1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Construction waste has a major impact on the environment. With the demands in
implementing major infrastructure projects in Malaysia, together with many commercial building and
housing development programmes, a large amount of construction waste is being produced by the
construction sector. Thus, waste minimisation is an important area of concern in the implementation
of the construction waste management in the construction industry of Malaysia.
This study identified 12 waste minimisation factors (WMF) in implementing construction
waste management in the construction industry. It also provides empirical evidence on the significant
level of contribution and the level of practice among the waste minimisation factors by following the
model of weighted average and minimisation and practiced index value. The results of the analysis
indicate the most significant, least significant and significant factors that contribute to waste
minimisation and the most practiced, least practiced and practiced waste minimisation factors in the
Malaysian construction industry. The findings will assist in the formulation of appropriate policy
interventions in addressing the construction waste management problem in Malaysia and indirectly
improving the quality of construction in the country.
Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the
construction or industries. This includes building materials such as insulation, nails, electrical wiring,
and rebar, as well as waste originating from site preparation such as dredging materials, tree stumps,
and rubble. Construction waste may contain lead, asbestos, or other hazardous substances.
Much building waste is made up of materials such as bricks, concrete and wood damaged or
unused for various reasons during construction. Observational research has shown that this can be as
high as 10 to 15% of the materials that go into a building, a much higher percentage than the 2.5-5%
usually assumed by quantity surveyors and the construction industry. Since considerable variability
exists between construction sites, there is much opportunity for reducing this waste.
Certain components of construction waste such as plasterboard are hazardous once landfilled.
Plasterboard is broken down in landfill conditions releasing hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas.There is the
potential to recycle many elements of construction waste. Often roll-off containers are used to
transport the waste. Rubble can be crushed and reused in construction projects. Waste wood can also
be recovered and recycled.
Government or local authorities often make rules about how much waste should be sorted
before it is hauled away to landfills or other waste treatment facilities. Some hazardous materials may
not be moved, before the authorities have ascertained that safety guidelines and restrictions have been
followed. Among their concerns would be the proper handling and disposal of such toxic elements as
lead, asbestos or radioactive materials.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To study the affordability, quality and efficiency of sustainable construction in Malaysia.
To analyze the effective protection of the environment; prudent use of natural resources;
social progress which recognizes the needs of everyone; and maintenance of high and stable
levels of economic growth and employment
3.0 SCOPE INVESTIGATION
There are numerous areas that can make an application of sustainable development.
They include strategies of caring earth, conservation of forest, watershed conservation,
nuclear energy production and mobilization. Bio -engineering and eco-tourism are also the
areas that make the application of sustainable development.
The scope investigation that we focus in the construction site is the sustainability of
the project management that environmentally-friendly such as
Achieving sustainable construction. Sustainable construction starts with planning and
design. The developers and designers roles are important. However, as sustainable
construction involves prefabricated products, it would be helpful to bring in relevant
suppliers and specialists early in the design stage. Implementation down the entire
construction value chain is also important.
The reusable of materials. Steel is an excellent reusable material. Steel can be
recycled repeatedly without any degradation in terms of properties or performance in
quality. Steel construction has excellent low waste credentials during all phases of the
building life cycle. It generates very little waste because the products of steel
production widely reused by the construction industry. Any waste generated during
manufacture is recycled. There is virtually no waste from steel products on the
construction site. The formwork of the column, foundation and beam also was reused
five to six times before it recycled to the wood factory.
Recycling of waste materials. To enhance sustainability in the construction industry,
wastes can be turned into resources to reduce disposal problems such as the steel and
formwork.
Transportation and source of materials. The transportation schedule of work to supply
the materials need manage properly to reduce the release of monoxide gasses. It also
can reduce the cost of transportation used by choose the site place that close to many
building sites
4.0 CASE STUDY
The construction industry has a major impact on the environment, both in terms of the
resources it consumes and the waste it produces. The construction industry is responsible for
producing a whole variety of different wastes, the amount and type of which depends on factors such
as the stage of construction, type of construction work and practices on site. The construction industry
has a major impact on the environment, both in terms of the resources it consumes and the waste it
produces. The construction industry is responsible for producing a whole variety of different wastes,
the amount and type of which depends on factors such as the stage of construction, type of
construction work and practices on site.
The aim of this study is to promote awareness in the small and medium house construction
companies regarding environmental issues, best practice and use of recycled and reclaimed materials.
A key concern was to promote on-site awareness and initiatives to minimise waste, and to this end
various training tools and checklists of actions were developed. The project particular emphasised
following factors of building project Site management, Design issues, Contractual matters and
Partnerships between building project teams.
Case study: construction waste minimisation in house construction sector
The impact construction industry has a major impact on the environment, both in terms of the
resources it consumes and the waste it produces. The construction industry is responsible for
producing a whole variety of different wastes, the amount and type of which depends on factors such
as the stage of construction, type of construction work and practices on site. Over 90% of non -energy
minerals extracted in Great Britain are used to supply the construction industry with materials. Yet
every year more than70 million tons of construction and demolition waste has been produced in
worldwide.
The aim of this study is to promote awareness in the small and medium house construction
companies regarding environmental issues, best practice and use of recycled and reclaimed materials.
A key concern was to promote on-site awareness and initiatives to minimise waste, and to this end
various training tools and checklists of actions were developed. The project particular emphasised
following factors of building project are Site management, Design issues, Contractual matters ,
Partnerships between building project teams Waste minimisation means reducing the amount and
environmental impact of waste generated, which can be achieved by reducing the quantity of
materials used (and therefore potential for wastage) or by reusing existing materials. In addition
energy and water use reduction was included in our targets. Ideally, prevention of waste is the target,
but once it has been created recycling is the method of managing the waste. Prevention of the waste
means the effective use of natural resources; energy needed to manufacture new mater ails as well as
reducing pollution.
Study concentrated on how construction and demolition waste can be minimized on site. It
also identifies the behaviour of waste production on various stages of the construction of housing.
This investigation is conducted by studying more than 10 house construction sites involving timber
and traditional building construction. Study also investigates the waste streams during the various
stages of construction. However, there are three aim of this study to developing waste minimization
initiatives Site practices could minimize waste and improve the use of waste materials ,developing
best practice, a structured approach could be developed through minimize waste and improving short
and long terms environmental impact and waste arising data collection ,It was also assumed that
identification of waste streams and volume of waste on different stages would determine the factors,
which influence the waste production.



















