Mappingofbio Mappingofbiowasteresources wasteresources

acrossIndia acrossIndia
Combustion Combustion,Gasification&PropulsionLaboratory ,Gasification&PropulsionLaboratory
DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering
IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore560012 IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore560012
http://cgpl.iisc.ernet.in http://cgpl.iisc.ernet.in
TheBiomassAssessmentProgramme TheBiomassAssessmentProgramme
and and
TheKey TheKeyAspectsofthe AspectsoftheWork Work
1. 1. The The Statistical Statistical biomass biomass data data analysis analysis and and compilation compilation.. 1. 1. The The Statistical Statistical biomass biomass data data analysis analysis and and compilation compilation..
2. 2. Graphical Graphical vectorization vectorization for for the the base base GIS GIS layers layers. .
33 Integration Integration of of remote remote sensing sensing data data into into GIS GIS layers layers 3. 3. Integration Integration of of remote remote sensing sensing data data into into GIS GIS layers layers..
4. 4. Current Current Strategy Strategy to to identify identify Crop Crop is is by by Implied Implied NDVI NDVI of of Land Land
use use area area and and Statistical Statistical Crop Crop area area extent extent. .
5. 5. New New Strategies Strategies for for Crop Crop Identification Identification use use of of NDVI NDVI and and
other other parameters parameters with with AI AI (artificial (artificial intelligence intelligence)) techniques techniques..
6. 6. Create Create strategic strategic query query responses responses for for aa variety variety of of users users..
7. 7. Provide Provide options options for for dynamic dynamic queries queries with with both both graphical graphical or or
tabular tabular outputs outputs tabular tabular outputs outputs..
8. 8. Resolve Resolve Taluk Taluk level level data data spatially spatially
GIS GIS implies implies Geographical Geographical Information Information System System
WhatisGIS? WhatisGIS?
GIS GIS implies implies Geographical Geographical Information Information System System
Geography Geography (from (from Greek Greek earth earth describe describewrite) write) is is Geography Geography (from (from Greek Greek earth earth describe describe write ) write ) is is
the the study study of of the the Earth Earth and and its its lands, lands, features, features,
inhabitants, inhabitants, and and phenomena phenomena..
GIS GIS is is the the technology technology used used to to automate automate the the
geographical geographical data data analysis analysis by by making making use use of of
computational computational power power of of Computer Computer..
GIS GIS contains contains the the methodologies methodologies to to define define and and
th th hi l hi l access access the the geographical geographical space space. .
GIS GIS software software enables enables Geography Geography by by providing providing a a
WhatobjectsofGISrepresentGeography? WhatobjectsofGISrepresentGeography?
Graphical Graphical surface surface tuned tuned to to aa Co Coordinate ordinate system system
The The geographical geographical information information are are layered layered in in GIS GIS
for for Multi MultiFeature Feature representation representation.. For For ee. .gg. .
Streets Streets are are shown shown above above the the Land Land use use layer layer. .
TheGeographicalfeaturesare TheGeographicalfeaturesare
represented by Points, Lines and represented by Points, Lines and representedbyPoints,Linesand representedbyPoints,Linesand
PolygonsinGISVectorLayers. PolygonsinGISVectorLayers.
Fore.g.PointsshowCustomer Fore.g.PointsshowCustomer
Address,LinesShowStreetsand Address,LinesShowStreetsand
PolygonsshowLanduse. PolygonsshowLanduse.
WhatisLanduse? WhatisLanduse?
Land Land cover cover is is the the physical physical material material at at the the surface surface of of the the Land Land cover cover is is the the physical physical material material at at the the surface surface of of the the
earth earth. . Land Land covers covers include include grass, grass, asphalt, asphalt, trees, trees, bare bare
ground, ground, water, water, etc etc. .
There There are are two two primary primary methods methods for for capturing capturing information information
on on land land cover cover:: field field survey survey and and analysis analysis of of remotely remotely
sensed sensed data data [RSD] [RSD]..
Land Land cover cover is is distinct distinct from from land land use use despite despite the the two two terms terms
often often being being used used interchangeably interchangeably..
Land Land use use is is aa description description of of how how people people utilize utilize the the land land
(Urban (Urban and and agricultural agricultural land land uses uses are are two two of of the the most most
commonly commonly recognised recognised high highlevel level classes classes of of use) use).. There There
bb lti l lti l dd lt t lt t l d l d hh F t F t may may be be multiple multiple and and alternate alternate land land uses uses such such as as Forest Forest
and and Waste Waste lands lands for for Energy Energy. .
LandUseasseenbySatellite LandUseasseenbySatellite
Spatial Spatial representation representation of of Land Land use use is is done done by by Satellite Satellite as as an an image image
seen seen by by the the IR IR and and Visible Visible light light range range camera camera. . AA sample sample for for
Karnataka Karnataka is is shown shown here here: :
The The Image Image provides provides an an index index for for
Vegetation Vegetation.. This This is is used used to to group group the the
respective respective similar similar Pixels Pixels and and classified classified
into into Corresponding Corresponding Land Land Use Use Polygons Polygons p g p g yg yg
Called Called Vectors Vectors..
LandUseasseeninGIS LandUseasseeninGIS
Spatial Spatial representation representation of of Land Land use use is is done done in in GIS GIS through through irregular irregular pp pp gg gg
Polygons Polygons..
LU LUPolygons Polygons aa graphic graphic illustration illustration:: yg yg g p g p
NDVI NDVI == Normalized Normalized difference difference Vegetation Vegetation Index Index
WhatisNDVI? WhatisNDVI?
It It is is defined defined as as NDVI NDVI = = (NIR (NIR VIS) VIS) / / (NIR (NIR + + VIS) VIS) where where NIR NIR == Near Near infrared infrared
reflection reflection and and VIS VIS == Visible Visible reflection reflection..
The The idea idea is is that that healthy healthy vegetation vegetation absorbs absorbs most most of of
WhatisNDVI?Contd... WhatisNDVI?Contd...
yy gg
the the visible visible light light that that hits hits it, it, and and reflects reflects a a large large
portion portion of of the the near nearinfrared infrared light light.. Unhealthy Unhealthy or or
sparse sparse vegetation vegetation reflects reflects more more visible visible light light and and less less sparse sparse vegetation vegetation reflects reflects more more visible visible light light and and less less
near nearinfrared infrared light light..
NDVI NDVI for for aa given given pixel pixel always always result result in in aa number number that that
ranges ranges from from minus minus one one ((11) ) to to plus plus one one (+ (+1 1) ); ;
however however no no green green leaf leaf gives gives aa value value close close to to zero zero AA however, however, no no green green leaf leaf gives gives aa value value close close to to zero zero.. AA
zero zero means means no no vegetation vegetation and and close close to to ++11 ( (00. .88 00. .99) )
indicates indicates the the highest highest possible possible density density of of green green leaves leaves. .
How How to to identify identify crops? crops? ..
When When sunlight sunlight strikes strikes objects, objects, certain certain wavelengths wavelengths of of its its
NDVIforLandandCropClassification NDVIforLandandCropClassification
spectrum spectrum are are absorbed absorbed and and other other wavelengths wavelengths are are
reflected reflected. . The The pigment pigment in in plant plant leaves leaves called called
chlorophyll chlorophyll strongly strongly absorbs absorbs visible visible light light (from (from 00 44 to to chlorophyll, chlorophyll, strongly strongly absorbs absorbs visible visible light light (from (from 00..44 to to
00. .77 m) m) for for use use in in photosynthesis photosynthesis..
