GM PDF

Page 1)
Gearotic Motion V4.80

Help files.
3D gear template generator software.
Introduction;
Welcome to Gearotic Motions help tutorial version 4.80
Gearotic Motion software was primarily designed as a 3D Gear Template generator but has developed into a utility
package for gear trains. Once the basic gear capabilities existed, escapements were added to aid clockmakers.
Having had success with two escapement designs, development moved on to our newest module called
Generalized Toothing Algorithm (GTA). While still young, GTA, our gear kitchen, appears to be the way to go in
solving many issues in odd shape gearing. Our goal continues to become that useful little utility program for all of
those odd jobs that otherwise can be quite complex to do in CAD. Currently, Gearotic can generate most gear types
found today in industry such as spurs, lantern, elliptical, imaginary, timing pulleys, sprockets, plating, bevels, root
blowers, escapement, deadbeat, and the new GTA gear kitchen allows for very odd gear designs.
All gears generated can be output in 3D format, bevel gears can be output in Straight, Helix or Zerol formats while
spur gears may also be set to use helical forms. These may output as STL files for 3d printing, 3d solids for various
CAD usage, and finally G-Code for mill users. All gears generated in Gearotic Motion can also be exported as 2D
into DXF format and 1:1 scale printouts should it be required. Some gear types, such as Helical or Bevels will be
limited in output to 4th axis Gcode, STL and 3d-dxf only.
In addition, it has a 3D graphic simulation built in that allows user to think about how to make a device, or
determine other factors he may want to consider. It provides statistics about gear ratio's, sizes, centering and such
and is a fun, easy to use, virtually drag and drop, for mechanism creation. This manual provides a variety of
information about all aspects of things you’ll find inside Gearotic Motion.
The first gear placed will be the master rotation gear and will appear at 0,0 location on the project screen. From
then on adding a gear will take it to the project screen to either fit a shaft or a gear always referencing to the
primary placed wheel. One important reminder about Gearotic Motion gear trains, you can only move forward to
the output manager or save your project file if you are licensed. Once your happy with your gear train created in
GM, go to the setting tab (question mark on the top menu), specify a location for your output folder, by default it is
in your C:\Gearotic Motion\GearData" folder. Next, select your gear for output by clicking on them (highlighted) or
use your (ctrl) key held down on your project screen to select multiple gears at one time, then select “Output
Manager”. From there you’ll see all gears you copied over destined for the output manager manipulation.
Selecting a gear on the output manger screen allows you to set various output options for that gear. You can either
do this for each gear, or , having selected the options you wish to be global, press copy to all gears to force each
gear to output those elected formats. The more gears or types you select the longer the output will take. Should you
have any issues along the way you may read through this manual or visit us on the forum for solutions at
http://gearotic.com/ESW/FavIcons .
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It is our hope, that Gearotic Motion will allow you to do what in the past could only be done by dedicated
hobbyist. Our forum is meant for ideas and questions for anyone interested in making gears, and it has becomes a
gathering spot for many users to share ideas or results. Whether you are making Clocks, Window Openers, Whirly
Gigs or Rube-Goldberg machines, we hope you find a comfortable spot to meet and discuss such things.
We also hope this help file can provide you with a better understanding of all functions within Gearotic Motion
and we suggest you to view the video tutorials available on our web site at www.gearotic.com . While these videos
may have been done using older versions of Gearotic Motion, they continue to provide adequate information on
subject material, but the screen appearance may look different in various videos. Also it may be a good idea to
check once in awhile for updates, Gearotic Motion continues to grow and may have added new features that you
may not have on older versions. Remember our once licensed, always licensed policy allows you to upgrade at any
time as the program grows more useful while expanding its functionality.
If you encounter any issues please contact us at support@gearotic.com

Page 3) Table of Content
1) File Icon:
1a) Customize quick access toolbar

1b) Show quick access toolbar below ribbon
1c) Minimize the ribbon
1d) Mouse and keyboard combination;
2) Project Database Tab:
2a) Rename Project

2b) Select all
2c) Delete all
2d) Rename Gear
2e) Delete Train
2f) Set Gear Color
2g) Run Tool Wizard
2h) Measuring tool
2i) Gear shaft distance/ratio calculation
2j) View Points
3) Program Settings Tab:
3a) Default Data Folder

3b) Gear point distance
3c) Simulation Screen Background Color
3d) Default Alfa Settings and Selection Alpha
4) About Button Tab:
4a) Certificate verification tool for licensed users

4b) Help file
Page 4) Table of Content (continued)
5) Spur Gears Tab:
5a) Main Gear Parameters

5a1) Create Wheel
5a2) Create Pinion
5a3) Regenerate
5a4) Rotate
5a5) Library
5b) (Wheel/Pinion) available options.

