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Fig. 3. 21. Using V gate for Quantum Tomography
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3!.! 'ENERA)IZIN' QUANTUM FUZZY M#$E)
!n important question to as) while generalizing a Quantum uzzy $odel is# 9as we can
create a quantum realization of standard fuzzy logic [Raghuvanshi08! can we use these
concepts to e"tend the notions and applications of fuzzy quantum circuits#$! and %what
additional possibilities the fuzzy quantum circuit has over the standard fuzzy circuits#$
This new quantum fuzzy model uses con&unction# dis&unction and complement 3";T4
operations 15aghuvanshi6E2. =omplement is a basic one-argument operator. The truth
function of negation has to be non-increasing 3and assign 6 to ( and vice versa4B the
function " / x 3Uu)asiewicz negation4 is the best )nown candidate used in most logics.
,owever# we apply the standard ";T operator used in quantum circuits# which is a
pro&ection 3+auli G rotation4 on a Bloch -phere. %t operates then similar to fuzzy negation
when the arguments are on one meridian of the -phere with phase 6 15aghuvanshi6E2#
but it operates in a more general way when an arbitrary point on the Bloch/s sphere is its
argument. =on&unction 3t-norm# IM4 is a two-argument operator. %n Basic uzzy
+ropositional <ogic# this is typically the Jminimum/ operator# but we do not use minimum
as t-norm. -imilarly# Fis&unction 3t-conorm# s-norm# MI4 is another two-argument operator#
usually Jma"imum/ operator# but we do not use maximum either as the s-norm. ;perators
MI# IM and - must satisfy the following Fe $organ/s <aws.
3(4 - 3! MI B4 P -! IM -B# and
384 - 3! IM B4 P -! MI -B.
We wanted to satisfy these basic principles when we defined the operators in fuzzy
quantum model 15aghuvanshi6E2. We will show below how to define these operators
that will allow any points on the Bloch -phere to be arguments of our operators. ;ther
single-qubit and many-qubit quantum operators 3represented by @nitary $atrices4 can
become additional operators of our extended fuzzy quantum model. $any new operators
can be thus defined when we create extended fuzzy-li)e system using quantum circuits.
The operators include the well-)nown single-qubit operators such as ,adamard *ate#
+hase *ate# -quare-5oot-of-";T and its ,ermitian# =ontrolled-0 3=ontrolled--quare-
5oot-of-";T4# and many others. The single-qubit operators can play the role of fuzzy
membership functions but in addition they change phases of points on the Bloch/s -phere
3quantum states4. The next question is %what is the use of these e"tended operators from
the logic point of view#$! %what &ind of logic domain is modeled by the surface of the
'loch (phere and by )ilbert (pace in general#$
We define the quantum fuzzy set using a meridian on Bloch -phere# with "orth +ole Q6
representing 6 3false4 and -outh +ole Q( representing ( 3truth4. 0alues along the meridian
are ta)en to represent the 16# (2 interval of fuzzy logic# where pure quantum state 3a point
on surface of the sphere4 3(I843 Q6 N Q(4 represents fuzzy value V by its measurement.
%n all these systems three gates are of main importance? %nverter# =on&unction and
Fis&unction.
Fig. 3.22. Mapping single-qubit quantum states from a meridian (or a full Sphere) to interval [0, 1] of
standard fuzzy logic values.
N#T0A1 or -A! %nverter is defined as rotation around G axis? *uzzy +uantum ,ot -./0
0 1/23 4 1 /0 0 . /2 where the square of the 3in general complex4 value associated
with )et Q( is the probability of obtaining a J(/ measurement. When repeated many times#
the average is an equivalent of fuzzy value in interval 16# (2. This is done in ensemble
computing.
AN$0A2 &1 or 340A2 &1 or A5&! =on&unction operator is defined in the same way as
quantum !"F# i.e. Toffoli gate with one qubit initialized to Q6. The definition of uzzy
Quantum =on&unction ;perator is thus the following?
*uzzy +uantum 56 -.2/0 0 .7/2! 12/0 0 17/2 3 4 8avio -.2/0 0 .7/2! 12/0 0 17/2!
03 4 -.2/0 0 .7/23 9 -12/0 0 17/23 /0.
This is shown in ig. '.8C and derived below. %nput is Rronec)er +roduct of three parallel
input qubits?
*iven this input# the output is calculated using the matrix of the Toffoli *ate.
*ig. :. 7:. ;alculations for quantum fuzzy conjunction operator.
The output therefore is ?
