determined from the normal displacement (un) (in the element x-direction) between
the interface nodes at the end of this substep. That is: USEP = (un) J - (un) I - . This value is used in
determining the normal force, FN. For an axisymmetric analysis, the element forces are expressed on a
full 360 basis. The value represented by UT is the total translational displacement. The maximum value
printed for the sliding force, FS, is |FN|. STAT describes the status of the element at the end of this
substep. If STAT = 1, the gap is closed and no sliding occurs. If STAT = 3, the gap is open. A value of
STAT = +2 indicates the node J slides positive relative to node I as shown in Figure 4.12-1. STAT = -2
indicates a negative slide. For a frictionless surface ( = 0.0), the element status is either STAT = 2 or
3. The value of THETA is either the input orientation angle (if KEYOPT(2) = 0), or the calculated angle
(if KEYOPT(2) = 1). A general description of solution output is given in Solution Output. See the Basic
Analysis Guide for ways to view results.
Figure 12.2: CONTAC12 Force-Deflection Relationship
s s
r
rr
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J
XC, YC
TEMP
USEP
FN
Normal force
STAT
Element status
OLDST
THETA
Orientation angle
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105
CONTAC12
Name
Definition
MU
Coefficient of friction
UT
FS
Tangential force
ETABLE and
ESOL Command
Input
Item
FN
SMISC
FS
SMISC
STAT
NMISC
OLDST
NMISC
USEP
NMISC
UT
NMISC
MU
NMISC
THETA
NMISC
106
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CONTAC12
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107
CONTAC12
Temperature body loads are not applicable.
KEYOPT(1) is not applicable.
108
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PIPE16
Elastic Straight Pipe
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
s tt t t s
s r t t
s t t
rt sst rtt
109
PIPE16
Figure 16.1: PIPE16 Geometry (p. 109). For the case where the element is parallel to the global Z-axis (or
within a 0.01 percent slope of it), the element Y-axis is oriented parallel to the global Y-axis (as shown).
For user control of the element orientation about the element X-axis, use the third node option. The
third node (K), if used, defines a plane (with I and J) containing the element X and Z axes (as shown).
Input and output locations around the pipe circumference identified as being at 0 are located along
the element Y-axis, and similarly 90 is along the element Z-axis.
The stress intensification factor (SIF) modifies the bending stress. Stress intensification factors may be
input at end I (SIFI) and end J (SIFJ), if KEYOPT(2) = 0, or determined by the program using a tee-joint
calculation if KEYOPT(2) = 1, 2, or 3. SIF values less than 1.0 are set equal to 1.0. The flexibility factor
(FLEX) is divided into the cross-sectional moment of inertia to produce a modified moment of inertia
for the bending stiffness calculation. FLEX defaults to 1.0 but may be input as any positive value.
The element mass is calculated from the pipe wall material, the external insulation, and the internal
fluid. The insulation and the fluid contribute only to the element mass matrix. The corrosion thickness
allowance contributes only to the stress calculations. A positive wall mass real constant overrides the
pipe wall mass calculation. A nonzero insulation area real constant overrides the insulation surface area
calculation (from the pipe outer diameter and length). A nonzero stiffness real constant overrides the
calculated axial pipe stiffness.
Element loads are described in Nodal Loading. Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element
faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 16.1: PIPE16 Geometry (p. 109). Internal pressure (PINT)
and external pressure (POUT) are input as positive values. The internal and external pressure loads are
designed for closed-loop static pressure environments and therefore include pressure loads on fictitious
"end caps" so that the pressure loads induce an axial stress and/or reaction in the pipe system. If a dynamic situation needs to be represented, such as a pipe venting to a lower pressure area or the internal
flow is past a constriction in the pipe, these end cap loads may need to be modified by applying a
nodal force normal to the cross-section of the pipe with the magnitude representing the change in
pressure. Alternatively, the precomputed end cap loads can be removed using KEYOPT(8) = 1 and the
appropriate end cap loads added by the user. The transverse pressures (PX, PY, and PZ) may represent
wind or drag loads (per unit length of the pipe) and are defined in the global Cartesian directions.
Positive transverse pressures act in the positive coordinate directions. The normal component or the
projected full pressure may be used (KEYOPT(5)). Tapered pressures are not recognized. Only constant
pressures are supported for this element. See PIPE16 - Elastic Straight Pipe (p. 235) for more information.
Temperatures may be input as element body loads at the nodes. Temperatures may have wall gradients
or diametral gradients (KEYOPT(1)). The average wall temperature at = 0 is computed as 2 * TAVG T(180) and the average wall temperature at = -90 is computed as 2 * TAVG - T(90). The element
temperatures are assumed to be linear along the length. The first temperature at node I (TOUT(I) or
TAVG(I)) defaults to TUNIF. If all temperatures after the first are unspecified, they default to the first. If
all temperatures at node I are input, and all temperatures at node J are unspecified, the node J temperatures default to the corresponding node I temperatures. For any other pattern of input temperatures,
unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF.
For piping analyses, the PIPE module of PREP7 may be used to generate the input for this element.
KEYOPT(4) is used to identify the element type for output labeling and for postprocessing operations.
KEYOPT(7) is used to compute an unsymmetric gyroscopic damping matrix (often used for rotordynamic
analyses). The rotational frequency is input with the SPIN real constant (radians/time, positive in the
positive element x direction).
A summary of the element input is given in "PIPE16 Input Summary" (p. 111). A general description of
element input is given in Element Input.
110
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PIPE16
111
PIPE16
2 -Stress intensity factors at node J from tee joint calculation
3 -Stress intensity factors at both nodes from tee joint calculation
KEYOPT(4)
Element identification (for output and postprocessing):
0 -Straight pipe
1 -Valve
2 -Reducer
3 -Flange
4 -Expansion joint
5 -Mitered bend
6 -Tee branch
KEYOPT(5)
PX, PY, and PZ transverse pressures:
0 -Use only the normal component of pressure
1 -Use the full pressure (normal and shear components)
KEYOPT(6)
Member force and moment output:
0 -Do not print member forces or moments
2 -Print member forces and moments in the element coordinate system
KEYOPT(7)
Gyroscopic damping matrix:
0 -No gyroscopic damping matrix
112
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PIPE16
1 -Compute gyroscopic damping matrix. Real constant SPIN must be greater than zero. DENSFL and
DENSIN must be zero.
Note
The real constant MWALL is not used to compute the gyroscopic damping matrix.
KEYOPT(8)
End cap loads:
0 -Internal and external pressures cause loads on end caps
1 -Internal and external pressures do not cause loads on end caps
Table 16.1: PIPE16 Real Constants
No.
Name
Description
OD
TKWALL
Wall thickness
SIFI
SIFJ
FLEX
Flexibility factor
DENSFL
DENSIN
TKIN
Insulation thickness
TKCORR
10
AREAIN
11
MWALL
12
STIFF
13
SPIN
113
PIPE16
measured as shown () in Figure 16.2: PIPE16 Stress Output (p. 114). A general description of solution
output is given in Solution Output. See the Basic Analysis Guide for ways to view results.
Figure 16.2: PIPE16 Stress Output
rs
t
r
r
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J
MAT
Material number
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC, ZC
CORAL
TEMP
TEMP
PRES
SFACTI, SFACTJ
STH
SPR2
SMI, SMJ
SDIR
SBEND
ST
SSF
114
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PIPE16
Name
Definition
EPEL:(AXL, RAD, H,
XH)
EPTH:(AXL, RAD, H)
MFOR:(X, Y, Z)
MMOM:(X, Y, Z)
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115
PIPE16
I, J
sequence number for data at nodes I and J
Table 16.3: PIPE16 Item and Sequence Numbers (Node I)
Output
Quantity
Name
SAXL
LS
SRAD
45
90
13
17
21
25
29
LS
10
14
18
22
26
30
SH
LS
11
15
19
23
27
31
SXH
LS
12
16
20
24
28
32
EPELAXL
LEPEL
13
17
21
25
29
EPELRAD
LEPEL
10
14
18
22
26
30
EPELH
LEPEL
11
15
19
23
27
31
EPELXH
LEPEL
12
16
20
24
28
32
EPTHAXL
LEPTH
13
17
21
25
29
EPTHRAD
LEPTH
10
14
18
22
26
30
EPTHH
LEPTH
11
15
19
23
27
31
MFORX
SMISC
MFORY
SMISC
MFORZ
SMISC
MMOMX
SMISC
MMOMY
SMISC
MMOMZ
SMISC
SDIR
SMISC
13
ST
SMISC
14
S1
NMISC
11
16
21
26
31
36
S3
NMISC
13
18
23
28
33
38
SINT
NMISC
14
19
24
29
34
39
SEQV
NMISC
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SBEND
NMISC
90
SSF
NMISC
91
TOUT
LBFE
116
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PIPE16
Output
Quantity
Name
TIN
LBFE
45
90
SAXL
LS
SRAD
45
90
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
LS
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
SH
LS
35
39
43
47
51
55
59
63
SXH
LS
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
EPELAXL
LEPEL
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
EPELRAD
LEPEL
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
EPELH
LEPEL
35
39
43
47
51
55
59
63
EPELXH
LEPEL
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
EPTHAXL
LEPTH
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
EPTHRAD
LEPTH
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
EPTHH
LEPTH
35
39
43
47
51
55
59
63
MFORX
SMISC
MFORY
SMISC
MFORZ
SMISC
MMOMX
SMISC
10
MMOMY
SMISC
11
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
SDIR
SMISC
15
ST
SMISC
16
S1
NMISC
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
S3
NMISC
43
48
53
58
63
68
73
78
SINT
NMISC
44
49
54
59
64
69
74
79
SEQV
NMISC
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
SBEND
NMISC
92
SSF
NMISC
93
TOUT
LBFE
12
10
11
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117
PIPE16
Output
Quantity
Name
TIN
LBFE
45
90
16
13
14
15
ETABLE and
ESOL Command
Input
Item
STH
SMISC
17
PINT
SMISC
18
PX
SMISC
19
PY
SMISC
20
PZ
SMISC
21
POUT
SMISC
22
SFACTI
NMISC
81
SFACTJ
NMISC
82
SPR2
NMISC
83
SMI
NMISC
84
SMJ
NMISC
85
S1MX
NMISC
86
S3MN
NMISC
87
SINTMX
NMISC
88
SEQVMX
NMISC
89
118
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PIPE16
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119
120
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PIPE18
Elastic Curved Pipe
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
s
rtr
121
PIPE18
pipe circumference identified as being at 0 are located along the element y-axis, and similarly 90 is
along the element z-axis.
Only the lumped mass matrix is available.
The flexibility and stress intensification factors included in the element are calculated as follows:
ANSYS Flexibility Factor = 1.65/(h(1 + PrXk/tE)) or 1.0 (whichever is greater) (used if
KEYOPT(3) = 0 or 1 and FLXI not input)
Karman Flexibility Factor = (10 + 12h2)/(1 + 12h2) (used if KEYOPT(3) = 2 and FLXI not
input)
User Defined Flexibility Factors = FLXI (in-plane) and FLXO (out-of-plane) (may be input
as any positive value)
FLXO defaults to FLXI for all cases.
Stress Intensification Factor = 0.9/h2/3 or 1.0 (whichever is greater) (used for SIFI or SIFJ
if factor not input or if input less than 1.0 (must be positive))
where:
h = tR/r2
t = thickness
R = radius of curvature
r = average radius
E = modulus of elasticity
Xk = 6 (r/t)4/3 (R/r)1/3 if KEYOPT(3) = 1 and R/r 1.7, otherwise Xk = 0
P = Pi - Po if Pi - Po > 0, otherwise P = 0, Pi = internal pressure, Po = external pressure
Do not use KEYOPT(3) = 1 if the included angle of the complete elbow is less than 360/((R/r)) degrees.
Element loads are described in Nodal Loading. Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element
faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 18.1: PIPE18 Geometry (p. 121). Internal pressure (PINT)
and external pressure (POUT) are input as positive values. The internal and external pressure loads are
designed for closed-loop static pressure environments and therefore include pressure loads on fictitious
"end caps" so that the pressure loads induce an axial stress and/or reaction in the pipe system. If a dynamic situation needs to be represented, such as a pipe venting to a lower pressure area or the internal
flow is past a constriction in the pipe, these end cap loads may need to be modified by applying a
nodal force normal to the cross-section of the pipe with the magnitude representing the change in
pressure. Alternatively, the precomputed end cap loads can be removed using KEYOPT(8) = 1 and the
appropriate end cap loads added by the user. Note that when using KEYOPT(8) = 1, the pressure load
will be acting on only the wall of the elbow element so that the total pressure load will not be selfequilibrating. The transverse pressures (PX, PY, and PZ) may represent wind or drag loads (per unit
length of the pipe) and are defined in the global Cartesian directions. Positive transverse pressures act
in the positive coordinate directions. Tapered pressures are not recognized. Only constant pressures
are supported for this element.
Temperatures may be input as element body loads at the nodes. Temperatures may have wall gradients
or diametral gradients (KEYOPT(1)). The average wall temperature at = 0 is computed as 2 * TAVG T(180) and the average wall temperature at = -90 is computed as 2 * TAVG - T(90). The element
temperatures are assumed to be linear along the length. The first temperature at node I (TOUT(I) or
122
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PIPE18
TAVG(I)) defaults to TUNIF. If all temperatures after the first are unspecified, they default to the first. If
all temperatures at node I are input, and all temperatures at node J are unspecified, the node J temperatures default to the corresponding node I temperatures. For any other pattern of input temperatures,
unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF.
For piping analyses, the PIPE module of PREP7 may be used to generate the input for this element.
A summary of the element input is given below. A general description of element input is given in
Element Input.
123
PIPE18
0 -Use ANSYS flexibility factor (without pressure term)
1 -Use ANSYS flexibility factor (with pressure term)
2 -Use KARMAN flexibility factor
KEYOPT(6)
Member force and moment output:
0 -Do not print member forces or moments
2 -Print member forces and moments in the element coordinate system
KEYOPT(8)
End cap loads:
0 -Internal and external pressures cause loads on end caps
1 -Internal and external pressures do not cause loads on end caps
Table 18.1: PIPE18 Real Constants
No.
Name
Description
OD
TKWALL
Wall thickness
RADCUR
Radius of curvature
SIFI
SIFJ
FLXI
DENSFL
DENSIN
TKIN
Insulation thickness
10
TKCORR
11
(Blank)
--
12
FLXO
124
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PIPE18
Several items are illustrated in Figure 18.2: PIPE18 Stress Output (p. 125).
