4/4/2010 Moniqua Nelson-Tunley

232.705 Assignment One I.D. 022133

T!e "#in$i"les o% $a"ti&e '#ee(ing as it a""lies to t!e Otago
s)in) *Ne+ ,ealan(- an( t!e .an$elin Islan( s)in)
*/este#n Aust#alia-
Int#o(u$tion0
T!is #e"o#t $o&e#s t!e $onse#&ation status1 t!#eats to ea$! s"e$ies1 an( $a"ti&e '#ee(ing o%
t+o s"e$ies o% s)in)2 t!e Otago s)in) *Oligosoma otagense- an( t!e .an$elin Islan(
s)in) *Ctenotus lancelini-. T!e Otago s)in) is en(emi$ to t!e 3out! Islan( o% Ne+
,ealan(1 +!ile t!e .an$elin Islan( s)in) is en(emi$ to /este#n Aust#alia. T!ese s"e$ies
s!a#e some simila# att#i'utes +!i$! allo+s $om"a#ison 'et+een t!ei# #es"e$ti&e $a"ti&e
'#ee(ing "#og#ams.
4ot! Otago s)in)s an( .an$elin Islan( s)in)s o$$u"y #o$)y !a'itat "un$tuate( 'y eit!e#
g#asslan( o# s$#u'lan(. 4ot! o% t!ese s"e$ies %a$e #is)s in&ol&ing g !a'itat $!angea
$!ange in !a'itat1 most nota'ly an in$#ease o% e5oti$ %lo#a1 +!i$! #e(u$es t!e !a'itat o%
t!ese s"e$ies an( li)ely e%%e$ts t!ei# e$ology in ot!e# +ays *su$! as an alte#ation o% %oo(
a&aila'ility-. 65oti$ g#asslan( is t!oug!t to 'e #es"onsi'le %o# #e(u$e( (is"e#sal a'ility in
Otago s)in)s *4e##y et al.1 2005-1 an( may also 'e a %a$to# %o# .an$elin Islan( s)in)s.
Alt!oug! t!e #e"#o(u$ti&e 'iology o% t!e t+o s"e$ies is quite (i%%e#ent 'ot! s"e$ies '#ee(
&e#y +ell in $a"ti&ity1 "#o&i(e( t!ei# 'asi$ nee(s a#e met.
7o+e&e#1 t!e#e a#e (i%%e#en$es 'et+een t!e t+o s"e$ies1 one o% +!i$! is t!ei#
'iogeog#a"!i$ !isto#y. /!ile t!e Otago s)in) +as on$e +i(es"#ea(1 t!e .an$elin Islan(
s)in) !as al+ays 'een limite( to a single "o"ulation. T!e Otago s)in) is in (e$line1 +!ile
t!e .an$elin Islan( s)in) is sta'le1 'ut &ulne#a'le. T!ese (i%%e#en$es a#e e&i(ent in t!e
#e$o&e#y "lans %o# ea$! s"e$ies.
Otago 3)in)0
Conservation status:
T!e Otago s)in) is liste( 'y t!e I89N *Inte#national 8nion %o# 9onse#&ation o% Natu#e-
as &ulne#a'le1 an( 'y t!e De"a#tment o% 9onse#&ation as nationally $#iti$al. T!e #easons
%o# t!is status a#e t!at t!e Otago s)in) is (e"en(ant on $onse#&ation a$tion %o# its
su#&i&al1 it is #ange #est#i$te(1 an( its #a#ity is !uman in(u$e( *7it$!moug! et al.1 2005-.
T!e Otago s)in) +as on$e +i(es"#ea( t!#oug!out $ent#al Otago.1 'utT!ey a#e no+ only
%oun( in t+o lo$ations estimate( :; o% t!ei# %o#me# #ange. T!e t+o lo$ations a#e easte#n
an( +este#n meta"o"ulations1 an( a#e 'eing t#eate( as se"a#ate $onse#&ation units
*No#'u#y et al.1 200 D#a%t-.