The The cell cell structure structure of of the the leaves, leaves, on on the the other other hand, hand,
strongly strongly reflects reflects near nearinfrared infrared light light (from (from 00. .77 to to 11. .11
)) m) m)..
B d B d th th id ti id ti th t th t th th b ti b ti dd Based Based on on the the consideration consideration that that the the absorption absorption and and
reflectance reflectance of of the the visible visible light light and and IR IR will will vary vary from from crop crop
to to crop crop the the method method is is adopted adopted to to resolve resolve the the pp pp
geographical geographical crop crop area area into into different different crops crops. .
Reclassificationof ReclassificationofAgri AgriLanduse(LU) Landuse(LU)
Usage Usage of of the the same same LU LU Data Data for for subsequent subsequent years years (about (about 10 10) ),, as as
long long as as the the area area under under the the agricultural agricultural activity activity in in the the selected selected
zone zone remains remains roughly roughly same same aa feature feature generally generally true true. .
L d L d hh bb l ifi d l ifi d b d b d NDVI NDVI l i l i ff hh hh Land Land use use has has been been classified classified based based on on NDVI NDVI analysis analysis of of the the earth earth
surface surface temporally temporally i i..ee. . season seasonwise wise.. Land Land use use map map for for each each state state
is is available available at at Taluk Taluk level level. . It It contains contains the the agricultural agricultural land land class class
polygons polygons based based on on seasons seasons Kharif Kharif,, Rabi, Rabi, Kharif KharifRabi Rabi..
In In the the current current method, method, polygons polygons are are classified classified into into specific specific crops crops
on on the the basis basis that that same same type type of of crop crop get get into into the the same same polygon polygon
due due to to Implied Implied NDVI NDVI for for land land use use and and Major Major crops crops go go into into larger larger
polygons polygons.. polygons polygons..
AI AI is is used used to to do do the the spatial spatial distribution distribution of of Crops Crops into into Land Land use use
polygons polygons using using Major Major crops crops for for larger larger polygons, polygons, Statistical Statistical Crop Crop polygons polygons using using Major Major crops crops for for larger larger polygons, polygons, Statistical Statistical Crop Crop
area area and and other other apriori apriori data data such such as as season season and and type type of of land land use use. .
What What is is AI? AI?..
AI[ArtificialIntelligence]intheCropClassification AI[ArtificialIntelligence]intheCropClassification
It It makes makes use use of of If If..... ..... Then Then ..... ..... Else Else.... .... Statements Statements to to decide decide the the
crop crop for for the the polygon polygon depending depending on on the the crop crop area area as as given given by by
Statistical Statistical data data..
Crops Crops are are distributed distributed in in the the descending descending order order of of their their crop crop area area at at
the the district district level level. . The The polygons polygons are are considered considered successively successively in in the the
order order of of their their area area.. order order of of their their area area..
As As the the major major crop crop get get distributed distributed to to Large Large polygons polygons the the chances chances
of of selecting selecting large large polygons polygons further further reduces reduces.. gg gg p yg p yg
Land Land use use agricultural agricultural polygons polygons are are generated generated based based on on similar similar
Crop Crop represented represented by by aa value value of of NDVI NDVI in in the the area area and and so so it it is is pp pp yy
implied implied..
The The larger larger polygons polygons in in an an order order are are to to major major crops crops. . Small Small polygons polygons
get get classified classified into into major major crops crops depending depending on on the the terminal terminal area area
required required to to meet meet the the district district level level statistical statistical crop crop area area. .
StagesofclassificationofAgriculturalLands StagesofclassificationofAgriculturalLands

Crop
Crop

Crop
Name
Area
kHa
Arecanut 7.9
Coconut 87.4
Cotton 1.2

Ground 182.8
Maize 8.1
Paddy 58.9
Ragi 300.4
Total 646 7
Tumkur District Crop Statistics
Total 646.7






Crop
Area
(kHa)
Coconut 5.9
GroundNut 16.9
Ragi 23.1 Ragi 23.1
Maize 0.99
Paddy 1.2
Total 48.1


Tiptur Taluk Biomass
Power
AI[ArtificialIntelligence]intheCropClassification AI[ArtificialIntelligence]intheCropClassification((contd contd) )
Additionally Additionally it it can can decide decide to to choose choose the the polygon polygon for for aa particular particular Additionally Additionally it it can can decide decide to to choose choose the the polygon polygon for for aa particular particular
crop crop if if aa fuzzy fuzzy linguistic linguistic logical logical level level is is known known.. For For ee. .gg. . Coffee Coffee & &
Cardamom Cardamom are are grown grown in in high high vegetation vegetation areas areas such such as as Forest Forest is is
hh ff one one such such fuzzy fuzzy statement statement. .
This This can can be be resolved resolved with with quantized quantized fuzzy fuzzy levels levels using using grown grown area area. .
Hi h Hi h fi fi tt b bilit b bilit i d i d ff ti l ti l Higher Higher area area fixes fixes a a greater greater probability probability index index for for comparatively comparatively a a
larger larger polygon polygon..
SourcesandPartners SourcesandPartners
TheMainDataSources TheMainDataSources
RRSSC RRSSCISRO, ISRO,
Remote Remote
SensingData SensingData
NFP NFP
Integration Integration
to Biomass to Biomass
AIsand AIsand
C lt t C lt t
MoA, MoA,
toBiomass toBiomass
ResourceAtlas ResourceAtlas
(CGPL,IISc) (CGPL,IISc)
Consultants Consultants
Taluk/District Taluk/District
LevelData LevelData
MoA, MoA,
DistrictLevel DistrictLevel
Agri.Stat. Agri.Stat.
Data Data
TypesofBiomass TypesofBiomass
Bio Biowastes wastes can can be be classified classified into into four four broad broad classes classes based based on on the the
way way it it is is generated generated as as follows follows::
Agro AgroBiomass Biomass
F t F t Bi Bi Forest Forest Biomass Biomass
Wasteland Wasteland Biomass Biomass
Solid Solid waste waste Biomass Biomass Solid Solid waste waste Biomass Biomass
The The Biomass Biomass maps maps for for these these classes classes are are done done on on different different layers layers of of
GIS GIS. .
Agro AgroBiomass Biomass is is the the by byproduct product of of the the grown grown crops crops. . In In Most Most of of
the the cases cases the the quantity quantity of of Biomass Biomass is is related related to to quantity quantity of of Crop Crop..
For For ee gg if if the the Coconut Coconut production production is is known known the the amount amount of of shell shell For For ee..gg.. if if the the Coconut Coconut production production is is known known the the amount amount of of shell shell
can can be be related related to to it it..
Similarly Similarly Coconut Coconut frond frond is is not not related related to to Coconut Coconut Production Production..
Let Let us us now now Look Look into into how how Agro AgroBiomass Biomass is is assessed assessed
HowtoComputeBiomassfromCropSpatialArea HowtoComputeBiomassfromCropSpatialArea
Crop Crop Yield Yield is is the the average average Crop Crop grown grown in in TT per per Hectare Hectare based based on on
measurements measurements made made on on sample sample sets sets in in aa region region..
Residue Residue Generation Generation kT kT==
Where Where Crop Crop Production Production is is in in kT kT== and and Where Where Crop Crop Production Production is is in in kT kT== and and
CRR CRR (Crop (Crop Residue Residue Ratio) Ratio) == where where Residue Residue Yield Yield is is
the the average average Residue Residue generated generated per per Hectare Hectare and and Crop Crop Yield Yield is is the the
average average Crop Crop grown grown per per Hectare Hectare based based on on measurements measurements made made on on
the the same same sample sample sets sets in in aa region region the the same same sample sample sets sets in in aa region region..
