;'

SOLUTION MANUAL
PRlt\CIPLES OF DIGITAL AND CODIt\G
by
A. J. Viterbi
J. K. Omura
(
"'
\
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Graduate students Dariush Divsalar, Enyltho Coelho
Filho, and Pil Lee have made significant contributions
to this solution manual.
<..
p (n) (u ) =" " p ( )
n LJ LJ N
tfn U
t
n = 1,2, ... ,N.
are the marginal probability distributions. Then
with equality iff
(
1.3 (a) Given discrete random variables x,y joint
probability P(x,y), we can define marginal probabilities
P(x) = I:;P(x,y), P(y) = LP(x,y) and conditional probability
y x
P(y/x) = P(x,y)/P(x). Then using inequality (1.1.8),
LLP(x,y)log
. x y c \y IAJ
=FP(x>(fP(Y1X>lOg
(LP(yIX)lOg )
x y y
P(x)P(y Ix)) log
= H(W) (1)
Now fix N and consider sequences .. where
CU(k) = V(t is the alphabet of the kth term in the sequence ._.Using ...
2
CHAPTER 1
pe,-p)
P
2
p
deep) = - ptnp - (l-p) tn(l-p) nats.
1- 1 d
2
1
d: .;ff(p) = in 7 = 0 p = "2 and dp2.Yt'(P) = p(!_p) < O.
2 1 1
= P log :2 + p(l-p)log p(l-p)
p
1 2 1
+ p(l-p)log (1-) + (l-p) log 2
p P (l-p)
c 2[P log 1. + (l-p) log _1_ ]
p 1-p
p(l-p)
I: 2 deep)
2
8
2
8
2
(l-p)
(c) i) H{W) = log 52 = 5.7 bits
ii) HWL) log 13 = 3.7 bits
i i 1
') H1'iJ1\ 3 1 13 + 1
0
1 13 77 b' t s
\(U/ = 13 0 g 3 13 0 g 10 =. 1
(
(d) i) H(fair die) = log 6 = 2.58 bits
ii) P(k) = kC k = 1,2,3,4,5,6
6 6
}: P (k) = C k = 1 => C =it
k=l k=1
6 k 21
HE1l4 I: L 2i log k = 2.39 bits
k=l
1.2 Inequality (1.1.8) gives
1) - (N) "
H(uti, ,CU' ) = LJ
u
(= iff Q (.) = p (.
N N
Choose TI p(n) (un)
n=l
where
1
and
(""
,
"-
the relations
P (U u ) = p(u..lu ll..) P (u Q.)
N 1, ... , N 1, ... , N-l 1, ... , N-l
N
=TT P(u lUI u _1)P(u
1
)
n , , n
n=2
we have
H('PI' N} =H('PI'N-1) + Ht
7iN
)I qf1}x .. 0 x'Pl'(N-1))
H{'l/N) ;. H("I1
1
)) + t H(q)n} 1,zj1) x .. oX'Pl'(n-1})
n=2
(2)
(3)
Note that from (1) we hdve
H(<llL n)lqjl} x 0 0 oX'l1n-1)) H(-fl
n
} IQJ2)Xo 0 oxq/n-1))
= H(uB'-l) x.. oX<llL(n-2))
(4)
where the second equality comes from the stationary property. Hence
(3) is bounded by
NH('llN) 1q}1}x.. oX'PI'(N-1)) (5)
Using (5) in (2) gives
or
.! u/JIL_)< -L Ht5JI )
N - N-l
(6)
Then
H(Ol'n) <
n k
for k < n.
(b) This follows directly from the proof of Theorem 1.1.1
when we define
S(N,e:) =

2-
N
[H+e:) < P (u ) < 2-
N
[H-e:J}.
- N -n -
and use lim F
N
= 0 from (1.1.31) to (1.1.33).
N-+{)
3
(
(
1.4 (a) 0
2
I: E{(x-m)2} = E{(X-m)21Ix-ml e:} Pr{lx-ml J.
+ E{(X-m)21
Ix
-m! < d pr{ Ix-ml < EJ
E{ (X-1Il)2/ lx-ml e:l pr{ Ix-ml d 2
p
r{ Ix-mJ d.
N
1 N N L Zn}
(b) Pr {Z : - Z > Z + e:} < Pr {11. L Z - ZI > e:} . 2n=
1
- N n=l n - - N n=l n - e:
s[f: Zn- N(H+)]
1.5 For S(N,e:)+ we have 1 2 n=1 , s > o.
Hence, . S['f.Zn-N(H+)]
F
N
+, = L L n=l
. S(N,e:)+' . S(N,e:)
N +
. s[ L Zn-N(H+)]
n=1
L
u
....
{
A 1 $}
-= s (H+e:) - log L P(a
k
) -
k=1
and G(O) = O.
(
Next note that
dG(S)
ds
A 1-$ 1
l:: p log P(a )
. k=l k
= H + e: - ..::.:...-..:=---------
A
p(a
k
)l-S
k=l'
4
.... \ ~ ~ ~ ~ ......... - .." _.... -
where
dG(S)1 = e: > 0
dS
5=0
and
(
< 0
1
since this is negative of the variance of log P(u) with respect to
distribution
Thus, there is a unique maximum of G(s) for some $*> 0 where
* + -NG(s*)
G(S ) > o. T h ~ n we have F
N
~ 2 Similarly we get
G
2( **) -
F; ~ 2-
N
S where G(s**) > O. Then
* - **
F = F+ + F- < 2-
NG
(s ) + 2-
NG
(S )
N N N-
1.6 Multiply the inequalities
-
But from (1.1.14), HCqvN) = NH(q/) giving us (a) and (b). To show
(c) note that in (a) the inequality log P ~ u ~ t(u) ==> 2-
1
(u) ~ P(u)
Hence we satisfy the Kraft-McMillan inequality,
~ 2-
t
(u) < :E P(u) = 1.
u u
5
The solution is best understood in terms of a tree diagram where
left directed branches correspond to "0" and right to "I". Each
node corresponds to a binary sequence so that code words can be
represented as nodes in a tree such as
o ......... -----
~ l
000 001 100 101 110 III
If node (a) is selected as a codeword of length 2, then in oreer
that no other codeword have 01 as a prefix no nodes that branch out
from node (a) can ever be selected as a codeword. Hence we can ter-
minate the branching at this node. Thus uniquely decodab1e codes
with the property that no codeword is a prefix of another codeword
coriesponds to nodes in a tree where no codeword node branches out
from a shorter codeword node. In general, let R-
1
, R-
2
, ,R-
A
be the
A .
f d d 1 h h
n n n If "" 2-R-1 = 1
set 0 co ewor engt s w ere ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ ~ A LJ
i=l
then we can easily find such a code with these lengths where all
branch paths of the code tree terminate in a codeword node. If
A
~ 2 ~ i < 1 then some branch paths can continue forever without
i=l
encountering a codeword node. Let Xl be any node sequence with R-
1
6
--------------
leading to it and denote it the first codeword. There re-
main 2t-1 unterminated nodes at the same level that can be a code-
word or a prefix of a codeword. If 2 == 1 choose anyone of these
remaining nodes as the codeword node of If 2 > 1
then use anyone of these as a prefix and proceed along any 2 - 1
additional branches to find a codeword node of X. There now remains
-4
nodes at the level 2 that can be a codeword or a :
i
prefix of a codeword. Continue in this manner until is selected.
i
'If at any point this procedure cannot be completed because of no
A
remaining nodes then > i, which is a contradiction.
i==l
_ "" P(y,x)
!.:2. (a) - P(y)q(x)
. 'I 1
=LLP(y,x)log q(x) - 2:2:.
P
(y,x)10g q(xly)
y x y x
....... 'V" .",........ 'V"
II II
H(&c) H(.q-I
But 0 (see 1.1.9) so < H(ir) and by symmetry

(b) Use P(x,y) == P(y)q(x\y) in
== 2: L'P(x,y)log p(l )
x y . x,y
=2: LP (x,y)log ) + }:: L:P(x,y)log
x y , : y X Y q \,J'.. I YJ
= +
, ;
1
(
1.8 (a) q
1-q
o o peD) == q(l-p)
E peE) == r
1 P(l) c (l-q)(l-p)
_ _ __ _ -..-J
7
_. - __ _ 1
I Sf) = q (I-f) log ( q qp log ( ) +(l-q)p ..
+ (l-q) (l-p) log ( )
c: (l-p)X(q)
q = maximizes X(q) so C = 1-p.
1
P(O) = 2" q
1-q 1
1
1 P(l) = 1
1
0 - - q
2
I (&t"; '3')
1
log ( q) + t q
log (lq)+
(l-q)
log ( \ )
=-q
2
1 - - q
2
1
(l-q) log (2:q)
= q log - +
q
(b) q 0 Oc-_--:;;l;.:,../.;;::..2--0 0
(
:q I Sf) = t log ) - I =
5
Hence C = log 4
2
O=>q--
- 5
1.9 Since the encoder keeps sending the information symbol until an
unerased channel output is achieved there is no error and P = O.
e
The probability that n channel symbols are transmitted for an infor-
mation symbol is P = (l_p)pn-l. The average length of a codeword
n
is thus
L = L
n=l
nP
n
0:>
= L: n(l_p)pn-1 = _I_
n-I l-p
Thus R = i = 1 - P bits per channel use is the rate which also equals
the channel capacity (see problem 1.8a).
There are two coins C
l
and C
2
where p(Hlc
l
) = t and p(Hlc
2
) =i.
Here q(C
1
) = q(C
2
) = t are the probabilities of selecting each coin.
8
We can int rpret this as a BSC with
1
follows:
p = - as
(
4
1
C
l
0
3/4
P(H)
1
7
H = -
2
1/4
2
1
C
2
0 o T
P(T)
1
2
= -
2
(a) I(Cl;H)
3/4
log t bit
=
log 1/2 =:
I(C
2
;H) ::
1/4 1
- 1 bit
log 1/2 ::
log - ::
2
(b) I = 1