5b1) Wheel number of Teeth
5b2) Pinion number of Teeth
5b3) Wheel Internal
5b3) Shaft Diameter
5b4) Spokes on
5b5) Default
5b6) Shift
5b7) Stub
5b8) Width
5c) Spur Gears

5d) Epicycloidal Gears
5e) Helical
1) Helical angle
2) Left handed
3) Do not resize
5f) Bevel Gears
1) Straight
2) Helical
3) Zerol
4) Shaft angle
5) Let handed
5g) 4 Bar Linkage
5h) Timing Pulley

1)Timing pulley type
2 Belt Length
5i) Sprocket Type

1) Chain Number
2) Pointed
3) Pitch
4) Thickness
5) Roller Diameter
6) Roller Width
6) Lantern and Pinion Tab:

6a) Lantern and Pinion Gears
1) Create Wheel
2) Create Pinion
3) Regenerate
4) Rotate on/off
6b) Lantern and Pinion Gear Specs
1) Module
6c) Lantern and Pinion tooth count
1) Number of Teeth on cage
2) Number of teeth on pinion
6d) Displays
1) Shaft diameter
2) Pin diameter
3) Internal Lantern
4) Internal Pinion
7) Non Circular (Elliptical) Gears Tab:

7a) Elliptical Gears
1) Create Wheel
2) Create Pinion
3) Regenerate
4) Rotate on/off
7b) Elliptical Gears Specs

1) Module
2) Pressure angle
3) Max Pressure
7c) Elliptical Gears tooth count

1) Number of Teeth on Wheel
2) Wheel Order
3) Pinion Order
4) Eccentricity
5)
7d) Elliptical Gears Shaft Size
5) Shaft diameter
6) Spokes on
8) Imaginary Gears Tab:
8a) Imaginary Gears

1) Create Wheel
2) Create Pinion
3) Random Master
4) Make Pinion
5) Rotate on/off
8b) Imaginary Equivalent Gear Spec

1) Module
2) Wheel Teeth
8c) Imaginary Gear Shaft Order

1) Shaft Diameter
2) Pinion Order
9) Ratchets / Gadgets / Clocks / Escapement Tab:
9a) Ratchet / Recoil Create Gears

1) Create ratchet
2) Regenerate
3) Rotate on/off
9b) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Specs

1) Module
2) Ratchet Teeth
9c) Ratchet / Recoil Shaft Size

1) Diameter
9d) Ratchet / Recoil Tool Control

1) Witness Ratio
2) Undercut Ratio
3) Radial Ratio
4) Depth Ratio
5) Recoil
6) Counter Clockwise CCW
7) Escapement (see Chapter 12)
9e) Ratchet / Recoil Gadgets
1) Add Clock Hand
2) Add Crank Handle
3) Add Pendulum (see Chapter 12
10) Spoke Panel Diag.
10a) Spoke Panel

1)Spokes on/off
2)Spoke Type
3)Number of Spokes
4)Rim Ratio
5)Leg Ratio
6)Boss Ratio
10b) Wheel parameter Displays using spokes

1)Tip Circle
2)Base Circle
3)Pitch Circle
4)Root Circle
11) Plating
11a) Plate Control

1)Get from Project
2)Regenerate
11b) View Points

1)Front
2)Left
3Top
4)Solid/Wire
12) Output Manager Tab:
12a) Project Name

12b) Selected Gears
12c) Output
1)2D DXF
2)3D DXF
3)3D STL
4)1:1 Scale Printing
5)2.5D Milling Gcode
6)4th Axis Gcode
7)Modify Shaft DiameterOffset
8)Copy to all Gears
12d) NC Parameters
1) Tool Diameter
2) Final Depth
3) Spindle Speed
4) Tool Number
5) Cut per Pass
6) Safe Z Height
7) Feed Rate
8) Plunge Rate
9) Stepover Ratio
10) Rounded Corners
11) Climb Mill
12e) Spur/Helical Only
1) Axis Parallel to Rotary
2) Chuck in ++ Direction
3) Evolute Segmentation
4) Use Involute Cutter
5) Convert Helical to Knuckle
13) Clocks using Graham or Grasshopper Escapements / Ratchets / Pendulum

