Calcium Carbonate: A Guide For GCSE Students

CALCIUM
CARBONATE
A guide for GCSE students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
2010
SPECIFICATIONS
CALCIUM CARBONATE
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students
understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements
of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and
it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white
board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry
topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and
created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their
use in any commercial work.
LIMESTONE
Limestone is made of calcium carbonate CaCO
3

Origin Formed in the sea millions of years ago
from the remains of shells

Found in places like the Peak District of Derbyshire

Extraction Quarried in large amounts
e.g. 150 million tonnes each year in the UK

IT IS AN IMPORTANT RAW MATERIAL

Use building material and road chippings
neutralising excess acid in lakes and soil
making cement and concrete

added to bread
added to toothpaste
LIMESTONE PRODUCTS ARE VERY USEFUL
GLASS
CONCRETE
CEMENT / MORTAR
especially in building houses
CARBONATES
Formulae All carbonates contain the CO
3
unit

The compounds are ionic; the formula is found by
balancing the charges of the ions

Carbonate ions have a 2- charge CO
3
2-

CALCIUM CARBONATE

CaCO
3

SODIUM CARBONATE

Na
2
CO
3

CARBONATES
3
unit

The compounds are ionic; the formula is found by
balancing the charges of the ions

Carbonate ions have a 2- charge CO
3
2-

CALCIUM CARBONATE

CaCO
3

SODIUM CARBONATE

Na
2
CO
3

CARBONATES
3
unit
Chemical
formula

sodium carbonate Na
2
CO
3

calcium carbonate CaCO
3

magnesium carbonate MgCO
3

copper carbonate CuCO
3

CARBONATES
3
unit
Chemical
formula

sodium carbonate Na
2
CO
3

calcium carbonate CaCO
3

magnesium carbonate MgCO
3

copper carbonate CuCO
3

PROCESSING LIMESTONE
Roasting Heating limestone very strongly makes it break up
The process is known as THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

calcium carbonate > calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

CaCO
3
> CaO + CO
2

Calcium oxide is also known as QUICKLIME
ACTION OF HEAT ON METAL CARBONATES
METHOD
Place a small amount of one of the
solid carbonates in a dry test tube.

Place about 2cm
3
of lime water in
another test tube. Heat the solid,
gently at first, then more strongly.

Test any gas with the limewater.
Appearance CO
2
produced
Calcium carbonate
CaCO
3
Copper carbonate
CuCO
3
Magnesium carbonate
MgCO
3
Zinc carbonate
ZnCO
3
Residue Conclusion
metal
carbonate
lime water
CO
2
ACTION OF HEAT ON METAL CARBONATES
WHITE
SOLID
Appearance CO
2
produced
Calcium
carbonate
CaCO
3
Copper
carbonate
CuCO
3
Magnesium
carbonate
MgCO
3
Sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
) also decomposes on heating but it requires more heat
than an ordinary bunsen burner can supply.
Zinc
carbonate
ZnCO
3
WHITE
SOLID
Calcium oxide
formed (needs very
strong heating)
BLACK
SOLID
Copper oxide
formed
WHITE
SOLID
Magnesium oxide
formed
YELLOW SOLID
WHICH TURNS
WHITE WHEN COOL

GREEN
SOLID

WHITE
SOLID
WHITE
SOLID

Residue Conclusion
Zinc oxide
formed
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF CARBONATES
All metal carbonates decompose when heated to form carbon dioxide and a
metal oxide. The process is known as THERMAL DECOMPOSITION


copper carbonate > copper oxide + carbon dioxide

magnesium carbonate > magnesium oxide + carbon dioxide

sodium carbonate * > sodium oxide + carbon dioxide

zinc carbonate > zinc oxide + carbon dioxide

* THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF GROUP I METAL CARBONATES
(SUCH AS SODIUM CARBONATE) REQUIRES A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF ENERGY
A BUNSEN BURNER IS NOT HOT ENOUGH

+
All metal carbonates decompose when heated to form carbon dioxide and a
metal oxide. The process is known as THERMAL DECOMPOSITION


copper carbonate > copper oxide + carbon dioxide

magnesium carbonate > magnesium oxide + carbon dioxide

sodium carbonate * > sodium oxide + carbon dioxide

zinc carbonate > zinc oxide + carbon dioxide

* THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF GROUP I METAL CARBONATES
(SUCH AS SODIUM CARBONATE) REQUIRES A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF ENERGY
A BUNSEN BURNER IS NOT HOT ENOUGH