The stresses are computed with the outer diameter of the pipe reduced by twice the corrosion thickness
allowance. The direct stress includes the internal pressure (closed end) effect. Also printed for each end
are the maximum and minimum principal stresses and the stress intensity. These quantities are computed
at the outer surface and may not occur at the same location around the pipe circumference. Some of
these stresses are shown in Figure 18.2: PIPE18 Stress Output (p. 125). The direct stress does not include
the axial component of the transverse thermal stress. The principal stresses and the stress intensity include
the shear force stress component. Angles listed in the output are measured () as shown in Figure 18.2: PIPE18 Stress Output (p. 125). A general description of solution output is given in Solution
Output. See the Basic Analysis Guide for ways to view results.
Figure 18.2: PIPE18 Stress Output
s
t
r
r
The Element Output Definitions table uses the following notation:
A colon (:) in the Name column indicates that the item can be accessed by the Component Name
method (ETABLE, ESOL). The O column indicates the availability of the items in the file Jobname.OUT.
The R column indicates the availability of the items in the results file.
In either the O or R columns, Y indicates that the item is always available, a number refers to a table
footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and - indicates that the item is not
available.
Table 18.2: PIPE18 Element Output Definitions
Name
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J
MAT
Material number
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC, ZC
CORAL
TEMP
TEMP
PRES
FFACT
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125
PIPE18
Name
Definition
MFOR(X, Y, Z)
MMOM(X, Y, Z)
SFACTI, SFACTJ
STH
SPR2
SMI, SMJ
SDIR
SBEND
ST
SSF
S(1MX, 3MN,INTMX,
EQVMX)
EPEL(AXL, RAD, H,
XH)
EPTH(AXL, RAD, H)
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PIPE18
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J
sequence number for data at nodes I and J
Table 18.3: PIPE18 Item and Sequence Numbers (Node I)
Output
Quantity
Name
SAXL
LS
SRAD
45
90
13
17
21
25
29
LS
10
14
18
22
26
30
SH
LS
11
15
19
23
27
31
SXH
LS
12
16
20
24
28
32
EPELAXL
LEPEL
13
17
21
25
29
EPELRAD
LEPEL
10
14
18
22
26
30
EPELH
LEPEL
11
15
19
23
27
31
EPELXH
LEPEL
12
16
20
24
28
32
EPTHAXL
LEPTH
13
17
21
25
29
EPTHRAD
LEPTH
10
14
18
22
26
30
EPTHH
LEPTH
11
15
19
23
27
31
S1
NMISC
11
16
21
26
31
36
S3
NMISC
13
18
23
28
33
38
SINT
NMISC
14
19
24
29
34
39
SEQV
NMISC
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SBEND
NMISC
91
SSF
NMISC
92
MFORX
SMISC
MFORY
SMISC
MFORZ
SMISC
MMOMX
SMISC
MMOMY
SMISC
MMOMZ
SMISC
SDIR
SMISC
13
ST
SMISC
14
TOUT
LBFE
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127
PIPE18
Output
Quantity
Name
TIN
LBFE
45
90
SAXL
LS
SRAD
45
90
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
LS
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
SH
LS
35
39
43
47
51
55
59
63
SXH
LS
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
EPELAXL
LEPEL
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
EPELRAD
LEPEL
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
EPELH
LEPEL
35
39
43
47
51
55
59
63
EPELXH
LEPEL
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
EPTHAXL
LEPTH
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
EPTHRAD
LEPTH
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
EPTHH
LEPTH
35
39
43
47
51
55
59
63
S1
NMISC
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
S3
NMISC
43
48
53
58
63
68
73
78
SINT
NMISC
44
49
54
59
64
69
74
79
SEQV
NMISC
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
SBEND
NMISC
93
SSF
NMISC
94
MFORX
SMISC
MFORY
SMISC
MFORZ
SMISC
MMOMX
SMISC
10
MMOMY
SMISC
11
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
SDIR
SMISC
15
ST
SMISC
16
TOUT
LBFE
12
10
11
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PIPE18
Output
Quantity
Name
TIN
LBFE
45
90
16
13
14
15
ETABLE and
ESOL Command
Input
Item
SFACTI
NMISC
81
SFACTJ
NMISC
82
SPR2
NMISC
83
SMI
NMISC
84
SMJ
NMISC
85
S1MX
NMISC
86
S3MN
NMISC
87
SINTMX
NMISC
88
SEQVMX
NMISC
89
FFACT
NMISC
90
STH
SMISC
17
PINT
SMISC
18
PX
SMISC
19
PY
SMISC
20
PZ
SMISC
21
POUT
SMISC
22
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129
PIPE18
The element temperatures are assumed to be linear along the length. The average wall temperature at
= 0 is computed as 2 * TAVG - T(180) and the average wall temperature at = -90 is computed as 2 *
TAVG - T(90).
Stress intensification factors input with values less than 1.0 are set to 1.0.
The element formulation is based upon thin-walled theory. The elbow should have a large radius-tothickness ratio since the integration points are assumed to be located at the midthickness of the wall.
Only the lumped mass matrix is available.
130
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PLANE42
2-D Structural Solid
MP ME ST PR PRN DS DSS <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
t t
sst s
r r
t
t
131
PLANE42
KEYOPT(5) and KEYOPT(6) provide various element printout options. (See Element Solution.)
You cannot set initial state conditions (INISTATE) using this element. You can set initial state conditions
using current-technology elements (such as LINK180,SHELL181). To continue using initial state conditions
in future versions of ANSYS, consider using a current element technology. For more information, see
Legacy vs. Current Element Technologies in the Element Reference. For more information about setting
initial state values, see the INISTATE command documentation and Initial State Loading in the Basic
Analysis Guide.
You can include the effects of pressure load stiffness in a geometric nonlinear analysis using SOLCONTROL,,,INCP. Pressure load stiffness effects are included in linear eigenvalue buckling automatically. If
an unsymmetric matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects, use NROPT,UNSYM.
A summary of the element input is given in "PLANE42 Input Summary" (p. 132). A general description
of element input is given in Element Input. For axisymmetric applications see Harmonic Axisymmetric
Elements.
132
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PLANE42
Stress stiffening
Large deflection
Large strain
Birth and death
Adaptive descent
Items in parentheses refer to data tables associated with the TB command.
KEYOPT(1)
Element coordinate system defined:
0 -Element coordinate system is parallel to the global coordinate system
1 -Element coordinate system is based on the element I-J side
KEYOPT(2)
Extra displacement shapes:
0 -Include extra displacement shapes
1 -Suppress extra displacement shapes
KEYOPT(3)
Element behavior:
0 -Plane stress
1 -Axisymmetric
2 -Plane strain (Z strain = 0.0)
3 -Plane stress with thickness input
KEYOPT(5)
Extra stress output:
0 -Basic element solution
1 -Repeat basic solution for all integration points
2 -Nodal stress solution
KEYOPT(6)
Extra surface output:
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133
PLANE42
0 -Basic element solution
1 -Surface solution for face I-J also.
2 -Surface solution for both faces I-J and K-L also. (Surface solution available for linear materials only)
3 -Nonlinear solution at each integration point also.
4 -Surface solution for faces with nonzero pressure
r
r r
134
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PLANE42
In either the O or R columns, Y indicates that the item is always available, a number refers to a table
footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and - indicates that the item is not
available.
Table 42.1: PLANE42 Element Output Definitions
Name
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L
MAT
Material number
THICK
Average thickness
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC
PRES
TEMP
FLUEN
S:X, Y, Z, XY
S:1, 2, 3
Principal stresses
S:INT
Stress intensity
S:EQV
Equivalent stress
EPEL:X, Y, Z, XY
Elastic strains
EPEL:1, 2, 3
EPEL:EQV
EPTH:X, Y, Z, XY
EPTH:EQV
EPPL:X, Y, Z, XY
Plastic strain
EPPL:EQV
EPCR:X, Y, Z, XY
Creep strains
EPCR:EQV
EPSW:
Swelling strain
NL:EPEQ
NL:SRAT
NL:SEPL
NL:HPRES
Hydrostatic pressure
FACE
Face label
EPEL(PAR, PER,
Z)
TEMP
S(PAR, PER, Z)
SINT
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135
PLANE42
Name
Definition
SEQV
LOCI:X, Y, Z
Note
For axisymmetric solutions with KEYOPT(1) = 0, the X, Y, Z, and XY stress and strain outputs
correspond to the radial, axial, hoop, and in-plane shear stresses and strains, respectively.
Table 42.3: PLANE42 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 137) lists output available through the ETABLE
command using the Sequence Number method. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the Basic
Analysis Guide and The Item and Sequence Number Table of this manual for more information. The
following notation is used in Table 42.3: PLANE42 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 137):
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 42.1: PLANE42 Element Output Definitions (p. 135)
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
136
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PLANE42
I,J,K,L
sequence number for data at nodes I,J,K,L
Table 42.3: PLANE42 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output
Quantity
Name
P1
SMISC
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
P4
SMISC
S:1
NMISC
11
16
S:2
NMISC
12
17
S:3
NMISC
13
18
S:INT
NMISC
14
19
S:EQV
NMISC
10
15
20
FLUEN
NMISC
21
22
23
24
THICK
NMISC
25
See Surface Solution for the item and sequence numbers for surface output for the ETABLE command.
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137
138
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SOLID45
3-D Structural Solid
MP ME ST PR PRN DS DSS <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
rs t
r rt st
139
SOLID45
For any other input temperature pattern, unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF. Similar defaults
occurs for fluence except that zero is used instead of TUNIF.
KEYOPT(1) is used to include or suppress the extra displacement shapes. KEYOPT(5) and KEYOPT(6)
provide various element printout options (see Element Solution).
This element also supports uniform reduced (1 point) integration with hourglass control when KEYOPT(2)
= 1. Using uniform reduced integration provides the following advantages when running a nonlinear
analysis:
Less cpu time is required for element stiffness formation and stress/strain calculations to achieve a
comparable accuracy to the FULL integration option.
The length of the element history saved record (.ESAV and .OSAV) is about 1/7th as much as when
the full integration (2 X 2 X 2) is used for the same number of elements.
Nonlinear convergence characteristic of the option is generally far superior to the default full integration with extra displacement shape; that is, KEYOPT(1) = 0, KEYOPT(2) = 0.
The analysis will not suffer from volumetric locking which can be caused by plasticity or other incompressible material properties.
An analysis using uniform reduced integration can have the following disadvantages:
The analysis is not as accurate as the full integration method, which is apparent in the linear analysis
for the same mesh.
The analysis cannot capture the bending behavior with a single layer of elements; for example, in
the case of a fixed-end cantilever with a lateral point load, modeled by one layer of elements laterally.
Instead, four elements are usually recommended.
When the uniform reduced integration option is used (KEYOPT(2) = 1 - this option is the same as SOLID185 with KEYOPT(2) = 1), you can check the accuracy of the solution by comparing the total energy
(SENE label in ETABLE) and the artificial energy (AENE label in ETABLE) introduced by hourglass control.
If the ratio of artificial energy to total energy is less than 5%, the solution is generally acceptable. If the
ratio exceeds 5%, refine the mesh. The total energy and artificial energy can also be monitored by using
the OUTPR,VENG command in the solution phase. For more details, see Energies in the Mechanical
APDL Theory Reference.
You cannot set initial state conditions (INISTATE) using this element. You can set initial state conditions
using current-technology elements (such as LINK180,SHELL181). To continue using initial state conditions
in future versions of ANSYS, consider using a current element technology. For more information, see
Legacy vs. Current Element Technologies in the Element Reference. For more information about setting
initial state values, see the INISTATE command documentation and Initial State Loading in the Basic
Analysis Guide.
You can include the effects of pressure load stiffness in a geometric nonlinear analysis using SOLCONTROL,,,INCP. Pressure load stiffness effects are included in linear eigenvalue buckling automatically. If
an unsymmetric matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects, use NROPT,UNSYM.
A summary of the element input is given in "SOLID45 Input Summary" (p. 141). A general description of
element input is given in Element Input.
140
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SOLID45
Note
The valid value for this real constant is any positive number; default = 1.0. We recommend
that you use a value between 1 and 10.
Material Properties
EX, EY, EZ, PRXY, PRYZ, PRXZ (or NUXY, NUYZ, NUXZ), GXY, GYZ, GXZ, ALPX, ALPY, ALPZ (or
CTEX, CTEY, CTEZ or THSX, THSY, THSZ), DENS, BETD, ALPD
Surface Loads
Pressures -face 1 (J-I-L-K), face 2 (I-J-N-M), face 3 (J-K-O-N), face 4 (K-L-P-O), face 5 (L-I-M-P), face 6 (M-N-O-P)
Body Loads
Temperatures -T(I), T(J), T(K), T(L), T(M), T(N), T(O), T(P)
Fluences -FL(I), FL(J), FL(K), FL(L), FL(M), FL(N), FL(O), FL(P)
Special Features
Plasticity (BISO, MISO, BKIN, MKIN, KINH, DP, ANISO)
Creep (CREEP, RATE)
Swelling (SWELL)
Elasticity (MELAS)
Other material (USER)
Stress stiffening
Large deflection
Large strain
Birth and death
Adaptive descent
Initial stress import
Items in parentheses refer to data tables associated with the TB command.
KEYOPT(1)
Include or suppress extra displacement shapes:
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141
SOLID45
0 -Include extra displacement shapes
1 -Suppress extra displacement shapes
KEYOPT(2)
Integration option:
0 -Full integration with or without extra displacement shapes, depending on the setting of KEYOPT(1)
1 -Uniform reduced integration with hourglass control; suppress extra displacement shapes (KEYOPT(1)
is automatically set to 1).
KEYOPT(4)
Element coordinate system:
0 -Element coordinate system is parallel to the global coordinate system
1 -Element coordinate system is based on the element I-J side
KEYOPT(5)
Extra element output:
0 -Basic element solution
1 -Repeat basic solution for all integration points
2 -Nodal Stress Solution
KEYOPT(6)
Extra surface output:
0 -Basic element solution
1 -Surface solution for face I-J-N-M also
2 -Surface solution for face I-J-N-M and face K-L-P-O (Surface solution available for linear materials only)
3 -Include nonlinear solution at each integration point
4 -Surface solution for faces with nonzero pressure
142
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SOLID45
KEYOPT(9)
Initial stress subroutine option (available only through direct input of the KEYOPT command):
0 -No user subroutine to provide initial stress (default)
1 -Read initial stress data from user subroutine INISTATE (see the Guide to User-Programmable Features
for user written subroutines)
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143
SOLID45
A colon (:) in the Name column indicates that the item can be accessed by the Component Name
method (ETABLE, ESOL). The O column indicates the availability of the items in the file Jobname.OUT.