bits.
1.11 (a) There are 13 ways one coin may be heavier, 13 ways one coin
may be lighter, and the possibility that all weigh the same.
Thus we are attempting to determine one of 27 possible situations
using a balance and a standard coin. We are thus asked to ob-
tain at most log 27 = 3 log 3 of information on the average.
Each weighing has 3 possible outcomes (left, right, balance)
provides at most log 3 bits of average information. Two weighings
has 9 possible outcomes and at most 2 log 3 bits of average informa-
tion. Three weighings has 27 possible outcomes. Clearly two weigh-
ings cannot guarantee dete rmining o))e of 27 poss i"t11.e si tions
,while with three it may be possible.
(b) The maximum amount of average information from three weigh-
1ngs is log 27 which is achieved if all 27 weighing sequences are
equally probable. This means that we must choose a weighing strategy
the outcomes of each weighing are equal probable and each
weighing outcome is independent of other weighing outcomes. Clearly
9
each weighing must reduce the number of possible cases by 1/3.
Strategy: Let S denote the standard coin, C denote a coin that can
be heavy, light, or normal, h denote a coin that is heavy or normal,
and ~ denote a coin that is light or normal. We start with l3C and
an S.
1st Weighing: Set aside 4C and place 5C on the left pan and 4C + S
on the right pan.
Balance -> 4C remain
4C + S
Left
Right
==> 5h, 4 remain
-> 5 ~ 4h remain
Note that for each of the three possible outcomes we have 9 remain-
ing unknown possibilities to be resolved with two more weighings.
2nd Weighing When 1st Outcome is Balanced: Of the 4C set aside C
and place 2C on the left and C + S on the right.
Left > 2h, t remain
Right > ~ h remain
Balance > c remain
(
Note that here each outcome leaves only 3 remaining unknown possi-
bilities to be resolved with one more weighing. The third weighing
given the 2nd weighing outcome is as follows:
10
,
\ ..
(i) Balance: Place C on the left and S on the right.
(ii) Left: Place h on the left and h on the right.
(iii) Right: Place on the left and on the right.
2nd Weighing 1st Outcome is Left: Of the 5h and 4 remaining
set aside h + 2 on the left and 2h + on the right.
Balance => h, 2 remain
2h + 2h +
Left ==> remain
Right > 2h, remain
t.
One more weighing easily resolves the 3 remaining unknown possibili-
ties by placing the same type of coin on the balance. That is, if
2h, remain then place h on the left and h on the right.
(c) Without a standard coin we cannot always reduce the number of
unknown possibilities by 1/3 with each weighing. This is a neces-
sary requirement.
1.12 Using (1.1.8) we have
H
i
('2I) pJU) , i = 1,2.
Hence AH
1
('21) + (1-A) HZ ('21) < [AP1 (u) + (1-A) pZ(U)] log pJu>
1.13 Let Fey) = 1 e
V2no
2
y.
Then (1.1.8) gives
11
with equality when p(y) = p(y) or y is a Gaussian random variable.
For the additive Gaussian noise channel we have
1
p(Ylx) = J 2 e
2no
(y-x)Z
20
2
With input probability density q(x), the average mutual information
is ..
I(I1r;;y) :!P(Y)lOg dy -.[q(X){jP(yIX)lOg *' d
Y
} dx
(
But
co co 2
fr(Y!X)lOg dy = + (2n0
2
)]dY
-co f -co 20
1 2
I: 2log (Zneo ) .
Using this plus the above bound we have
I ;10g - ;10g
2
1 a
I: -log ....:i-
2 2
o
2
(Zneo )
with equality if and only if y is a Gaussian random variable. It is
Gaussian if
2
x
( )
1 - 2<f;
q x = e
jZn8
with the result that oZ = 8+ 0
2
Hence
y
12
1 ( e + (
2
) 1 ( )
max I ::: -log = -log 1 + -
. 2 222
- a a
which is channel capacity.
1.14 From problem 1.6(b) we have inequalities
- log PN(u) (u) < - log P (u) + 1.
- - N -
Thus
< 1
and
- log PN(M)
>
(
But
N N * N
P
N
(!:!) = TfP(u
n
) lTp(u ) = P(u*)
n=l
and
Hence
1 + 1
N log P(u*)
and
1 + 1 * 1.
N log P(u )
(
If H
N
= 1 for all N then
and the source is a BSS.
13
= 1 for all N.
-N
2
(
1.15 For C S(N,C),
-
and
Thus for C S(N,c),
For 1:! C S(N,c),
N log A < N log A + 1
and
- N log P(u*) - log - N log P(u**)
where P(u**) = > O. Thus for C S(N,C),
- N log P(u*) < - log < - N log 'P(u**)
N log A + 1 N log A
Define F
N
= Pr C S(N, c) } and using the form
(1)
(2)
H = L: P (- log PN )
N N
(- .E P
N
(!!) (-
f S(N.t) , E S(N1E.)
we have from inequalities (1) and (2),
R_ > N[H-c] (l-F) + - N log P(u*)
- 1 + N[H+c] N N log A + 1 FN
*
= H - E (l-F) + - log P(u ) F
N
E + c + N log A +
____ H - E
N-+CXl H+c
since
14
and
,
**
"
+ - N log P(u )
< (I-F)
F
N - N N log A
**
= 1 - F -
log P(u )
F
N
1.
N log A
N-+-ClO
Hence for any E > 0,
H - E
< lim
1
H + E
N-+-ClO
or
lim
= 1.
N-+-ClO
----11--
15
{
'-
CHAPTER 2
(
2.1 (a)
I I
-
Xl
I
X
V
I
3
I
"'4
-- ----
--+
---
I
Xl :
I
X
s
-3a
a
X
X
I
X
9 I
11 I 12
-----t-- --+-
-"...- --
X
13
i
I
X
16
XIS 1
I

I
(a)
The noise compo-
nents in the per-
pendicular coordi-
nate directions are
independent with
variance NO/2.
Let q = Pr{n>a}
1 16
8 = -16 L 8
i
av i=1
= 10a
2
p = p = p = p = p = p = p = P = Pr{n <a -a<n <a} = (l-q)(1-2q)
C
2
C
3
C
s
C
s
C
9
C
12
C
14
CIS l' 2
2
P = P = P = P = Pr{-a<n
l
<a,-a<n
2
<a} = (l-2q)
C
6
C
7
C
IO
CII
Hence
and
Pc = :6 [4(l-q)2 + S(l-q) (1-2q) + 4(l-2q)2]
= [ (l-q) 2 + 2 (1-q) (l-2q) + (1-2q) 2]
= [(1-q) + (l-2q)J2 = (2;39
2
= (1 _ q)2
9 2
P = 3q - - q
E 4
(
(b) Rotation and translation does not change PE'
16
(
2.2 (a)
the optimum decision boundaries. hQve
Hence
and
P
E
=
m

> !}= e- 4NO m =1,2, ,7.

FE = t L FE e- 4NO
m=l m
17
Hence
!
\-
2.3 P
E
where
m m
t
fm
(
II I 1\ )
P (m+m
l
) = Here we have
E I2N:
o
II II =Iii mI = 2, 3 , ... , 7
m
l
= 3,7
== J"38 m
l
= 4,6
II == 218 m':: 5
P
E
:E PE(l-+m') =6 )
1 J. 0
m 11
PEZ :E P
E
(2-+m
1
)
m
f
+2
B t P P P P = P = P < P
y symme ry E = E = E = E E
6
E
7
E
1 234 5
P
E
PEl < 6 Q
8
- 4N
From problem 2.2 we have P
E
e 0 which is "exponentially" the
same since is bounded as shown in (2.3.18).
2.4 (a) Choose (t) = x (t) m = 1,2, ... , Mas the orthonormal
- m v8 m
basis. Then x = /iio m,n = 1,2, .. , M and IIx 11
2
== ft for all m.
mn . mn -m
The decision boundries become
c: {i:: (v,x (l'x ,.) for all m'tm}
i... -m -m
c: {r : y >y ... for all mI fm} m = 1, 2 , ,M.
m m
Hence by symmetry,
p == P = 1 - P = 1 - Pr{y >y for all
E E
1
C
1
1 m
18
!
\
(b) Given was sent we have probability density functions for the
independent random variables Y1' Y2" 'YM given by
1
=--e

P
y
(y)
1
Py (y)
m
1
= --e
J1TN
O
2
_L
NO
m = 2,3, ,M
Hence
I
00
= for all P
YI
(a)da
_00
(c) Using {; = 8 blog2M, the fact that as E gets small 1n(1+)
2
behaves as E, and Q(x) behaves like e-
x
/2 for large x,
< 1n2
> 1n2
1- N
o
ln2
= -lim M

= {-:
In[l- Q( x+ Jz "" blogM/NO)r-
l
= (M-I) In[l- Q(x+j2 ""blogM/NO )J
= M Q(X+ }2 ""blogM/NO )
= M exp f- (X+}2 cblogM/N
O
Y}
{
&blOgMj
E: -lim M exp - ---
NO
8
b
(
19
\
\.
Hence
t
b
- < 1n2
NO

N> 1n2
o
But
Hence
p =
E

cc a. :H-1 1 NO
1 /[1-a.( - e da.
- ) N
O
/2 J;N:
-co 2 0
1 Icc -X
2
[ ( Vfl-8 )]:H-1
= 1 - - e 1- Q. x + - d)(
.f2TI -co NO
(a) K = 1 = )812 [1 1], = [1 -1]
and (tf/2) [1 1] O.
L t h(i) d t th i
th
f R an"d h(i) th i
th
f
e eno e e row 0 -K e row 0
K
The codewords of length :H = 2 are given by
h (i) = [h (i) h(i)] and h (it 2..
K
-
1
) = [h(i)

.(i) (1) ) K-1
Suppose hK-I' eK-I 0 for all i +j < 2
, i=1, .. ,2
K
-
1
..... 1(-1
Then
and
20
yields
for all i +j < 2
K

