Computational Fluid Dynamics:

multiphase flow
By:
Dr. Alam Nawaz Khan Wardag
Department of Chemical Engineering, PIEAS, Islamabad.
Email: alam@pieas.edu.pk
Office: H block
Layout of Lectures

Classification by Nature of Phases
Flow Regime Classification
Characteristics of Classes
Multiphase Modeling Approaches


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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Gas-Liquid or Liquid-Liquid Flows
Bubbly Flow:
discrete gaseous or fluid bubbles in a
continuous fluid
E.g. : absorbers, aeration, air lift pumps, cavitation,
evaporators, flotation, scrubbers
Droplet Flow:
discrete fluid droplets in a continuous gas
E.g. absorbers, atomizers, combustors, cryogenic
pumping, dryers, evaporation, gas cooling, scrubbers




Classification by Nature of Phases
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
Slug Flow:
large bubbles in a continuous fluid
E.g. large bubble motion in pipes or tanks

Stratified/Free-Surface Flow:
immiscible fluids separated by a clearly-
defined interface
E.g. sloshing in offshore separator devices, boiling
and condensation in nuclear reactors



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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
LIQUID-SOLID FLOWS
Slurry Flow:
transport of solid particles in liquids.
E.g. slurry transport, mineral processing
Hydrotransport:
Densely-distributed solid particles in a continuous
liquid
E.g. mineral processing, biomedical and physiochemical
fluid systems
Sedimentation:
Settling of solid particles in a column of liquid.
E.g. mineral processing




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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
m


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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
GAS-SOLID FLOWS
Particle-laden Flow:
Discrete Solid Particles in a continuous gas.
E.g. cyclone separators, air classifiers, dust collectors,
and dust-laden environmental flows

Pneumatic Transport:
Conveying of Solid Particles by gas in Pipelines.
e.g. transport of cement, grains, and metal powders

Fluidized Beds:
Solid Particles suspended in a upward flowing gas.
e.g. fluidized bed reactors, circulating fluidized beds


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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
GELDART CLASSIFICATION

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
DRAG FORCE


The drag coefficient is defined as the ratio of the
force on the particle and the fluid dynamic pressure
caused by the fluid times the area projected by the
particles


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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Skin Friction Skin Friction / Form Drag Skin Friction / Form Drag Form Drag
Classification by Nature of Phases
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
m


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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
THREE PHASE FLOWS
Bubbles in a Slurry Flow
Droplets and Particles in Gaseous flow



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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Traditional Flow Regime Maps
1. Bubbly
2. Slug
3. Churn
4. Annular

The Basis is Flow Topology
j
l
= 1
m/s
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Flow Regimes
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes
Classification by Flow Regimes
Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes




Classification by Flow Regimes
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Flow Regimes
Gas Solid Flow
Regimes
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases
Two Phase Flow (with phase change)


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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Approaches to Multiphase Modeling
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Euler-Lagrange Approach
Euler-Euler Approach
Eulerian Model
Eulerian Granular Phase Model
Mixture Model
Volume Of Fluid (VOF) Model



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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
DPM
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Euler-Lagrange Approach
Discrete Phase Modeling
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Introduction to DPM
23

Calculation of the discrete phase trajectory using a
Lagrangian formulation that includes
discrete phase inertia
hydrodynamic drag
force of gravity
both steady and unsteady flows

Dispersion of particles due to turbulent eddies
present in the continuous phase

Heating/cooling of the discrete phase

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Introduction to DPM (contd.)

Vaporization and boiling of liquid droplets
Combusting particles, including volatile
evolution and char combustion to simulate
Coal combustion
Optional coupling of the continuous phase
flow field prediction to the discrete phase
calculations
Droplet breakup and coalescence



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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Introduction to DPM (contd.)
Discrete phase should be very small ( < 10%)
Discrete Phase mass-fraction can be large
The model is appropriate for the modeling of:
spray dryers
coal and liquid fuel combustion
Inappropriate for:
modeling of liquid-liquid mixtures
fluidized beds
any application where the volume fraction of the
second phase is not negligible
See Fluent user guide for coupling of DPM &
other models e.g combustion, reactions etc.



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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
DPM Theoretical Bases

Fluid Phase:
Eulerian formulation as a single phase fluid with
or without turbulence.

Dispersed Phase:
Individual particle motion is traced through
particle equation of motion.