The R column indicates the availability of the items in the results file.
In either the O or R columns, Y indicates that the item is always available, a number refers to a table
footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and - indicates that the item is not
available.
Table 45.1: SOLID45 Element Output Definitions
Name
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P
MAT
Material number
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC, ZC
PRES
Pressures P1 at nodes J, I, L, K; P2 at I, J, N, M; P3 at
J, K, O, N; P4 at K, L, P, O; P5 at L, I, M, P; P6 at M, N,
O, P
TEMP
FLUEN
Stresses
S:1, 2, 3
Principal stresses
S:INT
Stress intensity
S:EQV
Equivalent stress
Elastic strains
EPEL:1, 2, 3
EPEL:EQV
EPTH:EQV
EPPL:EQV
EPCR:EQV
EPSW:
NL:EPEQ
NL:SRAT
NL:SEPL
NL:HPRES
Hydrostatic pressure
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SOLID45
Name
Definition
FACE
Face label
AREA
Face area
TEMP
EPEL
PRESS
Surface pressure
S(X, Y, XY)
S(1, 2, 3)
SINT
SEQV
LOCI:X, Y, Z
1. Output at each of eight integration points, if the element has a nonlinear material and KEYOPT(6) = 3
2. Output at each integration point, if KEYOPT(5) = 1
3. Output at each node, if KEYOPT(5) = 2
Table 45.3: SOLID45 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 146) lists output available through the ETABLE
command using the Sequence Number method. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the Basic
Analysis Guide and The Item and Sequence Number Table of this manual for more information. The
following notation is used in Table 45.3: SOLID45 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 146):
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 45.1: SOLID45 Element Output Definitions (p. 144)
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
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145
SOLID45
I,J,...,P
sequence number for data at nodes I,J,...,P
Table 45.3: SOLID45 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output
Quantity
Name
P1
SMISC
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
10
12
11
P4
SMISC
13
14
16
15
P5
SMISC
18
17
19
20
P6
SMISC
21
22
23
24
S:1
NMISC
11
16
21
26
31
36
S:2
NMISC
12
17
22
27
32
37
S:3
NMISC
13
18
23
28
33
38
S:INT
NMISC
14
19
24
29
34
39
S:EQV
NMISC
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
FLUEN
NMISC
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
See Surface Solution for the item and sequence numbers for surface output for the ETABLE command.
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SOLID45
The only special feature allowed is stress stiffening.
KEYOPT(6) = 3 is not applicable.
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147
148
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CONTAC52
3-D Point-to-Point Contact
MP ME ST PR PRN <> <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
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149
CONTAC52
origin at node I and the x-axis is directed toward node J or in the user-specified gap direction. The interface is parallel to the element y-z plane.
The normal stiffness, KN, should be based upon the stiffness of the surfaces in contact. See Nonlinear
Structural Analysis in the Structural Analysis Guide for guidelines on choosing a value for KN. In some
cases (such as initial interference analyses, nonconvergence, or over penetration), it may be useful to
change the KN value between load steps or in a restart in order to obtain an accurate, converged
solution. The sticking stiffness, KS, represents the stiffness in the tangential direction when elastic
Coulomb friction is selected ( > 0.0 and KEYOPT(1) = 0). The coefficient of friction is input as material
property MU and is evaluated at the average of the two node temperatures. Stiffnesses may also be
computed from the maximum expected force divided by the maximum allowable surface displacement.
KS defaults to KN.
The initial gap defines the gap size (if positive) or the displacement interference (if negative). This input
is the opposite of that used for CONTAC12 (described in the Feature Archive). If you do not specify the
gap direction (by means of real constants NX, NY, and NZ), an interference causes the nodes to separate.
The gap size may be input as a real constant (GAP) or automatically calculated from the input node
locations (as the distance between node I and node J) if KEYOPT(4) = 1. Interference must be input as
a real constant. Stiffness is associated with a zero or negative gap. The initial element status (START) is
used to define the "previous" condition of the interface to be used at the start of the first substep. This
input is used to override the condition implied by the interference specification and is useful in anticipating the final interface configuration and in reducing the number of iterations required for convergence.
You can specify the gap direction by means of real constants NX, NY, and NZ (the global Cartesian X,
Y, and Z components of the gap direction vector). If you do not specify the gap direction, the program
will calculate the direction based on the initial positions of the I and J nodes, such that a positive normal
displacement (in the element coordinate system) of node J relative to node I tends to open the gap.
You should always specify the gap direction if nodes I and J have the same initial coordinates, if the
model has an initial interference condition in which the underlying elements' geometry overlaps, or if
the initial open gap distance is very small. If the gap is initially geometrically open, the correct normal
(NX, NY, NZ) usually points from node I toward node J.
The only material property used is the interface coefficient of friction . A zero value should be used
for frictionless surfaces. Temperatures may be specified at the element nodes (for material property
evaluation only). The node I temperature T(I) defaults to TUNIF. The node J temperature defaults to T(I).
The force deflection relationships for the interface element can be separated into the normal and tangential (sliding) directions as shown in Figure 52.2: CONTAC52 Force-Deflection Relationship (p. 153).
The element condition at the beginning of the first substep is determined from the START parameter.
If the interface is closed and sticking, KN is used in the gap resistance and KS is used for sticking resistance. If the interface is closed but sliding, KN is used in the gap resistance and the constant friction
force FN is used for the sliding resistance.
In the normal direction, when the normal force (FN) is negative, the interface remains in contact and
responds as a linear spring. As the normal force becomes positive, contact is broken and no force is
transmitted.
KEYOPT(3) can be used to specify a "weak spring" across an open interface, which is useful for preventing
rigid body motion that could occur in a static analysis. The weak spring stiffness is computed by multiplying the normal stiffness KN by a reduction factor. The default reduction factor of 1E-6 can be
overridden with real constant REDFACT.
150
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CONTAC52
This "weak spring" capability is not analogous to overlaying an actual spring element (such as COMBIN14)
with a low stiffness value. The REDFACT capability will not limit gap separation when a tensile force is
applied.
In the tangential direction, for FN < 0 and the absolute value of the tangential force (FS) less than |FN|,
the interface sticks and responds as a linear spring. For FN < 0 and FS = |FN|, sliding occurs. If contact
is broken, FS = 0.
If KEYOPT(1) = 1, rigid Coulomb friction is selected, KS is not used, and the elastic sticking capability is
removed. This option is useful for displacement controlled problems or for certain dynamic problems
where sliding dominates.
For analyses involving friction, using NROPT,UNSYM is useful (and, in fact, sometimes required) for
problems where the normal and tangential (sliding) motions are strongly coupled, such as in a wedge
insertion problem.
A summary of the element input is given in "CONTAC52 Input Summary" (p. 151). A general description
of element input is given in Element Input.
151
CONTAC52
1 -Rigid Coulomb friction (resisting force only)
KEYOPT(3)
Weak spring across open gap:
0 -No weak spring across an open gap
1 -Use a weak spring across an open gap
KEYOPT(4)
Basis for gap size:
0 -Gap size based on gap real constant
1 -Gap size determined from initial node locations (ignore gap real constant)
KEYOPT(7)
Element-level time incrementation control. Note that this option should be activated first at the procedure
level if SOLCONTROL is ON. SOLCONTROL,ON,ON is the most frequent usage with this element. If
SOLCONTROL,ON,OFF, this keyoption is not activated.
0 -Change in contact predictions made to achieve the minimum time/load increment whenever a
change in contact status occurs
1 -Change in contact predictions made to maintain a reasonable time/load increment (recommended)
Table 52.1: CONTAC52 Real Constants
No.
Name
Description
KN
Normal stiffness
GAP
START
KS
Sticking stiffness
REDFACT
NX
NY
NZ
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CONTAC52
s s
r
rr
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153
CONTAC52
A colon (:) in the Name column indicates that the item can be accessed by the Component Name
method (ETABLE, ESOL). The O column indicates the availability of the items in the file Jobname.OUT.
The R column indicates the availability of the items in the results file.
In either the O or R columns, Y indicates that the item is always available, a number refers to a table
footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and - indicates that the item is not
available.
Table 52.2: CONTAC52 Element Output Definitions
Name
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J
XC, YC, ZC
TEMP
T(I), T(J)
USEP
Gap size
FN
STAT
Element status
ALPHA, BETA
MU
Coefficient of friction
UT(Y, Z)
FS
ANGLE
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CONTAC52
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
Table 52.3: CONTAC52 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output
Quantity
Name
ETABLE and
ESOL Command
Input
Item
FN
SMISC
FS
SMISC
STAT
NMISC
OLDST
NMISC
USEP
NMISC
ALPHA
NMISC
BETA
NMISC
UTY
NMISC
UTZ
NMISC
MU
NMISC
ANGLE
NMISC
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155
CONTAC52
The element may not be deactivated with the EKILL command.
If is not equal to zero, the element is nonconservative as well as nonlinear. Nonconservative elements
require that the load be applied very gradually, along the actual load history path, and in the proper
sequence (if multiple loadings exist).
156
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PIPE59
Immersed Pipe or Cable
MP ME ST <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
s t t
rt sst rtt
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157
PIPE59
The element x-axis is oriented from node I toward node J. The element y-axis is automatically calculated
to be parallel to the global X-Y plane. Several orientations are shown in Figure 59.1: PIPE59 Geometry (p. 157). For the case where the element is parallel to the global Z-axis (or within a 0.01 percent
slope of it), the element y-axis is oriented parallel to the global Y-axis (as shown). Input and output
locations around the pipe circumference identified as being at 0 are located along the element y-axis,
and similarly 90 is along the element z-axis.
Figure 59.2: PIPE59 Geometry
rt
tr sr
rts
rt sst
r st
t tr sr
trtr
rt
rt rrt
KEYOPT(1) may be used to convert the element to the cable option by deleting the bending stiffnesses.
If the element is not "torque balanced", the twist-tension option may be used (KEYOPT(1) = 2). This
option accounts for the twisting induced when a helically wound or armored structure is stretched. The
KEYOPT(2) key allows a reduced mass matrix and load vector formulation (with rotational degrees of
freedom terms deleted as described in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference). This formulation is useful
for suppressing large deflections and improving bending stresses in long, slender members. It is also
often used with the twist-tension pipe option for cable structures.
The description of the waves, the current, and the water density are input through the water motion
table. The water motion table is associated with a material number and is explained in detail in
Table 59.2: PIPE59 Water Motion Table (p. 162). If the water motion table is not input, no water is assumed
to surround the pipe. Note that even though the word "water" is used to describe various input
quantities, the quantities may actually be characteristic of any fluid. Alternate drag coefficient and
temperature data may also be input through this table.
A summary of the element input is given in "PIPE59 Input Summary" (p. 158). A general description of
element input is given in Element Input.
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PIPE59
Degrees of Freedom
UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ if KEYOPT(1) 1, or
UX, UY, UZ if KEYOPT(1) = 1
Real Constants
DO, TWALL, CD, CM, DENSO, FSO,
CENMPL, CI, CB, CT, ISTR, DENSIN,
TKIN, TWISTTEN
See Table 59.1: PIPE59 Real Constants (p. 161) for details.
Material Properties
EX, ALPX (or CTEX or THSX), PRXY (or NUXY), DENS, GXY, BETD, ALPD, VISC
Surface Loads
Pressures -1-PINT, 2-PX, 3-PY, 4-PZ, 5-POUT
Body Loads
Temperatures -TOUT(I), TIN(I), TOUT(J), TIN(J) if KEYOPT(3) = 0
TAVG(I), T90(I), T180(I), TAVG(J), T90(J), T180(J) if KEYOPT(3) = 1
Special Features
Stress stiffening
Large deflection
Birth and death
KEYOPT(1)
Element behavior:
0 -Pipe option
1 -Cable option
2 -Pipe with twist-tension option
KEYOPT(2)
Load vector and mass matrix:
0 -Consistent mass matrix and load vector
1 -Reduced mass matrix and load vector
KEYOPT(3)
Temperatures represent:
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PIPE59
0 -The through-wall gradient
1 -The diametral gradient
KEYOPT(5)
Wave force modifications:
0 -Waves act on elements at their actual location
1 -Elements are assumed to be at wave peak
2 -Upward vertical wave velocity acts on element
3 -Downward vertical wave velocity acts on element
4 -Elements are assumed to be at wave trough
KEYOPT(6)
Member force and moment output:
0 -No printout of member forces or moments
2 -Print member forces and moments in the element coordinate system
KEYOPT(7)
Extra element output:
0 -Basic element printout
1 -Additional hydrodynamic integration point printout
KEYOPT(8)
End cap loads:
0 -Internal and external pressures cause loads on end caps
1 -Internal and external pressures do not cause loads on end caps
KEYOPT(9)
PX, PY, and PZ transverse pressures:
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0 -Use only the normal component of pressure
1 -Use the full pressure (normal and shear components)
Table 59.1: PIPE59 Real Constants
No.
Name
Description
DO
TWALL
CD
CM
DENSO
FSO
CENMPL
Mass per unit length of the internal fluid and additional hardware
(used for mass matrix computation)
CI
CB
10
CT
11
ISTR
12
DENSIN
13
TKIN
14
TWISTTEN
161
PIPE59
DEPTH = Depth of water to mud line (DEPTH > 0.0) (Length)
DENSW = Water density, w, (DENSW > 0.0) (Mass/Length3)
w = Wave direction (see Figure 59.2: PIPE59 Geometry (p. 158))
Z(j) = Z coordinate of location j of drift current measurement (see Figure 59.2: PIPE59 Geometry (p. 158)) (location must be input starting at the ocean floor (Z(1) = -DEPTH) and ending
at the water surface (Z(MAX) = 0.0). If the current does not change with height, only W(1) needs
to be defined.)