Residue Residue Generation Generation kT kT Residue Residue Generation Generation kT kT==
Residue Residue Generation Generation is is estimated estimated for for Biomass Biomass such such as as Coconut Coconut fronds, fronds,
Cotton Cotton stalks, stalks, etc etc. .,, by by knowing knowing the the residue residue yield yield (T/Ha) (T/Ha) and and spatial spatial ,, ,, yy gg yy ( ) ( ) pp
area area ( (kHa kHa) )..
HowtoComputeBiomassfromCropSpatialArea HowtoComputeBiomassfromCropSpatialArea(contd..) (contd..)
Utilization Utilization is is kT kT of of Biomass Biomass used used for for the the purposes purposes of of Thatching, Thatching,
Fodder, Fodder, and and Domestic Domestic Fuel Fuel..
Biomass Biomass Surplus Surplus kT kT==
Where WhereUR UR= =
PowerPotential PowerPotentialMWYr MWYr= =
WhereFFPis WhereFFPis
FactorforPower= FactorforPower=
Wherekg Wherekgper perEnergyisfoundempiricallywhichdependson Energyisfoundempiricallywhichdependson
moistureandashcontentinthebiomass. moistureandashcontentinthebiomass.
0 7 is the 70% PLF (Plant Load Factor) 0 7 is the 70% PLF (Plant Load Factor) 0.7isthe70%PLF(PlantLoadFactor) 0.7isthe70%PLF(PlantLoadFactor)
ProcessofMakingAgro ProcessofMakingAgroBiomassDigitalAtlas BiomassDigitalAtlas
DataPreparation
Is Data
Complete
& OK?
Verification
IntegrateData
PrepareMap
UseaGridatdistrictlevel
toAnalyze and locate
places of high
biomass potential
SpatiallyDistribute
biomass potential
resources
MapDataExtract
Is
Data
OK?
Prepare Atlas &
Preprocessing
PrepareAtlas&
LaunchonWeb
Non NonSpatialStatisticalDataatDistrictLevel SpatialStatisticalDataatDistrictLevel
Agro Agrocrop crop statistics statistics is is available available at at district district level level. . Biomass Biomass generation generation from from the the crops crops
are are to to be be computed computed using using Crop CropBiomass Biomass parameter parameter CRR CRR (Crop (Crop Residue Residue are are to to be be computed computed using using Crop Crop Biomass Biomass parameter parameter CRR CRR (Crop (Crop Residue Residue
Ratio=Residue Ratio=Residue Yield Yield T/Ha T/Ha // Crop Crop Yield Yield T/Ha) T/Ha).. Following Following is is aa table table showing showing Agro Agro
Biomass Biomass statistics statistics for for the the district district of of Tumkur Tumkur::
ClassificationofAgriculturalLandsbasedondistrictlevel ClassificationofAgriculturalLandsbasedondistrictlevel
CropStatistics CropStatistics

Crop
Crop
Name
Crop
Area
kHa
Arecanut 7.9
Coconut 87.4

Cotton 1.2
Ground 182.8
Maize 8.1
Paddy 58.9
Ragi 300.4

Tumkur District Crop Statistics

g
Total 646.7




Crop
Area
(kHa)
Coconut 5.9
GroundNut 16.9
Ragi 23.1
Maize 0.99
Paddy 1.2
Total 48.1

Tiptur Taluk Biomass
Power
ExtractionofSpatiallyDistributedAgro ExtractionofSpatiallyDistributedAgro BiomassDataof BiomassDataofTumkur Tumkur
Crop Residue Area (kHa)
Crop
Production
Biomass
Generation
Biomass
Surplus
Power
Potential
ResidueWise Data - State : Karnataka ; District : TUMKUR ; Year : 2000-01 ; Annual
(kT/Yr) kT/Yr (kT/Yr) (MWe)
Coconut Fronds 87.5 411.3 350.0 175.0 24.5
Coconut Husk & pith 87.5 411.3 218.0 109.0 14.2
Ground nut Stalks 182.9 179.9 326.0 97.8 12.7
Coconut Shell 87.5 411.3 90.5 45.2 6.3
Ground nut Shell 182.9 179.9 48.9 29.3 3.5
Ragi Straw 301.0 451.5 586.3 29.3 3.5
Paddy Husk 589 2190 424 254 2 8 Paddy Husk 58.9 219.0 42.4 25.4 2.8
Maize Stalks 8.1 19.4 36.3 14.5 1.9
Paddy Straw 58.9 219.0 306.3 15.3 1.8
Arecanut Fronds 8.0 10.3 23.9 8.4 1.2
Mai e Cobs 81 194 84 59 0 8 Maize Cobs 8.1 19.4 8.4 5.9 0.8
Arecanut Husk 8.0 10.3 8.3 2.9 0.4
Cotton Stalks 1.3 2.0 3.5 1.4 0.2
Total 647.7 1293.5 2048.7 559.5 73.9
ExtractionofSpatiallyDistributedAgro ExtractionofSpatiallyDistributedAgroDatain DatainTiptur Tiptur
Residue wiseBiomasData State: Karnataka; District : TUMKUR; Taluk: TIPTUR; Annual
Crop Residue Area (kHa)
Crop
Production
(kT/Yr)
Biomass
Generation
kT/Yr
Biomass
Surplus
(kT/Yr)
Power
Potential
(MWe)
C t F d 5 9 27 9 23 8 11 9 1 7
Residue-wise Biomas Data - State : Karnataka ; District : TUMKUR ; Taluk : TIPTUR ; Annual
Coconut Fronds 5.9 27.9 23.8 11.9 1.7
Ground nut Stalks 16.9 16.6 31.4 9.4 1.2
Coconut Husk & pith 5.9 27.9 14.8 7.4 1.0
Coconut Shell 5 9 27 9 6 1 3 1 0 4 Coconut Shell 5.9 27.9 6.1 3.1 0.4
Ground nut Shell 16.2 15.8 4.8 2.9 0.3
Ragi Straw 23.1 34.7 45.1 2.3 0.3
Maize Stalks 1.0 2.4 4.8 1.9 0.3
Maize Cobs 1.0 2.4 1.2 0.8 0.1
Paddy Husk 1.2 4.4 0.9 0.5 0.1
Total 48.1 86.0 132.8 40.2 5.3
FutureMethodforSpatialLanduseforAgriculturallands FutureMethodforSpatialLanduseforAgriculturallands
Use Use of of NDVI NDVI and and Rainfall Rainfall for for the the Land Land use use Data Data can can
enhance enhance the the reliability reliability of of the the crop crop distribution distribution aa
research research concept concept tested tested to to be be satisfactory satisfactory in in selective selective
dd tt bb d t d d t d d i d i th th tt d l t d l t cases cases and and to to be be adapted adapted during during the the next next development development
phase phase..
The The wet wet crops crops usually usually show show higher higher NDVI NDVI && require require an an
higher higher Rainfall Rainfall range range than than dry dry crops crops.. This This is is the the scientific scientific gg gg yy pp
principle principle on on which which the the Neural Neural Network Network will will do do the the
classification classification of of Land Land use use into into Crop Crop Area Area. .
A A set set of of known known data data sets sets with with ground ground truth truth sets sets the the
Neural Neural Network Network for for classification classification of of Land Land use use polygons polygons of of Neural Neural Network Network for for classification classification of of Land Land use use polygons polygons of of
crops crops where where crops crops are are unknown unknown..