5.0 PROJECT FLOWCHART

Lectures give the guide to start the project start
The group are formed by lectures according the different state.

Meeting in group are started
In the meeting we are discusses about scope work we must done

Site visit at Taman Wira Jaya
In this stage we are make an appointment with project manager to see and take information about
construction waste management at site construction

Make fila table
Find the information and we make the fila table and choose the suitable the

Present progress report
The report are present to lecture and lecture give advice if need the correction in the work we have
done
Prepare report
The report is prepared according the information we get it. The information are come from internet,
lecture and from site visit

Present report



From the site visit we get the some information that very use full for are future work.
Basically the project at rural place is not really use the sustainable concept because the project is not
having many costs to cover up the process. This project are expected to be finish in one year and the
total area that cover in site area are 3 hectare, the contractor are responsibility to build the project are
KCT TECH CONSTRUCTION SDN BHD .The total unit house are develop are 60 unit. We are
meet with project manager to get information to completed the task are given.
That have 60 man powers are together to successes of this project, to protecting the worker
safety health the worker are supplied safety helmet and also have insurance from CIDB card to
enhance safety level at construction work sites. The project is more use manually forces method and
less use the machine force it is because the project is small project construction. From this site the
sustainable element that used are recycle the material not used as wood and steel are send at recycle
factory to make a new product also reused the formwork for example the wood from formwork are
used at many times as long the material can used in perfectly . In this project the mangrove trunk are
used as pile is it show that this project is not really sustain in aspect types of selection material. To
saving used amount of force ,the mixer plan lorry are used to mixed the cement so, the unit of
manpower can decreased and simultaneously saving the cost.














6.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Problem Statement

Disposal of public fill at public filling areas and mixed construction waste at sorting facilities or
landfills has been the major approach for construction waste management. For sustainable
development, we can no longer rely solely on reclamation to accept most of the inert construction
waste. As such, the government is examining ways to reduce and also to promote the reuse and
recycling of construction waste. Nevertheless, there will still be a substantial amount of materials that
require disposal, either at public fill reception facilities or at landfills.