W(j) = Velocity of drift current at location j (Length/Time)
d(j) = Direction of drift current at location j (Degrees) (see Figure 59.2: PIPE59 Geometry (p. 158))
Re(k) = Twelve Reynolds number values (if used, all 12 must be input in ascending order)
CD(k) = Twelve corresponding normal drag coefficients (if used, all 12 must be input)
CT(k) = Twelve corresponding tangential drag coefficients (if used, all 12 must be input)
T(j) = Temperature at Z(j) water depth (Degrees)
A(i) = Wave peak-to-trough height (0.0 A(i) < DEPTH) (Length) (if KWAVE = 2, A(1) is entire
wave height and A(2) through A(5) are not used)
(i) = Wave period ((i) > 0.0) (Time/Cycle)
(i) = Adjustment for phase shift (Degrees)
WL(i) = Wave length (0.0 WL(i) < 1000.0*DEPTH) (Length)
(default
Use 0.0 with Stokes theory (KWAVE = 2).
Meaning
1-5
KWAVE
KCRC
DEPTH
DENSW
7-12
Z(1)
W(1)
d(1)
Z(2)
W(2)
d(2)
13-18
Z(3)
W(3)
d(3)
Z(4)
W(4)
d(4)
19-24
Z(5)
W(5)
d(5)
Z(6)
W(6)
d(6)
25-30
Z(7)
W(7)
d(7)
Z(8)
W(8)
d(8)
31-36
Re(1)
Re(2)
Re(3)
Re(4)
Re(5)
Re(6)
37-42
Re(7)
Re(8)
Re(9)
Re(10)
Re(11)
Re(12)
43-48
CD(1)
CD(2)
CD(3)
CD(4)
CD(5)
CD(6)
49-54
CD(7)
CD(8)
CD(9)
CD(10)
CD(11)
CD(12)
55-60
CT(1)
CT(2)
CT(3)
CT(4)
CT(5)
CT(6)
61-66
CT(7)
CT(8)
CT(9)
CT(10)
CT(11)
CT(12)
67-72
T(1)
T(2)
T(3)
T(4)
T(5)
T(6)
73-74
T(7)
T(8)
79-82
A(1)
(1)
(1)
WL(1)
For KWAVE = 0, 1, or 2
85-88
A(2)
(2)
(2)
WL(2)
etc.
etc.
193-196
A(20)
(20)
(20)
WL(20)
79-81
X(1)/(H*T*G)
Not Used
(1)
85-86
X(2)/(H*T*G)
DPT/LO
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Constant
Meaning
91-92
X(3)/(H*T*G)
L/LO
97-98
X(4)/(H*T*G)
H/DPT
103-104
X(5)/(H*T*G)
/(G*H*T)
109
X(6)/(H*T*G)
etc.
193
etc.
X(20)/(H*T*G)
The distributed load applied to the pipe by the hydrodynamic effects is computed from a generalized
Morison's equation. This equation includes the coefficient of normal drag (CD) (perpendicular to the
element axis) and the coefficient of tangential drag (CT), both of which are a functions of Reynolds
numbers (Re). These values are input as shown in Table 59.1: PIPE59 Real Constants (p. 161) and
Table 59.2: PIPE59 Water Motion Table (p. 162).
The Reynolds numbers are determined from the normal and tangential relative particle velocities, the
pipe geometry, the water density, and the viscosity (input as VISC). The relative particle velocities
include the effects of water motion due to waves and current, as well as motion of the pipe itself. If
both Re(1) and CD(1) are positive, the value of CD from the real constant table (Table 59.1: PIPE59 Real
Constants (p. 161)) is ignored and a log-log table based on Constants 31 through 54 of the water motion
table (Table 59.2: PIPE59 Water Motion Table (p. 162)) is used to determine CD. If this capability is to be
used, the viscosity, Re, and CD constants must be input and none may be less than or equal to zero.
Similarly, if both Re(1) and CT(1) are positive, the value of CT from the real constant table
(Table 59.1: PIPE59 Real Constants (p. 161)) is ignored, and a log-log table based on Constants 31 through
42 and 55 through 66 of the water motion table (Table 59.2: PIPE59 Water Motion Table (p. 162)) is used
to determine CT. If this capability is to be used, the viscosity, Re, and CT constants must be input and
none may be less than or equal to zero.
Various wave theories may be selected with the KWAVE constant of the water motion table
(Table 59.2: PIPE59 Water Motion Table (p. 162)). These are:
Small Amplitude Wave Theory with empirical modification of depth decay function (KWAVE = 0)
Small Amplitude Airy Wave Theory without modifications (KWAVE = 1)
Stokes Fifth Order Wave Theory (KWAVE = 2)
Stream Function Wave Theory (KWAVE = 3).
The wave loadings can be altered (KEYOPT(5)) so that horizontal position has no effect on the waveinduced forces.
Wave loading depends on the acceleration due to gravity (ACELZ), and it may not change between
substeps or load steps. Therefore, when performing an analysis using load steps with multiple substeps,
the gravity may only be "stepped on" [KBC,1] and not ramped.
With the stream function wave theory (KWAVE = 3), the wave is described by alternate Constants 79
through 193 as shown in Table 59.2: PIPE59 Water Motion Table (p. 162). The definitions of the constants
correspond exactly to those given in the tables in Dean for the forty cases of ratio of wave height and
water depth to the deep water wave length. The other wave-related constants that the user inputs
directly are the water density (DENSW), water depth (DEPTH), wave direction (), and acceleration due
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PIPE59
to gravity (ACELZ). The wave height, length, and period are inferred from the tables. The user should
verify the input by comparing the interpreted results (the columns headed DIMENSIONLESS under the
STREAM FUNCTION INPUT VALUES printout) with the data presented in the Dean tables. Note that this
wave theory uses the current value defined for time [TIME] (which defaults to 1.0 for the first load step).
Several adjustments to the current profile are available with the KCRC constant of the water motion
table as shown in Figure 59.3: PIPE59 Velocity Profiles for Wave-current Interactions (p. 164). The adjustments are usually used only when the wave amplitude is large relative to the water depth, such that
there is significant wave/current interaction. Options include
1. use the current profile (as input) for wave locations below the mean water level and the top current
profile value for wave locations above the mean water level (KCRC = 0)
2. "stretch" (or compress) the current profile to the top of the wave (KCRC = 1)
3. same as (2) but also adjust the current profile horizontally such that total flow continuity is maintained
with the input profile (KCRC = 2) (all current directions ((j)) must be the same for this option).
Figure 59.3: PIPE59 Velocity Profiles for Wave-current Interactions
Z
Water Surface
Mean Water
Surface
Constant (KCRC = 0)
Stretch (KCRC = 1)
Continuity (KCRC = 2)
Nonlinear Stretch (KCRC = 3)
Mud Line
Element loads are described in Nodal Loading. Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element
faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 59.1: PIPE59 Geometry (p. 157). Internal pressure (PINT)
and external pressure (POUT) are input as positive values. These pressures are in addition to the linearly
varying pressure of the fluids on the inside and outside of the pipe. In handling the pressures, each
element is assumed to be capped (that is, have closed ends). The internal and external pressure loads
are designed for closed-loop static pressure environments and therefore include pressure loads on fictitious "end caps" so that the pressure loads induce an axial stress and/or reaction in the pipe system.
If a dynamic situation needs to be represented, such as a pipe venting to a lower pressure area or the
internal flow is past a constriction in the pipe, these end cap loads may need to be modified by applying
a nodal force normal to the cross-section of the pipe with the magnitude representing the change in
pressure. Alternatively, the precomputed end cap loads can be removed using KEYOPT(8) = 1 and the
appropriate end cap loads added by the user. The transverse pressures (PX, PY, and PZ) may represent
wind or drag loads (per unit length of the pipe) and are defined in the global Cartesian directions.
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PIPE59
Positive transverse pressures act in the positive coordinate directions. The normal component or the
projected full pressure may be used (KEYOPT(9)). See the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference for more
details.
Temperatures may be input as element body loads at the nodes. Temperatures may have wall gradients
or diametral gradients (KEYOPT(3)). Diametral gradients are not valid for the cable option. The average
wall temperature at = 0 is computed as 2 * TAVG - T(180) and the average wall temperature at = 90 is computed as 2 * TAVG - T(90). The element temperatures are assumed to be linear along the
length. The first temperature at node I (TOUT(I) or TAVG(I)) defaults to TUNIF. If all temperatures after
the first are unspecified, they default to the first. If all temperatures at node I are input, and all temperatures at node J are unspecified, the node J temperatures default to the corresponding node I temperatures. For any other pattern of input temperatures, unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF.
Eight temperatures (T(j)) are read as Constants 67-74 corresponding to the eight water depths (Z(j)) input
as Constants 7-30. These temperatures override any other temperature input (except TREF) unless the
element is entirely out of the water or if all eight temperatures are input as zero. The thermal load
vector from these temperatures may not be scaled in a superelement use pass if an expansion pass is
to follow. Constants 31 through 66 may have zero values if desired. The temperatures input as Constants
67-74 are used to compute a temperature-dependent viscosity based on linear interpolation (if previous
constants are not all zero). In the case of a solid cross section (inside diameter = 0.0), they are also used
to compute the material properties of the element.
For the mass matrix, the mass per unit length used for axial motion is the mass of the pipe wall (DENS),
the external insulation (DENSIN), and the internal fluid together with the added mass of any additional
hardware (CENMPL). The mass per unit length used for motion normal to the pipe is all of the above
plus the added mass of the external fluid (DENSW).
CI should be 1.0 for a circular cross section. Values for other cross sections may be found in McCormick.
The user should remember, however, that other properties of PIPE59 are based on a circular cross section.
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PIPE59
Figure 59.4: PIPE59 Stress Output
rs
t
r
r
Definition
EL
Element number
NODES
Nodes - I, J
MAT
Material number
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC, ZC
LEN
Length
PRES
STH
SPR2
SMI, SMJ
SDIR
SBEND
ST
SSF
TEMP
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PIPE59
Name
Definition
TEMP
EPEL(AXL, RAD, H,
XH)
EPTH(AXL, RAD, H)
MFOR(X, Y, Z)
MMOM(X, Y, Z)
NODE
Node I or J
FAXL
SAXL
SRAD
Radial stress
SH
Hoop stress
SINT
Stress intensity
SEQV
EPEL(AXL, RAD, H)
TEMP
TOUT(I), TOUT(J)
EPTHAXL
VR, VZ
AR, AZ
PHDYN
ETA
TFLUID
VISC
Viscosity
REN, RET
CT, CD, CM
CTW, CDW
CT*DENSW*DO/2, CD*DENSW*DO/2
CMW
CM*DENSW*PI*DO**2/4
URT, URN
ABURN
AN
FX, FY, FZ
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PIPE59
Name
Definition
ARGU
SAXL
LS
SRAD
45
90
13
17
21
25
29
LS
10
14
18
22
26
30
SH
LS
11
15
19
23
27
31
SXH
LS
12
16
20
24
28
32
EPELAXL
LEPEL
13
17
21
25
29
EPELRAD
LEPEL
10
14
18
22
26
30
EPELH
LEPEL
11
15
19
23
27
31
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Output
Quantity
Name
EPELXH
LEPEL
EPTHAXL
45
90
12
16
20
24
28
32
LEPTH
13
17
21
25
29
EPTHRAD
LEPTH
10
14
18
22
26
30
EPTHH
LEPTH
11
15
19
23
27
31
MFORX
SMISC
MFORY
SMISC
MFORZ
SMISC
MMOMX
SMISC
MMOMY
SMISC
MMOMZ
SMISC
SDIR
SMISC
13
ST
SMISC
14
S1
NMISC
11
16
21
26
31
36
S3
NMISC
13
18
23
28
33
38
SINT
NMISC
14
19
24
29
34
39
SEQV
NMISC
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SBEND
NMISC
88
SSF
NMISC
89
TOUT
LBFE
TIN
LBFE
SAXL
LS
SRAD
45
90
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
LS
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
SH
LS
35
39
43
47
51
55
59
63
SXH
LS
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
EPELAXL
LEPEL
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
EPELRAD
LEPEL
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
EPELH
LEPEL
35
39
43
47
51
55
59
63
EPELXH
LEPEL
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
EPTHAXL
LEPTH
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
EPTHRAD
LEPTH
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
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PIPE59
Output
Quantity
Name
EPTHH
LEPTH
MFORX
45
90
35
39
43
47
51
55
59
63
SMISC
MFORY
SMISC
MFORZ
SMISC
MMOMX
SMISC
10
MMOMY
SMISC
11
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
SDIR
SMISC
15
ST
SMISC
16
S1
NMISC
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
S3
NMISC
43
48
53
58
63
68
73
78
SINT
NMISC
44
49
54
59
64
69
74
79
SEQV
NMISC
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
SBEND
NMISC
90
SSF
NMISC
91
TOUT
LBFE
12
10
11
TIN
LBFE
16
13
14
15
ETABLE and
ESOL Command
Input
Item
STH
SMISC
17
PINTE
SMISC
18
PX
SMISC
19
PY
SMISC
20
PZ
SMISC
21
POUTE
SMISC
22
SPR2
NMISC
81
SMI
NMISC
82
SMJ
NMISC
83
S1MX
NMISC
84
S3MN
NMISC
85
SINTMX
NMISC
86
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PIPE59
Output
Quantity
Name
SEQVMX
ETABLE and
ESOL Command
Input
Item
NMISC
E
87
Node
I
Node
J
SAXL
LS
SRAD
LS
SH
LS
EPELAXL
LEPEL
EPELRAD
LEPEL
EPELH
LEPEL
EPTHAXL
LEPTH
TOUT
LBFE
TIN
LBFE
13
SINT
NMISC
SEQV
NMISC
10
FAXL
SMISC
STH
SMISC
13
PINTE
SMISC
14
PX
SMISC
15
PY
SMISC
16
PZ
SMISC
17
POUTE
SMISC
18
Table 59.8: PIPE59 Item and Sequence Numbers (Additional Output) (p. 171) lists additional print and
post data file output available through the ETABLE command if KEYOPT(7) = 1.