(b) Note tha t (h(1) h (j):: 8 C .' Hence if we subtrac t the 1

st
-K ' 1J
product term of this inner product we have
(c) Let e = J81M [1 0 0 . 0]. Then the'orthogonal signal set
'{hii)}and the simplex signal set are essentially related by a simple
translation of the signal set given by,
. K
i :: 1,2, ,2
(Since the 1
st
component of ;. is always "0" we can ignore it.) This
-1
means the error probability of the orthogonal signal set of energy
is the same as the error probability of the simplex signal
set of energy 8' .
M
(d) Let W = 2: Then,
i=l 1
=
J L-t -1.-J
i j
= r:
i
"(x.,x
j
)+ L: (x.,x.)
1. ifj -1.-J
=: M8+ L L (x. ,x.)
i{j -1 .... J
or
21
(
\
or
1
1:- 1 " " (x. ,x .) > - MI.
(." M(M-l) -). -J - -
"
(e) Let . , be an orthogonal signal set of energy 8.
Then (z., z . )
-J
I
Let
and consider the translation set formed by
y = z - a
-1 -i -
Then
= (z.-a z.-a)
-1. -,-J -
(
= (zi'z.) - (z.,a) - (z.a) + (a, a)
- -J - -J- ...-
" " " 2 "
= 8 C1j - 0. 8 1M - a 6 1M + a {;1M
= (8
C
l-2rJ.:M+rh
M
) J
i(0.2-20.) 1M
Choosing
6 and a to satisfy the equations,
8 = a 1M)
and
8 P = 3(0.
2
-20.) I.M ,
yields a signal set {ri} with the same energy and inner products as
the signal set It then has the same error probability and
PE(N: p) = PE( 8 t 0).
TrW [ ]
1 I 1 jwt 1 e
j
rrWt-e-j nHt
(a) bet) = 2n J we dw = 2nW jt
-TrW
22
sinTtllt
nt.;rt
(b)
Z (t)
z(T)dT
00
sin[TrW (t- )J
z(T)dT =!Z(t) ) dt
o 1Tlv (t- &
00 00
y ( t) = f h ( t -T) Z (t) dT efsin[ 7TH (t - T) ]
J 7TW(t-t)
o 0
Y(&) =i sin [rr"i& -,)J
o 7TW(W -T)
and
(c)
In Figure 2.9, y(t)2n(t) is integrated over [(n-l)T/N,nT/N]
where
Thus
Replace the integration over [(n-l)T/N,nT/N to [0,(0) we obtain
f
oo Sin[7TW(t -
yzn = ' y (t) j2 sin W
o
t dt
o TrW (t - )
which is the process in Figure 2.11.
2.7 (a) Here yet) = y (t) where (t) = /2N/T sin wot for (n-l)T/N
--- n n n
t whereas we compute
nT/N
yet)
(n-l)T/N
where
=/2N/T + ],

23
(
".
TIN WaT
Using 0 since 1
o nT/N
we have = Y
n
I n (t) (t)dt
(n-l)T/N
nT/N
r:: Y
n
f (2N/T)sin wot sin[ (t-(n-l)T/N)+]
(n-l)T/N
TIN
= Y
n
wot
o
TIN
r:: yn(N/T) -
o
=
o
TIN
r:: {cos cos - sin 6wt sinep}dt
o
We assumed here that wOT/N is a multiple of TI. Also since I
we have sin 0 for 0 < t TIN
Hence
(b) Here
TIN
y' = Y (NIT) cos fcos dt
n n
o
.+. (sin(6WT/N))
r:: Y
n

nT/N
Y;n f yet} J2N/T sin(wot+)dt
(n-l)T/N
24
1
.. - - .0_.
nT/N
dt + x
2n
+
l
(N/T) / sin cit
(n-l)T/N
where
Thus
nT/N
== / yet) /2N/T cos(wot+)dt
(n-l)T/N
yet) == x
2n
2n(t) + x
2n
+
l
2n+l(t)
nT/N
y;n == x
2n
.f(2N/T)sin wot sin(wo+t)dt
(n-l)T/N
nT/N
+ x
2n
+
l
f (2N/T)cos wot sin(wot+)dt
(n-l)T/N
nT/N
x
2n
(N/T) .fcos
(n-l)T/N
Similarly
( == - x
2n
sin + x
2n
+
l
cos
(c) The four possible phases are given by
[
X
2n
] == 18 [1]18[] fi[-l] 18[ 0]
1 0, 1, 0, _ -1
Suppose x
2n
x
2n
+
l
= O. Then the signal components in the ob-
servables become Y2n == /1i;, cos, Y;n+l = sin ep
25
.. Il o. _
(
/
/
/
26
d
1
=Wcos (i -
d2 =Visin (i -
\.
(
The error probability is the probability that the noise components
cause the observable vector to lie outside the correct decision re-
gion. Hence
= 1 - {n
1
< d
1
} Pr {n
2
< d
2
}
= 1-[1- d
1
)] [1- d
Z
)]
= Q ($0 d
1
) + Q(#o d
Z
) - 0(#0 d
1
)
.o.(ff-a d
Z
)
=

.2.8
(a) The boundries
of the optimum de-
cision regions are
shown as radial
lines. Each deci-
sion region is a
cone of i radians.
27
(
(b) The distance from any signal vector to the boundary is d
sin(n/16). Suppose is the transmitted vector and D
l
and
n
2
are the two noise components that are perpendicular to the two
nearest boundries. Then an error occurs if the event {n
l
d}
\){n
2
d} occurs. Hence
P
E
= Pr{{n
l
d} L){n
2
d}}
In general n
l
and D
2
are not independent. However we have the bounds.
or
P < P < 2P
- E-
where
P = Pt"{n
l
d}
= sin(lT/16) )
is the probability that the noise forces the observation vector to
lie in the shaded region above.
(c) In problem 2.1 the average energy is 8
2
= lOa or a VJ /10.
The error probability is
2
P
E
= 3 t
= 3Q(J{ (,45)) : 0(P'(,45))
which is generally smaller than P Q. (.20)).
Hence the signal set of Figure 2.l2(a) is superior to the set of
,Figure 2.12 (b)
28
2.9 (a) Before quantization the random variable y has conditional
-
probability density
2
( -a )
k
k = 1,2
The transition probabilities to the quantized outputs b
l
, b
2
, ,
b
a
are given by


k = 1,2; j = 1,2, 8.
cx
j
where
a
1
="Vi: a=-V8:
S 2 S
Q:
j
c 4a - ja j = 1,2, ,7
6
j
=
5a ja j
= 2,3, ,8
cx
a
- co ,
6
1
= co
and = (zl,z2, ,zN) be a sequence of N quantized outputs where
{b
1
,b
2
, ,b
a
}. Then the maximum likelihood (optimum) estimate
29
of E.: t = is given by
-1 I
x= max PN(z x)
- :s - -
-1 N
= max TT P(z Ix )
n=l n n
1 N
= max- log TT P(z Ix )
n=l n n
-1 N
= min L: y (z Ix )
:s n=l n n
where y(zlx) = - log p(zlx).
t
I
2.10 (a) Let u(z) = '
- 0 ;
z > 0
z <. 0
Then if u(z) fez) for all z, we have
= E{u(z)} E{f(z)}.
(b) Since u(z) e
Pz
, p 0 for all z
(c) Note that
PE(m+m') = O}
< E
- y
-
= p (ylx )
N - -m
= [p I?Sm' )!p p
-
30
(d)
(e)
1
Let p = 2 = 1 - p in (c) and we have
PE(m-+m
l
) 2 :E JPN pN
r
For x = 00 0 and x = 11 1 we have
-m -m
PN(ylx .) = { 1 ! = 11 1
- -m 0 elsewhere
p (y Ix ) = pw (1 - r )N-w )
N - -m
where w(y) = fI of "1" in y.
-
Hence the Chernoff bound is
P < N(l-p)
E -p

The bound is minimized by maximizing (1 - p) or letting p = o.
The maximum likelihood rule is simply: choose
(
x \if Y = 11 . 1; otherwise choose
-m - -m
Then an error occurs
only when x is transmitted and y = 11 1 is the output which
-m
occurs with probability PE(m-+m'O) = r
N
The Bhattacharyya bound is
PE(m->m') =
2.11 (a) If H
T
= ] then G = [I
K
p]
- -L-K - --
Here
p c
011
101
110
111
=> G =
31
1 0 0 0 0 1
o 1 0 0 1 0 I_ .
00101 10
.".,
0001111J
except the all zero sequence.
i
,
"
(b)
T L-K
Rows of H consist of all 2 possible binary sequences
The rows of H
T
having more than a
single "1" form the rows of the matrix P.
generator matrix.
Then = is the
(c) Let

be
h .th
row of H
T
Then v =
(vI
v
L
)
t e 1
V
2
... ,
L
-
is a codeword
T
L: v hi = O. Since
of
if vH = 0 or
no two rows
1 n - -
H
T
n=
are the
same, must have weight of at least 3.
Since the sum
T
of any two row vectors of H form a non zero vector which must also
T
be a row vector of H we see that there are 3 rows that sum
(modulo-2) to O.
Hence d. = 3.
m1n
(a) If 8
b
is the energy per bit then for K bits there is a
total of 8
b
K units of energy.
If L = 2
K
binary symbols per code-
word is used then each binary sYmbol has energy = e
b
K
/
L
. The
BSC formed by hard quantizing an AWGN has transition probability
p =
)
1; if an error occurs in the i
th
symbol
Let = th
i 0; if no error occurs in the i symbol
Then E{E
i
} = P , =p, and Var {i} = P- p2 = pCl-p).
Since {E.}
are independent for
1
L
n
=
L i
i=l
we have
L
E{n}
L
E{.}
Lp
i=1
1
32
and
L
Var {n} = }: Var { e: i} = LP(I-p)
1=1
(b) Keeping fixed, as K increases gs = decreases.
For small x we have
Q(x)
and
from
= e- t: dt
d
dx Q(x)
2
x
1 -"2
= --e
I21T
The expansion approximation
or
,.." d I
Q(x) =Q(D) + dx Q(x) x
x=O
(
Then
Q(x) ';
1
--x
I2TI
and
Var
33
(c) (2.10.14) can be expressed as
(
or
{
pr{n ~ (d . + 1)/2}
m1.n
Pr{n ~ d . /2}
m1.n
d. odd
m1.n
d. even
m1.n
d. odd or even.
m1.n
Using d . = L/2 for the binary orthogonal codes of (a) we have
m:ln
P
E
S Pr{n ~ L/4}.
(d) The Chebyshev inequality gives
Pr{\n - E{n}1 ~ } S v a r ~ n }