A simulation $on(u$te( 'y To$!e# an( No#'u#y *2005- "#e(i$te( t!at "o"ulations o% 0
in(i&i(uals !a( an ::; "#o'a'ility o% e5tin$tion 'y 2010. <o#tunately7o+e&e#1 mo#e
#e$ent stu(ies !a&e %oun( t!is estimate to 'e "essimisti$. <ollo+ing t#ials o% mammal "est
management *(is$usse( %u#t!e# 'elo+-1 t!e estimate !as 'een e5ten(e( to 30 yea#s1 in
unmanage( $on(itions */!itmo#e1 N. "e#sonal $ommuni$ation1 2=t! Ma#$! 2010-.
Threats:
T!e ma>o# t!#eats to Otago s)in) a#e "#e(ation %#om int#o(u$e( mammals1 an( alte#ation
o% !a'itat t!#oug! t#ansition o% nati&e tusso$) lan( into e5oti$ g#asslan(. 8ntil #e$ently1
1
4/4/2010 Moniqua Nelson-Tunley
232.705 Assignment One I.D. 022133
t!e im"a$t o% int#o(u$e( mammals on Otago s)in)s +as not &e#i%ie()no+n. An ea#ly
stu(y *1===- $onst#u$te( en$losu#es to e5$lu(e $ats an( %e##ets %#om some s)in) !a'itat1
'ut it +as la#gely ine%%e$ti&e. 6a#ly e5tin$tion "#o'a'ilities +e#e 'ase( on t!e #esults o%
t!is stu(y1 +!i$! s!o+e( a #a"i( (e$line (es"ite %en$ing *No#'u#y et al.1 200-.
In 2005 anot!e# t#ial +as sta#te(1 t!is time using ?$lu(e#@ %en$ing at one site1 e5tensi&e
t#a""ing at anot!e#1 an( no management at a t!i#( site *No#'u#y et al.1 200-.T!e #esults
o% t!is t#ial *$om"lete( in 200=1 not yet "u'lis!e(- +e#e $on$lusi&e. At t!e t#a""ing an(
mammal-"#oo% %en$e lo$ations1 t!e Otago s)in) "o"ulations in$#ease( to 'e 2-3 times
la#ge# t!an 'e%o#e t!e t#ial. At t!e $ont#ol site1 "o"ulations #emaine( sta'le. T!ese #esults
$lea#ly s!o+ t!at mammal "#e(ation/$om"etition !as a ma>o# in%luen$e on t!e Otago
s)in)1 an( 'y #emo&ing o# #e(u$ing mammals1 t!e Otago s)in) is a'le to t!#i&e
*/!itmo#e1 N. "e#sonal $ommuni$ation1 2=t! Ma#$! 2010-.
Anot!e# t!#eat to t!e s"e$ies is #e(u$tion o% !a'itat &ia $on&e#sion o% tusso$) g#asslan( to
e5oti$ g#asslan(. 4e##y et al. *2005- %oun( t!at A#an( s)in)s !a&e a lo+e# (is"e#sal
a$#oss e5oti$ g#asslan( $om"a#e( to tusso$) g#asslan(1 an( it is li)ely t!e same a""lies to
Otago s)in)s. .o+e#e( (is"e#sal o&e# time may ma)e t!e "o"ulations mo#e sus$e"ti'le to
in'#ee(ing (e"#ession1 +!i$! +oul( #e(u$e t!e %itness o% t!e s"e$ies. Alte#ation o% t!e
&egetation may also $!ange t!e (iet o% t!e s)in)s1 as +il( s)in)s !a&e 'een %oun( to
$onsume $e#tain nati&e %#uits*To#$!e#1 2003-.