FutureMethodforSpatialCropDistribution FutureMethodforSpatialCropDistribution
For For the the purpose purpose Artificial Artificial Neural Neural Networks Networks (ANN) (ANN)
Or Or Parametric Parametric Fuzzy Fuzzy Classifiers Classifiers or or Both Both are are used used..
Neural Neural Networks Networks need need to to be be trained trained with with known known
data data sets sets before before it it is is used used for for species species classification classification
for for the the Land Land use use polygons polygons.. This This is is done done by by Back Back
propagation propagation (BP) (BP)..
NN NN is is usually usually multi multivariate variate.. It It takes takes in in multiple multiple
h t i ti h t i ti ith ith i l i l l l tt h d tt h d tt characteristics characteristics with with aa numerical numerical value value attached attached to to
it it and and generates generates a a number number based based on on the the weight weight
i i tt hh h t i ti h t i ti AA HH age age given given to to each each characteristic characteristic. . An An Human Human
analogy analogy follows follows ..
SimpleAnalogyforNeuralNetwork SimpleAnalogyforNeuralNetwork
B k P ti F d b k BackPropagationorFeedback
Feedforwardsignal
y
ClassifiedOutput
e
X1&X2 Bivariateparametersof
theobjecttobedetected
Brainlearns
Pressure
Difference
NeuronsFireCarry
ForwardtheSignals
andclassifies
Pressure
levels
BackPropagationorFeedback
Feedforwardsignal
ApplyPressure
ClassifiedOutput
InputPressureasMonovariate
parameter
SomeoftheProjectContents SomeoftheProjectContents
The The polygons polygons handled handled 00. .01 01 00. .55 million million per per state state
About About 25 25 main main and and 300 300 sub sublayers layers created created in in the the GIS GIS
domain domain domain domain..
About About 400 400 modular modular tools tools developed developed in inhouse house (about (about
00. .11 million million lines lines of of code) code)..
The The typical typical computer computer time time required required for for aa district district with with The The typical typical computer computer time time required required for for aa district district with with
about about 20 20,,000 000 polygons polygons is is 18 1824 24 hours hours on on aa high highend end
PC PC ((33..44 GHz GHz Pentium Pentium DD based based with with 44 GB GB RAM) RAM).. PC PC ((33..44 GHz GHz Pentium Pentium DD based based with with 44 GB GB RAM) RAM)..
AA state state with with about about 20 20 districts districts takes takes about about 3344 weeks weeks
ff d i d i i i of of production production runtime runtime. .
ProjectContents( ProjectContents(Contd Contd))
Increasing Increasing computational computational speed speed by by re regrouping grouping similar similar Crop Crop
polygons polygons;; this this enhances enhances the the response response time time by by 10 10 to to 100 100 times times..
Reduction Reduction of of polygons polygons helps helps in in producing producing a a user user version version that that can can
be be handled handled easily easily with with entry entry level level computers computers..
Tools Tools are are developed developed to to analyze analyze and and derive derive coefficients coefficients from from the the
survey survey data, data, with with enhancements enhancements in in reliability reliability and and consistency consistency to to be be
used used for for estimation estimation of of the the biomass biomass residue residue generation, generation, utilization utilization
and and potential potential for for power power generation generation and and to to embed embed them them suitably suitably in in pp pp gg yy
the the GIS GIS layers layers for for spatial spatial representation representation and and query query responses responses..
About About 900 900 man manmonths months over over a a period period of of 66yrs yrs have have gone gone in in for for the the pp yy gg
development development of of software software tools tools and and production production of of Atlas Atlas..
Following Following few few Slides Slides Show Show Map Map clippings clippings and and Biomass Biomass Power Power
Potential Potential Tabulations Tabulations for for the the state state of of Karnataka Karnataka..
SpatialviewofAgriculturalResiduesinKarnataka SpatialviewofAgriculturalResiduesinKarnataka
CGPL
Si Site
DemographyviewofKarnataka DemographyviewofKarnataka
Agro AgroBiomassSurplus,state BiomassSurplus,statewise wise
State-wise Biomass Data - Year : Based on Survey Data [2002-04] ; Annual
State Area (kHa)
Crop
Production
Biomass
Generation
Biomass
Surplus
Power
Potential State Area (kHa) Production
(kT/Yr)
Generation
kT/Yr
Surplus
(kT/Yr)
Potential
(MWe)
Andhra pradesh 6021.5 28345.7 21569.8 3947.7 481.3
Assam 2586.6 5945.4 6625.1 1361.7 163.1
Bihar 5833.1 13817.8 20441.8 4286.2 530.3
Chattisgarh 3815.5 6142.8 10123.7 1907.8 220.9
Goa 156.3 554.7 928.5 180.5 22.7
Gujarat 6519.0 20635.5 25471.3 8352.7 1131.1
Haryana 4890.2 13520.0 26581.1 10105.9 1303.5
Himachal pradesh 710 3 1329 2 2668 2 988 3 128 0 Himachal pradesh 710.3 1329.2 2668.2 988.3 128.0
Jammu & kashmir 368.7 648.7 1198.7 237.7 31.8
Jharkhand 1299.8 1509.0 2191.2 567.7 66.8
Karnataka 7356.0 38754.1 26949.3 7814.2 1041.3
Kerala 2058.4 9773.3 13072.6 7528.7 1017.9
Madhya pradesh 9937.0 14166.9 28348.7 9283.6 1240.2
Maharashtra 15542.3 51665.4 39348.6 12998.5 1751.1
Manipur 72.6 159.4 318.8 31.9 4.1
Meghalaya 0.8 14.0 42.0 8.4 1.1
Nagaland 27 1 87 6 149 2 27 2 3 1 Nagaland 27.1 87.6 149.2 27.2 3.1
Orissa 2436.6 3633.3 5350.4 1163.4 147.3
Punjab 6774.3 31698.9 50187.9 24637.5 3145.4
Rajasthan 10478.5 12762.9 25234.4 7419.9 975.0
Tamil nadu 2561.5 24688.4 17459.2 7400.8 967.2
Uttar pradesh 12672.5 46841.9 50622.1 11869.8 1496.6
Uttaranchal 66.4 135.8 159.9 51.6 6.6
West bengal 5575.6 21062.8 23332.7 2968.0 369.5
Total 107760.7 347893.5 398375.4 125139.4 16245.7
Agro AgroBiomassSurplus,MajorResidues BiomassSurplus,MajorResidues
[Powerpotential>500MWyre] [Powerpotential>500MWyre]
NationWideResiduewiseData;Annual[>=500MWyre]
Crop Biomass Biomass Power
Crop Residue Area(kHa)
Crop
Production
(kT/Yr)
Biomass
Generation
(kT/Yr)
Biomass
Surplus
(kT/Yr)
Power
Potential
(MWe)
Paddy Straw 40879.7 89566.6 115921.6 26904.9 3227.2
Cotton Stalks 8038 8 5743 5 29986 7 16418 4 2298 6 Cotton Stalks 8038.8 5743.5 29986.7 16418.4 2298.6
Wheat Stalks 21913.2 60946.4 90417.4 15861.4 2062.1
Wheat Pod 21913.2 60946.4 18048.3 8084.6 1131.8
Paddy Husk 40879.7 89566.6 15466.1 10264.2 1129.1