or for large K,
L/4 4
S = -
(L/4)2 L
= 2-(K-2)
(
Hence
Pr{n S L/4} = Pr{n - L/2 S - L/4}
L I L
S Pr{ln - 2 ~ 4}
Hence
-> 0
~
2.13 (a) Let x
~
o
P (-2)
o
34
\.
(
2
_,roo
- lA- - e 2 a+x I2TI du = Q(a + x)
f28:?
Po(-I) =10_1- -
-a I21T 0 dy
!U:2
1a---.L e_1+' + .j
o ,I2n" 0 dy' = PI (+1)
2
f.
a+x 1 _.!:!. 2
= 2 00 u
- e d -f 1 --
x I2iT u - he e 2 du -
X t'21T
2
.
00 1
-e 2
+x I2TI du
=f0---.L e + J
-a ffn . 0 dy' = PI (-1)
2
I
x 1 2
=: 2 1
00
u - e du = 1--
-a I21T - e 2 du
x-a /27T
2
f
ool - u
_ 2
e du - Q(
x I2TI - x - a) - Q (x)
[28;2
-
a IiTI 0 dy
35
(
2
u
f
x-a 1 -2
= --- e du
-<Xl I2TI
1 - Q(x-a)
(b)
d = -ln2[1P (2)P (-2) + Ip (l)P (-1)]
o 0 0 0
= -ln2{J(1-Q(x-a)]Q(x+a) + J[Q(x-a)-Q(x)] [Q(x)-Q(x+a)]}
For 8 IN = 2 we have x = 2. We find "aII to minimize
S 0
by solving
f(a) = J[1-Q(2-a)]Q(2+a) + J[Q(2-a)-Q(2)]
df(a) = 0
da
;
: (a) Since xl' x
2
' .. , are orthogonal the noise in the 2M
.observables Y
1
' Y
1
' Y2 ' Y
2
' ... , Y
M
' d d
. c . S C S C are 1n epen ent.
Since we have noncoherent detection let y = J(N
2
) (y
2
+ y
2
)
m mc ms
o
m = 1, 2, . , M. Assuming xl is sent then
(
and
: The maximum likelihood decision rule is simply: choose x..... that
m
corresponding to the largest y m = 1, 2, . , M. Hence
m
P
E
= 1 - Pr{Y
l
> Y
m
for all m 1!x
1
}
1
co
= 1 - f P (Y1!x
1
) pr{Y
m
<Y
1
for all m '" llx
1
}dY
1
o
= 1 -/;(Y1Ix1>[!1 p(y
2
I
x
1
) dY
2
r-1dYl
o 0
36
,
\,
(b) Here
(c) Using the binomial expansion
(
-yi/2 ) M-1
1 - e =
M-1 2
-1 j (M - 1)e-jYl/2
.. .() j
j=O
(
(
2)M-1 2
-y
1
/2 M-1 j+1 (M - 1) -
jY
1/
2
1 - 1 - e = L: (-1) . e
J
j=l
and the integral
we get
-8/N M-1 j+l (M _1) 1 81 (j+l)N
o
:
P
E
I:: PE I:: e 0 L:. (-1) j j+l e i
1 j=l !
37
(
2.15 (a) Define events A = {y y} m = 2, 3, ... , M.
m m
Then
M
= Pr{ U Amlxl}
m=2
M
= 1 - Pr{ n Amlx1}
, m=2
M (22)M-1
= 1 -IT PrfA" Ix } = 1 - 1 - e-
Y
/
m=2 m 1
Certainly
M
Pr{ U Amlx1} 1
m=2
and also
Hence
= (M - 1)
2
-Y /2
e
and for 0 p 1
min
(b) Note that
2
l)e-
Y
/2
1] '" {min [(M _1)e-
y2
/2
'" {(M - 1)e-//2 } p
00
P
E
= P(Y1Ix1) Pr{Y
m
Y
1
for some m 1!x
1
}dY
1
o
=f ""P (y
1
I
x
1
) {1 - (1 - e-//2 ) M-1 }d
Y
1
o
38
\
M
00
1 8/(1+p)N
o
l+p e
(M - I)P exp [-
(c) Although the signal phase is unknown, it is constant
during the signaling time. As signaling time increases our know-
ledge of the unknown phase increases and it can be estimated with
increased accuracy. The maximum likelihood detector incorporates
J
this knowledge so that in the limit of large signal energy (and
corresponding signal duration) thenoncoherent performance
approaches the coherent performance.
2.16 (a) Add the first row of G to the second row to get the
-
standard form
1 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1
G'
= =
[I p]
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Hence 0 1 1

1 0 1
H
T
1 1 0
= =
1 1 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
which is a Harraning code.
. - - . -_. _.. - - .-
39
since s is the third row of H.
(
(b)
(c)
s =
s
yH
T
= (1 1 0)
(0 0 1)
implies an error in the 3rd position
Hence v = (1 1 1 1 1 1 1)
implies an error in the 7th position.
Hence v = (1 0 OIl 0 0)
(d) d . = 3 for Hamming codes.
mln
See problem 2.11 (c).
(a) If xm(t) is sent then A
l
, A
2
, .. , AM are independent
Gaussian random variables where A has mean b and unit variance.
m
All the other normalized observab1es have zero mean and unit
variance. Hence
Pr(erasure) = Pr{A
noa
' :S 0 all m }
=
M
TT Pr{Am,:S o}
m'=l
= PriAm :S o} TT Pr{A",' :S o}
m10tm
= Q(b - 0)[1 _ Q(0)]M-1
(b) By symmetry assume x is sent and Pr{correct decision} =
m
Pr{A > A ,for all m
l
m, A > olx }
m M m m
00
=f PrO,..... < a for all ur'
-00
m, A > olx ,A = alp, (a)da
m m m 1\
m
for all m' mlxm}PA (a)da
m
40
00
=/ [1 - Q(0:) ]M-l _1_ e
rzn
o
2
(a-b)
2
da
2.18 Form observable
--
optimality we have
T
Y = f y(t)cjJ(t)dt
o
Then without loss in
H
0
y = n
x,n ..... NCO,l)
and
HI Y = x + n
(
....
1
p (y) =-
'0 I2Tf
2
-y /2
e
2
1 -y /4
= -- e
I4TI
Since y is a Gaussian random variable with zero mean and unit vari-
ance if H
o
and variance 2 if HI-
given by
The decision region of H is
. 0
A
=
{y
PI(Y) 5 ro(Y)}
0
2 2
=
{y
1 -y /4
5
e-
y
1
2
}
-e
ff
&:: {Y
2
n4} &:: {y -/n4 5 y 5 ln4} y 5
while Al
&:: A
&::
{y Y < -/Q,n4 and y > ~ n }
0
Here we have error probabilities,
41
1 - 2Q(Ifni)
-I
and
Hence
FE
:::
Pr{y A1IH
o
} 2Pr{y Itn 41H }
0
0
= 2Q (/tn4) .
P
E
=

+
= + Q(1n4) - Q( 19. n2) .
0
E
l
p (y)
o

-;-
A
o
2.19
(
Simplex Orthogonal
(a) The signal set is a Simplex signal set with M ::: 3 and
energy 8. This is merely a translation of an orthogonal signal
f
p' 3 ';)
set 0 energy (.? ="2 6 . Hence we can use the error probability
expression for orthogonal signals given by (2.11.1), to get the
desired result.
42
(b) Since = 0 , there are only two signals of equal proba-
bility. Hence the error probability is
since
ties
P
E
=
II - !oII 2 = 3 8 .
(c) Here we have two signals and with priori probabili-
1 3
= 4 and = 4 Consider distances between these signals
and the decision boundary,

1
=-
1 4
The point z between xl and x
2
must satisfy
or
N n3
o
or
and also
Thus
and
d
2
_ d
2
= N n
3
210
138 N
o
n3 m N
o
n
3
d
2
=--2-- + 2/38 ' d
1
= --2-- - 2/38
P
E
= - + + in3)'
43
2.20 Let
where
and
m
n(t) = L: nkWk(t) + n (t)
k=l r
T
n
k

o
(
Then we see that
T
= 0
o
and
E{nin
j
} = da del
T T
da de
o 0
T
=!02
w
.(U)W.(U)dU
j J 1.
o
2
= o.c ..
J J 1.
Also
m
.. E{nin (t)} - 2: E{n. nk}lJJ
k
( t)
k=l 1.
44
: E)I:(a)W
i
(a)da"n(t)
o
2
o.\lJ. (t)
1 1
J
T 2
: $(t,a)\lJ.(a)da - O.\lJ.(t)
111
o
2 2
= O.\lJ.(t) - O.\lJ.(t) = 0 all t
1 1 1 1
m
Hence the processes nk\lJk (t) and n (t) are independent of each
k=l r
other and there is no loss in optimality by considering only the
observab1es,
if
if
X1(t) is sent
x
2
(t) is sent.
k = 1,2, ... , m .
(a) For y =
(Yl'Y2'
... , Y
m
)
we have
2

m
1
2
Pm
=
TT
hllo
k
2 e
20
k
k=l
. 2
m

and
TT
1 2

e 20
k
k=l
Hence
m
I:
k=l
45
I
\
m ~ m ~ J
L Y - > - L Y ~
k=I k 0
2
k=I k 0
2
,
k k
m ~
1: Y
k
-2- > a l
k=l Ok ~
(b) By symmetry P
E
= P
E
= P
E
For x1(t) sent we have
I 2
m ~ m.8
k
m ~
1: Y
k
-2- = L 2 + L n
k
-2-
k=l Ok k=l Ok k=l Ok
N
where
E{N} = a ,
2 m 8
k
E{N } = L 2
k=l Ok
Hence
1
Tn ~ !
P
E
= Pr :E Y
k
-2- ~ a/HI
1 k=l Ok
1
-m B
k
! (JlJB
k
)
= Pr N ~ - L 2 = Q :E 2 .
k=l k=l
k k
For we have
2.21 (a) The union of events bound for any signal set over the
-
AWGN channel is (assuming ~ l is sent)
46
\.
But here
= j28 ,
1
48
k 1 and k + 1
k = + 1
2
Hence
PEl S (M - 2)Q )+ Q )
S (M - l)Q(J{ )
which is the "Union of events" bound for an orthogonal code.
(b)
Since {Iy A for more than one m} and {Iy I < A for all
m m
m} are disjoint events
P = Pr{/y I A for more than one m} + Pr{ly I < A for all m}
r m m
Without loss in generality, su;pose x
1
(t) is sent. Then
(
and
and y = n
m m
m = 2, 3, . , M/2,
Also
Pr{ly , A for more than one m}
m
S Pr{ly , A for some m I}
m
Pr{IYm
l
< A for Pr{IYl' < A}
= 1 - 2Q (A -
S 1 - Q(JN: (A - #,)
= PI
47
l.
Hence
Next define events
]
e =
1
Iy I < A all m k}
m
Since for k 1
k = 2, 3, ... , M/2
we have
(
Pr{e
k
} S Pr{ly
k
'
A, Y < A}
1
= Pr{ Iykl
A} Pr{Y
1
< A} = 2P
1
P
2
2
II - 2 =
M
Since
II - x" =
48 >
k 2" + 1
- 1 _1
-+
2
we see that the error event e
1
must be less probable than any
other error event e
k
k 1
Hence
and
P
= P - prlMu/2 e !
E E - k
1 k=l
2.22 (a)
nT
= f sin wot cos wot dt