Captive Management:
Otago s)in)s !a&e 'een maintaine( in $a"ti&ity %o# many yea#s1 +it! t!e %i#st )no+n
$olle$tion o% animals %#om t!e +il( ta)ing "la$e in t!e 1=0Bs. 9a"ti&e '#ee(ing 'e$ame
&e#y su$$ess%ul on$e e$to-"a#asites t!at natu#ally o$$u# in +il( "o"ulations +e#e #emo&e(
%#om $a"ti&e animals. Otago s)in)s !a&e a longe# li%es"an in $a"ti&ity2 u" to 1 yea#s in
t!e +il( *No#'u#y et al.1 200-1 $om"a#e( +it! 40C yea#s in $a"ti&ity *9ollen1 et al.1
200=-. T!ey a#e also 'elie&e( to !a&e a !ig!e# #e"#o(u$ti&e out"ut in $a"ti&ity1 +it! some
$a"ti&e #ea#e( animals "#o(u$ing $lut$! siDes o% u" %i&e an( si51 an o$$u##en$e ne&e#
o'se#&e( in t!e +il( *9ollen1 et al.1 200=-. As o% 200:1 t!e#e +e#e :: $a"ti&e Otago
s)in)s1 only one o% +!i$! +il(-'o#n. 3ome o% t!ese in(i&i(uals a#e t!e se$on( o# t!i#(
gene#ation 'o#n in $a"ti&ity *9onnolly1 2005-.
All in%o#mation on $a"ti&e Otago s)in)s +as ente#e( into a (ata'ase +!i$! t#a$)s t!e
genealogies o% $a"ti&e in(i&i(uals1 sta#ting %#om t!e "o"ulation t!ey *o# t!ei# an$esto#s-
+e#e $aug!t %#om. T!is !as 'e$ome a &ital tool in (ete#mining +!i$! animals may 'e
'#e( +it! one anot!e# in $a"ti&ity1 to ensu#e 'loo(lines #emain t#ue1 an( to #e(u$e t!e
o$$u##en$e o% in'#ee(ing *9ollen1 et al.1 200=-. T!e easte#n an( +este#n meta"o"ulations
o% Otago s)in) a#e 'eing t#eate( as se"a#ate $onse#&ation units1 t!us in(i&i(uals %#om
(i%%e#ent meta"o"ulations $annot 'e $#osse( *No#'u#y et al.1 200-.
8n%o#tunately1 t!e#e is e&i(en$e to suggest t!at $a"ti&e #ea#e( in(i&i(uals may 'e mo#e
sus$e"ti'le to "#e(ation t!an +il( animals. 9onnolly an( 9#ee *200:- $om"a#e(
"!enoty"i$al (i%%e#en$es in $a"ti&e #ea#e( an( +il( Otago s)in)s. T!ey %oun( t!at $a"ti&e
in(i&i(uals !a( signi%i$antly !ea&ie# 'o(y mass1 +i(e# tail-'ase1 longe# tails *in
2
4/4/2010 Moniqua Nelson-Tunley
232.705 Assignment One I.D. 022133
>u&eniles-1 %aste# g#o+t! #ates an( slo+e# s"#int s"ee(s. 9a"ti&e '#e( animals s"#inte(
less t!an !al% as %ast as t!ei# +il(-'o#n $ounte#"a#ts1 +!i$! may !a&e se#ious im"li$ations
%o# #eleases o% $a"ti&e-'#e( animals.
T!e slo+e# s"#int s"ee( $oul( 'e (et#imental i% in(i&i(uals a#e #elease( into a#eas +it!
mo(e#ate "#e(ato# num'e#s1 as it +ill ee%%e$t t!ei# a'ility to es$a"e "#e(ation *9onnolly
E 9#ee1 200:-. A %a$to# t!at may 'e a%%e$ting t!e s"#int s"ee( o% t!e s)in)s is
$on(itioning to stimulus +!ile in $a"ti&ity. It is +ell (o$umente( t!at $a"ti&e #ea#e(
in(i&i(uals la$) "#e(ato# #es"onses "#esent in +il( in(i&i(uals *Fa#is! E 3ot!e#ton1 20072
Mesquita E Goung1 20072 De ADe&e(o E Goung1 200-. One +ay to a&oi( t!is a%%e$ting
su#&i&o#s!i" is to $on(u$t "#e(ato# a&e#sion t#aining "#io# to #elease1 an( to minimise
!an(ling o% $a"ti&e animals.
