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Ductility

-the ability of a material to undergo large plastic


deformation after yielding.

Tensile Strength
- the maximum force a member can carry before
it fails.

Carbon Steel
- a common material used in structures (99%
iron, 1% carbon)

Deformation
- the increase in the length of a bar (strain) as it
stretches.

Elastic Behavior
-if the load is removed the material's
deformation will return to zero.

Ultimate Strength
-the maximum load a material can withstand.

Brittle
-when a material does not undergo plastic
deformation (ruptures without warning).

Compressive Strength
-the maximum compressive force a member can
carry before it buckles.

Buckling
-a failure that occurs when compression causes a
member to bend sideways.

Rupture
-failure that occurs when tension causes a
member to tear into two pieces.

Yielding
-when material undergoes large deformation
with little change in load.

Plastic Deformation
-if the load is removed the deformation is
permanent.

Load
-the force (stress) put on a member to test its
strength.

Load-Deformation Curve
-shows how a member deforms and fails as the
load is increased.

cross-sectional area
-the surface area of the material exposed in a
cross-section.

Modulus of Elasticity
The slope of the line in the linear elastic region
created by the stress on the object divided by the
strain.

Yield Point
-the point on the load-deformation curve where
yielding begins.

Strength : It is the resistance by which materials oppose the deformation.

Stress : A measure of the average amount of force exerted per unit area.

where is the average stress. It is also known as engineering stress or nominal
stress. Fis the force acting on the area A.

Strain : The deformation of materials caused by the action of stress.

where is strain in measured direction,
o
is the original length of the material and is
the current length of the material

Hooke's Law: It states that for the materials loaded within elastic limits the stress is
proportional to strain.

Total Stress : The resultant internal force which changes the size or shape of a body
which acted on by external forces.

Unit Stress : It is the stress per unit area.

Normal Stress : It is on a section. It is the stress which acts in a direction
perpendicular to section considered.

Ultimate Stress : The ratio of the maximum load which a specimen sustains to its
original area of the cross-section.

Elastic Limit : The maximum unit stress to which a material can be subjected and still
is able to return to its original form after removal of stress.

Yield Point : The unit stress at which the deformation first increases noticeably without
any increase in the applied load. It is always above the proportional limit.

Ultimate Strength : The highest unit stress it can sustain before rupturing.

Breaking Strength : The stress at which the material tested ruptures.

Modulus of Elasticity (E) : The constant that expresses the ratio of unit stress to unit
deformation for all values unit stress not exceeding the proportional limit of material. It
is also called as Modulus of Rigidity.

Factor of Safety : The ratio of ultimate strength of the material to the allowable
stress.

Elasticity : The ability of a material to deform and return to its original shape after
removal of the load. The amount of deformation is called Strain.

Ductility : The ability of a material to undergo large permanent deformations in
tension i.e., property which enables a material to be beaten or rolled into thin sheets.

Malleability : The ability of a material to undergo large permanent deformation in
compression or property which enables a material to be beaten or rolled into thin
sheets. This property is important in metalworking. Gold is the most malleable metal
followed by aluminium.

Toughness : The ability of a material to withstand high unit stress along with great
unit deformation without fracture.

Stiffness : The ability of a material to resist deformation or deflection under stress.

Hardness : The ability of a material to resist very small indentation abrasion and
plastic deformation. In other words, high resistance of a material to various kinds of
shape change when force is applied.

Creep (Flow of Metals) : The tendency of a solid material to slowly move or deform
permanently under the influence of stresses. It always increases with temperature.
Creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. It is time-
dependent deformation.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS deals with the relation between externally applied force and their
internal effects on the bodies. The bodies are not rigid since it mostly concerned in
deformation.
AXIAL FORCE this component measures the pulling(or pushing) action perpendicular to the
section. A pull represent a tensile force that tends to elongate the member, whereas a push is a
compressive force that tends to shorten it. It is often denoted by P.
SHEAR FORCES these are components of the total resistance to sliding the portion to one side
of the exploratory section past the other. The resultant shear force is usually designated by V,
and its components by Vy and Vx to identify their directions.
TORQUE This component measure the resistance to twisting the member and is commonly
given the symbol T.
BENDING MOMENT This component measure the resistance to bending the member about
the y or z axes and are often denoted merely by My or Mz.
SIMPLE STRESS the condition under which the stress is constant or uniform.
STRESS Define as the division of differential load dP by the differential area over which it acts
NORMAL STRESS classified as tensile and compressive stress
TANGENTIAL STRESS classified as shearing stress
SINGLE SHEAR one cross-sectional area
DOUBLE SHEAR two cross-sectional area
DIRECT SHEAR shear occurs over an area parallel to the applied load
INDUCED SHEAR shear occurs over sections inclined with the resultant load
Bearing stress - is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
Tangential stress it acts tangent to the surface of the cylinder
Longitudinal stress it acts parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder
Gage length values of the load and the elongation in a specified length
Elongation longness
Strain (deformation) it is the elongation over the length in which it was measured
Proportional limit shows the stress-strain diagram to be a straight line.
Elastic limit is the stress beyond which the material will not return to its original shape when
unloaded but will retain a permanent deformation called permanent set.
Yield point is the point at which there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of the material
without any corresponding increase of load; indeed, the load may actually decrease while the
yielding occurs.
Yielding strength is closely associated with the yield point
Rupture strength is the stress at failure
Necking a phenomenon that caused an error
Allowable stress or working stress is the maximum safe stress a material may carry.
Poissons ratio denoted by v and defined by:
V=-ey/ex =-ez/ex
Where ex, is the strain due only to stress in the x direction, and ey and ez are the strains
induced in the perpendicular directions
Thermal stress internal stress created cause by internal force or temperature change
Flanged bolt coupling connection between two shafts, consists of flanges rigidly attached to
the ends of the shafts and bolted together. The torque is transmitted by the shearing force P
created in the bolts.

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