nT
= f sin 2w
O
t dt

48
n1
cos 2wotl
n - ~ T
1
= 2W
0
1 [cos 2w
O
(n - ~ T - cos 2W
O
nT]
= 0
Thus {k(t)} are orthonormal functions. The performance would then
be the same as binary modulation of any set of orthonormal functions
such as those for QPSK modulation given by Table 2.1 (b). Since
k(t) is merely the same as QPSK signals only staggered, the spec-
truro is the same. It is the spectrum of the square wave f(t)
shifted in frequency by wO.
(
(b)
oT
= ~ yet) if sin (wot + )dt
(n-1)T
2
T
n - ~ T
~ cos wot sin(wot + )dt
(n-1)T
nT
+ x
2n
f ~ sin wot sin (1l.'ot + )dt
(n-1)T
nT
= ~ x
2n
-
1
sin + x
2n
cos + ~ x
2n
+
1
sin
49
(
Note that
(c)
- -.'- .._-. --, OJ
nT
= x
2n
*I" sin wot cos (wot + )dt

= - x
2n
sin + x
2n
+
1
cos - x
2
(n+l)sin
co
nT
= *f cos

nT
= f cos i + lz cos

nT
= tf cos + !;T)] sin 2w
o
tdt

50
(
nt
= f sin <21Tt!t) sin 2w
O
tdt

nt
= - 2; [cos (2w
O
- 2n/t)t - cos (2w
O
+ 2n/t)t]dt
nt
1 {_ sin (2w
O
-2
n
/t)t + sin (2W
o
+2
n
/T)t}
= it (2w
O
-2nIT) (2w
O
+2nIT)
= 0
Again the signals {k(t)} are orthonormal and binary modulation of
orthonormal waveforms give the performance over the AWGN
channel.
(d) For (n - t < nt we have
But
Hence
cos - <n -
= cos [%<t - nT) + I]
= - sin [%<t nT)]
= - X
2n
} sin [%<t - nT)] sin wot
+ x
2n
+1 Jt cos [%<t - nT)] cos wot
51
I .
of...; __ .j. ....
where
= 211T
and
- n ~ )
- nT)]
(
Hence
c.k(t)
~
2. [TI(
-1 -x
2n
7T S1n T t
= tan 2 [TI
x
2n
+1 TT cos T( t
= tan-
1
(- x
2n
tan [2!.(t - nT)l)
x
2n
+
1
T 'j
(TI/1)(t - nL)
= (TI/T)t :+ nTI
= (21m cos [(W
o
1f!T)t]
(e)
fOIf sin (nt/L)
f(t) = (
- L/2 :5 t < "[/2
otherwise
has spectrum
2
(
2,11\2 c ~ s (WT/2) 2 ]
) OJ - (TIlT)
--11-
52
(
C kr 3
II E,,(l,r):: - L"rt- f ( 1()()vfC,IX) ) 2-
(0-) E"CiAP:: - 1)1. [ ( r/J -f' of /2-Vp y+ (1, rp+12.V1-f ;t]
=-L-n. [ J, z (: oJ 4 71 12 If ( /-f) I]
'By symrN?J':
7
J II" ch. :: 1:
foe!):: ?Y\lUC -L,..,
2-
:: [.", 2. - (I t 2. {,(j-fj .
(b) foCi/i) = +
=-l..-. [f + (1-2.1'/2- )(1- p) ]
, 1: a.w:\
'trlC\)( foe '" -l"fl, /1 (:J J =- 1)1. 2 - (1-ff)
.
(c.) (11+1zVf)2. +(1z.V1-f')2.]
:: -l [ 1 - 2./
1
12. (1- VP) ]
A\tk+, is sf"m,4vic.
P\ i, 1'Z. +te.Y\Cc. 12: t Cc; U)
fo(i,t):; -in =-t"/4v e
2
ve.)
::: l'"- 2
53
(
\.
:,.2.. (a.,)
U)Or = J \/3) J/3) I..
f.o<p)=-[ll 7(? 1 P
C
7
Ix
)"9/:P:
==f --::.' C :: c?''(P)!, - l-n, 3
2."" I - --'
';f rr:
o
2-
(iL) f.1T1\'MJ? r:: J i/ll J i/'i) I-Ie-ne.e-
fa(f): f( *fCy,x)i; Y1: Y+f(2(f)it) J1]
:: flm- 2 ==> C = 9!f!f2/ ; {Yv 2 .
/f-:o
(b)
(1) fCR): W/Jwi- [p -fRo J= - R = C-R
) 2 2
lLi.) . ('R.J: 'f/\Oo."I<. [fL-yo.. 2. - f 1<-] :: LvI, 2 - =C-K.

(0..) By ryw,.,.-.d"1 'k:: k: 1,2,.,,) Q.
f.o(r):: 12 pCy/x) i1, = -l",
c f lv.-Q => C:. (?t- Q.
'll\li)C (2- rz =c -IZ
! -_...- _..- - - ----
54
I

(
(b) f3y -Srw... k.:' Ie- 1, Z J " J eL
LJ: fe/btL: f+(t>-f) fy)C. TheY\,
Eo(r)= "h. fCYl><)-lt
:= - ..L ( pip-f) $1>()--At
'I x Q
j --L] !+f
=-['tV [rq
Fr1t ]
E;,(f)=L-rt Q, - ("",[cQ- j )p1+f +PHf ] /Q-J) 7ft In +
(!+f)Ka-l)pHf t f!,1
toO) =itt Q- 2 in [(Q-1.)/f' +ffJ
I
C: foLo)= L%Q -+(Q-l)r
L
Yl-p + fCYvf
,
fo(1) C
55
(
(

56
dt.
<.
0., .-_-----e b. p.0'V0'\. Q..., f,
lor. .",]I- fOY $;-r,",u+1 )
G.1e I. ( ) 1 r)1- )...L ]
3 c 1/t =4l -t 3 01 1+.1

Fe.. "/.: (1\ ,Q,'J, ) "'3 G..4 WQ.,
f etCY/f)P =(*J [C97)kr +3(.01)/:;'] itt
\' )l.::. as.
J-. PI .L J..
cl(y,eJl = 2(iy-tf (1) &'J7Y-l?.f3(.OJ)kf]P
(S.Z.Z3) -!o lJ-l
!l(iy\-P(*t g(.Oi)1y]f S7) -Ii? 3C.fJj]1ir J
f
-t3
J- .L
(.91)Hf -\ ,.oJ)1-tf
w\..\f,,\. \$ 1/.cJ ,.... Ct) It...& ir
for f f' =!.
\.k......u., -l-l.a. d.oie-e. of f Ls :
'" '5 ::: ....-l 'ls =I" ; 0
57
<.
E(lL): WAY. ( foCy, If) -f ]
,
=: "Mc..'ll {f - City) l?L [(
9
7)0/ f 3 (.Ol)q J


c =b 4 .. 3(.01 ) (,.,(.oJ) 4- t 91) (J,i; 1.2l
f =cal -t:o 0-
cw.l boll ck....... i .... c..-' (i.t)
w,u. 0 b4.. Cl.>JcJ.ud'e- arz.) fa'" 12 0
q: for (i) eli) i'f.
3.4 (0.) fI"C"M. '3.2.2,3 u.'l!. .[4 c.o",J.l.:oJ'\,
z: clCY'f
l
;[; ,for' /All >'
r y

0(('14) 'it 'lu<) pCr/
x
) .
58
.
::: :
:..L . i
(J ,tl . .., ....... Oi.!
\3"0.
(
J.. 1
\tp tp ffi
\" hQ.J

f
ftf!
for k II1hic.'" i$ "do,.. t!:.(' = . ttullrteJ
by' tk "ll. colv."/l\"JI. of [ f J... ._._ _ _. :
59
Or =
tJOu) \-hc.t
(J-Fr oC( b;\ f' _ ()(, f
i . - -
(
,-ke., (3.2.23)
1 (A)
fa... {WJSt.- c.ow-r0'l',c.v1 ",)...c:re.. '> o
(b)1 )0 for c.\\ k (l) "';.{\",
" h, ..
rt
e
1': foCf) t.t
-- d
l
1 --
de = u, [{).X+f]-i
. .., \ - 'I'

C ,,:).. o.wl (")'"
1'k,,- cf} =
Or e,EvCf)/p [f 1T .. 'T
OY' :; [
( M f ,7-
1
tJQ.:lI.t =1 ! = e-Ec r- 'f !!: [ raJ:r
J
5-j
OY' =f l\\ 1. )
t%.. )
0'2.) Xtf

(
.I
:. L I! : ]
':/ .: :: [1 11 [: =[i 2*'.11
:: [i 1
1\v.s I fo(r) f [c:hr-i)vJ1
= f
(b) .: r!
=f h(2. [1 [ ! J
L 0 1Tif :2 - !
=[i+(2f.1'.1)
JT
r -
G. tr 'If
u)wc1. i' c.. ot r Vo.vllU "R
fo" 1= 0 V)" k'J("
TI _ ( [.1- A/b.1 :. [S/51
(:0 i,4 !l, 0/4) :J.{'5
(
..L ') i/e
it( - ! :: !A

61
(
(
f =1 \Ill/.
i
i=\ !/2
(c,) Co:: tw. t;t,):. .2J'w-. :: t;w.. 4((')
f'"""'o r-;,o (-0 f-9O r .
;: liw. l.... [H(2-(;f-
l
)H('];.
.
(J) o(t):: ::

(c..) 'By syw:w.rJ'1 t*(>c) = fc c;.\\)(
.1-
.L (1) {4'f v=b .. e)bl"l
C<. I IJ ....
1= bQ,t1
WQ., @.
"Z
1
1: f(1\)() Hf ci(Y4)e := .i. (Q.-f-f J) oJl x
y 2-
z: ICCy) i (Q-f.f J) (3.2.
2
3) UJ
s
..,,'1"- e-{.....J-ly
y 2 fa.. cJI
tb) ,Eo(r):: .. &, =-tHo.!CJ-r.. I) for q f =(1. .,. 1.)
r {- I 'r a' )Q
;:. 1.. - (1fC2-f) 4CJ.}:: 2- - (J
t:(r):: Q-('l",{L :: i,va . '" .1....Q.
j Q, -f j +(If J J
(
I
fE;;,CfJ
f(e):: f2,:: E;Cr
J
[".. 1, _ rz

u)(, ft,J f (fl) IUtr{latly _!
Q = .tv. a H Qr = t-wQ =>{2 f:':';i_&.Q
f +Qf 1<, , f(,
=> herr;:
1- (.Q
- _-/!:Q4-.(_f)
=L'K 2. ..
'fl/l)*.Q
;: k 2 - :H(o/tyOC2) , . . f2c.,. 12<c_ .
'3
- x.l'Yvx- - (J-:J<) [",.., (j-X) .