T!e g#eate# +eig!t is li)ely to 'e (ue to a $om'ination o% small en$losu#e siDe $om"a#e(
to +il( !a'itat siDe1 an( %attie# %oo(s 'eing o%%e#e( to $a"ti&e animals. /il( Otago s)in)s
!a&e 'een o'se#&e( "#e(ating mainly (i"te#ans an( small-'o(ie( $oleo"te#ans *To#$!e#1
2003-1 +!i$! a#e $onsi(e#e( !ig! "#otein %oo(1 +!ile $a"ti&e in(i&i(uals a#e usually
o%%e#e( $oleo"te#a la#&ae an( o#t!o"te#ans *9onnolly1 2005-1 +!i$! a#e !ig!e# %at %oo(s.
/il( s)in)s a#e also )no+n to eat la#ge quantities o% nati&e %#uits *Coprosma an(
Leucopogon-1 +!i$! may 'e a'sent in $a"ti&e #ea#e( (iets *To#$!e#1 2003-.
/!ile in$#ease( +eig!t +ill li)ely in$#ease t!e o&e#-+inte#ing $a"a$ity1 t!e#e is a #is)
t!at it +ill #e(u$e #e"#o(u$tion1 as o'se#&e( in ot!e# #e"tile s"e$ies *9onnolly E 9#ee1
200:-.
.an$elin Islan( 3)in)0
Conservation status:
T!e .an$elin Islan( s)in) is liste( as &ulne#a'le 'y t!e I89N1 an( en(ange#e( 'y t!e
A$tion Flan %o# Aust#alian He"tiles *9ogge# et al.1 1==3-. T!e s)in) is en(emi$ to
.an$elin Islan(1 a small islan( *7.!a- o%% t!e $oast o% +este#n Aust#alia1 +it! an
estimate( "o"ulation siDe o% 3000 a(ults *Fea#son E Iones1 2000-. 4eing #est#i$te( to a
single islan( ma(e t!is "o"ulation &e#y &ulne#a'le to sto$!asti$ e&ents *es"e$ially %i#e-1
as +ell as #est#i$ting "o"ulation g#o+t!. It is %o# t!is #eason t!at a $a"ti&e management
"#og#am 'egan.
Threats:
T!e .an$elin Islan( s)in) "o"ulation siDe is limite( 'y t!e siDe o% t!e islan( an(
a&aila'ility o% !a'itat on t!e islan(. T!e a&aila'ility o% !a'itat on t!e islan( is 'eing
%u#t!e# #e(u$e( 'y in&asion o% e5oti$ +ee(s +!i$!1 unli)e t!e nati&e s!#u's1 en$#oa$! on
t!e s)in)s #o$)y !a'itat.
T!e e5oti$ +ee(s also "ose a %i#e-#is)1 as t!ey a$$umulate (ea(1 (#ie( &egetation o&e#
summe#. T!e in$#ease o% %i#e-#is) is a se#ious $on$e#n1 as a +i(es"#ea( %i#e on t!e islan(
$oul( (#amati$ally #e(u$e t!e .an$elin Islan( s)in) "o"ulation1 at t!e #is) o% s"e$ies
e5tin$tion *9ogge# et al.1 1==3-. One o% t!e #esea#$! "#io#ities %o# $onse#&ation o% t!e
.an$elin Islan( s)in) is to Jesta'lis! a #esea#$!/monito#ing "#og#am to e5amine #ates o%
&egetation $!ange on .an$elin Islan( an( te$!niques %o# t!e $ont#ol o% e5oti$ "lantsK
3
4/4/2010 Moniqua Nelson-Tunley
232.705 Assignment One I.D. 022133
*A""#o&e( $onse#&ation a(&i$e %o# Ctenotus lancelini *.an$elin Islan( s)in)-1 200:-.
T!e#e is a total %i#e 'an on .an$elin Islan( in o#(e# to #e(u$e t!e #is) to t!e s)in)s
*Fea#son E Iones1 2000-. T!e#e !a&e also 'een tests o% t!e to5i$ity o% !e#'i$i(es to t!e
s)in)s1 so t!at i% ne$essa#y t!e e5oti$ +ee(s $an 'e #emo&e( %#om t!e islan( *Fea#son E
Iones1 2000-.