Table 59.8: PIPE59 Item and Sequence Numbers (Additional Output)
Output Quantity Name
GLOBAL COORD
NMISC
N + 1, N + 2, N
+3
N + 31, N + 32,
N + 33
VR
NMISC
N+4
N + 34
VZ
NMISC
N+5
N + 35
AR
NMISC
N+6
N + 36
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PIPE59
ETABLE and ESOL Command Input
Item
AZ
NMISC
N+7
N + 37
PHDY
NMISC
N+8
N + 38
ETA
NMISC
N+9
N + 39
TFLUID
NMISC
N + 10
N + 40
VISC
NMISC
N + 11
N + 41
REN
NMISC
N + 12
N + 42
RET
NMISC
N + 13
N + 43
CT
NMISC
N + 14
N + 44
CTW
NMISC
N + 15
N + 45
URT
NMISC
N + 16
N + 46
FX
NMISC
N + 17
N + 47
CD
NMISC
N + 18
N + 48
CDW
NMISC
N + 19
N + 49
URN
NMISC
N + 20, N + 21
N + 50, N + 51
ABURN
NMISC
N + 22
N + 52
FY
NMISC
N + 23
N + 53
CM
NMISC
N + 24
N + 54
CMW
NMISC
N + 25
N + 55
AN
NMISC
N + 26, N + 27
N + 56, N + 57
FZ
NMISC
N + 28
N + 58
ARGU
NMISC
N + 29
N + 59
Note
For the pipe option (KEYOPT(1) = 0 or 2): N = 99. For the cable option (KEYOPT(1) = 1): N =
10.
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SHELL63
Elastic Shell
MP ME ST PR PRN DS <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
rr t
175
SHELL63
The thickness is assumed to vary smoothly over the area of the element, with the thickness input at
the four nodes. If the element has a constant thickness, only TK(I) need be input. If the thickness is not
constant, all four thicknesses must be input.
The elastic foundation stiffness (EFS) is defined as the pressure required to produce a unit normal deflection of the foundation. The elastic foundation capability is bypassed if EFS is less than, or equal to,
zero.
For certain nonhomogeneous or sandwich shell applications, the following real constants are provided:
RMI is the ratio of the bending moment of inertia to be used to that calculated from the input thicknesses.
RMI defaults to 1.0. CTOP and CBOT are the distances from the middle surface to the extreme fibers to
be used for stress evaluations. Both CTOP and CBOT are positive, assuming that the middle surface is
between the fibers used for stress evaluation. If not input, stresses are based on the input thicknesses.
ADMSUA is the added mass per unit area.
Element loads are described in Nodal Loading. Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element
faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 63.1: SHELL63 Geometry (p. 175). Positive pressures act
into the element. Because shell edge pressures are input on a per-unit-length basis, per-unit-area
quantities must be multiplied by the shell thickness. The lateral pressure loading may be an equivalent
(lumped) element load applied at the nodes (KEYOPT(6) = 0) or distributed over the face of the element
(KEYOPT(6) = 2). The equivalent element load produces more accurate stress results with flat elements
representing a curved surface or elements supported on an elastic foundation since certain fictitious
bending stresses are eliminated.
Temperatures may be input as element body loads at the "corner" locations (1-8) shown in Figure 63.1: SHELL63 Geometry (p. 175). The first corner temperature T1 defaults to TUNIF. If all other temperatures are unspecified, they default to T1. If only T1 and T2 are input, T1 is used for T1, T2, T3, and
T4, while T2 (as input) is used for T5, T6, T7, and T8. For any other input pattern, unspecified temperatures
default to TUNIF.
KEYOPT(1) is available for neglecting the membrane stiffness or the bending stiffness, if desired. A reduced
out-of-plane mass matrix is also used when the bending stiffness is neglected.
KEYOPT(2) is used to activate the consistent tangent stiffness matrix (that is, a matrix composed of the
main tangent stiffness matrix plus the consistent stress stiffness matrix) in large deflection analyses
[NLGEOM,ON]. You can often obtain more rapid convergence in a geometrically nonlinear analysis,
such as a nonlinear buckling or postbuckling analysis, by activating this option. However, you should
not use this option if you are using the element to simulate a rigid link or a group of coupled nodes.
The resulting abrupt changes in stiffness within the structure make the consistent tangent stiffness
matrix unsuitable for such applications.
KEYOPT(3) allows you to include (KEYOPT(3) = 0 or 2) or suppress (KEYOPT(3) = 1) extra displacement
shapes. It also allows you to choose the type of in-plane rotational stiffness used:
KEYOPT(3) = 0 or 1 activates a spring-type in-plane rotational stiffness about the element z-axis
KEYOPT(3) = 2 activates a more realistic in-plane rotational stiffness (Allman rotational stiffness - the
program uses default penalty parameter values of d1 = 1.0E-6 and d2 = 1.0E-3).
Using the Allman stiffness will often enhance convergence behavior in large deflection (finite rotation)
analyses of planar shell structures (that is, flat shells or flat regions of shells).
KEYOPT(7) allows a reduced mass matrix formulation (rotational degrees of freedom terms deleted).
This option is useful for improved bending stresses in thin members under mass loading.
176
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SHELL63
KEYOPT(8) allows a reduced stress stiffness matrix (rotational degrees of freedom deleted). This option
can be useful for calculating improved mode shapes and a more accurate load factor in linear buckling
analyses of certain curved shell structures.
KEYOPT(11) = 2 is used to store midsurface results in the results file for single or multi-layer shell elements.
If you use SHELL,MID, you will see these calculated values, rather than the average of the TOP and
BOTTOM results. You should use this option to access these correct midsurface results (membrane results)
for those analyses where averaging TOP and BOTTOM results is inappropriate; examples include midsurface stresses and strains with nonlinear material behavior, and midsurface results after mode combinations
that involve squaring operations such as in spectrum analyses.
A summary of the element input is given in "SHELL63 Input Summary" (p. 177). A general description of
element input is given in Element Input.
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177
SHELL63
0 -Bending and membrane stiffness
1 -Membrane stiffness only
2 -Bending stiffness only
KEYOPT(2)
Stress stiffening option:
0 -Use only the main tangent stiffness matrix when NLGEOM is ON. (Stress stiffening effects used in
linear buckling or other linear prestressed analyses must be activated separately with PSTRES,ON.)
1 -Use the consistent tangent stiffness matrix (that is, a matrix composed of the main tangent stiffness
matrix plus the consistent stress stiffness matrix) when NLGEOM is ON and when KEYOPT(1) = 0.
(SSTIF,ON will be ignored for this element when KEYOPT(2) = 1 is activated.) Note that if SOLCONTROL
is ON and NLGEOM is ON, KEYOPT(2) is automatically set to 1; that is, the consistent tangent will be
used.
2 -Use to turn off consistent tangent stiffness matrix (i.e., a matrix composed of the main tangent
stiffness matrix plus the consistent stress stiffness matrix) when SOLCONTROL is ON. Sometimes it
is necessary to turn off the consistent tangent stiffness matrix if the element is used to simulate rigid
bodies by using a very large real constant number . KEYOPT(2) = 2 is the same as KEYOPT(2) = 0,
however, KEYOPT(2) = 0 is controlled by SOLCONTROL, ON or OFF, while KEYOPT(2) = 2 is independent of SOLCONTROL.
KEYOPT(3)
Extra displacement shapes:
0 -Include extra displacement shapes, and use spring-type in-plane rotational stiffness about the element
z-axis (the program automatically adds a small stiffness to prevent numerical instability for nonwarped elements if KEYOPT(1) = 0).
Note
For models with large rotation about the in-plane direction, KEYOPT(3) = 0 results in
some transfer of moment directly to ground.
1 -Suppress extra displacement shapes, and use spring-type in-plane rotational stiffness about the element z-axis (the program automatically adds a small stiffness to prevent numerical instability for
non-warped elements if KEYOPT(1) = 0).
2 -Include extra displacement shapes, and use the Allman in-plane rotational stiffness about the element
z-axis). See the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
178
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SHELL63
KEYOPT(5)
Extra stress output:
0 -Basic element printout
2 -Nodal stress printout
KEYOPT(6)
Pressure loading:
0 -Reduced pressure loading (must be used if KEYOPT(1) = 1)
2 -Consistent pressure loading
KEYOPT(7)
Mass matrix:
0 -Consistent mass matrix
1 -Reduced mass matrix
KEYOPT(8)
Stress stiffness matrix:
0 -"Nearly" consistent stress stiffness matrix (default)
1 -Reduced stress stiffness matrix
KEYOPT(9)
Element coordinate system defined:
0 -No user subroutine to define element coordinate system
4 -Element x-axis located by user subroutine USERAN
Note
See the Guide to User-Programmable Features for user written subroutines
KEYOPT(11)
Specify data storage:
0 -Store data for TOP and BOTTOM surfaces only
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179
SHELL63
2 -Store data for TOP, BOTTOM, and MID surfaces
Table 63.1: SHELL63 Real Constants
No.
Name
Description
TK(I)
TK(J)
TK(K)
TK(L)
EFS
THETA
RMI
CTOP
CBOT
10, ..., 18
(Blank)
--
19
ADMSUA
180
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SHELL63
Figure 63.2: SHELL63 Stress Output
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L
MAT
Material number
AREA
AREA
XC, YC, ZC
PRES
Pressures P1 at nodes I, J, K, L; P2 at I, J, K, L; P3
at J, I; P4 at K, J; P5 at L, K; P6 at I, L
TEMP
T(X, Y, XY)
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181
SHELL63
Name
Definition
M(X, Y, XY)
FOUND.PRESS
LOC
S:X, Y, Z, XY
S:1, 2, 3
Principal stress
S:INT
Stress intensity
S:EQV
Equivalent stress
EPEL:X, Y, Z, XY
EPEL:EQV
EPTH:X, Y, Z, XY
EPTH:EQV
Item
TX
SMISC
182
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SHELL63
Output
Quantity
Name
TY
SMISC
TXY
SMISC
MX
SMISC
MY
SMISC
MXY
SMISC
P1
SMISC
10
11
12
P2
SMISC
13
14
15
16
P3
SMISC
18
17
P4
SMISC
20
19
P5
SMISC
22
21
P6
SMISC
23
24
Top
S:1
NMISC
11
16
S:2
NMISC
12
17
S:3
NMISC
13
18
S:INT
NMISC
14
19
S:EQV
NMISC
10
15
20
Bot
S:1
NMISC
21
26
31
36
S:2
NMISC
22
27
32
37
S:3
NMISC
23
28
33
38
S:INT
NMISC
24
29
34
39
S:EQV
NMISC
25
30
35
40
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183
SHELL63
membrane stiffness reduces to a constant strain formulation. For large deflection analyses, if KEYOPT(1)
= 1 (membrane stiffness only), the element must be triangular.
For KEYOPT(1) = 0 or 2, the four nodes defining the element should lie as close as possible to a flat plane
(for maximum accuracy), but a moderate amount of warping is permitted. For KEYOPT(1) = 1, the warping
limit is very restrictive. In either case, an excessively warped element may produce a warning or error
message. In the case of warping errors, triangular elements should be used (see Degenerated Shape Elements). Shell element warping is described in detail in Warping Factor in Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
If the lumped mass matrix formulation is specified [LUMPM,ON], the effect of the implied offsets on the
mass matrix is ignored for warped SHELL63 elements.
184
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FLUID79
2-D Contained Fluid
MP ME ST <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
Note
The reduced method is the only acceptable method for extracting frequencies in a modal
analysis using this element.
Figure 79.1: FLUID79 Geometry
185
FLUID79
imately 300,000 psi for water). The viscosity property (VISC) is used to compute a damping matrix for
dynamic analyses (typical viscosity value for water is 1.639 x 10-7 lb-sec/in2). The use of KEYOPT(2) for
gravity springs is discussed in "FLUID80 Input Data" (p. 189). Vertical acceleration (ACELY on the ACEL
command) is needed for the gravity springs.
Element loads are described in Nodal Loading. Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element
faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 79.1: FLUID79 Geometry (p. 185). Positive pressures act
into the element. Temperatures may be input as element body loads at the nodes. The node I temperature T(I) defaults to TUNIF. If all other temperatures are unspecified, they default to T(I). For any other
input pattern, unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF.
A summary of the element input is given in "FLUID79 Input Summary" (p. 186). A general description of
element input is given in Element Input. For axisymmetric applications see Harmonic Axisymmetric
Elements.
186
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FLUID79
0 -Plane
1 -Axisymmetric
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L
MAT
Material number
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC
PRES
Pressures P1 at nodes J, I; P2 at K, J; P3 at L, K;
P4 at I, L
TEMP
TAVG
Average temperature
PAVG
Average pressure
187
FLUID79
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J,...,L
sequence number for data at nodes I,J,...,L
Table 79.2: FLUID79 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output
Quantity
Name
PRES
SMISC
P1
SMISC
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
P4
SMISC
188
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FLUID80
3-D Contained Fluid
MP ME ST <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
Note
The reduced method is the only acceptable method for extracting frequencies in a modal
analysis using this element.
Figure 80.1: FLUID80 Geometry
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189
FLUID80
imately 300,000 psi for water). The viscosity property (VISC) is used to compute a damping matrix for
dynamic analyses. A typical viscosity value for water is 1.639 x 10-7 lb-sec/in2.
Element loads are described in Nodal Loading. Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element
faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 80.1: FLUID80 Geometry (p. 189). Positive pressures act
into the element. Temperatures may be input as element body loads at the nodes. The node I temperature T(I) defaults to TUNIF. If all other temperatures are unspecified, they default to T(I). For any other
input pattern, unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF.
The element also includes special surface effects, which may be thought of as gravity springs used to
hold the surface in place. This is performed by adding springs to each node, with the spring constants
being positive on the top of the element, and negative on the bottom. Gravity effects [ACEL] must be
included if a free surface exists. For an interior node, the positive and negative effects cancel out, and
at the bottom, where the fluid must be contained to keep the fluid from leaking out, the negative spring
has no effect (as long as all degrees of freedom on the bottom are fixed). If the bottom consists of a
flexible container, or if the degrees of freedom tangential to a curved surface are released, these negative
springs may cause erroneous results and "negative pivot" messages. In this case, use of KEYOPT(2) = 1
is recommended.
These surface springs, while necessary to keep the free surface in place, artificially reduce the hydrostatic
motion of the free surface. The error for a tank with vertical walls, expressed as a ratio of the computed
answer over the correct answer is 1.0/(1.0 + (bottom pressure/bulk modulus)), which is normally very
close to 1.0. Hydrodynamic results are not affected by this overstiffness.
A summary of the element input is given in "FLUID80 Input Summary" (p. 190). A general description of
element input is given in Element Input.