Construction Waste
Waste is a product or material that is unwanted. Waste is also can be defined as any materials
by product of human and industrial activity that has no residual value. Construction waste can
be clustered into two groups namely the physical and non physical waste.

i. Physical Waste

Physical construction waste is defined as waste which arises from construction,
renovation and demolition activities including land excavation or formation, civil and
building construction, site clearance, demolition activities, roadwork, and building renovation

However, some defined directly to solid waste: the inert waste which comprises
mainly sand, bricks, blocks, steel, concrete debris, tiles, bamboo, plastics, glass, wood, paper,
vegetation and other organic materials. Another way to understand the physical waste or
construction debris can be seen in construction site. This type of waste consists a complete
loss of materials, due to the fact that they are irreparably damaged or simply lost. The wastage
usually removed from the site to landfills.


Example of physical waste in construction project

ii. Non Physical Waste

The Non-physical waste normally occurs during the construction process. By contrast
with material waste, non-physical waste are time and cost overrun for a construction projects.
Similarly, researchers from Indonesia defined waste as not only associated with waste of
materials but also other activities such as repair, waiting time and delays.

Besides that, the waste can be considered as any inefficiency that results in the use of
equipment, materials, labor and money in the construction process. In other words, waste in
construction is not only focused on the quantity of materials on-site, but also overproduction,
waiting time, material handling, inventories and unnecessary movement of workers.

Example of non physical waste in construction project
FILA TABLE ANALYSIS
Facts Ideas Learning Issues Action Plans
i. Frequent
Design
Changes
More attention should be
given in waste reduction
during design phase.
The parties always have a
good communication with
clients to avoid the last
minutes changes.
Identication and
communication of
responsibilities
Gained input from personnel
involved

Apply The
Designing out
Waste Tool
Apply The Eastex
Materials
Exchange
Programme
Government
engagement
Education and
training on
environmental
protection
Main contractor
support



ii. Wrong material
storage
Proper storage of material
Store keepers have to
monitor the storing.
Identify storage requirements
for building materials that
have to store and plan a place
to store them

iii. Effect of
weather
Good decision making and
management skills.
Proper planning by the
management players.
iv. Poor planning Concerns about the
resources before planning.
Identify specific waste
minimisation actions that can
be implemented thoroughout
the design and construction
waste.
The Project Manager
correlated the trades
represented on the program
with the major waste streams,
to establish which products
presented an opportunity to
recycle


v. Ordering errors Proper material ordering
plays an important part.
Avoid over-estimating and
rounding-up of purchasing
requirements
Specify exact requirements to
suppliers
Buy environmentally
improved & recycled content
products (see EcoSpecier)
Specify exact requirements to
suppliers

vi. Workers'
mistakes
Supervisor must always
monitor workers during their
works at site
Workers should have a good
working culture and must
responsible to their daily
works.
Hire specialist contractors to
carry out work on your
building project you are unable
to do yourself
Bear in mind that mistakes can
often be costly to put right
Locally based contractors may
have experience of working
with local or specialist
building materials
Local recruitment will help to
engage with the community.
Send worker to attend training
vii. Leftover
materials on
site
Project manager and workers
should clean up the site
before leaving
All worker and supervisor
must take parts to imply the
techniques of recycling
method on site.






i. Frequent Design Changes
Facts
These problems arise because of the last minutes client changes during the construction
activities. This becomes an issue due to lack of communication between contractors, designers
and the clients during design work. At the design stages, the client must sit together for getting the
final decision before contractor undertaking the construction projects. This is vital part after the
drawing stage. Whenever changes occurs after the construction, to rebuild according to new
drawings need a lot of rework and its time taking.
I deas
Therefore, to overcome this problem, more attention should be given in waste reduction
during design phase. The parties, who involve in any construction projects, should always have a
good communication with clients to avoid the last minutes changes.
There are some proposed methodology was designed to eliminate the causes frequent design
changes in construction. These problems the can be solved acting through four different actions:
1. Supervision: of the design process. A construction company must participate in the design
process, in order to avoid the problems related with lack of construction knowledge of the
designers, providing its experience in design solutions.
2. Coordination: of the different specialties through a logic sequence of information transfer,
avoiding incorrect assumptions, and giving a priority level for changes in order to avoid lack of
coordination and to improve the design compatibility.
3. Standardization: of design information, to avoid the omissions, errors and continuous
changes, that affects the normal development of the projects.
4. Control: of the flow of information, verifying that the requirements of previous processes are
fulfilled, in order to avoid that design defects arrive to the construction site.