Captive Management:
In 1==31 $on$e#ns a'out t!e &ulne#a'ility o% .an$elin Islan( s)in)s lea( to t!e
(e&elo"ment o% a $a"ti&e '#ee(ing "#og#am1 $on(u$te( 'y Fe#t! ,oo an( 9A.M 3$ien$e
Di&ision *Fea#son E Iones1 2000-. T!is 'egan +it! a t#ial o% $a"ti&e '#ee(ing "#a$tises
using a $losely #elate( ta5a1 t!e He(-legge( s)in) *C. labillardieri-. T!is s"e$ies +as
mu$! mo#e $ommon an( "#esent on t!e mainlan(1 'ut ot!e#+ise !a( &e#y simila# !a'itat
#equi#ements so $oul( 'e use( in t!e t#ial #at!e# t!an #is)ing .an$elin Islan( s)in)s. Fe#t!
,oo t#iale( (i%%e#ent g#ou" siDes1 (i%%e#ent %ee(ing #egimes1 (i%%e#ent en$losu#e siDes1 an(
in(oo# an( out(oo# en$losu#es. T!ey %oun( o&e#%ee(ing not to 'e an issue1 an( t!at
out(oo# en$losu#es +e#e o"timal %o# most o% t!e yea#. In o#(e# to 'ette# monito# t!e
in$u'ation an( !at$!ing o% young1 g#a&i( %emales +e#e t#ans%e##e( to small *0540$m-
en$losu#es %o# o&i"osition. On$e t!e t#ial using C. labillardieri +as $om"lete(1 t!e
te$!niques lea#ne( +e#e use( %o# '#ee(ing .an$elin Islan( s)in)s *Fea#son E Iones1
2000-.
9a"ti&e '#ee(ing o% .an$elin Islan( s)in)s 'egan +it! si5 g#a&i( %emales $olle$te( %#om
.an$elin Islan(1 +!i$! "#o(u$e( 20 eggs1 15 o% +!i$! +e#e su$$ess%ully !at$!e( an(
#ea#e( at Fe#t! ,oo *Fea#son E Iones1 2000-. /it!in t!e 10 yea# "e#io( o% t!e $a"ti&e
'#ee(ing "#og#am1 20 .an$elin Islan( s)in)s +e#e 'o#n at Fe#t! ,oo. O% t!ese1 1= +e#e
#elease( into t!e +il(1 +!ile t!e ot!e#s +e#e maintaine( as $a"ti&e sto$) %o# a(&o$a$y1
an( in$ase %u#t!e# int#o(u$tions a#e nee(e(. Fe#t! ,oo $u##ently !ol(s %i&e animals %o#
(is"lay *3mit!1 F.1 "e#sonal $ommuni$ation1 23
#(
Ma#$! 2010-.
T!e su$$ess o% t!e '#ee(ing "#og#am lea( to int#o(u$tion o% mo#e t!an 100 $a"ti&e '#e(
in(i&i(uals onto a ne+ islan(1 <a&o#ite Islan(. Heleases too) "la$e a total o% %ou# times1
+it! monito#ing 'et+een #eleases to ensu#e t!e s)in)s +e#e su#&i&ing in t!ei# ne+ !a'itat
*3mit!1 F.1 "e#sonal $ommuni$ation1 23
#(
Ma#$! 2010-. /!ile #e$a"tu#e #ates +e#e &e#y
lo+1 t!e (is$o&e#y o% su'-a(ults on <a&o#ite Islan( meant t!e ne+ "o"ulation !as '#e(
su$$ess%ully *Mo##is et al.1 20072 Ho'e#tson1 2007-. Helease o% .an$elin Islan( s)in)s
onto <a&o#ite Islan( !as se$u#e( t!ei# e5isten$e in t!e +il(.
Dis$ussion0
T!e '#ee(ing "#og#ams o% t!e Otago s)in) an( t!e .an$elin Islan( s)in) !a&e 'een
su$$ess%ul inso%a# t!at t!ey !a&e in$#ease( t!e num'e# o% in(i&i(uals o% ea$! s"e$ies.