190
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FLUID80
Special Features
None
KEYOPT(2)
Location of gravity springs:
0 -Place gravity springs on all sides of all elements
1 -Place gravity springs only on face of elements located on Z = 0.0 plane (elements must not have
positive Z coordinates)
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P
MAT
Material number
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC, ZC
PRES
Pressures P1 at nodes J, I, L, K; P2 at I, J, N, M; P3 at J,
K, O, N; P4 at K, L, P, O; P5 at L, I, M, P; P6 at M, N, O, P
TEMP
TAVG
Average temperature
PAVG
Average pressure
191
FLUID80
Analysis Guide and The Item and Sequence Number Table for more information. The following notation
is used in Table 80.2: FLUID80 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 192):
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 80.1: FLUID80 Element Output Definitions (p. 191)
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J,...,P
sequence number for data at nodes I,J,...,P
Table 80.2: FLUID80 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output
Quantity
Name
PRES
SMISC
P1
SMISC
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
10
11
13
12
P4
SMISC
14
15
17
16
P5
SMISC
19
18
20
21
P6
SMISC
22
23
24
25
192
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FLUID80
For the case of a modal analysis with irregular meshes, one can expect one or more low frequency eigenvectors, representing internal fluid motions, without significantly affecting the vertical motion of the free
surface.
The amount of flow permitted is limited to that which will not cause gross distortions in the element.
The large deflection option should not be used with this element.
In a reduced analysis, master degrees of freedom should be selected at all nodes on the free fluid surface
in the direction normal to the free surface. Other master degrees of freedom, if any, should only be selected
normal to one or more flat planes within the fluid, with all nodes on these planes being included. Other
selections may produce large internal rotations.
When used for a static application, the free surface must be input flat. Gravity must be input if there is a
free surface. The element gives valid nodal forces representing hydrostatic pressure and also valid vertical
displacements at the free surface. Other nodal displacements, which may be large, represent energy-free
internal motions of the fluid.
Fluid element at a boundary should not be attached directly to structural elements but should have separate, coincident nodes that are coupled only in the direction normal to the interface.
Arbitrarily small numbers are included to give the element some shear and rotational stability.
Only the lumped mass matrix is available.
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193
194
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FLUID81
Axisymmetric-Harmonic Contained Fluid
MP ME ST <> <> <> <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
Note
The reduced method is the only acceptable method for extracting frequencies in a modal
analysis using this element.
Figure 81.1: FLUID81 Geometry
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195
FLUID81
196
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FLUID81
Loading Condition
Symmetry condition (MODE)
Special Features
None
KEYOPT(2)
Location of gravity springs:
0 -Place gravity springs on all sides of all elements
1 -Place gravity springs only on face of elements located on Y = 0.0 plane (element must not have
positive Y coordinates)
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L
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197
FLUID81
Name
Definition
MAT
Material number
ISYM
Loading Key
MODE
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC
PRES
TEMP
TAVG
Average temperature
PAVG
Average pressure
1. If ISYM is:
1 - Symmetric loading
-1 - Antisymmetric loading
2. Available only at centroid as a *GET item.
Table 81.2: FLUID81 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 198) lists output available through the ETABLE
command using the Sequence Number method. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the Basic
Analysis Guide and The Item and Sequence Number Table for more information. The following notation
is used in Table 81.2: FLUID81 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 198):
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 81.1: FLUID81 Element Output Definitions (p. 197)
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J,...,L
sequence number for data at nodes I,J,...,L
Table 81.2: FLUID81 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output
Quantity
Name
Item
PRES
SMISC
P1
SMISC
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
P4
SMISC
198
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FLUID81
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199
200
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PLANE82
2-D 8-Node Structural Solid
MP ME ST PR PRN DS <> <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
r t
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201
PLANE82
temperature of its adjacent corner nodes. For any other input temperature pattern, unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF. Similar defaults occurs for fluence except that zero is used instead of TUNIF.
The nodal forces, if any, should be input per unit of depth for a plane analysis (except for KEYOPT(3) =
3) and on a full 360 basis for an axisymmetric analysis. KEYOPT(5) and KEYOPT(6) parameters provide
various element printout options (see Element Solution).
You cannot set initial state conditions (INISTATE) using this element. You can set initial state conditions
using current-technology elements (such as LINK180,SHELL181). To continue using initial state conditions
in future versions of ANSYS, consider using a current element technology. For more information, see
Legacy vs. Current Element Technologies in the Element Reference. For more information about setting
initial state values, see the INISTATE command documentation and Initial State Loading in the Basic
Analysis Guide.
You can include the effects of pressure load stiffness in a geometric nonlinear analysis using SOLCONTROL,,,INCP. Pressure load stiffness effects are included in linear eigenvalue buckling automatically. If
an unsymmetric matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects, use NROPT,UNSYM.
A summary of the element input is given in "PLANE82 Input Summary" (p. 202). A general description
of element input is given in Element Input. For axisymmetric applications see Harmonic Axisymmetric
Elements.
202
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PLANE82
Special Features
Plasticity (BISO, MISO, BKIN, MKIN, KINH, DP, ANISO)
Creep (CREEP, RATE)
Swelling (SWELL)
Elasticity (MELAS)
Other material (USER)
Stress stiffening
Large deflection
Large strain
Birth and death
Adaptive descent
Items in parentheses refer to data tables associated with the TB command.
KEYOPT(3)
Element behavior:
0 -Plane stress
1 -Axisymmetric
2 -Plane strain (Z strain = 0.0)
3 -Plane stress with thickness (TK) real constant input
KEYOPT(5)
Extra element output:
0 -Basic element solution
1 -Repeat basic solution for all integration points
2 -Nodal Stress Solution
KEYOPT(6)
Extra surface output:
0 -Basic element solution
1 -Surface solution for face I-J also
2 -Surface solution for both faces I-J and K-L also (surface solution valid for linear materials only)
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203
PLANE82
3 -Nonlinear solution at each integration point also
4 -Surface solution for faces with nonzero pressure
r r
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Corner nodes - I, J, K, L
MAT
Material number
THICK
Average thickness
204
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PLANE82
Name
Definition
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC
PRES
TEMP
FLUEN
S:X, Y, Z, XY
S:1, 2, 3
Principal stresses
S:INT
Stress intensity
S:EQV
Equivalent stress
EPEL:X, Y, Z, XY
Elastic strains
EPEL:1, 2, 3
EPEL:EQV
EPTH:X, Y, Z, XY
EPTH:EQV
EPPL:X, Y, XY, Z
EPPL:EQV
EPCR:X, Y, XY, Z
EPCR:EQV
EPSW:
Swelling strain
NL:EPEQ
NL:SRAT
NL:SEPL
NL:HPRES
Hydrostatic pressure
FACE
Face label
EPEL(PAR, PER, Z)
TEMP
S(PAR, PER, Z)
SINT
SEQV
LOCI:X, Y, Z
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205
PLANE82
4. The equivalent strains use an effective Poisson's ratio: for elastic and thermal this value is set by the user
(MP,PRXY); for plastic and creep this value is set at 0.5.
Table 82.2: PLANE82 Miscellaneous Element Output
Description
1. Output at each integration point, if the element has a nonlinear material and KEYOPT(6) = 3
2. Output at each integration point, if KEYOPT(5) = 1
3. Output at each vertex node, if KEYOPT(5) = 2
Note
For axisymmetric solutions, the X, Y, XY, and Z stress and strain outputs correspond to the
radial, axial, in-plane shear, and hoop stresses and strains.
Table 82.3: PLANE82 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 206) lists output available through the ETABLE
command using the Sequence Number method. See Creating an Element Table in the Basic Analysis
Guide and The Item and Sequence Number Table in this manual for more information. The following
notation is used in Table 82.3: PLANE82 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 206):
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 82.1: PLANE82 Element Output Definitions (p. 204)
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J,...,P
sequence number for data at nodes I,J,...,P
Table 82.3: PLANE82 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output
Quantity
Name
Item
P1
SMISC
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
P4
SMISC
S:1
NMISC
11
16
S:2
NMISC
12
17
206
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PLANE82
Output
Quantity
Name
S:3
NMISC
13
18
S:INT
NMISC
14
19
S:EQV
NMISC
10
15
20
FLUEN
NMISC
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
THICK
NMISC
29
See Surface Solution for the item and sequence numbers for surface output for the ETABLE command.
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207
208
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SOLID92
3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Structural Solid
MP ME ST PR PRN DS DSS <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
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209
SOLID92
You cannot set initial state conditions (INISTATE) using this element. You can set initial state conditions
using current-technology elements only (such as LINK180,SHELL181). To continue using initial state
conditions in future versions of ANSYS, consider using a current element technology. For more information, see Legacy vs. Current Element Technologies in the Element Reference. For more information
about setting initial state values, see the INISTATE command documentation and Initial State Loading
in the Basic Analysis Guide.
You can include the effects of pressure load stiffness in a geometric nonlinear analysis using SOLCONTROL,,,INCP. Pressure load stiffness effects are included in linear eigenvalue buckling automatically. If
an unsymmetric matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects, use NROPT,UNSYM.
A summary of the element input is given in "SOLID92 Input Summary" (p. 210). A general description of
element input is given in Element Input.
210
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SOLID92
Items in parentheses refer to data tables associated with the TB command.
KEYOPT(5)
Extra element output:
0 -Basic element printout
1 -Integration point printout
2 -Nodal stress printout
KEYOPT(6)
Extra surface output:
0 -Basic element printout
4 -Surface printout for faces with nonzero pressure
r rt st
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211
SOLID92
The Element Output Definitions table uses the following notation:
A colon (:) in the Name column indicates that the item can be accessed by the Component Name
method (ETABLE, ESOL). The O column indicates the availability of the items in the file Jobname.OUT.
The R column indicates the availability of the items in the results file.
In either the O or R columns, Y indicates that the item is always available, a number refers to a table
footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and - indicates that the item is not
available.
Table 92.1: SOLID92 Element Output Definitions
Name
Definition
EL
Element Number
NODES
Corner nodes - I, J, K, L
MAT
Material number
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC, ZC
PRES
Pressures P1 at nodes J, I, K; P2 at I, J, L; P3 at J, K,
L; P4 at K, I, L
TEMP
FLUEN
Stresses
S:1, 2, 3
Principal stresses
S:INT
Stress intensity
S:EQV
Equivalent stress
Elastic strains
EPEL:1, 2, 3
EPEL:EQV
Thermal strains
EPTH:EQV
Plastic strains
EPPL:EQV
Creep strains
EPCR:EQV
EPSW:
Swelling strain
NL:EPEQ
NL:SRAT
NL:SEPL
NL:HPRES
Hydrostatic pressure
212
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SOLID92
Name
Definition
FACE
Face label
TRI
AREA
Face area
TEMP
EPEL(X, Y, XY)
PRES
Surface pressure
S(X, Y, XY)
Surface stresses
S(1, 2, 3)
SINT
SEQV
LOCI:X, Y, Z
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213
SOLID92
I,J,...,R
sequence number for data at nodes I,J,...,R
Table 92.3: SOLID92 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output
Quantity
Name
M,...,R
P1
SMISC
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
P4
SMISC
11
10
12
S:1
NMISC
11
16
S:2
NMISC
12
17
S:3
NMISC
13
18
S:INT
NMISC
14
19
S:EQV
NMISC
10
15
20
See Surface Solution in this manual for the item and sequence numbers for surface output for the
ETABLE command.
214
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SOLID95
3-D 20-Node Structural Solid
MP ME ST PR PRN DS DSS <> <> <> <> PP EME MFS
Product Restrictions
trr t
r t
rs t
215
SOLID95
amid-shaped element may also be formed as shown in Figure 95.1: SOLID95 Geometry (p. 215). A similar,
but 10-node tetrahedron, element is SOLID187.
Besides the nodes, the element input data includes the orthotropic material properties. Orthotropic
material directions correspond to the element coordinate directions. The element coordinate system
orientation is as described in Coordinate Systems.
Element loads are described in Nodal Loading. Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element
faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 95.1: SOLID95 Geometry (p. 215). Positive pressures act
into the element. Temperatures may be input as element body loads at the nodes. The node I temperature T(I) defaults to TUNIF. If all other temperatures are unspecified, they default to T(I). If all corner
node temperatures are specified, each midside node temperature defaults to the average temperature
of its adjacent corner nodes. For any other input temperature pattern, unspecified temperatures default
to TUNIF.
A lumped mass matrix formulation, which may be useful for certain analyses, may be obtained with
LUMPM. While the consistent matrix gives good results for most applications, the lumped matrix may
give better results with reduced analyses using Guyan reduction. The KEYOPT(5) and (6) parameters
provide various element printout options (see Element Solution).
You cannot set initial state conditions (INISTATE) using this element. You can set initial state conditions
using current-technology elements only (such as LINK180,SHELL181). To continue using initial state
conditions in future releases, consider using a current element technology. For more information, see
Legacy vs. Current Element Technologies in the Element Reference. For more information about setting
initial state values, see the INISTATE command documentation and Initial State Loading in the Basic
Analysis Guide.
You can include the effects of pressure load stiffness using SOLCONTROL,,,INCP. If an unsymmetric
matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects, use NROPT,UNSYM.
A summary of the element input is given in "SOLID95 Input Summary" (p. 216). A general description of
element input is given in Element Input.
216
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SOLID95
Body Loads
Temperatures -T(I), T(J), ..., T(Z), T(A), T(B)
Special Features
Plasticity (BISO, MISO, BKIN, MKIN, KINH, DP, ANISO)
Creep (CREEP, RATE)
Swelling (SWELL)
Elasticity (MELAS)
Other material (USER)
Stress stiffening
Large deflection
Large strain
Birth and death
Adaptive descent
Items in parentheses refer to data tables associated with the TB command.
KEYOPT(5)
Extra element output:
0 -Basic element printout
1 -Repeat basic solution for all integration points
2 -Nodal stress printout
KEYOPT(6)
Extra surface output:
0 -Basic element printout
1 -Surface printout for face I-J-N-M
2 -Surface printout for face I-J-N-M and face K-L-P-O (Surface printout valid for linear materials only)
3 -Nonlinear printout at each integration point
4 -Surface printout for faces with nonzero pressure
KEYOPT(11)
Integration rule:
0 -No reduced integration (default)
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217
SOLID95
1 -2 x 2 x 2 reduced integration option for brick shape
See Failure Criteria in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference for an explanation of the three predefined
failure criteria. For a complete discussion of failure criteria, please refer to Failure Criteria.
r rt st
218
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SOLID95
In either the O or R columns, Y indicates that the item is always available, a number refers to a table
footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and - indicates that the item is not
available.