1) Graham escapement
2) Grasshopper escapement
3) Create ratchet
4) Regenerate
5) Rotate on/off
13b) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Specs

3) Module
4) Ratchet Teeth
13c) Ratchet / Recoil Shaft Size

2) Diameter
13d) Ratchet / Recoil Tool Control

8) Witness Ratio
9) Undercut Ratio
10) Radial Ratio
11) Depth Ratio
12) Recoil
13) Counter Clockwise CCW
14) Escapement

1) Add Clock Hand
2) Add Crank Handle
3) Add Pendulum
14) Generalized Toothing Algorithm
14a) Elliptical Parameters

1) Eccentricity
2) Modification Coefficient
3) Low resolution
4) Medium resolution
5) Hi resolution
6) Extreme resolution
7) Wheel Order
8) Pinion Order
9) Planetary ring
14b) Shaper Control

1) Tooth Wheel
2) Tooth Pinion
3) Tooth Count
4) Involute
5) Hypocycloidal
6) Profile Shift
7) Angle
14c) Roots
1) Roots blower
14d) Rack
1) Rack as pitch line
2) Tab right
3) Tab left
15) Simulation Control Screen
15a) Simulation Control Icon

15b) CCW step direction
15c) CW step direction
15d) Record AVI
15e) Wheel RPM
15f) Periodic Angle
End
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Page 10)
1) File icon:
The file icon is primarily used to customize file access, simply right click on the icon and it will prompt you with 3
option:
a) Customize quick access toolbar
b) Show quick access toolbar below ribbon
c) Minimize the ribbon
1a) Customize quick access toolbar
1b) Show quick access toolbar below ribbon

When selected will show toolbar below project and gear select menu ribbon, otherwise
will be active on top left of Gearotic Motion main window.
1c) Minimize the ribbon

When selected will remove ribbon menu from Gearotic Motion screen and disable view of
project and gear select menu, not recommended.
1d) Mouse and keyboard combination;

3 button mouse with wheel : Right click and hold will allow you to move gears on screen.
Center button and hold will allow gears to be rotated. Center wheel hold
and rotate will allow zoom.
2 button mouse: Right click and hold will allow you to move gears on screen. Ctrl-shift-
left-mouse and click- will allow the rotate-function. Ctrl-left-mouse click
and hold will also allow you to move gears on screen. Shift-left click and
hold will allow zoom.
You can also rotate your gear from the design screen by using up/down arrow keys. Use the shift key in
conjunction with the arrow keys to increase rotation speed.
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Page 11)
2) Project Database Icon:
Introduction;
The project database is used to identify all gears created inside your project, listing all gears, shafts, crank
handles and pointers within a project. When you create a project, you may only be able to save it if you’re a
licensed user, otherwise you are running the Demo version and option to save isn’t available. If licensed, all items
within your project database can be saved as a Gearotic project (gprj) file in the specified folder set with program
set icon. Assuming we have an active project open, selecting the top row in the tree with (arrow down) will display
the project name, shafts and all gears associated within that link. By double clicking, (arrow to the right) it will turn
off the list, double click again (arrow down) will return it back as shown in (fig 1). When mouse pointer is located
on the project name or any of the shafts in the tree of the project database, a right click of the mouse will allow 3
new options as shown in (fig 2). Of course depending on what type of gear you have selected, information detail
will change to best describe that particular gear, right clicking the mouse button while on a specific gear in the tree
will enable options renaming, delete train and set gear color as illustrated in (fig 4).
fig 1 Fig 2 fig 3
a) Rename Project
b) Select all
c) Delete all
d) Rename Gear
e) Delete Train
f) Set Gear Color
g)Run tool Wizard
Each one of the sub menus listed in the project database tree will also have features and functions. As with our
example, when shaft1 is selected both gears on that shaft will be highlighted and selected on the screen, double
click to hide sub tree as seen in (fig 3). If mouse pointer selects the shaft sub directory in the project database,
double clicking will activate and highlight the name in red which will temporarily disable the view of the shaft, or if
all parameters of the sub menu gets selected ,it will disable the gear, any train links and the shaft on your 3D screen.
This is a times used to easily view the remaining gears and have quicker access to them as seen in (fig 5). If mouse
pointer selects a gear icon in the project database, double clicking will activate a red “X” over the icon and
highlight the name in red which will temporarily disable the view of that gear and any train links it may have on
your 3D screen leaving the shafts visible to again easily view remaining gears and have quicker access to them as
seen in (fig 6).
Page 12) Project Database Icon (continued)
When mouse pointer selects any of the individual gears on the project database tree, the specifics of the gear will
appear on the main 3D screens above your design and could contains gear parameters data such as:
1) Pitch Diameter 6) Gear Diameter 11) Whole tool depth