9#u$ially1 'ot! "#og#ams #e$ognise t!e nee( %o# !a'itat management %o# t!e +il(
"o"ulation in o#(e# to !a&e some+!e#e to #elease t!e $a"ti&e-'#e( animals. /it!out
suita'le +il( !a'itat %o# #eint#o(u$tion1 t!ese '#ee(ing "#og#ams +oul( !a&e no "u#"ose.
<o# t!e Otago s)in)1 +il( "o"ulation management is %o$use( on #e(u$tion o% "#e(ation o%
int#o(u$e( mammals1 +it! a se$on(a#y %o$us on se$u#ing an( #esto#ing !a'itat %o# t!e
s)in)s. Inte#im "lans %o# t!e #e$o&e#y o% t!is s"e$ies in$lu(es $on&e#ting a#eas +it! s)in)
4
4/4/2010 Moniqua Nelson-Tunley
232.705 Assignment One I.D. 022133
!a'itat %#om "#i&ate %a#mlan( to "u'li$ #ese#&e1 an( in$lu(es %u#t!e# in&estigation into t!e
e%%e$t o% e5oti$ g#asses on (is"e#sal.
<o# t!e .an$elin Islan( s)in)1 se$u#ing a se$on( islan( *<a&o#ite Islan(- %o# t!e s"e$ies
+as a signi%i$ant o'>e$ti&e %o# t!e s"e$ies #e$o&e#y. In&estigating an( #e(u$ing t!e #is) o%
%i#e to t!e .an$elin Islan( "o"ulation !as also 'een im"lemente(. /!ile t!e .an$elin
Islan( s)in) '#ee(ing "#og#am is $om"lete(1 t!e Otago s)in) '#ee(ing "#og#am !as a
long +ay to go. T!e +este#n meta"o"ulation is un(e#-#e"#esente( in $a"ti&ity. Also1
'e%o#e mo#e in(i&i(uals a#e #elease(1 t!e lo$ations t!ey a#e #eint#o(u$e( to nee( to 'e
insu#e( against (e$line 'y im"lementing mammal $ont#ol.
As mentione( a'o&e1 $a"ti&e '#e( Otago s)in)s may !a&e a !ig!e# #is) o% "#e(ation t!an
+il(-'o#n s)in)s1 (ue to t!ei# slo+e# s"#int s"ee(1 an( gene#al #elu$tan$e to #un +!en
stimulate(. T!is issue nee(s to 'e a((#esse( "#io# to #elease o% $a"ti&e-'#e( animals to
!a'itats $ontaining mammalian "#e(ato#s. Fossi'le management met!o(s $oul( 'e to
s+it$! t!e (iet o% in(i&i(uals (ue %o# #elease to a lo+e# %at (iet1 as #e(u$ing +eig!t
s!oul( in$#ease s"ee( *9onnolly E 9#ee1 200:-. Alte#nati&ely1 all $a"ti&e sto$) $oul( 'e
s+it$!e( to a lo+e# %at (iet1 alt!oug! #esea#$! +ill nee( to 'e un(e#ta)en to (ete#mine its
e%%e$t on '#ee(ing su$$ess. Otago s)in) '#ee(e#s s!oul( also 'e (is$ou#age( %#om
e5$essi&e s)in) !an(ling1 as #elu$tan$e to #un may 'e a $on(itione( #es"onse to !an(ling.
T!an)s to t!e (ata'ase o% Otago s)in) genealogies1 geneti$s o% in(i&i(uals !as 'een
$onsi(e#e( $a#e%ully +!en '#ee(ing animals %o# #elease. /!ile t!e +este#n
meta"o"ulations o% Otago s)in)s is still un(e#-#e"#esente( in $a"ti&e "o"ulations1 geneti$
management o% $a"ti&e Otago s)in)s a""ea#s soun( *9ollen1 et al.1 200=-.