.212/000 0 .217/020 N .712/200 N .717/222 P 3.212/00 0 .217/02 N .712/203
Q6 N 3.717/223 /2 0e6ua7ion 3!"1
This implies that the probability of measurement of J(/ is Q.717Q
7
*ig. :.7<. 8ata for calculations for quantum fuzzy conjunction operator and its realization as a =offoli gate
where the 8avio output R is measured. +ubits and are the arguments.
#R0A2 &1 or 430A2 &1 or A @ &! ;5 is defined in the same way as quantum dis&unction#
so it is defined by the circuit from ig. '. 8D.
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*ate Toffoli
*ig. :.7>. 8ata for calculations for quantum fuzzy disjunction operator and its realization as a =offoli gate
where the 8avio output R is measured.
"ow we can do similar calculations are before?
*ig. :.7?. ;alculations for quantum fuzzy disjunction operator.
The output therefore is ?
.717/002 0 .712/022 N .217/202 N .212/220 P 3.717/00 0 .712/02 N .217/203
Q( N 3.212/223 /0 0e6ua7ion 3!%1
This implies that the probability of measurement of J6/ is Q.212Q
7
.
Because Q.212Q
7
N Q
.217Q
7
N Q.712/
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N Q.717Q
7
P ( thus the probability of measuring Q( is Q.217Q
7
N Q.712/
7
N
Q.717Q
7
as it should be to satisfy the fuzzy logic axioms. The internal quantum states do
not satisfy the rules of fuzzy logic. or instance# even commutativity does not hold. The
internal states include much more information than their measured states but this
information is not easily accessible and is usually entangled. These facts# however# give
quite new interpretation possibilities of circuits/ behaviors as reasoning# perceptions#
emotions or motions.
Based on the well-)nown quantum realization of Toffoli gate 1"ielsen662# only five
controlled gates 3two =ontrolled-0# one =ontrolled-0
N
and two eynman gates4 are
necessary to calculate not only the fuzzy quantum operator IM 3!"F4 but also other 8-
variable operators using only technology-realizable two-qubit primitives 1<u)ac682. We
have also shown that fuzzy quantum operator MI can be designed with only five two-qubit
primitives 3and no inverters4. *ates such as =ontrolled-,adamard# =ontrolled-0#
=ontrolled-0
N
are also used as additional
one-argument operators# in which one input is
initialized to a constant 16# (2. This way many quantum operators such as -!IMB# !
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*ate Toffoli
B# etc can be created using definitions of the basic operators defined in our new model.
=lassical binary gates of quantum logic such as red)in# $iller and eynman can be also
used in the proposed extended fuzzy quantum systems.
<et us loo) at how Jfuzziness/ is created by an ensemble quantum computer 3ig. '.874. %f
+Q together represent the uzzy output# then probability of +Q being 6 is 8DW#
probability of +Q being 6.D is D6W# and probability of +Q being ( is 8DW. This
corresponds to fuzzy logic with degrees of membership corresponding to these
probabilities. -caling it to 8#C#>#(L processors of the ensemble quantum computer gets it
more closer to continuous fuzzy logic# but individual internal states still show
entanglement and constrained behaviors. %f we go to infinity with the number of
processors in the ensemble quantum computer# we get a continuous fuzzy set with very
fine granularity. %ncreasing the number of processors is possible as processors in "$5
for instance are &ust molecules. "ow such computers must be cooled so they are large but
recent research efforts speculate about designing room temperature quantum computers
and even claim that quantum computing exists in nature and that some 9algae and
bacteria may have been performing quantum calculations at life-friendly temperatures for
billions of years: 1QuantumBiology2. %t is amazing that such complexity exists in life#
and this shows us that there is a lot that we can learn from nature.
*ig. :.7@. Allustration of interpreting *uzziness in an ensemble computer with two processors.
%t is the entanglement that ma)es the uzzy Quantum circuits different from circuits that
model various types of logic. <et us discuss measurement in ig. '.8D. When it happens
that the measurement in qubit 5 gives the result ( then the qubits and also collapse to
value ( 3this results directly from Aquation '.(4. These values are used in next
calculations of other functions that involve qubits and . This is a phenomenon that
does not occur in standard fuzzy sets? the result of measurement 3observation4 affects the
state of the argument. %t is li)e if people are voting for a @- +resident and if happens that
$r. 5 is selected then all who may or may not have voted for him change their opinion as
the result of the election outcome to become supporters of $r. 5. %f however the
measurement in qubit 5 happens to be a 6# then qubits and do not collapse to fixed
values but remain in 3non-maximum4 entanglement state 3.212/00 0 .217/02 N .712/
203. This entangled state may be an argument input given to other gates 3and
measurements4 in other quantum agents processing the data qubits and .