2) Addendum 7) Gear Thickness 12) Wheel ratio
3) Dedendum 8) # Teeth 13) Wheel gear RPM
4) Max Mill Diameter 9) Current Angle 14) Selected gear RPM
5) Shaft Diameter 10) Location x.y.z 15) Angular Integration
Fig 4 Fig 5 Fig 6
2) Project Database Icon:

2a) Rename Project
The “Rename Project” feature does just that, it allows you to rename your project file
within Gearotic Motion.
2b) Select all

The “Select all” feature will allow you to select either all gears within the full project
tree or select specific gears located on individual shafts within your project tree.
2c) Delete all

The “Delete all” feature will allow you to delete all of the gears within your project
tree while keeping the project name active.
2d) Rename Gear

The rename gear tool is used to title a gear with a name in order to call it up quickly if
many other gears exist within your project and will hold that name even when exported to
a dxf or Gcode.
2e) Delete Train

Without an UNDO button, this area requires special attention. The delete train will allow
user to delete a gear including all gears attached to it, including shafts by one click of a
mouse button. Results will remove your selected gear and any gears requiring your
selected gear to drive it leaving everything else in your project.
2f) Set Gear Color

The set gear color option will allow user to set a particular color to any gear in the project
directory in order to visualize it faster and easier. Please note colors selected from color
palette may appear slightly different on your monitor due to OpenGL.
2g) Run Tool Wizard

The ToolBit wizard option is for making a cutting form tool to cut out gears you
created in Gearotic Motion. It allows users to generate a fly cutter to cut particular gear teeth
design as can be found on conventional methods such as hobbing. This option gives user
access to edit many of the parameters such as the round stock diameter, thickness
percentage, mill diameter, depth per pass, relief angle , collar and step over ratios as seen
below in(fig.6a) .
2h) Measuring tool

The Measuring tool option was added in the project screen to allow users the ability to
measure distances on the screen. Simply click “measure” and use mouse to measure distances
as seen in (fig. 6b)
2i) Gear shaft distance/ratio calculation

Gear shaft distance ratio calculation was added to Gearotic to assist users find shaft center
distances quickly by selecting the two gears in question in the tree, right click for menu
selection and distance ratio should appear on screen as fig 6b shows.
(fig.6a) (fig. 6b)

As an explanation, the Round Stock Diameter is the actual size of the stock your going to use. It defaults at
startup to the minimum size necessary and you can change it by selecting the actual stock size, then hit re-
calculate. The thickness percentage is the actual size of the bar that will be made. User must allow bar to be thin
enough to allow for the tool to properly cut the radial diameter of the tooth. As an example, 25% should work in
most instances for thickness percentage.
Collar Ratio is the length of the bar made. Its usually safe to be anywhere from 0 to 200% of the actual tooth
length, but the default setting is of 1.5 ( 150% of tooth depth) should work well for almost all tools. As to the
end tool thickness it is read-only and indicates the end bar thickness calculated. Tab also allows user to
reference some of the milling options such as the rotary axis with the option to face the opposite direction, feed
and plunge rate, step over ratio, Safe Z, Mill diameter and depth per pass to make your tool from the wizard.
2j) View Points