Cotton Bollshell 8038.8 5743.5 6068.1 4347.0 608.6 Cotton Bollshell 8038.8 5743.5 6068.1 4347.0 608.6
Cotton Husk 8038.8 5743.5 6068.1 4347.0 608.6
Maize Stalks 6231.5 11550.8 21113.9 4182.2 543.7
Banana Residue 106.6 3978.9 11885.9 4167.9 541.8
Coconut Fronds 1813.4 5973.5 7219.9 3603.6 504.5
Total 78983.2 177759.6 322195.9 98181.2 12655.9
Agro AgroBiomassSurplus,MinorResidues BiomassSurplus,MinorResidues
[Powerpotential100to500MWyre] [Powerpotential100to500MWyre]
NationWide ResiduewiseData;Annual
Crop Residue Area(kHa)
Crop
Production
(kT/Yr)
Biomass
Generation
(kT/Yr)
Biomass
Surplus
(kT/Yr)
Power
Potential
(MWe)
Soyabean Stalks 6046.3 5820.6 9863.1 3257.1 423.4
Mustard Stalks 3935.0 3902.0 6591.2 2986.4 388.2
Tapioca Stalks 205.8 5498.9 3398.2 2377.4 309.1
Maize Cobs 6231.5 11550.8 4824.9 1835.4 257.0
Bajra Stalks 8312.0 5976.8 11649.1 1864.7 242.4
Jowar Stalks 9267.4 9986.0 14191.8 1738.2 226.0
GroundNut Stalks 6524.0 6503.8 11391.5 1708.9 222.2
Sugarcane Tops&Leaves 2669.2 174238.1 8301.6 1517.6 212.5
Jowar Cobs 9267 4 9986 0 3977 9 1507 1 211 0 Jowar Cobs 9267.4 9986.0 3977.9 1507.1 211.0
Coconut Husk&Pith 1813.4 5973.5 3113.4 1556.7 202.4
BlackPepper Stalks 203.8 4673.2 2336.0 1401.6 182.2
Rubber PrimaryWood 498.5 0 1495.1 1196.1 167.4
Coffee Pruning & Wastes 350.0 266.3 1383.7 1106.9 155.0 Coffee Pruning&Wastes 350.0 266.3 1383.7 1106.9 155.0
Coconut Shell 1813.4 5973.5 1274.6 902.5 126.3
GroundNut Shell 6524.0 6503.8 1611.2 1027.8 123.3
Gram Stalks 5928.4 4667.6 4641.8 921.0 119.7
Bajra Cobs 8312.0 5976.8 1865.3 884.0 114.9
Total 51985.2 239057.5 91910.4 27789.3 3683.0
Agro AgroBiomassSurplusMinorResidues BiomassSurplusMinorResidues[Powerpotential10to100MWyre] [Powerpotential10to100MWyre]
NationWide ResiduewiseData;Annual
Crop Residue Area (kHa)
Crop
Production
Biomass
Generation
Biomass
Surplus
Power
Potential Crop Residue Area(kHa) Production
(kT/Yr)
Generation
(kT/Yr)
Surplus
(kT/Yr)
Potential
(MWe)
Arhar Stalks 2777.5 2070.6 4418.5 768.3 99.9
CastorSeed Stalks 526.0 413.4 1622.8 730.2 94.9
Jowar Husk 9267.4 9986.0 1620.4 770.5 92.5
Rubber SecondaryWood 498.5 0 995.2 597.1 83.6
Til Stalks 1225.3 1024.6 1891.2 642.7 83.6
Tea Sticks 573.6 1066.5 909.5 582.1 81.5
Safflower Stalks 295.4 160.0 470.6 376.5 48.9
Bajra Husk 8312 0 5976 8 1565 1 372 5 44 7 Bajra Husk 8312.0 5976.8 1565.1 372.5 44.7
Arecanut Fronds 262.8 265.4 769.3 269.3 37.7
Arhar Husk 2777.5 2070.6 464.5 232.3 27.9
Moong Stalks 1300.8 2408.4 2043.8 204.4 26.6
Casurina Wood 21.2 0 208.9 177.6 24.9
Ragi Straw 1453.9 2070.6 2329.4 197.6 23.7
Guar Stalks 266.3 116.0 231.2 161.8 22.7
Potato Leaves 119.6 1095.3 792.4 158.1 22.1
Urad Stalks 1458.0 1876.6 1471.1 154.4 20.1
Meshta Stalks 479 2 809 4 1483 7 148 4 19 3 Meshta Stalks 479.2 809.4 1483.7 148.4 19.3
Eucalyptus Residue 16.3 3.1 160.7 136.6 19.1
SunFlower Stalks 1331.0 697.5 870.3 125.0 16.2
Moong Husk 1300.8 2408.4 261.2 130.6 15.7
Urad Husk 1458.0 1876.6 252.8 126.1 15.1
Pulses Stalks 1874.8 1069.2 1142.5 114.3 14.9
Oilseeds Stalks 341.9 458.8 882.4 95.6 11.5
HorseGram Stalks 418.0 764.5 789.4 79.0 10.3
Total 32819.3 32332.6 27646.9 7350.7 957.2
SpatialviewofAgriculturalResiduesinIndia( SpatialviewofAgriculturalResiduesinIndia(MoA MoA &ISRO&CGPL) &ISRO&CGPL)
WhatisEssentialBeyondthis? WhatisEssentialBeyondthis?
The The agricultural agricultural crop crop pattern pattern is is not not stable stable in in general general and and requires requires at at
least least 5 566 years years of of cycles cycles to to be be embedded embedded to to make make a a reliable reliable
interpretation interpretation of of the the biomass biomass resource resource for for aa power power project project..
The The utilization utilization also also needs needs aa selective selective sample sample survey survey studies studies at at
places places where where the the study study is is already already conducted conducted to to see see that that the the data data
has has consistency consistency in in the the pattern pattern used used.. has has consistency consistency in in the the pattern pattern used used..
Inclusion Inclusion of of Biomass Biomass outcome outcome from from Urban Urban Solid Solid Waste, Waste, Forest Forest and and
Waste Waste Land Land (an (an extension extension of of forest forest in in terms terms of of biomass) biomass) is is aa (( ))
significant significant enhancement enhancement to to make make the the atlas atlas covering covering the the Biomass Biomass
Resources Resources of of the the country country realistically realistically..
This This needs needs additional additional inputs inputs from from RSD RSD and and related related processing processing to to
embed embed them them to to the the atlas atlas.. The The existing existing design design is is made made so so to to accept accept
such such additional additional data data to to the the atlas atlas easily easily such such additional additional data data to to the the atlas atlas easily easily..
TheStrategyAdoptedforForest&WastelandBiomass TheStrategyAdoptedforForest&WastelandBiomass
The The spatial spatial assessment assessment of of agro agro biomass biomass power power is is The The spatial spatial assessment assessment of of agro agro--biomass biomass--power power is is
completed completed earlier earlier is is taken taken as as the the stage stage for for further further
processing processing. . Agro Agro- -biomass biomass- -power power is is estimated estimated to to be be more more
than than 16 16,,000 000 MW MW of of energy energy per per year year across across the the Country Country..
The The residues residues available available from from forest forest & & wasteland wasteland are are added added
on on these these data data layers layers.. CRR CRR [Crop [Crop Residue Residue Ratio] Ratio] is is not not
applicable applicable in in the the case case of of forest forest and and wasteland wasteland residues residues..
Waste Waste--Land Land is is presently presently not not well well cultured cultured with with any any
biomass biomass growing growing plants plants.. Based Based on on the the species species mix mix
available available in in forest forest area area aa first first level level estimate estimate is is predicted predicted available available in in forest forest area area aa first first level level estimate estimate is is predicted predicted..
In In this this case, case, the the biomass biomass estimate estimate is is done done using using the the yield yield
of of the the residue residue of of the the residue residue..