Table 95.1: SOLID95 Element Output Definitions
Name
Definition
EL
CORNER NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P
MAT
Material number
VOLU:
Volume
XC, YC, ZC
PRES
Pressures P1 at nodes J, I, L, K; P2 at I, J, N, M; P3
at J, K, O, N; P4 at K, L, P, O; P5 at L, I, M, P; P6 at
M, N, O, P
TEMP
Stresses
S:1, 2, 3
Principal stresses
S:INT
Stress intensity
S:EQV
Equivalent stress
Elastic strains
EPEL:1, 2, 3
EPEL:EQV
EPTH:EQV
EPPL:EQV
EPCR:EQV
EPSW:
Swelling strain
NL:EPEQ
NL:SRAT
NL:SEPL
NL:HPRES
Hydrostatic pressure
FACE
Face label
AREA
Face area
TEMP
EPEL(X, Y, XY)
PRES
Surface pressure
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219
SOLID95
Name
Definition
S(X, Y, XY)
S(1, 2, 3)
SINT
SEQV
LOCI:X, Y, Z
1. Output at each integration point, if the element has a nonlinear material and KEYOPT(6) = 3
2. Output at each integration point, if KEYOPT(5) = 1
3. Output at each node, if KEYOPT(5) = 2
Table 95.3: SOLID95 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 220) lists output available through the ETABLE
command using the Sequence Number method. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the Basic
Analysis Guide and The Item and Sequence Number Table in this manual for more information. The
following notation is used in Table 95.3: SOLID95 Item and Sequence Numbers (p. 220):
Name
output quantity as defined in Table 95.1: SOLID95 Element Output Definitions (p. 219)
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
I,J,...,P
sequence number for data at nodes I,J,...,P
Table 95.3: SOLID95 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output
Quantity
Name
Item
P1
SMISC
220
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SOLID95
Output
Quantity
Name
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
10
12
11
P4
SMISC
13
14
16
15
P5
SMISC
18
17
19
20
P6
SMISC
21
22
23
24
S:1
NMISC
11
16
21
26
31
36
S:2
NMISC
12
17
22
27
32
37
S:3
NMISC
13
18
23
28
33
38
S:INT
NMISC
14
19
24
29
34
39
S:EQV
NMISC
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Note
N refers to the failure criterion number: N = 1 for the first failure criterion, N = 2 for the
second failure criterion, and so on.
See Surface Solution in this manual for the item and sequence numbers for surface output for the
ETABLE command.
221
SOLID95
KEYOPT(6) = 3 is not applicable.
222
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y, v
Y
z, w
X
I
Matrix or Vector
Shape Functions
Integration Points
None
None
None
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
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225
11
12
J
10
6
1 4
tr
where:
A = cross-section area (input as AREA on R command)
E = Young's modulus (input as EX on MP command)
L = element length
G = shear modulus (input as GXY on MP command)
=
= s =
Ix = input torsional moment of inertia (input as IXX on RMORE command)
Jx = polar moment of inertia = Iy + Iz
az = a(Iz,y)
ay = a(Iy,z)
226
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(1.1)
fz = f(Iz,y)
fy = f(Iy,z)
=
=
+
+
= r r r t rt =
(1.2)
where:
Mt = (A+m)L(1-in)
= density (input as DENS on MP command)
m = added mass per unit length (input as ADDMAS on RMORE command)
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227
Fz = F(rz,y)
Fy = F(ry,z)
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
= rs rt
228
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(1.3)
(1.4)
where:
= ss s s
(1.5)
where:
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229
=
0.0
>
<
S3 = sin ()
>
<
C3 = cos ()
X1, etc. = x coordinate of node 1, etc.
Lxy = projection of length onto X-Y plane
d = .0001 L
= user-selected adjustment angle (input as THETA on R command)
If a third node is given, is not used. Rather C3 and S3 are defined using:
{V1} = vector from origin to node 1
{V2} = vector from origin to node 2
{V3} = vector from origin to node 3
{V4} = unit vector parallel to global Z axis, unless element is almost parallel to Z axis, in which
case it is parallel to the X axis.
Then,
=
= tr t s
(1.6)
(1.7)
(1.8)
(1.9)
and
=
=
(1.10)
(1.11)
The x and refer to vector cross and dot products, respectively. Thus, the element stiffness matrix in
global coordinates becomes:
230
(1.12)
(1.13)
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(1.14)
(1.15)
(1.16)
where:
= t stss tt s
Fx,i = axial force (output as FX)
The bending stresses are
(1.17)
(1.18)
where:
q
= +
(1.19)
(1.20)
The presumption has been made that the cross-section is a rectangle, so that the maximum and minimum stresses of the cross-section occur at the corners. If the cross-section is of some other form, such
as an ellipse, the user must replace Equation 1.19 (p. 231) and Equation 1.20 (p. 231) with other more
appropriate expressions.
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231
J
n
s
Y or axial
X or radial
Matrix or Vector
Stiffness Matrix
Shape Functions
None (nodes may be coincident)
Load Type
Integration Points
None
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
(1.21)
where:
= coefficient of friction (input as MU on TB command with Lab = FRIC or MP command)
Fn = normal force across gap
Fs = sliding force parallel to gap
The normal force is:
=
where:
kn = normal stiffness (input as KN on R command
232
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(1.22)
(1.23)
where:
ks = sticking stiffness (input as KS on R command)
us,I = displacement of node I in sliding direction
us,J = displacement of node J in sliding direction
uo = distance that nodes I and J have slid with respect to each other
The resulting element stiffness matrix (in element coordinates) is:
(1.24)
(1.25)
(1.26)
In this case, the element stiffness matrix (in element coordinates) is:
(1.27)
and the Newton-Raphson load vector is the same as in Equation 1.25 (p. 233). If the unsymmetric
option is chosen (NROPT,UNSYM), then the stiffness matrix includes the coupling between the
normal and sliding directions; which for STAT = 2 is:
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(1.28)
233
Fn
Fs
m | Fn |
1
(
n)J ( n) I
kn
ks
(
s)J ( s) I
- m | Fn |
For Fn <0, and no
reversed loading
234
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Fn
m | Fn |
Fs
n)J ( n) I
kn
s)J ( s) I
- m | Fn |
For Fn <0, and no
reversed loading
y,v
J
z,w
X
Z
Matrix or Vector
Shape Functions
Integration Points
None
None
None
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
Internal and External: constant along length and around circumference. Lateral: constant along length
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235
= =
(1.29)
(1.30)
(1.31)
and,
(1.32)
where:
= 3.141592653
Do = outside diameter (input as OD on R command)
Di = inside diameter = Do - 2tw
tw = wall thickness (input as TKWALL on R command)
(1.33)
where:
=
236
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(1.34)
=
=
= ss
>
mw = alternate pipe wall mass (input as MWALL on RMORE command)
= pipe wall density (input as DENS on MP command)
fl = internal fluid density (input as DENSFL on R command)
=
>
=
t rt r
Do+ = Do + 2tin
tin = insulation thickness (input as TKIN on RMORE command)
= alternate representation of the surface area of the outside of the pipe element (input
as AREAIN on RMORE command)
Also, the bending moments of inertia (Equation 1.30 (p. 236)) are used without the Cf term.
(1.35)
where:
= rotation frequency about the positive x axis (input as SPIN on RMORE command)
=
+
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237
+
+
+
+
=
=
(1.36)
where:
F1 = FA + FP
F7 = -FA + FP
=
= t t
= =
= =
F4 = F10 = 0.0
= =
= =
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st s t t
t s t
t t
rt t rssrs s
The transverse pressures are assumed to act on the centerline, and not on the inner or outer surfaces.
The transverse pressures in the element coordinate system are computed by
=
(1.37)
where:
[T] = conversion matrix
PX = transverse pressure acting in global Cartesian X direction) (input using face 2 on SFE
command)
PY = transverse pressure acting in global Cartesian Y direction) (input using face 3 on SFE
command)
PZ = transverse pressure acting in global Cartesian Z direction) (input using face 4 on SFE
command)
, the unrestrained axial strain caused by internal and external pressure effects, is needed to compute
the pressure part of the element load vector (see Figure 1.4: Thermal and Pressure Effects (p. 240)).
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239
T90
Tout
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T180
T
I
out
r
is computed using thick wall (Lame') effects:
(1.38)
where:
An element thermal load vector is computed also, based on thick wall effects.
=
t =
240
(1.40)
(1.41)
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(1.42)
(1.43)
where:
dir = direct stress (output as SDIR)
Fx = axial force
do = 2 ro
=
te = tw - tc
= lateral force shear stress (output as SSF)
Average values of Pi and Po are reported as first and fifth items of the output quantities ELEMENT
PRESSURES. The outside surface is chosen as the bending stresses usually dominate over pressure induced
stresses.
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241
bend
J
dir
Figure 1.6: Elastic Pipe Shear Stress Output
Mx
dir , bend
tor
Fs
Stress intensification factors are given in Table 1.1: Stress Intensification Factors (p. 242).
Table 1.1: Stress Intensification Factors
KEYOPT(2)
0
1
2
3
C
at node I
1.0
at node J
1.0
Any entry in Table 1.1: Stress Intensification Factors (p. 242) either input as or computed to be less than
1.0 is set to 1.0. The entries are:
242
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= stss tst tr
th (output as STH), which is in the postprocessing file, represents the stress due to the thermal gradient
thru the thickness. If the temperatures are given as nodal temperatures, th = 0.0. But, if the temperatures
are input as element temperatures,
=
(1.44)
where:
To = temperature at outside surface
Ta = temperature midway thru wall
Equation 1.44 (p. 243) is derived as a special case of Equation 2.8, Equation 2.9 and Equation 2.11 with
y as the hoop coordinate (h) and z as the radial coordinate (r). Specifically, these equations
1. are specialized to an isotropic material
2. are premultiplied by [D] and -1
3. have all motions set to zero, hence x = h = r = xh = hr = xr = 0.0
4. have r = hr = xr = 0.0 since r = Ro is a free surface.
This results in:
(1.45)
or
= =
(1.46)
and
=
(1.47)
(1.48)
= +
(1.49)
where:
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243
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244
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For point 2
For point 1
xh
xh
Three additional items are put on the postdata file for use with certain code checking. These are:
r
=
(1.50)
+ +
+ +
(1.51)
(1.52)
where:
= s stss tt s
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245
Matrix or Vector
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Stiffness Matrix
None
Mass Matrix
None
None
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
Internal and External: constant along length and around the circumference Lateral: varies trigonometrically along length (see below)
246
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The stiffness matrix is developed based on an approach similar to that of Chen. The flexibility of one
end with respect to the other is:
(1.53)
where:
=
= =
= =
=
+
+
= =
+ +
+ +
+ +
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247
= =
++
= =
= =
++
++
++
and where:
R = radius of curvature (input as RADCUR on R command) (see Figure 1.9: Plane Element (p. 247))
= included angle of element (see Figure 1.9: Plane Element (p. 247))
E = Young's modulus (input as EX on MP command)
= Poisson's ratio (input as PRXY or NUXY on MP command)
= t rt rssst =
= =
248
>
+
+
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
= t t s
= r r
>
<
>
=
(1.54)
where:
c = included angle of the complete elbow, not just the included angle for this element ()
Next, the 6 x 6 stiffness matrix is derived from the flexibility matrix by inversion:
(1.55)
The full 12 x 12 stiffness matrix (in element coordinates) is derived by expanding the 6 x 6 matrix derived
above and transforming to the global coordinate system.
(1.56)
where:
mt = mass at each node in each translation direction
me= (Aw + flAfl + inAin)R = total mass of element
= pipe wall density (input as DENS on MP command)
fl = internal fluid density (input as DENSFL on RMORE command)
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249
st rssst r
Do+ = Do + 2 tin
tin = insulation thickness (input as TKIN on RMORE command)
(1.57)
where:
x = strain caused by thermal as well as internal and external pressure effects (see Equation 1.38 (p. 240) )
[Ke] = element stiffness matrix in global coordinates
=
is computed based on the transverse pressures acting in the global Cartesian directions (input
using face 2, 3, and 4 on SFE command) and curved beam formulas from Roark. Table 18, reference no.
(loading) 3, 4, and 5 and 5c was used for in-plane effects and Table 19, reference no. (end restraint) 4e
was used for out-of-plane effects. As a radial load varying trigonometrically along the length of the
element was not one of the available cases given in Roark, an integration of a point radial load was
done, using Loading 5c.
250
(1.58)
(1.59)
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r s rtr
(1.60)
where:
+
te = t - tc
do = Do - 2 tc (where tc = corrosion allowances, input as TKCORR on the R command)
Y,v
L
X,R,u
I
Matrix or Vector
Geometry
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Quad
Equation 12.120 and Equation 12.121 and, if modified extra shapes are included (KEYOPT(2) 1) and element has 4
unique nodes, Equation 12.132
and Equation 12.133
2x2
Triangle
Quad
Triangle
Stiffness Matrix
3 if axisymmetric
1 if plane
Same as stiffness
matrix
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
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251
O
M
Z,w
s
L
Y,v
I
X,u
Matrix or Vector
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Quad
2x2
Triangle
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
252
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Y
z
x
y
X
I
Matrix or Vector
Geometry
Stiffness Matrix
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Normal Direction
None
None
Sliding Direction
None
None
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
s
s
(1.61)
where:
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253
r =
(1.62)
where:
Fn = normal force across gap (from previous iteration)
Fs = sticking force across gap (from previous iteration)
If the element is closed and sliding in both directions, the element stiffness matrix (in element coordinates) is:
(1.63)
and the Newton-Raphson load vector is the same as in Equation 1.62 (p. 254). For details on the unsymmetric option (NROPT,UNSYM), see CONTAC12 - 2-D Point-to-Point Contact (p. 232)
If the element is open, there is no stiffness matrix or load vector.
254
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Matrix or Vector
Options
Shape Functions
None
None
None
None
None
None
Mass Matrix
Hydrodynamic Load
Vector
Integration
Points
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature*
Nodal Temperature*
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255
Distribution
Pressure
Note
* Immersed elements with no internal diameter assume the temperatures of the water.
a tolerance of only
= +
where:
ti = thickness of external insulation (input as TKIN on RMORE command)
Do = outside diameter of pipe/cable (input as DO on R command)
The mud line is located at distance d below the origin (input as DEPTH with TB,WATER (water motion
table)). This condition is checked with:
> + rrr ss
(1.65)
+ t
(1.66)
where Z(N) is the vertical location of node N. If it is desired to generate a structure below the mud line,
one can set up a second material property for those elements using a greater d and deleting hydrodynamic effects. Alternatively, a second element type such as PIPE288 can be used.