1)Front
This icon will reset existing view and display the project from a front view
2)Left
This icon will reset existing view and display the project from a Left view
3)Top
This icon will reset existing view and display the project from a Top view
4)Solid/Wire
This icon will allow user to view gear train in either a solid view or wire view.
Page 15)
3) Program Settings Icon
a) Default Data Folder

b) Gear point distance
c) Simulation Screen Background Color
d) Default Alfa Settings and Selection Alpha
Fig 7
The program settings tab consist of configurable parameters such as set of data folder, resolution and display
characteristic of gears while using Gearotic Motion seen in fig 7. It provides a selection for data folder to which you
export gear data or save a project, the resolution of a gear via point distance to be displayed, meaning how many
points per unit of measurement you specify to draw your gear on the simulation screen, a selectable screen
background color and Alpha settings for transparency of gears while placing new gear on the screen.
3) Program Settings Icon
3a) Default Data Folder:

In the program setting window you’ll find a selectable data folder location to which you
can output your gear data and save projects generated while using Gearotic Motion. Please
be advised data output can only be generated when a license key is purchased from Gearotic
Motion at www.gearotic.com .while the Demo version cannot. Default value C:\Gearotic
Motion3D\geardata (fig 7).
3b) Gear Point Distance

In a nut shell is the resolution of your simulated gears in Gearotic Motion. You begin by
selecting imperial(inch) or metric(mm) units and give it a distance value between point to
point that will draw your gear. Default value 0.25
Page 16) Program Settings Icon (continued)
3c) Simulation
The simulation background color allow user to change the color of the background while
using Gearotic Motion. Colors can be selected via a color palette by selecting “Clr Select”
or input as RGB values. Default settings are R0.502,G0.502,B0.502
3d) Left mouse active when not in placement mode

Left mouse active when not in placement mode means that your new generated gear
will follow or track the mouse icon for positioning as normal, but when not in placement
mode, you can use your mouse to select any gear in your train by simply positioning
mouse icon over that gear.
3e) Alpha Settings and Selection Alpha

Alpha Settings and Selection Alpha are transparency values given to gears while
using Gearotic Motion. These setting were added to ease with the placement of new
gears on the simulation screen. The default Alpha Setting controls the transparency of
the gear displayed on the simulation screen while the Selection Alpha value comes into
effect when placing a new gear into your project. When a new gear is generated, the
simulation screen will convert all existing gears to the Selection Alpha value to allow a
better view of gear you are adding then will converts all gears back to the default Alpha
settings. A value of 0.0 represents a solid(no transparency) while 1.0 represents high
transparency(full transparency).
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Page 17)
4) About Button Icon
(fig 8)
4a) About Button Icon
The “About button” was designed to advise user of version level they are currently using and a
certificate verification tool for licensed users as seen in fig 8. If you have purchased a licensed, your name and
email should appear in the “registered to” box after you have copied your license file into Gearotic Motion primary
folder. Licenses can be purchased from www.Gearotic.com which will allow all outputs to be activated and also
the ability to save any projects created within Gearotic Motion. The Help file tab allows user to open and view the
latest version help file (pdf) tutorial.
Page 18)
5) Spur Gears Tab
Introduction:
The Spur Gear Tab was really designed to simplify the process of creating a gear. In general Gearotic Motion
opens two window screens when Tab is selected. The left screen is called Gear Parameter Tools (fig 9), which
is used to configure and generate any spur related gears and the right window is called the Design Screen
(fig10) where the gear you design actually gets displayed. By definition Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the
simplest type of gear and consist of a cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting radially following an involute
curve aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. They conclude with that they only mesh together correctly if they
are paired and fitted to a parallel axles. Gearotic Motion begins the spur gear generation process by configuring
it first using the Gear Parameter Tools tab (fig 9) and gear should automatically appear on the Design Screen
(fig 10) custom to all parameter you’ve just included. Perhaps getting into the habit of clicking the “Regen”
button after any change may be good practice since not all gear types get updated automatically.
Moving on, many options are available within the Spur Gear tab so care should be taken while selecting. The
Design Screen offers visible data such as red markers to identify shaft centers and gear diameters, while the white
text data reflects more towards the gear specifics. Once a gear is created, the “add Wheel/Pinion to project” button
will add that gear to the simulation screen and project database. Once on the simulation screen gears may be spun
forward, backwards, aligned, recorded or viewed from different angles using the orientation tabs. It is important to
know whenever you create a gear that they are generated as a set, with a primary gear (Wheel) on the left and the
secondary gear (Pinion) on the right only as a arbitrary designations in Gearotic Motion. It isn’t required that you
add both gears to the simulation screen but what is important is you know which button controls what gear when
they are updated on the Design Screen. You can also rotate your gear from the design screen by using up/down
arrow keys, use the shift key in conjunction with the arrow keys to increase rotation speed. The Gear Parameter
Tools Tab (fig 9) consist of tools to assist you in making a gear such as metric or imperial units, pressure angle,
stubbing alteration for timing gears, simply save or pick them from library, internal or external teeth orientation,
shaft diameter, spokes, cycloidic teeth and more. Once gear is defined and added with “add Wheel/Pinion to
project” button, another menu expands once again called “Create Solid Gear Dialog”. This is the standard spur
creation dialog, which allows the name to be changed and also the gear thickness size . The dialog offers other
features such as Helical, Bevel or 4Bar Linkages to be added to the simulation screen too. These gear types are very
complex mathematically and may take a little more time to generate within Gearotic Motion, so quantity of gears
simulated on the screen will have an effect on your pc performance.
Page 19) Spur Gears Tab (continued)
Spur Gears Left screen Spur Gears Right Screen