ImportanceofExistingUtilizationofBiomass ImportanceofExistingUtilizationofBiomass
fromForest&Wasteland fromForest&Wasteland
Gi Gi th th i ffi i i ffi i ff d i i t ti d i i t ti dd th th ` ft' ` ft' Given Given the the inefficiency inefficiency of of administration administration and and the the `soft' `soft'
character character of of the the political political system, system, one one could could generalize generalize
that that from from aa typical typical tree tree the the stem stem goes goes to to the the rich rich and and that that from from aa typical typical tree, tree, the the stem stem goes goes to to the the rich rich and and
the the towns, towns, while while the the branches branches and and twigs twigs belong belong to to the the
poor poor. .
Human Human needs needs for for biomass biomass are, are, however, however, not not restricted restricted
to to the the consumption consumption and and use use of of woody woody biomass biomass to to the the consumption consumption and and use use of of woody woody biomass biomass..
The The maintenance maintenance of of life life support support systems systems is is aa function function
performed performed mainly mainly by by the the crown crown biomass biomass of of trees trees. . It It is is
this this component component of of trees trees that that can can contribute contribute positively positively
towards towards the the maintenance maintenance of of the the hydrological hydrological and and towards towards the the maintenance maintenance of of the the hydrological hydrological and and
nutrient nutrient cycles cycles..
ImportanceofExistingUtilization( ImportanceofExistingUtilization(Contd Contd) )
Social Social forestry forestry is is also also the the most most important important source source for for the the Social Social forestry forestry is is also also the the most most important important source source for for the the
production production of of biomass biomass for for consumption consumption as as fuel, fuel, fodder, fodder,
manure, manure, fruits, fruits, etc etc. .
Social Social forestry forestry as as distinct distinct from from commercial commercial forestry forestry is is
dd tt bb ti ti i d i d tt th th i i ti i i ti ff supposed supposed to to be be corrective corrective aimed aimed at at the the maximization maximization of of
the the production production of of all all types types of of useful useful biomass biomass which which
improve improve ecological ecological stability stability improve improve ecological ecological stability stability..
The The appropriate appropriate unit unit of of assessment assessment of of growth growth and and yields yields pp p pp p gg yy
of of different different tree tree species species for for social social forestry forestry programmes programmes
cannot cannot be be restricted restricted to to woody woody biomass biomass production production for for
l l bb ff hh commercial commercial use use.. It It must, must, instead, instead, be be specific specific to to the the end end
use use of of biomass biomass..
ImportanceofExistingUtilization(contd...) ImportanceofExistingUtilization(contd...)
Evidently, the crisis in biomass for mulching or animal y g
feed cannot be resolved by planting trees that are fast
growing but are absolutely unproductive as fodder.
The assessment of yields in social forestry must include
diverse types of biomass which provide inputs to agro yp p p g
ecosystems. When the objective of tree planting is the
production of fodder or green fertilizer, it is relevant to
b d measure crown biomass productivity.
Keeping these factors in mind Wasteland has to be
developed with Plantations suitable for energy.
For the present, species available in Forest area are
id d t b t d d t W t l d f th considered to be extended to Waste land area for the
purpose of Biomass assessment for Energy.
Asampleofyieldsintermsofdifferentresidues Asampleofyieldsintermsofdifferentresidues
Coniferous&Deciduous Coniferous&Deciduous
Residue Residue %%
SStem tem 65 65
Bark Bark 33 Bark Bark 33
Twigs Twigs 33
Branches Branches 3 3
Leaves Leaves 3.5 3.5
Roots Roots 17 17 Roots Roots 17 17
Uncertain Uncertain 5 5.5 .5
Species Species
Percentageintotal Percentageintotal
Biomass Biomass (%) (%)
Total Total
Biomass Biomass
pp
Stemwood Stemwood
andbark andbark
Branches Branches
andtwigs andtwigs
((Tons/ha) Tons/ha)
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus 81 81 19 19 17.4 17.4
Subabul Subabul 77 77 23 23 23 0 23 0 Subabul Subabul 77 77 23 23 23.0 23.0
AcaciaNilotica AcaciaNilotica 47 47 53 53 31.6 31.6
ProsopisJuliflora ProsopisJuliflora 30 30 70 70 32.2 32.2
Twigs Twigs Bark Bark
Branches Branches Leaves Leaves CrownBiomass CrownBiomass
MethodAdoptedfortheAssessment MethodAdoptedfortheAssessment
Initially Initially the the biomass biomass in in forest forest was was assessed assessed without without yy
considering considering the the plantation plantation density density for for a a quick quick
analysis analysis to to enable enable the the process process development development..
The The map map was was reclassified reclassified into into sub sub--classes classes for for low low
density density && high high density density areas areas using using available available ground ground yy gg yy gg gg
reference reference points points.. This This involved involved additional additional image image
processing processing and and spatial spatial classifications classifications..
The The assessment assessment was was reworked reworked with with this this new new
classifications classifications..
It It is is found found that that there there has has been been aa considerable considerable
reduction reduction in in the the errors errors in in the the estimation estimation of of biomass biomass reduction reduction in in the the errors errors in in the the estimation estimation of of biomass biomass
surplus surplus with with this this approach approach..
HowtoComputeBiomassfromForest&Wasteland HowtoComputeBiomassfromForest&Wasteland
SpatialArea SpatialArea
Residue Residue Generation Generation kT kT==
Biomass Biomass Surplus Surplus kT kT==
Where Where UR UR==
AssessmentofForestBiomasswithPlantationDensity AssessmentofForestBiomasswithPlantationDensity
State:MadhyaPradeshDistrict: Balaghat,Residuewise
Residue
Species
Name
Biomass AreakHa
Residue
Generation
kT/Yr
Residue
Generation
kT/Yr[Incl.
Forest
density]
Biomass
Surplus
kT/Yr
Biomass
SurpluskT/Yr
[Incl.ForestSub
classes]
PowerMW
PowerMW
[Incl.Forest
density]
Others leaves 496.9 382.0 196.9 305.6 157.5 42.8 22.1
Others bark 496.9 327.4 168.8 261.9 135.0 36.7 18.9 Others bark 496.9 327.4 168.8 261.9 135.0 36.7 18.9
Others branches 496.9 327.4 168.8 261.9 135.0 36.7 18.9
Others twigs 496.9 327.4 168.8 261.9 135.0 36.7 18.9
Bamboo Stalk 20.6 92.1 47.5 73.7 38.0 10.3 5.3
Teak leaves 71.9 56.9 29.3 45.5 23.5 6.4 3.3
Teak bark 71.9 48.8 25.2 39 20.1 5.5 2.8
Teak branches 71 9 48 8 25 2 39 20 1 5 5 2 8 Teak branches 71.9 48.8 25.2 39 20.1 5.5 2.8
Teak twigs 71.9 48.8 25.2 39 20.1 5.5 2.8
Bamboo Leaves 20.6 3.6 1.9 2.9 1.5 0.4 0.2
Total 589.5 1663.2 857.4 1330.6 685.8 186.3 96.1
Dense Forest
All lands with tree cover of canopy density of 40
percent and above.
Open Forest
All lands with tree cover of canopy density between 10
to 40 percent.
DensityClassification[FSI]
to 40 percent.
Mangrove
Salt tolerant forest ecosystem found mainly in tropical
and sub-tropical inter-tidal regions.