Alt!oug! t!e .an$elin Islan( s)in) '#ee(ing "#og#am +as a g#eat su$$ess1 t!e#e is a
"ossi'le issue t!at !as 'een o&e#loo)e(. T!e initial $a"ti&e '#ee(ing "#og#am +as
%oun(e( 'y si5 g#a&i( %emales. A male +as late# $aug!t an( in$lu(e( in t!e "#og#am
*Fea#son E Iones1 2000-. T!e #e$o&e#y "lan %ails to mention any ot!e# s)in)s 'eing
$aug!t %o# '#ee(ing. I% so1 t!e#e is a !ig! #is) t!at t!e $a"ti&e '#e( in(i&i(uals +e#e
in'#e(1 es"e$ially $onsi(e#ing t!e o#iginal %emales +e#e $olle$te( %#om t!e same lo$ation1
so may 'e #elate(. T!is may mean t!e s)in)s #elease( onto <a&o#ite Islan( #un t!e #is) o%
(e&elo"ing geneti$ "#o'lems su$! as in'#ee(ing (e"#ession in t!e %utu#e.
In $on$lusion1 t!e main %o$us o% t!e .an$elin Islan( s)in) #e$o&e#y "lan is to $ontinue
maintaining t!e !a'itat on .an$elin Islan(1 an( ongoing monito#ing o% t!e <a&o#ite Islan(
"o"ulation. T!is s!oul( in$lu(e ensu#ing geneti$ a'no#malities asso$iate( +it!
in'#ee(ing (e"#ession (o not (e&elo" on <a&o#ite Islan(. T!e #e$o&e#y "lan +as
"#o(u$e( "#io# to t!e #elease o% s)in)s onto <a&o#ite Islan(1 so an u"(ate o% t!e #e$o&e#y
"lan is nee(e( to ta)e t!is into a$$ount.
T!e Otago s)in) #e$o&e#y "lan o'>e$ti&es a#e %o$usse( on +!at nee(s to 'e (one2
in$lu(ing mo#e +este#n-'ase( s)in)s in t!e '#ee(ing "#og#am1 an( #esto#ing t!e nati&e
!a'itat o% t!e s"e$ies to "#e&ent %u#t!e# (e$line o% t!e s"e$ies in t!e +il(. T!e #e$o&e#y
"lan is also in nee( o% an u"(ate soon1 as t!e (ata #ega#(ing estimates o% su#&i&o#s!i" a#e
$lea#ly out(ate(.
5
4/4/2010 Moniqua Nelson-Tunley
232.705 Assignment One I.D. 022133
He%e#en$es0
A""#o&e( $onse#&ation a(&i$e %o# Ctenotus lancelini *.an$elin Islan( s)in)-.
9onse#&ation a(&i$e a""#o&e( 'y t!e Ministe#/ Delegate o% t!e Ministe# o% 9onse#&ation
an( .an( Management1 /este#n Aust#alia on t!e 2/3/200:.
4e##y1 O.1 To$!e#1 M.D.1 Aleeson1 D.M.1 3a##e1 3.D. 2005. 6%%e$t o% &egetation mat#i5 on
animal (is"e#sal0 Aeneti$ e&i(en$e %#om a stu(y o% en(ange#e( s)in)s. 9onse#&ation
4iology Lol. 1=03. "" :55-:4.
9ogge#1 7.A.1 6.6. 9ame#on1 H.A. 3a(lie# E F. 6ggle# *1==3-. The Action Plan for
Australian Reptiles. MOnlineN. 9an'e##a1 A9T0 Aust#alian Natu#e 9onse#&ation Agen$y.
Het#ie&e( 1
st
A"#il 2010.
9onnolly1 I.D.1 2005. A $om"a#ison o% t!e OOqualityBB o% +il( an( $a"ti&e Otago s)in)s
*Oligosoma otagense-0 a#e $a"ti&e sto$)s o% "otential use in $onse#&ationP M3$ t!esis1
8ni&e#sity o% Otago1 Dune(in.