<et us assume now that qubit is Q(. !ssume also that the argument qubit is in the
9=at -tate: 3i.e. the half-dead half-alive state of -chr.dinger cat4 0"3%10 89 : 8"1! Then
i; e <easure on=> 6u?i7 R2 7he 6u?i7s @o==aAse 7o s7a7es 8"99 or 8""" 3order from
top4# which means that qubit is always the same as the decision qubit 5. This circuit
emulates therefore the Ainstein-+odols)y-5osen experiment in which qubits # and 5
are maximally entangled. We can say that because person votes absolutely 9yes:# he
gives the qubit the opportunity to collapse always to the same decision state as the
decision qubit 5. This is only more simple example of the dynamics of several quantum
agents simulating states# decisions# emotions and reasoning.
ig. '.8> concludes this part of research in its analysis of human and robotic behaviors
and how they map to Quantum fuzzy circuits.
Element Modeled by
Emotional States One or more
emotions
Qubits
Collection of emotions or emotional
agents
Multiple Qubits
Multiple Individuals Multiple Qubits
Relationships Quantum
Circuits
Internal Emotions Multiple conflicting
fast changing emotions may be present
at the same time
Internal
Quantum states
BEORE
measurement
Observed behavior governed by
predominant emotions
States !"ER
measurement
Instant behaviors More randomness
and unpredictability
Small number of
measurements
#ersonalities $ong term behaviors%
less randomness
$arge number of
measurements
"elepathic connections Once
connected individuals% no& separated%
can have dependent behaviors
Quantum
Entanglement
*ig. :. 78. Blements of )uman 'ehavior and the new model introduced in the presented wor&.
Boolean
Logic
Fuzzy Logic Quantum
Fuzzy Circuit
model
'hat is the
input state(
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number
bet&een *
and +
!ny point on
the Bloch
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'hat is the
output state(
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number
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+- Measured
output is a pair
of fu..y value
and + and probability
/- "he state is
in multi0
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2umber of
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One One Ensemble
Measurement +0+
3eterministic
+0+
3eterministic
#robabilistic
2umber and
type of
measurement
apparatuses
+ + !ny number
and type of
measurements
Entanglement 2o 2o 4es
Internal state 2o 2o 4es
*ig. :.7C. 8escribes how the +uantum *uzzy ;ircuit model is different than other logic systems.
The fuzzy quantum circuits introduced in 15aghuvanshi6E2 and extended and explained
here further are based on extended fuzzy concepts and do not satisfy internally some
axioms of any algebra of fuzzy logic. The logic of their operation is neither fuzzy logic
1Trillas6(2 nor quantum logic 1Bir)choff'L2. This model is useful to simulate new types
of behaviors of fuzzy quantum circuits that are not possible with either standard fuzzy
logic or with complex fuzzy logic. Aspecially the concepts of entanglement and partial
measurement are new to modeling fuzzy systems. ig. '.8E discusses these aspects in
more detail. The new model was used by me to evolve behaviors of humanoid robots
with a genetic algorithm 15aghuvanshi6>2.
We plan to further investigate the mathematical properties of the fuzzy quantum systems.
We plan also to compare them to various types of complex fuzzy logic 1Fic)6D2 and
quantum logic 1+y)aczEE# Titani6'2. The entangled versus non-entangled robot behaviors
with fuzzy and quantum fuzzy evolved controllers can be also compared and analyzed in
our future wor). !nother research opportunity is that the controller is a quantum 3in
particular reversible4 circuit# so it can be not only evolved but also synthesized from
examples as an incompletely specified function or as a state machine 1Rumar6>#
<u)ac6>2 using inductive learning. These methods are similar to group theory
decompositions that we applied already to 5ubi)/s cube and other permutation games
15aghuvanshi6E!2# and we hope that our software can be adapted for these tas)s.
3!B! Con@=usion
This research created several realistic humanoid robots. The methodology of research
was the following? 3(4 learning from papers# boo)s# and the internet about various new
concepts related to quantum-ness# emotions and intelligence# 384 programming some of
these concepts# 3'4 modeling them on my robots and analyzing resulting robot behaviors#
3C4 trying to find some theoretical unifying principles for the methods presented by other
authors# through experiments with robots and through software written and tested.