Scrub
All lands with poor tree growth mainly of small or
stunted trees having canopy density less than 10
percent
Non-Forest Any area not included in the above classes
SpeciesforForest&Wasteland(FSI) SpeciesforForest&Wasteland(FSI)
Species wise plantation upto 1997 by the state forest departments
SPECIES Area in '000 ha. Percentage
Eucalyptus spp. 1,360.91 8.87
Tectona grandis 1,330.09 8.67
Acacia nilotica 801.61 5.23
Acacia auriculiformis 564.67 3.68
Bamboo 408.09 2.66
Pinus roxburghii 318.54 2.08
Dalbergia sissoo 266.58 1.74
Acacia catechu 259.54 1.69
Shorea robusta 250.28 1.63
Gmelina arborea 148.01 0.97
Anacardium occidentale 141.54 0.92
Casurina equisetifolia 133.99 0.87
Pinus kesiya 127.12 0.83
Cedrus deodara 124.93 0.81
Populus spp. 47.48 0.31
B b ib 37 97 0 25 Bombax ceiba 37.97 0.25
Acacia mearnsii 37.56 0.24
Picea smithiana, Abies pindrow 16.74 0.11
Hevea brasiliensis 12.3 0.08
Santalam album 10.58 0.07
Others 8 938 10 58 28 Others 8,938.10 58.28
Total 15,336.60 100
MadhyaPradeshSpatialForestandWasteland MadhyaPradeshSpatialForestandWasteland
Sidhi Sidhi ofMadhyaPradeshSpatialForest ofMadhyaPradeshSpatialForest
Sidhi Sidhi ofMadhyaPradeshSpatialWasteland ofMadhyaPradeshSpatialWasteland
BiomassIntensityAnalysis BiomassIntensityAnalysis
Biomass Biomass mapping mapping based based on on local local potential potential spatially spatially is is made made Biomass Biomass mapping mapping based based on on local local potential potential spatially spatially is is made made
at at different different levels levels.. This This is is made made by by computation computation of of
biomass biomass intensity intensity based based on on aa normalized normalized index index.. Analysis Analysis
being being impractical impractical at at polygon polygon levels levels grid grid based based approach approach is is being being impractical impractical at at polygon polygon levels, levels, grid grid based based approach approach is is
introduced introduced..
With With the the computed computed Biomass Biomass Production Production Index Index [BPI], [BPI], that that
is is being being developed, developed, the the combined combined analysis analysis with with BPI BPI linked linked
map map--coloring coloring would would be be done done when when the the software software tool tool is is pp gg
completed completed..
The The necessary necessary special special tools tools for for this this approach approach are are under under The The necessary necessary special special tools tools for for this this approach approach are are under under
development development and and is is undergoing undergoing test test and and validation validation now now..
Following Following slide slide shows shows a a clipping clipping ..
Gridon GridonGujarath Gujarath andBiomassProductionIndex[BPI] andBiomassProductionIndex[BPI]
basedspatialcoloringforRajkotDistrict basedspatialcoloringforRajkotDistrict
ComputedBiomass ComputedBiomass
ProductionIndex ProductionIndex
Polygon
Identifier
Taluk
Area
[kHa]
AvgResidue Yield
(T/Ha)
BPI
373998 Tankara 30.35 0.9029 0.5609
374030 Jetpur 1.13 0.9029 0.5609
375244 Rajkot 1.30 0.6588 0.4299
374008 R jk t 2 39 0 6588 0 4299
[BPI] [BPI]
374008 Rajkot 2.39 0.6588 0.4299
374052 Rajkot 1.81 0.6588 0.4299
374044 Jetpur 1.15 0.6588 0.4299
374047 Jetpur 4.61 0.6588 0.4299
374003 Paddhari 7.18 0.5125 0.3981
374028 Lodhika 1.06 0.5125 0.3981
374050 Gondal 2.22 0.5125 0.3981
374034 Rajkot 0.59 0.5125 0.3981
374056 Gondal 0.26 0.5125 0.3981
375258 Rajkot 0.60 0.6588 0.3769
374055 Kotdasangani 0.83 0.6588 0.3769
374045 Gondal 2 29 0 6588 0 3769 374045 Gondal 2.29 0.6588 0.3769
374005 Paddhari 2.38 0.4595 0.3608
375297 Rajkot 0.17 0.4595 0.2734
374011 Paddhari 2.16 0.5125 0.2603
374733 Morvi 0.11 0.5125 0.2603
374032 Gondal 0.12 0.5125 0.2603
374025 Gondal 0.07 0.5125 0.2603
374024 Jetpur 0.01 0.5125 0.2603
374002 Vankaner 0.01 1.1051 0.0823
374678 Morvi 1.45 1.1051 0.0823
374720 Morvi 1.45 1.1051 0.0823
375259 Rajkot 0.01 1.1051 0.0823 3 5 59 aj ot 0 0 05 0 08 3
374013 Paddhari 0.06 1.1051 0.0823
374014 Paddhari 26.06 1.1051 0.0823
374015 Rajkot 65.16 1.1051 0.0823
374016 Vankaner 84.11 1.1051 0.0823
374041 Jetpur 0.58 1.1051 0.0823
374730 Morvi 0 07 0 1138 0 0533 374730 Morvi 0.07 0.1138 0.0533
374734 Morvi 0.11 0.1138 0.0533
374021 Gondal 0.14 0.1138 0.0533
375250 Rajkot 0.24 0.4281 0.0297
374048 Gondal 0.68 0.7425 0.0062
374046 Lodhika 0.21 0.7425 0.0062
WorldScenarioforForest WorldScenarioforForest
ForestcoverandperCapitaAvailabilityinDifferent
Regions/Countries
Region /
PercentageofForest
C L d A
Per Capita Region/
Country
CovertoLandArea
(1995)
PerCapita
Forest(ha)
World 26.60 0.64
Asia 16.40 0.10
Af i 17 70 0 70 Africa 17.70 0.70
Europe 41.30 1.30
China 14.30 0.10
Pakistan 2.30 0.01
l Nepal 33.70 0.20
Bangladesh 7.80 0.02
SriLanka 27.80 0.10
Indonesia 60.60 0.60
Malaysia 47.10 0.80
Philippines 22.70 0.10
Japan 66.80 0.20
USA 23.20 0.80
India 15.70 0.06
StatewiseForest&ScrublandArea(FSI&NRSA) StatewiseForest&ScrublandArea(FSI&NRSA)
SpatialviewofForestinIndia(FSI) SpatialviewofForestinIndia(FSI)
WasteLand WasteLand
AnnualRateofForestPlantation(FSI) AnnualRateofForestPlantation(FSI)
AtlasenhancementbyAddingSolidWasteAssessment AtlasenhancementbyAddingSolidWasteAssessment
AtlasenhancementbyAddingSolidWasteAssessment AtlasenhancementbyAddingSolidWasteAssessment((Contd Contd) )
The The following following slides slides show show tables tables for for the the SW SW produce produce in in
metro metro cities cities and and class classII cities cities of of Karnataka Karnataka. . If If we we get get the the
yearly yearly increase increase proportional proportional to to the the population population we we can can
upscale upscale the the quantities quantities accordingly accordingly and and use use it it as as data data input input upscale upscale the the quantities quantities accordingly accordingly and and use use it it as as data data input input
for for mapping mapping purposes purposes..
PerCapitaSWGenerationinIndianCities PerCapitaSWGenerationinIndianCities
Presently Presently the the required required parameters parameters needed needed for for spatial spatial Presently Presently the the required required parameters parameters needed needed for for spatial spatial
mapping mapping and and assessment assessment of of SW SW is is being being studied studied..
Though Though the the present present architecture architecture of of the the maps maps provide provide for for
up up scaling scaling to to add add SW SW assessment, assessment, it it is is necessary necessary that that
Spatial Spatial yield yield of of SW SW be be more more comprehensively comprehensively assessed assessed
and and implemented implemented..