(Gear Parameter Tools) ( Design Screen)
(fig 9) (fig 10)

5a1) Create Wheel
5a2) Create Pinion
5a3) Regenerate
5a4) Rotate
5a5) Library
5b3) Wheel Internal
5b3) Shaft Diameter
5b4) Spokes on
5b5) Default
5b6) Shift
5b7) Stub
5b8) Width
5c) Spur Gears
5d) Epicycloids Gear
5e) Helical
1) Helical angle
2) Left handed
3) Do not resize
5f) Bevel Gears
1) Straight
2) Helical
3) Zerol
4) Shaft angle
5) Let handed
5g) 4 Bar Linkage
5h) Spur Gear Timing Pulley

1) Timing pulley type
2 Belt Lengths
5i) Sprocket Type

1) Chain Number
2) Pointed
3) Pitch
4) Thickness
5) Roller Diameter
6) Roller Width
Gear Calculator
Gearotic motion also supplies a built in gear calculator. To activate, select the “??” icon found on the spur gear
tab and double click. Here you may enter gear specifics for your wheel and pinion and select calculate. Gearotic
Motion will apply your settings and get as close as possible to your gear specifics. Should you be happy with
results, select the send to design to include in your project database.
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5) Spur Gears

5a1) Create Wheel
This button will add the {Primary/Wheel Gear (left side)} following all of the Gear Parameter
tool you specified on the design screen, and will copy it onto the simulation screen in Gearotic
Motion.
5a2) Create Pinion

This button will add the {Secondary/Pinion Gear (right side)} following all of the Gear
Parameter Tools you specified on the design screen, and will copy it onto the simulation screen in
Gearotic Motion.
5a3) Regenerate
This feature will regenerate gears on the design screen using parameter from the Gear Parameter
Tools. Usually any changes made to Spur gears on the Gear Parameter Tools tab while using
Gearotic Motion will be automatically updated.
5a4) Rotate
The rotate button will allow your created project (gear assembly) to rotate on the Project control
screen. By checking off the reverse check box, your gear assembly will now begin to rotate in the
opposite direction. Speed of the rotation is controlled via the slider or input edit box for Master
RPM.
5a5) Library
This library contains a collection of predefined timing gears presently available and used
throughout the world . The idea behind the design was to supply a fast and easy access to
most popular timing gears using Gearotic Motion template generator.

This input allows user to input the number of teeth required on the primary gear.

This input allows user to input the number of teeth required on the pinion gear.