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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Force Balance


U
p
= particle velocity
F
D
= Drag Force


F
x
= Any Other force
Both forces are as
Force/particle mass
(~acceleration)

Particle Equations of Motion
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Virtual Mass Force
Force (rate of momentum) required to accelerate
the surrounding fluid
Significant for very small particle (d
p
~ microns)
and when >
p
Remember boundary layer around particles are
not captured.
Calculated as:

Pressure gradient force:
Other Forces, F
x

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Thermo-phoretic force
When particle is in fluid with temperature
gradient


D
T,p
is the thermo-phoretic coefficient, to be
provided by user

Other Forces, F
x

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Or use the Talbot formula for Thermo-phoretic
force:
Other Forces, F
x

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Brownian Force
For very small particles

Saffmans Lift force:
This is lift force due to shear (particle in a velocity
gradient region)

Other Forces, F
x

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Euler-Euler Approach
Eulerian (two-fluid) Model
Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Overview
The Eulerian multiphase model allows multiple
separate, yet interacting phases.
The phases can be liquids, gases, or solids in nearly
any combination.
An Eulerian treatment is used for each phase
Any number of secondary phases can be modeled
(memory is the limit).
For complex multiphase flows, however, you may find
that your solution is limited by convergence behavior

Eulerian Model
Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
A single pressure is shared by all phases.
Momentum and continuity equations are solved for
each phase.
Several interphase drag coefficient functions are
available, which are appropriate for various types of
multiphase regimes. (You can also modify the
interphase drag coefficient through user-defined
functions, as described in the separate UDF Manual.)
All of the k-e turbulence models are available, and
may apply to all phases or to the mixture


Eulerian Model contd.
Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Conservation of Mass for Phase q
A separate mass balance equation is solved for every
phase q





q
is the volume fraction of q
th
phase





Conservation Equations
Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Conservation of Momentum
A separate momentum balance equation is solved for
every phase q





q
is the q
th
stress-strain tensor

Conservation Equations
Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Limitations
Particle tracking (using the Lagrangian
dispersed phase model) interacts only with
the primary phase.
Inviscid flow is not allowed.
Melting and solidification are not allowed.
Sharp Interfaces cannot be captured
Eulerian Model
Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Euler- Euler Approach
Euler-Granular Phase Model
For dense particulate flows, the DPM cannot
be used due to significant volume fraction of
solid phase
Solid phase is modeled as a special type of
fluid using Kinetic Theory of Gases
This Granular fluid has special correlations
for
Granular Pressure
Granular Viscosity
Granular Temperature


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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
EGPM
Granular Phase modeled as Dense Gas

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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
EGPM contd.
Viscosity models for Solid phase

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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
EGPM Governing Equation
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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
EGPM Governing Equations Contd.
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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
EGPM Governing Equations Contd.

Various closure relations are used to model
the solid phase flow behavior
The three most common are
Gidaspow: good for dense fluidized bed applications.
Syamlal: good for a wide range of applications.
Sinclair: good for dilute and dense pneumatic transport
lines and risers.

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
EGPM

OpenFOAM simulation of granular flow

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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Algebraic Slip (Mixture) Model
Solves one set of momentum equations for
the mass averaged velocity and tracks
volume fraction of each fluid throughout
domain.
Assumes an empirically derived relation for
the relative velocity of the phases.
For turbulent flows, single set of turbulence
transport equations solved.
This approach works well for flow fields
where both phases generally flow in the
same direction.



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7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
ASM Governing Equations
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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
ASM Governing Equations contd.
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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
ASM Governing Equations contd.
Slip Velocity and Drag


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7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
ASM Governing Equations contd.
Limitations


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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Volume of Fluid Model
This is an Interface Tracking Method
Other such methods are
Level set method
Moving front method
Applied to immiscible fluids with clearly defined
interface.
Shape of the interface is of interest.
Typical problems:
Jet breakup.
Motion of large bubbles in a liquid.
Motion of liquid after a dam break.
Steady or transient tracking of any liquid-gas
interface.


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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
VOF contd.
Transient VOF simulation of Liquid Gas
interface


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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
VOF Governing Equations
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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
VOF Governing Equations contd.
The Volume Fraction equation is solved to
track interface




There are two schemes for interface
definition
Piecewise linear scheme
Donor-acceptor scheme

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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
VOF Governing Equations contd.
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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Actual Interface
Piecewise Linear
Scheme
Donor-Acceptor
Scheme
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Porous Media Flow Modeling

There are two main approaches to model
single or multiphase flow in Porous media

Microscopic i.e. Pore scale modeling
Macroscopic modeling

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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Pore-scale Modeling

This requires resolving of every particle and
the interstitial spaces on mesh level
The usual equation for transport phenomena
are solved with particles as solid boundaries
Computationally expensive
Find application in research and
development of better macroscopic models

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Pore-scale Modeling
CFD simulation of flow at Pore-scale level

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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Macroscopic modeling

The Pore-scale modeling approach cannot be
used at an industrial scale
Overall flow patterns are more important in
practical applications
The porous medium is modeled as a
momentum sink in the Navier-Stokes
equation
Two type of models exist
Darcian model (for Stoke flow)
Non-Darcian model (for Inertial flow)

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Porous Flow Model Governing Equations

Darcian law for Porous medium
The pressure gradient due to Porous medium is
given as


is the permeability coefficient for the porous
medium
is the viscosity of fluid
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Short Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Porous Flow Model Governing Equations

NonDarcian (inertial) flow coefficient
This is given as



C
2
is the inertial pressure loss coefficient

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
Porous Flow Model Governing Equations

The Momentum Sink term including both
Darcian and Non-Darcian terms for ith
direction is

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow
END

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Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics:
Multiphase Flow