9onnolly1 I.D.1 9#ee1 A. 200:. His)s o% a late sta#t to $a"ti&e management %o#
$onse#&ation0 F!enoty"i$ (i%%e#en$es 'et+een +il( an( $a"ti&e in(i&i(uals o% a
&i&i"a#ous en(ange#e( s)in) *Oligosoma otagense-. Biological Conservation ol. !"!. ""
12:3-12=2.
9ollen1 H.1 Hea#(on1 I.1 To#$!e#1 M. 200=. A#an( s)in) *Oligosoma g#an(e- an( Otago
s)in) *Oligosoma otagense- 9a"ti&e Management Flan0 2007-2014. De"a#tment o%
9onse#&ation1 /ellington.
De ADe&e(o1 9.3.1 Goung1 H.I. 200. 4e!a&iou#al #es"onses o% $a"ti&e-'o#n g#eate# #!eas
H!ea Ame#i$ana .innaeus *H!ei%o#mes1 H!ei(ae- su'mitte( to anti"#e(ato# t#aining.
Revista Bra#ileira $e %oologica ol. &':!. "" 1:-1=3.
7it$!moug!1 H.1 4ull1 ..1 9#oma#ty1 F. 2005. Ne+ ,ealan( T!#eat 9lassi%i$ation 3ystem
.ists 2005. Ne+ ,ealan( De"a#tment o% 9onse#&ation1 /ellington.
Mesquita1 <.D.1 Goung1 H.I. 2007. T!e 'e!a&iou#al #es"onses o% Nile tila"ia
*Oreochromis niloticus- to anti-"#e(ato# t#aining. Applied Animal Behaviour (cience ol.
!)*:!+'. "" 144-154.
Mo##is1 Q.1 Fea#son1 D.1 7a#tley1 H. 2007. Im"lementation o% t!e .an$elin Islan( 3)in)
He$o&e#y Flan. 3$ien$e Di&ision annual #esea#$! a$ti&ity #e"o#t1 De"a#tment o%
6n&i#onment an( 9onse#&ation1 /este#n Aust#alia.
No#'u#y1 A.1 Hea#(on1 I.1 M$Qinlay1 4. 200. D#a%t A#an( an( Otago s)in) He$o&e#y
Flan0 200-201. De"a#tment o% 9onse#&ation1 /ellington.

4/4/2010 Moniqua Nelson-Tunley

232.705 Assignment One I.D. 022133
Fa#is!1 D.M.4.1 3ot!e#ton1 N./. 2007. T!e %ate o% #elease( $a"ti&e-#ea#e( g#ey "a#t#i(ges
Fe#(i5 "e#(i50 im"li$ations %o# #eint#o(u$tion "#og#ammes. ,ildlife Biolog- ol. !':&. ""
140-14=.
Fea#son1 D.1 Iones1 4. 2000. .an$elin Islan( 3)in) He$o&e#y Flan. /il(li%e Management
F#og#am N
0
22. De"a#tment o% 9onse#&ation an( .an( Management1 /este#n Aust#alia.
Ho'e#tson1 7.M. 2007. /il(li%e $onse#&ation an( Fe#t! ,oo. National /il(li%e
He!a'ilitation 9on&ention F#o$ee(ings 2007.
To$!e#1 M.1 2003. T!e (iet o% g#an( s)in)s *Oligosoma g#an(e- an( Otago s)in)s *O.
otagense- in Otago se#al tusso$) g#asslan(s. .e/ %ealand 0ournal of %oolog- ol. ')1 ""
243R257.
To$!e#1 M.1 an( No#'u#y1 A. 2005. F#e(i$ting e5tin$tion "#oneness an( #e$o&e#y in g#an(
an( Otago s)in)s. 1ararehe 1ino ertebrate Pest Research .e/sletter2 Issue 71 " 1R3.
<u#t!e# Hea(ing0
9ollen1 H. 2007. A#an( an( Otago s)in) 7us'an(#y Manual. Ne+ ,ealan( /il(li%e
Management /e'"age. Date #et#ie&e(0 24t! Ma#$! 2010. Het#ie&e( %#om0
!tt"0//+++.+il(li%emanagement.net.nD/+i)i/(o)u."!"/g#an(San(SotagoSs)in)s
7