."
. "
,
.,

(
f.-cbk- l,LSiv.-o ..... ,tl.-- ,= j/2-
f)C(r,:t-)= -f (l_ZJ/
P
)]
>< Lf) : r,v.A)( Ex Cf. 'if-) ::. -f {>1.-[ J -i (j - Z i/p)1

= -r L'(t[f( 1
(".ok q:: 1h Com'LS {YO>'\\. ExCr-P tHAX' 1, (f-1,)
i \
=
vJ\...z,ve. Z = flre'pal ) fC'Ifa2lJI
tor (0.) z::: :t Vpu-pJ' j fO., (6) (BEe) z::: f
to\" (c.) (z IF
(b) f' (p):; _&J ttz
1
!,,) + zYf [,."z
)t \ \ 1.. f(H Z. 4/f')
(c\ E, (12): - f' = - z: fjf {u.Z
'J ll.." I j +Z Ilf
h4

,
I

,
,
E"C\)
c
(b) (i.) Z:(Y'SJ 1/
3
; ill)
f"Cr): E,c(fJ t!) = -f
:. :: -j{YI-!f(HZf-lk)] ,
E.c CL);: llt- z. . . __
65
(
(
(
Eo" (r)::: -f (",. *(2-) ::: (L'I>2,
$'1' r
C
(lI.2-f') :: co

:.Ut 0f'''''lI.W\ -
': ( !f'}.,) 0 ) 1/3. )0 )
3.<3 (a..) LJ 91 :: :: 13 :: il\ -:: c..:.J ek.k (3.2. Z3)
f 1
Cx
) f{Y/X)-/;; :: f; pcy!X)-k
p
oleb,): +r4 ] ::. .. )
:::. C;f-)('[u-pJf.; +flir ] lif
otCy)!J:f [(i-ritt
o.v.d w'J4, .1. j
.Eo(r): - ('I\. z. &(y)Hf =rt'Jl,4 -CHf) (.... [C.i-r)1
i
Ftr
hi
]
7
0(-\) 0: (,..,,, - 2.- l'LV [ Vii +Vf 1
=l....,4 t f
tV
]

01')Hf -t fltf
67

"

(
c = 4 - ":fI{f) wk.)'. ":Ilfx)::-x -O-><)!n.C,-x)
(b) E)t (r) 0: lC CfJ!)= -r("" ('1 Vf(Y\,<)fCY''(')jVr
IJ- z:; i Vrei-f)' -lb
,,(r);: -f = -,
.E"O):
_ (WrHZ.IfpJ- tL 4
, { 4 4 -.Jl rV
.. L,"LL- zJ/f l-w 'Z
- \!.tzjlej ( h ttl'
zl-w.'Z E(I)
. .\j zJ- j z )(
,
1Z (co):: Uw. Ll'l- 2
" ,
f-?tX)
C=L-....4-'1tCpJ
3.10 (0.) vJv.'l.- -lkwV"e-'W\
. = fero- (oJ!)
'B-1 fol'" f': i
=:> f f'! f
69
. I
fOr ! <. f <. 00
: ! Eo"qf)
'3.H to.) ;'rlyo. ; 1(x)1(x') ",ex
l
{ky. ; fVt.f{ -!,cJ+7J
tl!)C')(1 is (1. Je.r,.",.;-Ie- a" Q.,
Awl soJ by Ck.flM't.W.
'{co()ot
xx
' j6:') 0
'By OfFYCfl'"ic..\q.. 1" .:;t (1?')
",q.. yv,c..y i..:c.Jvdc, -{ dct-cu"lt
69
1lw.s :(/*)*) JE;U)f-)
(b) Io..b (O"
Liw-. E,,(r."') =- E Co) <: ca
r-.... co .IlJ(
);.\<N EveCoJ -S l::.p(o):: (i...... k(t4,)
r>->aJ
", :: Ec(o" 1-) .: 0
o.w! ,,(1
/
1') ::.
bon.. (\
CA'\\."\t.Ot a1.

".(r)1-)
(
.J
(
\ .
( if c
b-r 1CQ.",) o..J.. OVV cJ\
'). = 10') clot"., =eJl'f l- Ex 7) r1J
we, hc.."e..
(
)
U -X(flP
,0,,,,) Vrty/X) FYlJC' r e., f'
CfY') '> 0 o.w.\ wk.-e.-
\:MIbo....
'10
(
...-..._... A '.
(

. CCfG0) -*(1,-)
1&<) z:. -)< f,x - -x) (i'-- '*. theJ
II, 1...L
.ut,,) - i 7JI (;x) =- -
.[11 -. / .I X ix
0. 'C<I'(lor S)'"iu Of "'d1CX) 0-"'1A.tJ, t
'j.( -E.) :1(0/2) +"'J{t -tJ (-e)., JlII(J,JC:=il.. '"
.
t = .. Zf,2
- 2,...
= t
1T
c,(:BSG) (6.-\6 few.!.. <' 1 (;.S ik (3.4.20)
1TfIJo lJe
(b) u) {o.,. .! !pq., k..,,(..
No
Q..,((o)= (0) :: CI'2. It.e. hi. FI(e:):
{o.... AwE,'"
tw.. lex Co) == !G. ::.i C"" c;: f;-/tJ.z:: L
.2 % E&/J.I()

'12
(
fOY
?VA .Q,>l (0) :: f. =..L ...,. {r :
f6$jtJo 1T %..;.0 7T'
-\k. ls foiw:.1 iv. te..-s.tL. C l"", 2-
:. .. _'>0 Ct.,s . ---;> CO fa" AWGIJ SsG.
"'0
et3>1 f(P) ={)I, 2.- f,.. ( if"Z.)
,
I
j YiLr) :: w(Y) [
r:;' r J "=0
.ru;' y' )(:: 1.
I J
- ~ .. :;- .. - .-.- ~ .. - --_. _.....

..
':
7'
101 fllt.):o Cf)ff (,> 0 )
,l b(f Cfj/f]
,,::,
huow-u
i _ l-.
ltllf [!kCf)k] -1{;,
u:'\
.tku.s [ EoJ.<f)/fl > 0 Jfo.. cJ.,\ k
. 1- J
,,=r
= - , [i
Cijfff
bf[-!c.(f)] 0:
or "".

(b) C = 6w.- t'M t,,v
f_o f}' r-"70 f
:: .i cz. fIoi (p1]rl
1/:(.( J 1,,:;/ ,->c[ f J
i
= f sqtr[C
W
] ,
. I
I
i
- ... -----" .-._- -
(
\
"0.1(;, (0-) ')V\.., /MJ.. /. 'l\Aosf
It\W
1
YtAk: wk"k. of
i.s J *'L G-S C>\M"' l,,l'"f
... - ---- -,
. \ ri 'f 'fE:.N>H4
fto> ( :. { 0 '4
'Br of kwe, .
<! ... [Tr )('>0
,.....1.,. fi'
k.dh,"O ,.:: t o.vJ f. () i (,..)
i l-l-yL o-hoV(., fht-
(C)-bki
O

: j
1;<. z: ., z:: ..
1
f ti fCf
l
}f'
S.\lC- {[(ca)]f fo.. , VlL
; .
'tt[ .( Z L. {z: ... t; :1:) ...
: i ,-' . I
. L... Z 1
P
, \\-}.... J
[ -1 ." '" "'i. ",k-e- fot' oJl kJ
:
: '1'0'&> cJ.\ *('6\c.) cviv..cl\ <f .
\

.J
..
< Z z;
l I J J
f,"t\M,\\, <: CM-i)L J 'hc..vlL osr i
{( <. 1: z: Z. IJ
2' J
-k foY' cJ\ w..
: '01 t-\ wa.. N
: r! z S Z. 1(1G)
l
v>kve- f ::. r
L
o.J 0 1-! L
(J) <: 1- tJ -j 121}
f! L
L is .
'Pf. '> lJ[sr(fi) - o(rJ)] J=.lJ,<r{-
I
,.,
: = iY' ("It) = M_ L ;: - oUJ)
; tJ IJ - IJ
oCtJ)-'>o co
i =
... . .. . ,.
uJ'M\(, 1'rv- for bl- kJJq.
., (EoC['J-r
fl
)
O(f< L
cr)::=. 4, 1-) f/.-{ld SO ..ve, 'II

!Sk2\

I I
t(,S};: C,..,[cl-p)l-Sr
S
f(l-pl pf-'S]
:. ylo) b.od:O;/(S)=!O-s)
---------- '
l-r 0
. at s= 2. fCIM:; JJl..../4pC .
. .. _ ... _._ ._. . ._. __ n_ ... __ ..... _ ._ . .__ - . __ .
'1
aJ1 2. of tJ I . 0.-
: ",wa b\, ..b J +kt", 1....cnv.. (g.IS. 3)
y<s) = tJ Lv.'Lj"':l f'tt, (t) J-S(I, (y) S] I O!s J.
t