Frequent design changes also can cause the project abandoned

ii. Wrong material storage
Facts
This problem always connected with the improper storing methods due to handling activities.
For example, the wrong handlings method used for bricks during construction leads to cracks.
This material is brittle and must handle with very careful. The problems always occur because of
human error. Apart from this, wrong storage is also occurs because of inappropriate protection
strategy. For examples, cements have to store under a shade and save place. But workers wrongly
store it under bridge or at any open space. At last, the materials expose to weathers such as direct
sun light and rain. Without proper protection, the materials end up as waste.
I deas
Proper storage of material are very necessary for avoid the construction waste generation.
Store keepers have to monitor the storing method by workers. This may reduce the damages of
material at site. Besides that, a very comprehensive and good storage technique should be adopted
for better protection of materials at site. Everyone including client, contractors, suppliers and the
construction trades should co-operate to ensure efficient materials storage. Contractors and the
project client should discuss the arrangements for materials storage and if the project is notifiable,
include it in Construction phase plan. To ensure safe storage of materials on site you should
ensure that:


o Pedestrian routes are separated from storage areas
o Flammable materials are stored separately and that they are protected against accidental
ignition
o Safe storage of materials at height is provided, with guard rails to protect people from
falling when stacking or collecting the material
o Deliveries are planned to keep the amount of storage materials on the site to the minimum

The misplace items can cause bad things happen

iii. Effect of weather
Facts
Weather becomes the most influential factors causing delays waste. Some of the site works,
such as concreting and excavation works have to stop due to heavy rain and storm. This severe
weather condition taking lots of time and cause delayed. For construction projects, time play an
important element. Many constructions have to rescheduling their site works due to this problem.
Weather or climate change is one of the factors cannot be control by human and it is natural
effect. For examples, some researchers believe the weather changes cause by act of God.
I deas
Thus, the waste due to weather can be avoided with good decision making and management
skills. Construction waste could be minimized with proper planning by the management players.
In order to meet this burden, contractors should obtain certified copies of weather records from
the National Climatic Data Center and/or other reputable sources to establish that the weather
conditions in question were a typical and, therefore could not have been reasonably expected.

Bad weather leads to delay of time in construction project
iv. Poor planning
Facts
The act of management plays an important role in contributing to waste generation. Less
attention paid to workers during material handling on site causing waste. This problem occurs due
to poor planning skills by the management site. The project managers need to assign a good and
dedication supervisor at the site. The incompetent supervisor and project manager, lead to poor
workmanships and improper material handling done by workers. Furthermore, the wrong
planning methods applied by management generate to construction waste.
I deas
Before planning, the management must bear in mind about the resources, such as how many
workers and supervisor need for the construction projects; what type of equipment and how many
tools needs for the specific works. Thus, proper planning is the key managerial function that
should be used to be effective in eliminating these waste causes. All management leaders should
be paying more attention towards this cause.






v. Ordering errors
Facts
The ordering errors such as over ordering and under ordering become the main issues during
the ordering process. For example, the excessive of brick and concrete mixture at construction site
was due to over ordering. On the other hand, if under ordering, fewer materials available at site
during construction process and lead to stoppage of works. Another example, if lack of concrete
premix during concreting activities, this can cause delay and need wait time for the material
supply. Apart from this, sometimes poor ordering of materials does not fit in terms of quality,
type and dimensions for the actual works at site. This type of mistakes happen and at last ends up
as material waste.
I deas
Thus, proper material ordering plays an important part and helps to reduce material losses
and damage for construction projects. The best solution to these problem is clear communications
in the plans, spec, and contract, so that all parties know what is expected. That should eliminate
most of these misunderstandings. Make sure each subcontractors bid includes a full description
of what exactly they are providing (or not providing)

Wrong order of materials contribute to construction waste

vi. Workers' mistakes
Facts
The workers mistake occurs due to untrained labourers, lack of skills and poor working
attitude. Such workers often make mistakes at work place. They always generated material waste
such as bricks, light weight concrete, plaster and tiles. They are not adopting sustainability in
construction sites and contribute to excessive waste.
I deas
The mistakes can avoid by selecting a competent worker for site works. In addition,
supervisor must always monitor workers during their works at site. This can make the workers
alert and do their works properly. Workers should have a good working culture and must
responsible to their daily works. If these steps taken positively by the workers, the waste
generating can be minimize during construction.