This chapter will be extended to find several practical applications in the entertainment
and animation industry. The models developed here are also valuable tools for learning
and teaching in high schools. @sing robots to teach quantum logic to teens is a new idea
which will be further expanded 1ref papers from %srael2. !n entirely new concept of
modeling uzzy logic with Quantum =ircuits was created# modified# improved and tested
on robots. =urrently# this model is applicable to mapping emotions and generating
realistic behaviors. Aspecially the concepts of entanglement and partial measurement are
new to fuzzy logic. This new logic to evolve behaviors of humanoid robots with a genetic
algorithm 15aghuvanshi6>2# will be applied to concrete quantum fuzzy circuits for more
more applications in future.
%t is well )nown that fuzzy logic has important applications in robotics# image processing#
decision ma)ing and industrial automation# and other 10ada))epat672. uzzy quantum
circuits can be even more useful. irst# we can observe that# realizing fuzzy logic in
quantum would be valuable as one would be able to integrate large fuzzy quantum
circuits into quantum computers# because of the predicted low power consumption and
high processing power of such computers. "ext# they could be integrated into generalized
quantum algorithms such as *rover. or instance# an example continuous version of
*rover was presented in 1Arma)ov682. The concepts of continuous variables in quantum
information are presented in 1Braunstein6D2. !pplications in Quantum "eural "ets are
discussed in 1+urushothamanE72. Therefore generalizations will be created for fuzzy
quantum circuits realizing standard fuzzy logic# as such circuits realize &ust a variant of
continuous quantum logic.
;ther applications of this new approach include creating a more efficient way of mapping
speech to lip motions and creating or displaying human-li)e emotions on a humanoid
robot. urthermore# robotics can be used to teach young )ids about complex ideas such as
Quantum circuits# computing and logic.
3!C! *orks Ci7ed
1Brawn6L2 =h. Brawn# ". $etzger# S. Biamonte# $. <u)ac# !. !ula)h# %. Fevanath# $.
-a&)ows)i# T. -tenzel# F.,. Rim# T. -asao and $. +er)ows)i# ,exor# a Wal)ing and
Tal)ing 5obot with Quantum and uzzy %nference# +roc. @<-% 866L.
1Fic)6D2 -. Fic)# 9Toward =omplex uzzy <ogic:# %AAA Transations on uzzy -ystems#
0ol ('# "o. '# Sune 866D.
1*iesec)e6L2 ". *iesec)e# Ternary Quantum <ogic# $.-. thesis# +-@# Fept A=A# 866L.
1Rim6L2 F.-,. Rim# =h. Brawn# $. -a&)ows)i# T. -tenzel# T. -asao# S. !llen# $. <u)ac#
T. Wang and $. +er)ows)i# !rtificial %mmune-"euro-uzzy -ystem to control a
wal)ing robot ,exor# +roc. @<-% 866L.
1<u)ac6'2 $. <u)ac# $. +er)ows)i# ,. *oi# $. +ivtorai)o# =h-,. Hu# R. =hung# ,. See#
B.*. Rim# and H-F. Rim# Avolutionary approach to Quantum and 5eversible =ircuits
synthesis# !rtificial %ntelligence 5eview Sournal# -pecial %ssue on !rtificial
%ntelligence in <ogic Fesign# -. Hanush)evich guest editor# 866'.
1<u)ac6L2 $. <u)ac# 5obots# Amotions# %ncompleteness and Quantum =omputing#
+h.F.
Thesis in preparation# +-@# 866L.
1<u)ac6>2 $. <u)ac# and $. +er)ows)i# 9%nductive <earning and Quantum Behaviors#:
acta @niversitatis# -er. Alec. Ang. 0ol. 86# "o. '# Fecember 8667# pp. DL(-D>L.
1"ielsen662 $. !. "ielsen# and %.<. =huang# 9Quantum =omputation and Quantum
%nformation#: =ambridge @niversity +ressB ( edition# -eptember 8666.
1+er)ows)i6L2 $. +er)ows)i# Quantum !lgorithms for 5obot 0ision# report# +-@
%ntelligent 5obotics <aboratory# 866L.
1+er)ows)i6L!2 $. +er)ows)i# Quantum 5obots for Teenagers# boo) in preparation#
866L.
1+lutchi)6>2 +lutchi) Webpage# http?IIwww.fractal.orgI Bewustzi&ns-Besturings-
$odelI"ature-of-emotions.htm
15aghuvanshi6L2 !. 5aghuvanshi# Frive Rinematics in Quantum Braitenberg 0ehicles#
5eport# 866L.