1-

(bJ Z c.k.",,,J
_-.,
bp;.-__
. '
( s. tg "fl wVlt.v
WO-MQ.Vv1s 1 all 0>"Ju. ( toy c;.. v. fk .
\"W,.:iO')\i"O lS.fk. ..,itk .... nr\c..c.i
d
i'\kdrels).
=JfC1()J1( ::: j:(t-
eJ
rCy)dt
e: -CD "1.-e)
u.(t -6) ={.J "l;1;8 Co tA.(i(- 9)
o
.e_ 1
e- fOY
: '"7GJ iL:s'tf(yJd--tj e--
se
: 1: (e.,'S1(J fb-sa z: Ie.sEt-e)} .J S qQ

res) (a,vA rCc) -se) Q., V
t... iv.. oS I.;1: c.o.....td h.t- sl-.o...,,,,, fcJ<,"jJ
fc ., r'''t) \b'th c:. FCL)e:
C
i ...... (?-5.3) a.,.d
:u: of .fhWrewv(S.6.J]
eok.JIex \J i'V\; s. I
So cew. by f'rsl-e =0
'. 5 1 {1'C
s
) 1 I
: 'fly \ *1,'7 e '! ,I " v-kv-e.. e::: r Cs) :
:
"f 1... 'f t i .. o.v.J
'>\ t..k.J'<.cJ\y
: .... {I(s) E(e,fo't) ::: 1-v.- E(fl-
s
: {", (,

)
-J
J (

:. \"($) ::. LYv *;, =e, tJ"i(s)

r(s);: 1'1- E(esy"",);;: t{ S'j,.,pC'j..,)cIy",,] f.,. ol./ "-
0 \ tJ[6(S)
Yrl. t'> ej e,
(0..) y(S) lM.. ...) .. l"" [U*V) e,S.O ? e,.S.1]
= 1
,
: tJ "t'c,s) -= e 0,.. Tts)::. r e/tJ
. (l*y1", ye-
s
"or flUs: o-rl
i
J-f
:. = ..1
f
't(s) = =: 1
(l\,f
J
-,,]_ h.,[1::.f-. L ]
m-; F j-i
,
! ?.{'t791 e,tJ
I. "
: :}{co =-f (1'1- f - (j-$j 14- u-f) r:: e/A!
I
;
:,",ok,: tM. is )So p. '
". ..- _.. ... ... "'_n ._ _ __ -J
,
--_ .. '-
\
'"
(PO); )
(S!- FKlbklW: 3.2 c.;rJ g.'D )

:tJJe.: i"" j$ flCwb ,whi!!. ;"" fit") ,:( :
! ..l:.'1kf. I
,tb) bov.-wl fot" prdJkt 3S
=> =cr::> Jot" (NI! ...
95
I
i
foCf) 0-6 , .....
----------- - -
(d) f'" '3.6 (2,)= "'Cr)-tE;(r)
. . = l{CiJ
vJe, eMIA kt\t
o
f -> 00 . -tM."'V
fer cJ\ 0 '\<:. <: c::
. :: ('M, 2
:
.3.21 (0-) iT
i1
1 A
loY h .
i I) 00 .? {lis {o1"!SE (0,0 :
!
;lJ
aIM' :: Z vrtJ('f

t [z J
YI J .
'(b) a.vex1-, OW;Y of Re. 'IUtl :
. "" [tJ If J'
, 13;C,) L 1",c?!1I4} Z rr.. t.. ,
: 11'4.'i"" -, I -.
i tJ" s' .
, :: 11" LT(,c)[ L;
w.'4W\ .,.: I ,c 11
cJ\ nt. e, 'SJ.-"t.fr itJ ,>0 J '
i J :
! ;
__ __ - - - __ __ , ... - -- __0.
87
,
)
i
l ~
)
__ _ _. H ., __ .'. ~ _. _"
i
- ~ -- 4
,..
-:: Z Z f7 (r-{&.)
. Nr<::f """ t IAI
hwt H .
't>tM + Z 1. R f',,,crti""')
tJ
::
+.z
94': 4tl "f :
t\
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[
\( ! t
T
IC
(l) ! - 2.UL ] =L"-(i -L _L1<.-+- 0"_ z:. Lj,
! - L J .1 -.t L J - L 1 1
:: L
K
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IC
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lt
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1
Ll(. _ L-LJ<.l.L
'Uf

!-LL j-L J =1 J
-L
l 1-2.L 1-1- 2(l-J-) i-2J- )
= LI( f 1-3Lf 2L 2 ] :=. L K 21=
{(J-2L)(J-L) 11-3[42.L
z
J
ox-J {iwJ\1
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j -ZL of l-K

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T(J)JLJ).:: JlL 'Go = lil j)3
L
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= 1)5L
3
I J wkidt is q,,(c..dty ( 4..:q) .
J-PlI(J.-II-) /
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fyo-M,
A=r =L r%: ;]=LA'
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A
K
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Jet [-; -A g J::O
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r
Z
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is
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Pel = J'rraY aN\ ro:th
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r c.nsS r k \,.\ h-tJ .
p =- Pc (-\) <
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d
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ll
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:=. -k L LPL In
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:=. -k L: S
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l - (- 2: j J1=: e-
J

Felj) c::. .L \ errtrY'" by cwet 0+ o..td)

a.\\
rJ-k oj- <! 1
L P
d.
L. CJ.(d) e-c!
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cJ) The
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@ fm.. 6V\.Q.. "lnru1 <SY\ S(dnJ b..Q.
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1
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el) ) =- 0.. (-A) r-Ie. Ct{-l)
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i
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\
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L
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LI
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T{ L,l) = ---'----------
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1
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L
3
:r.
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I) Ha..n:! l <S"V\ ;
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= ffjf(l-f) + l'
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tuheM '1. hM E,
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Do: )'" Jf')'l") dj
-00
4.2.3,
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.). l-2.L;:).. \-.)L
')
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D .J) I-I) 1-2D J-2D
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cJt--''to sV4t.. J lrt1 '1f4. i"1f .
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1-47
(

C",) LU 10 \)\ ro.-h11' let. c.oriQC.t- F1h k o..\\-t-ero
P
e
tj, L) = Pr { fu c.Errec\-
cS "'ode 3
:: Pr 1 rdhS thj" in, ttoJ'! LOtreJ- rot-H.'\. cd'
nOde 3 cwJ +0 SO)"t1 X ,., L
= f\.. { U +0 ,n L
A1\i
L. Pr' +'r.a cae +c.L- Ji L 1
0.\\ !.
L:. 1 0 tk3
AI\ d a
L ,,, L
== [\\ ... \] 5(D, l) \
- tr-J \1
..
Lb)
jG\ (f),,-l+\) !o.(\),tl
b ( D, 1-+\):: D, t)
J Co (D,H\) :: D.3 bCD,i')
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A
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0 DJ.
0
=
D.1.
0
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0

0 D
c
b
0
D
0
D

of D3, (OJ t )
+ 3<. {o,-i-)
+ DJc! (0,-1-)
-+ \) t
f- 5)( ( D,') : [, \ , \ 1 l t).') =L\\ , \'1 A i (\)
:.. '" = [\ \ \ \) AS ( l), \)
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H1Q
COj\ ey - \tOY\

\sI-A\ :::
S-l
0

o \
s
-)
()
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0 -D
0 s-D
:: (s-\) s
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+ c

o I -D
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-D 50 -D
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t)
s-D -D 0 5-D
:::. (s-\) + D+
= s"'f- - - ([f"':"D)
... (\+t A
3
+ (D>-D)A
f?;::: (, +-0).1 + (t-O) A::l. ;- ( 1+ 0)( ()s-D).6.-

D.J D.2 D';
A
l
=

D)+D'1-
D+rY
D,)+ D4-

D

D

rP+D:2.
C++D'
D'-+OJ...
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3
D:1.
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D:L
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tr-+p3
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+ (1-+\)) (t?-D) A1 CD. \)
=- (l-f (3 3 D':l..t- 0
4
+ (OS'-D)
+( \-\ \)) (D'-b) (.:LP) \);L.
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IO
II
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'0 = :PI '17 "" yc, t 1'11.1. + 1)%I.
), :1i t 1b f
D1
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V'tZl
b
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l
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! (!>St-t>!-H) +1)5.1 t 1)(,1
2
1
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tom :.) :t)c.- =0 :::'7 1
SotVlw:\. fol' tc.. we. oJ = :DgI
o 0 Ie J _.2DI - 1>'1
2
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b !-2DI-0
6
!:z

-r(O.. I) ::
t,uJ\j
,(PI!): 0
5
r (z +'1)Sr )
.1 ... 2D1 - rf12
vJl;
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b SI 1:=1
D::Z
=

ipseJ-I- pSI)
(j-2 D1 -
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S
.l) 1 _ z5+z
10
Z [j-WI -[)'Izj I:l - (1 - 2Z_z,)2-
i>:.-z
CD
4.27 'r\ =
-co
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f
1
:: h(rt-k.;Jhtp-ji)J(;(J(3
-ee> -co
:: s"f" [(PC-pJ hiet-Jc.T) J
tt
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tt>
:: 1& Jh.(ti -itT) Jot =lJ, fa
2 .
-co 0

\ C\"oose, i: )jGtJf( Lie.T)dt
(IC)
: f
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co
1 r({-k:f) J!
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.: 5pCt-lc.TJ :
2
1'lw.s -\ok ill '/ .., .. , Yon. aU
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tJ-J
L lAkh(;l-kr)

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"'00 k-: -w a.a>
1J-1 tv
= Z. ui 4-f
k':.-JJ a
k.", tJ r..-
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o
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b1fz.
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o Gtft
(;.1/1.,
o

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A
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k
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G
l'kl\ 1" fa 1k. tf,
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lut
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t
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i1
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k
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l-\ (v):: h,U" = f(D) fCP- )
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fk