CaCO
3
> CaO + CO
2

CuCO
3
> CuO + CO
2

MgCO
3
> MgO + CO
2

Na
2
CO
3
> Na
2
O + CO
2

ZnCO
3
> ZnO + CO
2

+
+
+
+
+
Write out the chemical equations
CaCO
3
> CaO + CO
2

CuCO
3
> CuO + CO
2

MgCO
3
> MgO + CO
2

Na
2
CO
3
> Na
2
O + CO
2

ZnCO
3
> ZnO + CO
2

+
+
+
+
+
QUICKLIME
Calcium oxide CaO

Reacts with water to form SLAKED LIME (CALCIUM HYDROXIDE)

calcium oxide + water > calcium hydroxide + HEAT

CaO + H
2
O > Ca(OH)
2

Use added to soil to make it less acidic
added to lakes which have been polluted by acid rain
SLAKED LIME & LIME WATER
Lime water is a solution of calcium hydroxide in water
it is an alkali
it is used to test for the gas carbon dioxide
(limewater goes cloudy if CO
2
is present)

calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide > calcium carbonate + water

Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
> CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
LIMESTONE CYCLE
AQUEOUS
CALCIUM
HYDROXIDE
(lime water)
SOLID CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (slaked lime)
CALCIUM CARBONATE (limestone)
CALCIUM
OXIDE
(quicklime)
CEMENT, CONCRETE & GLASS
All three rely on limestone for their manufacture

CEMENT powdered clay
powdered limestone
mix and roast them in a rotary kiln

MORTAR cement
sand
water

mortar is a thin form of concrete used for bricklaying


CONCRETE cement - bonds aggregate together
sand
powdered rock or chippings
water - makes it easier to work with
- causes a chemical reaction to harden the cement

allow the mixture to dry slowly (set)
you get a very hard solid
it is much stronger than simple cement

CONCRETE cement - bonds aggregate together
sand
powdered rock or chippings
water - makes it easier to work with
- causes a chemical reaction to harden the cement

You choose the correct mixture for the job you are doing

foundations, driveways cement (1) large chippings (4)
paths cement (1) small chippings (3)
filling cracks, holes cement (1) coarse sand (3)

you must not add too much water otherwise it takes ages to dry
dont let it set too quickly otherwise it cracks
avoid laying concrete when it is frosty - it disintegrates

For plastering walls GYPSUM is used; it is a form of calcium sulphate

GLASS made by heating a mixture of

limestone - calcium carbonate
sand - silica
soda - sodium carbonate

+ small amounts of other chemicals can be added to make special glass

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH CARBONATES
All carbonates react with acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water.
It is an example of a NEUTRALISATION REACTION

CARBONATE + ACID > A SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER

Everyday examples

Bad - acid rain attacks limestone rocks in the countryside
- monuments and statues are attacked

Good - carbonates can neutralise excess acid in the stomach



THE SALT THAT IS FORMED DEPENDS ON
THE METAL CARBONATE AND THE ACID USED



THE SALT THAT IS FORMED DEPENDS ON
THE METAL CARBONATE AND THE ACID USED

HYDROCHLORIC ACID produces CHLORIDES
NITRIC ACID produces NITRATES
SULPHURIC ACID produces SULPHATES


calcium + hydrochloric > calcium + carbon + water
carbonate acid chloride dioxide

sodium + sulphuric > sodium + carbon + water
carbonate acid sulphate dioxide

copper + nitric > copper + carbon + water
carbonate acid nitrate dioxide






















magnesium + nitric > magnesium + carbon + water

zinc + hydrochloric > zinc + carbon + water

sodium + nitric > sodium + carbon + water

zinc + sulphuric > zinc + carbon + water

copper + sulphuric > copper + carbon + water

potassium + hydrochloric > potassium + carbon + water


magnesium + nitric > magnesium + carbon + water

zinc + hydrochloric > zinc + carbon + water

sodium + nitric > sodium + carbon + water

zinc + sulphuric > zinc + carbon + water

copper + sulphuric > copper + carbon + water

potassium + hydrochloric > potassium + carbon + water

AQA C1.2.1 Calcium carbonate - summary
a) Limestone, mainly composed of the compound calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
), is
quarried and can be used as a building material.

b) Calcium carbonate can be decomposed by heating (thermal decomposition) to
make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

c) The carbonates of magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium and sodium decompose on
heating in a similar way to give carbon dioxide and the metal oxide.
Not all carbonates of metals in Group 1 of the periodic table decompose at the
temperatures reached by a Bunsen burner.

d) Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide, which is an
alkali that can be used in the neutralisation of acids.

e) A solution of calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide
to produce calcium carbonate. Limewater is used as a test for carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy.

f) Carbonates (eg Mg, Cu, Zn, Ca, Na) react with acids to produce carbon dioxide,
a salt and water. Limestone is damaged by acid rain.

g) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to
make mortar and with sand and aggregate to make concrete.
CALCIUM
CARBONATE

THE END
2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

Calcium Carbonate: A Guide For GCSE Students

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