If the problem is a large deflection problem, greater tolerances apply for second and subsequent iterations:
256
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rrr ss
(1.67)
>
(1.68)
(1.69)
where Z(N) is the present vertical location of node N. In other words, the element is allowed to sink
into the mud for 10 diameters before generating a warning message. If a node sinks into the mud a
distance equal to the water depth, the run is terminated. If the element is supposed to lie on the ocean
floor, gap elements must be provided.
= = = = = = = =
where:
GT = twist-tension stiffness constant, which is a function of the helical winding of the armoring
(input as TWISTEN on RMORE command, may be negative)
Di = inside diameter of pipe = Do - 2 tw
tw = wall thickness (input as TWALL on R command)
L = element length
=
=
=
J = 2I
where:
Mt = (mw + mint + mins + madd) L = mass/unit length for motion normal to axis of element
Ma = (mw + mint + mins) L= mass/unit length for motion parallel to axis of element
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257
(1.70)
(1.71)
where:
258
(1.72)
where:
Pi = internal pressure
o = internal fluid density (input as DENSO on R command)
Sfo = z coordinate of free surface of fluid (input as FSO on R command)
To ensure that the problem is physically possible as input, a check is made at the element midpoint to
see if the cross-section collapses under the hydrostatic effects. The cross-section is assumed to be unstable
if:
s
>
(1.73)
where:
E = Young's modulus (input as EX on MP command)
= Poisson's ratio (input as PRXY or NUXY on MP command)
The axial force correction term (Fx) is computed as
=
(1.74)
+ r
(1.75)
where:
= coefficient of thermal expansion (input as ALPX on MP command)
T = Ta - TREF
Ta = average element temperature
TREF = reference temperature (input on TREF command)
x = axial stress, computed below
h = hoop stress, computed below
r = radial stress, computed below
The axial stress is:
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259
(1.76)
r =
(1.77)
(1.78)
where:
Pi and Po are taken as average values along each element. Combining Equation 1.75 (p. 259) thru Equation 1.78 (p. 260).
= +
(1.79)
Note:
Note that if the cross-section is solid (Di = 0.), Equation 1.77 (p. 260) reduces to:
=
(1.80)
260
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Pi = internal pressure (output as the first term of ELEMENT PRESSURES)
s
Po = external pressure =
(1.82)
where:
h = hoop stress at the outside surface of the pipe (output as SH)
Equation 1.82 (p. 261) is a specialization of Equation 1.77 (p. 260). The outside surface is chosen as the
bending stresses usually dominate over pressure induced stresses.
All stress results are given at the nodes of the element. However, the hydrodynamic pressure had been
computed only at the two integration points. These two values are then used to compute hydrodynamic
pressures at the two nodes of the element by extrapolation.
For the stress output for the cable format (KEYOPT(1) = 1 with Di = 0.0), the stress is given with and
without the external pressure applied:
= +
(1.83)
(1.84)
(1.85)
where:
xI = axial stress (output as SAXL)
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261
t
L
Y
x,u
y,v
J
X
Z
z,w
Matrix or Vector
Shape Functions
Equation 12.94 and Equation 12.95 (and, if modified
extra shape functions are
included (KEYOPT(3) = 0)
Membrane / Quad
and element has 4 unique
nodes, Equation 12.97,
Equation 12.98, and Equation 12.99
Membrane / Triangle
Bending
Transverse Pressure
Load Vector
262
Integration Points
2x2
2x2
Membrane / Triangle
Bending
Reduced shell
pressure loading
(KEYOPT(6) = 0)
(Load vector excludes moments)
None
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Shape Functions
Integration Points
Quad
Triangle
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
where:
Kf,i = normal stiffness at node i
= element area
Kf = foundation stiffness (input as EFS on R command)
Nd = number of distinct nodes
The output includes the foundation pressure, computed as:
=
(1.87)
where:
p = foundation pressure (output as FOUND, PRESS)
wI, etc. = lateral deflection at node I, etc.
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263
1.9.4. Warping
If all four nodes are not defined to be in the same flat plane (or if an initially flat element loses its flatness
due to large displacements (using NLGEOM,ON)), additional calculations are performed in SHELL63.
The purpose of the additional calculations is to convert the matrices and load vectors of the element
from the points on the flat plane in which the element is derived to the actual nodes. Physically, this
may be thought of as adding short rigid offsets between the flat plane of the element and the actual
nodes. (For the membrane stiffness only case (KEYOPT(1) = 1), the limits given with SHELL41 are used).
When these offsets are required, it implies that the element is not flat, but rather it is warped. To account for the warping, the following procedure is used: First, the normal to element is computed by
taking the vector cross-product (the common normal) between the vector from node I to node K and
the vector from node J to node L. Then, the check can be made to see if extra calculations are needed
to account for warped elements. This check consists of comparing the normal to each of the four element
corners with the element normal as defined above. The corner normals are computed by taking the
vector cross-product of vectors representing the two adjacent edges. All vectors are normalized to 1.0.
If any of the three global Cartesian components of each corner normal differs from the equivalent
component of the element normal by more than .00001, then the element is considered to be warped.
A warping factor is computed as:
=
(1.88)
where:
D = component of the vector from the first node to the fourth node parallel to the element normal
t = average thickness of the element
If:
0.1 no warning message is printed
.10 1.0 a warning message is printed
1.0 < a message suggesting the use of triangles is printed and the run terminates
To account for the warping, the following matrix is developed to adjust the output matrices and load
vector:
264
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(1.89)
(1.90)
where:
=
st r r t
and the DOF are in the usual order of UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, and ROTZ. To ensure the location of the
average plane goes through the middle of the element, the following condition is met:
(1.91)
(1.92)
(1.93)
where:
Tx = force per unit length
t = thickness (input as TK(I), TK(J), TK(K), TK(L) on R command)
Ex = Young's modulus in x direction (input as EX on MP command)
Ey = Young's modulus in y direction (input as EY on MP command)
x = strain of middle fiber in x direction
Mx = moment per unit length
xy = Poisson's ratio (input as PRXY on MP command)
x = curvature in x direction
A nonuniform material may be represented with Equation 1.93 as:
(1.94)
where:
Cr = bending moment multiplier (input as RMI on RMORE command)
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265
t
= +
(1.95)
(1.96)
where:
= r srss r
=
For nonuniform materials, the stresses are determined by:
(1.97)
(1.98)
where:
ct = top bending stress multiplier (input as CTOP, RMORE command)
cb = bottom bending stress multiplier (input as CBOT, RMORE command)
The resultant moments (output as MX, MY, MXY) are determined from the output stresses rather than
from Equation 1.94.
Y (or axial)
X (or radial)
266
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Matrix or Vector
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Quad
Triangle
Mass Matrix
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
O
6
N
M
Y
2
X
Matrix or Vector
Stiffness and
Damping
Matrices; and
Thermal Load
Vector
4
3
K
J
Shape Functions
Equation 12.212, Equation 12.213, and
Equation 12.214
Integration Points
1 x 1 x 1 for bulk strain effects
2 x 2 x 2 for shear and rotational
resistance effects
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267
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Mass Matrix
2x2x2
Pressure Load
Vector
2x2
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
where:
= str =
+
+
268
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(1.99)
(1.100)
where:
= viscosity (input as VISC on MP command)
c = .00001*
(1.101)
where:
MD = mass of displaced fluid
h = distance fluid surface has moved
A = cross-sectional area of U-Tube
= fluid density
Then, the force required to hold the fluid in place is
=
(1.102)
where:
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269
Finally, the stiffness at the surface is the force divided by the distance, or
s
= =
(1.103)
(1.104)
where:
AF = area of the face of the element
gi = acceleration in the i direction
Ci = ith component of the normal to the face of the element
This results in adding springs from each node to ground, with the spring constants being positive on
the top of the element, and negative on the bottom. For an interior node, positive and negative effects
cancel out and, at the bottom where the boundary must be fixed to keep the fluid from leaking out,
the negative spring has no effect. If KEYOPT(2) = 1, positive springs are added only to faces located at
z = 0.0.
(1.105)
where:
270
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(1.106)
But this pressure effect is reduced by the presence of the surface springs, so that
= s s =
s
(1.107)
Combining Equation 1.105 (p. 270) and Equation 1.107 (p. 271) and integrating,
=
(1.108)
or
(1.109)
(1.110)
Thus the error for hydrostatic effects is the departure from 1.0 of the factor (1 / (1+Hg/K)), which is
normally quite small.
The 1 x 1 x 1 integration rule is used to permit the element to bend without the bulk modulus resistance
being mobilized, i.e.
Figure 1.11: Bending Without Resistance
While this motion is permitted, other motions in a static problem often result, which can be thought
of as energy-free eddy currents. For this reason, small shear and rotational resistances are built in, as
indicated in Equation 1.99 (p. 268).
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271
Y (or axial)
s
X (or radial)
Matrix or Vector
Geometry
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Quad
Stiffness and Damping Matrices; and
Thermal Load Vector
Triangle
Quad
2x2
Triangle
Mass Matrix
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
272
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O
N
L
J
Y,v
P
M
X,R,u
I
Matrix or Vector
Geometry
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Quad
2x2
Triangle
Load Type
2 along face
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
Reference: Zienkiewicz
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273
P
Y,v
K
N
X,u
Z,w
Matrix or Vector
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Equation 12.182, Equation 12.183, and Equation 12.184 specialized to the face
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
Reference: Zienkiewicz
274
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r
X P
M
Y,v
Z,w
Y
X,u
U B
T
Geometry
Matrix or Vector
O
V
S
R
Shape Functions
Integration Points
Brick
14 if KEYOPT(11) = 0
Equation 12.230 , Equation 12.231, and Equation 12.232 2 x 2 x 2 if KEYOPT(11) = 1
Wedge
3x3
Pyramid
2x2x2
Tet
Quad
3x3
Triangle
Load Type
Distribution
Element Temperature
Nodal Temperature
Pressure
Reference: Zienkiewicz
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275
276
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Small amplitude wave theory, modified with empirical depth decay function,
(Wheeler)
s = =
(2.1)
where:
s = total wave height
r
= r t =
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277
R = radial distance to point on element from origin in the X-Y plane in the direction of the
wave
i = wave length = input as WL(i) if WL(i) > 0.0 and if Kw = 0 or 1 otherwise derived from
Equation 2.2 (p. 278)
t = time elapsed (input as TIME on TIME command) (Note that the default value of TIME is
usually not desired. If zero is desired, 10-12 can be used).
t s t
= =
t t
(2.2)
where:
i = output quantity small amplitude wave length
= q
Each component of wave height is checked that it satisfies the Miche criterion if Kw 3. This is to
ensure that the wave is not a breaking wave, which the included wave theories do not cover. A breaking
wave is one that spills over its crest, normally in shallow water. A warning message is issued if:
>
(2.3)
where:
When using wave loading, there is an error check to ensure that the input acceleration does not change
after the first load step, as this would imply a change in the wave behavior between load steps.
278
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Wave Theory
For Kw = 0 or 1, the particle velocities at integration points are computed as a function of depth from:
(2.4)
(2.5)
where:
= radial particle velocity
=
+
t tr
and
(2.7)
where:
Expanding equation 2.29 of the Shore Protection Manual for a multiple component wave, the wave
hydrodynamic pressure is:
(2.8)
However, use of this equation leads to nonzero total pressure at the surface at the crest or trough of
the wave. Thus, Equation 2.8 (p. 279) is modified to be:
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279
+ s
=
=
(2.9)
which does result in a total pressure of zero at all points of the free surface. This dynamic pressure,
which is calculated at the integration points during the stiffness pass, is extrapolated to the nodes for
the stress pass. The hydrodynamic pressure for Stokes fifth order wave theory is:
=
=
(2.10)
Other aspects of the Stokes fifth order wave theory are discussed by Skjelbreia et al.. The modification
as suggested by Nishimura et al.has been included. The stream function wave theory is described by
Dean.
If both waves and current are present, the question of wave-current interaction must be dealt with.
Three options are made available through Kcr (input as KCRC via TB,WATER):
For Kcr = 0, the current velocity at all points above the mean sea level is simply set equal to Wo, where
Wo is the input current velocity at Z = 0.0. All points below the mean sea level have velocities selected
as though there were no wave.
For Kcr = 1, the current velocity profile is stretched or compressed to fit the wave. In equation form,
the Z coordinate location of current measurement is adjusted by
+
=
+
(2.11)
where:
Z(j) = Z coordinate location of current measurement (input as Z(j))
(2.12)
where:
W(j) = velocity of current at this location (input as W(j))
280
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Wave Theory
Figure 2.1: Velocity Profiles for Wave-Current Interactions
Z
Water Surface
Mean Water
Surface
Constant (K CR = 0)
Stretch (K CR = 1)
Continuity (K CR = 2)
Nonlinear Stretch (K CR = 3)
Mud Line
To compute the relative velocities ( , t ), both the fluid particle velocity and the structure velocity
must be available so that one can be subtracted from the other. The fluid particle velocity is computed
using relationships such as Equation 2.4 (p. 279) and Equation 2.5 (p. 279) as well as current effects. The
structure velocity is available through the Newmark time integration logic (see Transient Analysis).
Finally, a generalized Morison's equation is used to compute a distributed load on the element to account
for the hydrodynamic effects:
=
+
(2.13)
+
where:
{F/L}d = vector of loads per unit length due to hydrodynamic effects
CD = coefficient of normal drag (see below)
w = water density (mass/length3) (input as DENSW on MP command with TB,WATER)
De = outside diameter of the pipe with insulation (length)
Two integration points along the length of the element are used to generate the load vector. Integration
points below the mud line are simply bypassed. For elements intersecting the free surface, the integration
points are distributed along the wet length only.
The coefficients of drag (CD,CT) may be defined in one of two ways:
As fixed numbers (via both the R and RMORE commands), or
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281
(2.14)
where:
fD = functional relationship (input on the water motion table as RE, CDy, and CDz via TB,WATER)
(2.15)
where:
fT = functional relationship (input on the water motion table as RE and CT via TB,WATER)
= t
Temperature-dependent quantity may be input as , where the temperatures used are those given by
input quantities T(i) of the water motion table.
When the MacCamy-Fuchs corrections are requested to account for diffraction effects, especially for
large diameter objects with shorter wave lengths, two things occur:
1. The coefficient of inertia is adjusted:
] + [
where:
=
282
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Wave Theory
= + rt
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283
284
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(3.1)
where:
= eigenvector (unknown)
i = eigenvalue (unknown)
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285
286
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