: 1. fof :l..(L
n - j, a (J
or
: Z. 0 f\.
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1
l
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:: fi [ f {jot Ult ! +f{k.t;.]
J;
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o0
f
cds -fur (oY
e:t-. s(f-QIres .f- +kt \YI- CM'\J
(tr-e +0 +srm fu
s-b..t'st\CS .
Let 71; + dj"'- \,.. The<
od-pv:t """do
. Jib
Chert' hcJ{f kvvnd; Pr l >0' <:. E [ e' 1 ' f> a
prt:ab. .:1..10. \,)
j 1
p-, =: Pr1_
L
z:-' >?= i-< :: Pr{ .. )0
,J-J .)=1)1 ) , .J
E l r (r;'-r.. )l J= IT E [ .etxt> c<))l
,J ..... , j \ ' , .J .) J
:J
=)1; E[ E[ -t1d-f(JI;'"+..,/)D

I>oNId E (l</) t E= :- .:l. Cb/ NoJ
E [ E/1: rf -r {1\]'4. )11 =- ( - tr t:) I (I tf )
E [ { e(7\) = VI -;Lf ' C f-1
.:J..f -:.,A 0 .(.A<: \.
P-J <-IT 4/XF [- .!1. \
"_I 1_).."- J+/\ J
.)-
< [' r f ]1
7
0<(<1 \-i). L- i1f No ==
t
b
) S,nCJl rno rnOie o..ft'r \( +j
OvYld 0. errtrr c.c.vn c.cu.\U m()
JH b7+ +he error )
tUJe. r Yl5.e.mb\Q cf- k c.tloJ.e / loS hCt\1)J-d?
.Po AI';)
.P\:> < ()t') -2.
3
P <L ()-t \) =
J :.: () .>;== 0 (\ :l )
/)
4.
) s v- the 0..\\ - SolOntJ g.oe.> l V\-tc) t-k
In \" J
-fnsm po.rh O-InJ o..f+e(
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tw-o d:rEf yeMA" s\ n0..\ s. 1u I a..re fert- cd\
'X, x' J Ia.,kl..s. CS"")\
D ((..t)heh ,-ther of cd-put
or , of odput..s 'a ,r)

S.:J. " Feed bo..c\::
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,
(
1h-ln \ts J\CJ.a
fWm
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T:: _I ..
o.L-. ) )
;=1
tJ (n .1 I"'\:l. OJ h H mt\ lV
A -::: l - J:. r + (-\) L. P.;.. of '" -+ (-\) L.. PA -+ .. L. P
.;=-\ k A:\ ,;:.\
l:: #. of 0.11 potsibtt N:::: # o-!
=- if:; of et trop.s.
H = \M"c5+ :# 01 1hGY\ lUbfs.
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h
6; -::: ct :::. thd fo.rt ()1 Ste5TlJ
1")\01- j.tb
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T(D, L, 1.-)
,- DLl. - DL L1. - PLI' DL L -r t>Ll' (DLLl.)
== p4 1 f 1.+ DL (1- DL:t)) = L
3

(4.3,;)
1- DL( ItL) 1- DL( \+L) "1..
aux- stili
1( D)::: D"'" 6., + Dl; -t D
6
6u t D' 6q. -t ... pll. 60/1
Zp hos ftrrn,;
ZB ::. '+ L.. \S
r I 'J (J
a\\ lln)F "W\ is Col.
Vv\+Cl{i'-)" Fcrr t scvme teAScrYl J hCl<) 1-4 .so.tmJl
(
,', Tc D) :=. 1+ Do.(D)
I.;. D bCD)
< Tc 1))\ _ 1+
l;. 2
'1
dl pI). ,n +kR.
lD",""" Gl'I)t csY\ I'
fn--m.;
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(6) ft,y +\u.. c.1.. q or cIDnrolu.\-l<ft\a..\
h en-- te:: "> 7 -tlc SMo..\\Qct
k
hQ./.l J'l.>+CvVtu D
th{?re1-t.Y \(t hCA.A
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\+2-
II../
(b) 't : the. oJyul 'f. fo tf. fOl"
k. fa... "l. w
hQJr
(" u1.. = td"" to
It: r fo........ b.Jow:
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l
'
fo-f,,fo-tf,)
/(,4,

0-(,'1
'1:: a..c..! + \4
1z: +ohTs
":i :: Cl-bl'!1- CA,I1s
1t\ ::. ().(.. -t (,f. T"
'\5: l'l. "to hI"
-r, : 0..\ 7
11: bclT
3
+Gb!17
z L, 5 , 7
1 0 0 0 C}I 0 0 0
2 be. 0 0 0 oJ, 0 0
3 MI. 0 0 0 o!. 0 0
0 o.C 0 0 0 c,1. 0
0 -r 0 0 0 b:! 0
'0 oabO 000."
1 0 0 bc,l 0 0 () a.b1

1: = f\ 1 + (:: 'Bi =[a.c! 0 0 0 0 0 0 ]
-i
l:.(:t-A)
- '.'
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---- ----------------
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We-'ft- 0.",'/ i')\. T(a.,lo)c-;, I ) :: b-r",
T (4.0)c..:."1) =[0 0 0 boo 0] I ::
:: ctbG I K
i4
Milt ,<;. fivst wluy..c:>I.) f0\.!..Ah.
of (1,,,, - A)- .
4.32(0-) lJ S" ="I.-I be. lk JcJe, we"
-\v.q,\\i1 d,'1
y
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0-" c", 0... Q.. Q,..
b G
We. io f',.J 1k r
J
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S
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JcJ
Or 1< oM :: t w,('tk, )"Z",) ""
= / lOde!) ) 1,(
b c.. d.
G. 0 j 2 J
{JlM(1)1)J; b f 0 1
c. 2 1 0 J
cl i 2. 0
JJ<.-A \&
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C1-Yt" w.. ...
J"S-
(b) ! L
+
=1 L: fC1IZIc.)f(1IZU
Ie. Y
",he.v-e... '%:k.:: f('"k) )( k.- J "2i..:: f (,( J"l<k.-I)
-sJ Q. Zk. '= 0... fot' cJl. k.
" : a...
%' .: b Oy z' =d
z.':: e"
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f
\.
(b)

_ .. \ _. __-"'_ ._ --.... 0. __ ...:......__ .u..-_.. _ "' _\l"4_i:'t' __ """", '"Y'"'"

(
oS:: ct-\G '\ s
= a.,.\,C
i-V
2
(b-tJ)s
_
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r (b)
.t.C1 I.t2-

rr if'" qM.ve..'or-- vJ\., ",;t\ we..
i ar(ft)
(G) $.5 Ilk- bve-
r 71
t
f.!)
0) _ \y.. ) j G =l"" s;.
= \v.. (i.ta)
J w
t
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(,
J blr let)
. fo(r) ::: (,.,., 2 {c.
.
Cd) g.G l"-V-tQ-f) ,
17<.,
---- .... _... "-'., -
(
(
/73
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(0..) t\:: l'ol j = k-2
bL
= Lb t...2: .. J.
t.1, (/..fK--j)1tt (l+k-lj'n /.tk,-J
Mo
rE L?e.,< L ;J.-
i -r] .)
bvl "'" \6 =') bl(FJr)/1Z:= :: ,;
\Z

<. L(2
b
-n e.. L.fI'C--J- .f<J'f 0 Lr .
.1- J
CY) J..J 'N =...b{zb_J) CA-,J L.. f=;>7i=e"1
j _2-bfEcrJ/p.rJ /.., u-J
So _lC- s ; .1-e a....J (\G-.1 JG )
L.,.U,-j Li
(
2.:i J...e-l: Lo::. kCvif .. ;
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SEQUENTIAL DECODING OF CODES 379
PROBLEMS
6.1 Apply the Holder inequality
to (6.2.11) through (6.2.13) to verify inequalities (6.2.15) through (6.2.17).
6.2 Suppose the metric defined in (6.1.2) is modified to utilize an arbitrary bias p. That is,
m(x.) = In [cl>'.lx
a
)]_ p
p(y.)
(a) Show that the correct path mean is positive and the incorrect mean negative, provided p< C.
(6.2.1ij-llueitgn .(60;2) 3) by rcpbcjpg R by p, aRd
il"liol. es be>Ht-R Bnd p, tiilA1e (6.2.17) Ortly-1il'O]'ff1r'" :J
-1et--Ei"e the nitti, eiil 6.2.1 ufosiiIg 11 /toft t) (choo!!, up 1) and thus
(t
. . :::-l Pr {C > L} < AL-UI./ll)(I-<1 0 S R Ro{l - )
1+(?(' l Y,. r1 <r -f1.. e. 5 ... the effect 011 e,....-p'""aai Ii I, (6.3.1 t .lId (6.3.1]) 10 ow th.t. ror low rales. (6.3.12) is
tee AV\ "r{)..I Q S f 0 replaced by
3. (, ) (). "oLe... 3. V) p. S; 02- ..." -... 0,;; R ,;; Ra(l - <)
f f
'> ( .' 6.3 If Pr {C L} = :ICC' where R = E.(p)/p, 0 < P < ex:> .
. 0 Y ( __ <) /. (a) Find the rate ROt below which the mean E(C) is finite.
. (b) Find the rate RI21 below which the second moment E{C2) is
(c) Find the rate R(ll below which the kth moment E{e
l
) is finite.
6.4 (Semisequential Decoding) Consider a constraint length K, rate bin, convolutional code of B
branches terminated by K - 1zeros. Suppose we station a genie at the end of the terminated code, and
that we utilize a maximum likelihood decoder of a code of shorter constraint length k S K. Precisely,
let the decoder and genie operate as follows:
1. Suppose k = 1and decode on this basis the entire B-branch code. If allthe right decisions are made,
the genie accepts the result; otherwise, he sends us back to the beginning and step 2.' _
2. Suppose k = 2 and repeat. Again the genie either accepts the result or sends us back to step 3.
3. Repeat for k = 3 and continue until either the genie accepts or k = K.
Using the results of Chap. 5, show that the probability that the number of computations per
branch exceeds 2
1
is upper-bounded by
(2" - l)r"U,l1l111l
Pr {C 2"} < D 1 _ r"d,(R)/R 0 < p < 1
and hence, letting L = 2"1
Pr {C > L} < D' C"
where R = E.(p)/p and D' is a constant independent of L.
6.5 (0) Show the relationship between
O<p<l
where /criL is given by (6.4.8) and k
Cril
is given by (5.5.5).
(b) Justify this result intuitively.
-----:---
(b.2.7)
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and
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