15aghuvanshi672 !. 5aghuvanshi# H. an# $. Woy)e# and $. +er)ows)i# 9Quantum
5obots for Teenagers:# +roceedings of the '7th %nternational -ymposium on $ultiple-
0alued <ogic# $ay (' - (L# 8667.
15aghuvanshi6>2 !. 5aghuvanshi and $. +er)ows)i# 9@sing uzzy Quantum <ogic to
learn facial gestures of a -chr.dinger =at puppet for robot theatre#: +roceedings of
5ead-$uller. Fallas Texas. 866>.
15aghuvanshi6E2. !. 5aghuvanshi and $. +er)ows)i# 9uzzy Quantum =ircuits to
$odel Amotional Behaviors of ,umanoid 5obots#: +roceedings of %nternational
Wor)shop on +ost-Binary @<-% -ystems. ;)inawa# Sapan. 866E.
15aghuvanshi6E!2. 9*roup Theory for the 5ubi)/s =ube# +ermutation +uzzles# and
Quantum 5eversible <ogic.: 866E.
3!D! *orks Consu=7ed
1Braunstein6D2 -. <. Braunstein# and +. 0an <ooc)# 9Quantum %nformation with
=ontinuous 0ariables:. 5eviews of $odern +hysics# 0ol. 77# !pril 866D. p. D(C.
1Bae6D2 1(E2 S. ,. Bae# =h-B Bae# *.B <ee# F.,. Rim# $. +er)ows)i and $.,.!. Rhan#
$inimization of Ternary and $ixed Binary-Ternary +ermutative Quantum =ircuits#
submitted. 866D.
1BenioffE>2 1(62 +. Benioff# Quantum 5obots and Anvironments# +hys. 5ev. ! D>#
pp.>E'XE6C# %ssue 8# !ugust (EE>.
1Benioff6(2 1((2 +. Benioff# -pace -earches with a Quantum 5obot# arGiv?quant-
phI666'66L v8 8L Sun 866(
1Bir)hoff'L2 *. Bir)hoff# S. von "eumann. 9The <ogic of Quantum $echanics.: The
!nnals of $athematics# -econd -eries# 0ol. '7# "o. C. ;ctober# (E'L.
1Braitenberg>L2 182 0. Braitenberg# 0ehicles? Axperiments in -ynthetic +sychology.
$%T +ressB 5eprint edition 3(E>L4
1Broo)s>L2 1>2 5. Broo)s? ! 5obust <ayered =ontrol -ystem for a $obile 5obot# %AAA
Sournal 5Y!# 0o(.8# "o.Y pp.(C-8'# (E>L.
1Broo)sE(2 1E2 5. Broo)s# 9%ntelligence without reason:# +roc. of the %S=!%-E(# pp. DLE-
DED# (EE(
1Fhawan6>2 -. Fhawan# !. 5aghuvanshi# H. an# . Khao# H. Wang and $. +er)ows)i#
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submitted.
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version of the *rover algorithm# +hysical 5eview# ! LL# 6C8'(6# 8668.
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1Rhan2 1C2 $. ,. !. Rhan and $. +er)ows)i# *enetic !lgorithms Based -ynthesis of
$ulti-;utput Ternary unctions @sing Quantum =ascade of *eneralized Ternary
*ates# special issue of %nternational Sournal on $ultiple-0alued <ogic and -oft
=omputing# Tat&ana Ralganova# editor.
1Rhan6L2 . Rhan# and $. +er)ows)i# 9-ynthesis of ,ybrid and d-0alued Quantum
<ogic =ircuits by Fecomposition#: Theoretical =omputer -cience# 0olume 'L7# %ssue
'# 866L# pp. ''L-'CL.
1Rumar6>2 $. Rumar# 9Angineering $odels and Fesign $ethods for Quantum -tate
$achines:# $aster/s Thesis# +ortland -tate @niversity# ;ctober# 866>.
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!lgorithm#: +roc. ,D(D (ymposium on Bvolvable )ardware! Suly# 8668.
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hot-green-quantum-computers-revealed.htmlT
1+urushothamanE72 *. +urushothaman# and ". Rarayiannis# 9Quantum "eural
"etwor)s 3Q""s4? %nherently uzzy eedforward "eural "etwor)s#: %AAA
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pp. (D6' X (D8C.
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one self-contradiction#: +roc. 866( %AAA %nternational uzzy -ystems =onfernce# pp.
LD> X LL(.
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