The construction workers must responsible on their daily works

vii. Leftover materials on site
Facts
Leftover materials on site is one of the cause of construction waste and can see through naked
eyed after construction. This cause of waste also classified as physical waste on site. The leftover
material at site commonly as cut of steel bar, used formworks and broken bricks. This leftover
scarp always occurs at the end of construction project.
I deas
The poor attitude of project manager and workers is the cause of this residual at side. They
should clean up the site before leaving. The project manager should monitor and make sure to
store the excessive materials in store room or ware house. They also can resell or recycle the
leftover materials.
This recycle method will reduce the construction waste on site and also can save our
environment. The most important step for recycling of construction waste is on-site separation.
Initially, this will take some extra effort and training of construction personnel. Once separation
habits are established, on-site separation can be done at little or no additional cost.
The initial step in a construction waste reduction strategy is good planning. Design should be
based on standard sizes and materials should be ordered accurately. Additionally, using high
quality materials such as engineered products reduces rejects. This approach can reduce the
amount of material needing to be recycled and bolster profitability and economy for the builder
and customer.


Excessive material on construction site






7.0 IMPROVEMENT AND SOLUTION
Environmentally friendly methods of waste management at construction site should be the
primary focus of future policies and improvements rather than less sustainable methods of waste
management including landfill expansion, land reclamation projects, and incinerators. the focus
should be placed on methods to prevent, reduce, reuse, and recycle waste. These more sustainable
methods of waste management, on which our recommendations focus, would better protect the
environment from further pollution and harm
Based on our research and analysis of data that we collected, we have developed three main
areas for recommendations that can help improve the sustainability of the waste management at
construction site.As described in the following sections, these recommendations focus on increased:
a) Government engagement
b) Education and training on environmental protection
c) Main contractor support
d) The Designing out Waste Tool for Civil Engineering (DoWT-CE)
e) The Eastex Materials Exchange Programme

a) Government Engagement
Our team has concluded that the following government policies would effectively increase the
sustainability of waste management practices if implemented:
i. Enactment of stronger policies on poor waste management
ii. I ncentives for recycling companies
iii. Establishment of construction waste collection points

i) Enactment Stronger Policies against Poor Waste Management
Due to the profit first mindset of the construction industry, outside involvement is
needed to encourage and require improvements to current waste management practices. The
Hong Kong government has been able to reduce other problems in the construction industry,
such as worker safety as well as air and water pollution, in the past through the
implementation of policies and project requirements. Similarly, the few policies that do
address the management of construction waste have had limited success, such as the charging
scheme, which effectively reduced the amount of construction waste being sent to landfills
initially. While these policies were a good start at tackling the issues in construction, they are
not nearly as substantial as those on noise, air and water pollution, and safety. In order to be
as successful and effective as these existing pollution policies, more and stricter waste
management policies need to be enacted. Such policies could include:

f) Punishments, such as fines or penalties, for extremely poor waste management
g) Heavier landfill penalties
h) Incentives for using recycled materials in projects
i) Required waste management training yearly or biennially
These policies must take into account the organization of the construction industry
such that the benefits and punishments do not favor certain companies, such as large
construction companies . These policies must also be adequately publicized and promoted to
the entire construction industry, especially to small consruction company which tend to be
less knowledgeable and aware of environmental requirements and practices.
ii) I ncentive Recycling Companies
Construction companies are sending too much recyclable material to landfills.From
our research , we found that only high value materials,such as metals,are currently
recycled,but low value materials like glass are sent to landfills due to their low or non-existent
potential for profit.If the government implemented a program subsidizes recycling companies
for handling these less profitable materials, far less recyclable material would be sent to the
landfills. This program would not only enable, but also encourage recycling companies to
accept all recyclable materials because there would be a potential for profit on all such
materials, as there is in Singapore, even the low value materials. Recycling is a far more
sustainable approach to waste management than landfills, and a program aimed at creating
incentives for recycling companies would increase the amount of construction waste being
recycled, thus decreasing the amount of material being sent to the citys landfills
ii) Collectives Points Construction Waste
Many company have a difficult time sorting waste as well as storing reusable
materials due to lack of space, manpower, and resources, such as capital and technologies.
The government already provides a few sorting facilities for construction companies, but
these are few, far apart, and limited in their uses. Further waste management support is
needed, to be able to increase the amount of recycling and reuse of construction waste, which
would reduce the burden on landfills.
Using waste recycling companies in Singapore as a guideline, Malaysia should create
easily accessible central waste collection points as an extension of sorting facilities. These
central collection points, whether wholly or partially operated by the government or privately
owned with subsidies, would receive construction waste from companies that are physically
unable to properly sort waste. The collection points would recycle and allow for the reuse of
all possible materials before properly disposing of the remaining waste in existing facilities,
such as public fill and landfills. This would reduce the amount of recyclable and reusable
materials entering waste facilities as well as provide with the needed waste disposal
assistance.
Charges for the disposal of waste at the central collection points should be included
into the charging scheme in order to continue to promote construction companies to reduce,
reuse, and recycle materials when possible, but another layer of recycling and reuse would be
added by the collection points. Although such facilities would increase sustainable waste
management, significant investment by the government would be necessary for the
establishment and maintenance of such facilities. The upkeep costs could be offset by
stronger policies on levying taxes on waste disposal or increasing the charging schemes
current cost for disposal of waste at landfills.
Furthermore, if the government is able to consider investing a significant amount of
money on less sustainable waste management infrastructure, such as incinerators, we believe
that they may also have the necessary funds to establish and support facilities aimed at
sustainably managing construction waste. By financing more environmentally friendly
infrastructure, the government can avoid further environmental damage caused by current
waste management practices.
b) Education and Training on Environmental Protection
The culture and of the construction industry is very resistant to change. The mindset does
not place environmental protection as a high priority, negatively impacting efforts to sustainably
manage waste in the industry. Although government policies may force or encourage construction
companies to be more sustainable in their waste practices, an informed and environmentally
conscious industry is more likely to conform to environmental policies and adopt sustainable
practices, as well as to potentially create stricter environmental policies themselves. Our team has
established the following recommendations in order to create a more environmentally-minded and
knowledgeable industry:
i. I ncrease environmental awareness in schools
ii. I ncrease sustainability training

i) Environmental Awareness in Schools
Although not directly related to the construction industry, proper education is
essential to fostering future generations of environmentally knowledgeable workers. Over
time, the current workers and management in the industry will be replaced by younger
generations. If these new members of the industry have learned more about peoples
negative impact on the environment, then they may have a completely different mindset
and base knowledge of environmental protection than the current workers in the
construction industry. If the workers and management in the construction industry viewed
environmental protection as a priority, they would place more attention on sustainable
waste management practices and other environmental issues, such as air and water
pollution. This additional attention would then decrease the amount of waste being
handled irresponsibly through the use of greener practices, including reduction, reuse, and
recycling
To increase environmental education in schools, we recommend that the
government enact policies requiring or encouraging schools to either: include this in their
science curriculum, or create classes, clubs, or groups to integrate environmental
protection into their students education. Through environmental education, the mindset
and culture of the construction industry, in addition to other industries, can be adjusted to
value environmental protection, such as waste management, as a higher priority. Once
waste management becomes a higher priority in construction projects, less waste will be
produced and greener practices can be implemented
ii) Sustainability Training
Throughout our research, we found that construction workers had insufficient
environmental awareness, specifically concerning waste management. Additionally
they lacked the motivation to perform sustainable practices. Without the knowledge
or motivation, many sustainable practices are often overlooked in these construction
projects, which can lead to more irresponsible management of construction waste.
The reasoning for this is that waste management, as mentioned in our results, is a low
priority in the industry, especially for small and medium enterprises.
Currently, there are many training sessions and other educational resources
for safety and environmental protection, but very few, if any, of these focus strictly
on sustainable waste management. Not only does this further reduce the importance
that construction put on waste management, but it also decreases the knowledge and
skill that their workers have in practicing waste management sustainably. In order to
counter this, we recommend that the government, construction trade organizations,
and main contractors increase the number of training sessions and workshops on
waste management as well as make them more attractive to. These educational
resources need to be specifically tailored for construction company, such that they
would be provided guidance concerning waste management requirements, sustainable
practices, and the importance and potential benefits of sustainable waste
management. These training sessions and workshops would not only increase
contractor knowledge of sustainable waste management, but also encourage and
motivate them to accept greener practices due to the potential benefits and importance
being put on sustainable waste management.