While While the the Biomass Biomass generation generation is is more more Natural, Natural, the the
Production Production of of Solid Solid Waste Waste is is more more Human Human related related and and
concentrated concentrated in in Urban Urban areas areas. .
Statusof Statusof
MunicipalSolid MunicipalSolid
SolidWastePowerPotentialinTownsofKarnataka
City
2001
population
Percapita
generaed
(kg/day)
Muncipal
Solidwaste
(kg/day)
Muncipal
Solidwaste
(KT/day)
Muncipal
Solidwaste
(KT/Yr)
Active
Biomass(At
10%moisture)
Power
Potential
Mwyre
Waste Waste
Generationin Generationin
Class ClassI Cities of I Cities of
Bangalore 5701456 0.5 2850728.0 2.85 1040.5 468.2 66.9
Mysore 799228 0.25 199807.0 0.20 72.9 32.8 4.7
HubliDharwad 786195 0.25 196548.8 0.20 71.7 32.3 4.6
Mangalore 539387 0.25 134846.8 0.13 49.2 22.1 3.2
Belgaum 506480 0.25 126620.0 0.13 46.2 20.8 3.0
Class Class ICitiesof ICitiesof
Karnataka Karnataka
Gulbarga 430265 0.21 90355.7 0.09 33.0 14.8 2.1
Davanagere 364523 0.21 76549.8 0.08 27.9 12.6 1.8
Bellary 316766 0.21 66520.9 0.07 24.3 10.9 1.6
Shimoga 274352 0.21 57613.9 0.06 21.0 9.5 1.4
Bijapur 253891 0.21 53317.1 0.05 19.5 8.8 1.3
Tumkur 248929 0.21 52275.1 0.05 19.1 8.6 1.2
Raichur 207421 0.21 43558.4 0.04 15.9 7.2 1.0
Bidar 174257 0.21 36594.0 0.04 13.4 6.0 0.9
Gadag 154982 0.21 32546.2 0.03 11.9 5.3 0.8
Hassan 133262 0.21 27985.0 0.03 10.2 4.6 0.7
Mandya 131179 0.21 27547.6 0.03 10.1 4.5 0.6
Udupi 127124 0.21 26696.0 0.03 9.7 4.4 0.6
Chitradurga 125170 0.21 26285.7 0.03 9.6 4.3 0.6
Kolar 113907 0.21 23920.5 0.02 8.7 3.9 0.6
Gangawati 101392 0.21 21292.3 0.02 7.8 3.5 0.5
Chik l 101251 0 21 21262 7 0 02 7 8 3 5 0 5 Chikmagalur 101251 0.21 21262.7 0.02 7.8 3.5 0.5
Bagalkot 90988 0.21 19107.5 0.02 7.0 3.1 0.4
Ramanagaram 79394 0.21 16672.7 0.02 6.1 2.7 0.4
Ranibennur 89618 0.21 18819.8 0.02 6.9 3.1 0.4
Karwar 75038 0.21 15758.0 0.02 5.8 2.6 0.4
Chamrajnagar 60558 0 21 12717 2 0 01 4 6 2 1 0 3
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Shows the Shows the
Chamrajnagar 60558 0.21 12717.2 0.01 4.6 2.1 0.3
Madikeri 32496 0.21 6824.2 0.01 2.5 1.1 0.2
Total 12019509 1563.2 703.4 100.5
Shows the Shows the
Map.. Map..
MappedStatusof MappedStatusof
MunicipalSolidWaste MunicipalSolidWaste
G ti i Cl G ti i Cl II GenerationinClass GenerationinClassI I
CitiesofKarnataka CitiesofKarnataka
OpeninBrowser
AtlasenhancementbyAddingSolidWasteAssessment AtlasenhancementbyAddingSolidWasteAssessment
StatusofMunicipalSolidWasteGenerationinMetroCitiesinIndia(CPCB,1999)
Sl.No. Metrocity
Municipal
Population
Municipal
solidwaste,
(tones/day)
Percapita
generated
(kg/day)
1 AHMEDABAD 28,76,710 1,683 0.585
2 BANGALORE 41,30,288 2,000 0.484
3 BHOPAL 10 62 771 546 0 514 3 BHOPAL 10,62,771 546 0.514
4 BOMBAY 1,22,88,519 5,355 0.436
5 CALCUTTA 1,06,43,211 3,692 0.347
6 COIMBATORE 8,16,321 350 0.429
7 DELHI 84,19,084 4,000 0.475
8 HYDERABAD 40,98,734 1,566 0.382
9 INDORE 10,91,674 350 0.320
10 JAIPUR 14,58,483 580 0.398
11 KANPUR 18,74,409 1,200 0.640
12 KOCHI 6,70,009 347 0.518
13 LUCKNOW 16,19,115 1,010 0.624
14 LUDHIANA 10,42,740 400 0.384
15 MADRAS 47,52,976 3,124 0.657
16 MADURAI 9 40 989 370 0 393 16 MADURAI 9,40,989 370 0.393
17 NAGPUR 16,24,752 443 0.273
18 PATNA 9,17,243 330 0.360
19 PUNE 22,44,196 700 0.312
20 SURAT 14,98,817 900 0.600
21 VADODARA 10,31,346 400 0.388
22 VARANASI 10,30,863 412 0.400
23 VISAKHAPATNAM 7,52,037 300 0.399
Total/Average 6,68,85,287 30,058 0.449
AtlasenhancementbyAddingSolidWasteAssessment AtlasenhancementbyAddingSolidWasteAssessment((contd contd) )
Characteristics (%byWeight)
CharacteristicsofMunicipalSolidWasteGeneratedbyMetrocities(CPCB,1999)
Sl .No Nameofmetrocity
Paper Textile Leather Plastic Metal Glass
Ash,fine
earthand
others
Compo
stablematter
1 Ahmedabad 6.0 1.0 3.0 50.0 40.00
2 Bangalore 8.0 5.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 27.0 45.00
3 Bhopal 10.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 35.0 45.00
4 Bombay 10.0 3.6 0.2 2.0 0.2 44.0 40.00
l 5 Calcutta 10.0 3.0 1.0 8.0 3.0 35.0 40.00
6 Coimbatore 5.0 9.0 1.0 50.0 35.00
7 Delhi 6.6 4.0 0.6 1.5 2.5 1.2 51.5 31.78
8 Hyderabad 7.0 1.7 1.3 50.0 40.00
9 Indore 5.0 2.0 1.0 49.0 43.00
10 Jaipur 6.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 47.0 42.00
11 Kanpur 5.0 1.0 5.0 1.5 52.5 40.00 p
12 Kochi 4.9 1.1 36.0 58.00
13 Lucknow 4.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 49.0 40.00
14 Ludhiana 3.0 5.0 3.0 30.0 40.00
15 Madras 10.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 33.0 44.00
16 Madurai 5.0 1.0 3.0 46.0 45.00
17 Nagpur 4.5 7.0 1.9 1.25 0.35 1.2 53.4 30.40
18 Patna 4 0 5 0 2 0 6 0 1 0 2 0 35 0 45 00 18 Patna 4.0 5.0 2.0 6.0 1.0 2.0 35.0 45.00
19 Pune 5.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 55.00
20 Surat 4.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 45.0 40.00
21 Vadodara 4.0 7.0 49.0 40.00
22 Varanasi 3.0 4.0 10.0 35.0 48.00
23 Visakhapatnam 3.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 50.0 35.00
Average 5.7 3.5 0.8 3.9 2.1 2.1 40.3 41.80