c) Main Contractor Support
The current organization of the construction industry and workings of contracts can also
make it difficult for construction company to properly manage their waste.There is a weak
contractor subcontractor relationship,as the main contractor,after having finalized the
subcontractors contract,will leave the duties of the project and waste management entirely up to
the subcontractor.Due to this factor,,their waste is generally not sustainably managed as it
typically not required by contract.We recommend that main contractors provide the following
support to subcontractor
i. Provide ample work space for sorting materials
ii. I nclude stronger requirements on environmental protection

i) Ample Space for Sorting Materials
The majority of construction sites in have very limited space due to how compact
the city is. The nature of subcontracting causes to have an even smaller portion of this
already limited space. This lack of space makes it very difficult or nearly impossible
for construction company to be able to conduct complete on-site sorting of waste, or
sorting in general because they do not have the resources such as storage facilities to
implement off-site sorting. Without being able to appropriately sort waste, they are
incapable of appropriately handling all materials that could recycled and reused,
which causes many of these materials to be irresponsibly disposed of at landfills.
To enable subcontractor to better sort their waste, main contractors must provide
more support to their subcontractors with regards to waste management. This can be
as simple as providing with ample work space dedicated to waste management,
including sorting and storage of materials for reuse. Main contractors would then be
providing subcontractors with the necessary resources to be able to responsibly
manage waste in a sustainable manner. Through the sorting of waste, the amount of
materials being recycled and reused would increase to a higher percentage,
decreasing the amount of mixed waste sent to landfills.

ii) Stronger Requirements on Environmental Protection in Contracts
We found that contractor will only complete or adhere to what is required by their
contracts In other words, if something is not on the contract, they will not do it.
Unfortunately, as described above, proper waste management is often not included on
contracts. Therefore, if proper and sustainable waste management is included as a
requirement on subcontracts, then they would be liable to at least pay attention to this
important issue. These requirements could be anything from: minimum percentages
of total waste that must be recycled or reused to sustainability training prior to
starting a project.
Requiring a certain percentage of recycling and reuse of material may be too
difficult to ensure completion, but similar contractual agreements, such as requiring
complete sorting of waste, may be more feasible. A requirement for sustainability
training is far more practical. However, this would demand more subcontractor
support from the main contractor since they often do not have sufficient knowledge of
available waste management resources and practices as well as project or government
waste management policies










d) The Designing out Waste Tool for Civil Engineering (DoWT-CE)
Provides a means by which designers can analyse the waste implications of their
design decisions from an early stage in the project.The Designing out Waste Tool for Civil
Engineering will help design teams to:identify opportunities to design out waste in civil
engineering projects; record design solutions pursued to reduce material consumption or
wastage;calculate the impact of these solutions, including savings in project costs, waste to
landfill and embodied carbon; compare the relative performance of alternative scenarios; and
provide an indicative waste forecast for the project Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP).

e) The Eastex Materials Exchange Programme
Exchange Programme Materials excha nge programmes are increasingly popular and
are a good way of exchanging excess, unused building materials. The Eastex Materials
Exchange Programme is a free online service for those who have an excess of stock or a
shortage of material.















Conclusions
The construction industry desperately needs more sustainable waste management. Although
infrastructure such as landfills and incinerators can help deal with excess waste, Malaysia should
optimum for maximum prevention and reduction of waste and more environmentally friendly
methods of waste disposal. We recommend that government enforce stronger waste management
policies, such as levying heavier construction waste disposal fees at landfills, and subsidize recycling
companies to increase the amount of recycling being performed. Through increased environmental
education in schools and sustainability training on the job, the culture of the construction industry can
be changed to view environmental protection as a higher priority than it is now, which will lead to the
adoption of greener waste management practices. Additionally, the government, trade organizations,
and contractors should host numerous training sessions . Finally, main contractors should include
proper waste management requirements in their subcontracts. If these recommendations are
addressed, responsible business practices in the construction industry will help Malaysia to reduce
pollution and become a much more sustainable and livable society















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