5b3) Wheel Internal
Gearotic Motion provides an entry for internal or non-internal gears within the spur gear menu.
When box is uncheck, all gears generated will be of standard spur gear type, but when checked on,
the orientation of the gears will be internal. Another way to describe an Internal Gear
may be the opposite of an external gear in that the teeth point towards rather than away from the
center, and addendum and dedendum take reverse positions. Internal Gears can provide a compact
transmission drive with large speed reduction and when used with a standard spur pinions the ratio
is the same as that of two external gears. Internal Gears can possess advantages when properly
applied, one is to reduced sliding action of one tooth over another which can causes friction, and as
friction results in tooth wear. Internal gears can also be known as planetary or hub gears assembly
and will do their magic as a gear ratio changing systems providing usually a long and largely
maintenance free life. Disadvantages are that they may not be suitable for high-stress conditions
according to engineering experts. When applying internal gears, care must be taken to select a
larger number of teeth on the primary(Wheel) gear in order to have proper meshing, otherwise
gears will not mesh correctly. Gearotic Motion leaves this possible error allowance setting to the
users discretion Example of an internal gear generated from Gearotic Motion can be seen in
(fig 10a).
.
(Fig 10a) (Fig 10b)
5b4) Shaft Diameter

Shaft diameter is the actual size of the shaft through the gear following the units of measurements
selected while making the gear. It may be changed here, by altering the size number in the input
box, or you will also have another opportunity to change shaft diameter when you add the gear on to
the simulation screen
5b5) Spokes on
With select box checked, gear to be generated will contain spokes, unchecked will not.
5b6) Default
Default is a reset function will reset the gear parameter to the original no modification parameter
within Gearotic Motion in the event parameter changes were done while stubbing a gear. It is a quick
and easy way to restore default standard settings while using spur gears.

5b7) Shift
The Shift parameter adjustment will basically shave off the amount you specify in the input box.
Default value is set to 0.00, but user can actually vary adjustment from –0.9 to 0.9
5b8) Stub
Stubbing a gear tooth is shaving off the top of a tooth leaving a gear tooth with less than original
working depth. Stub teeth have more strength than a whole depth gear, but contact ratio is reduced
5b9) Width
The Width control of a tooth is to basically alter the actual size of the tooth verse root. Default
setting is 0.50 to equal tooth spacing evenly. These width numbers can be adjusted from 0.1 to 1,
where the lower number will shrink the actual size of the tooth and increase this number will enlarge
the tooth size.
5C) Spur Gears

In definition Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear and consist of a cylinder
or disk with the teeth projecting radially following an involute curve aligned parallel to the axis of
rotation. They conclude with that they only mesh together correctly if they are paired and fitted to a
parallel axles. Gearotic Motion begins the spur gear generation process by configuring it first using
the Gear Parameter Tools tab (fig 9) and gear should automatically appear on the Design Screen
(fig 10) bearing all parameter you’ve just included.
5d) Epicycloids Gears
The cycloidal gear profile is a form of toothed gear primarly used in mechanical clocks. The gear
tooth profile is based on the epicycloid and hypocycloid curves, which are the curves generated by a
circle rolling around the outside and inside of another circle, respectively.When two toothed gears
mesh, an imaginary circle, the pitch circle, can be drawn around the centre of either gear through the
point at which their teeth make contact. The curves of the teeth outside the pitch circle are known as
the addenda, and the curves of the tooth spaces inside the pitch circle are known as the dedenda.
An addendum of one gear rests inside a dedendum of the other gear.In cycloidal gears, the addenda
of the wheel teeth are convex epi-cycloidal and the dedenda of the pinion are concave hypocycloidal
curves generated by the same generating circle. This ensures that the motion of one gear is
transferred to the other at locally constant angular velocity.Usually the pinion radius is made equal to
twice the generating circle diameter since this gives radial dedenda which are convenient to
manufacture on a hobbing machine. Some contraversy may exist with what some call “standard”
epicycloids, and it may simply be the difference between gears made using hobs verse gears made by
cnc to the math spec. But each tooth count has a different pitch diameter, and rather than have a tool
for each involute curve, you make a tools that will approximate a proper curve.
Results will be several gears of differing tooth count provided you allow a certain deviation. This
works fine but doesn’t really follow the math, the addendum will actually grow larger as the tooth
count grows. If manufacturers are using hobs to cut their gears, it cannot be expected of them that
the cutting tool will change its shape by tooth count, so they often modify the math to adapt
accordingly. Gearotic Motion however follows the math, which dictates they must be for the proper
curve. This means the end diameter will be different. Results shouldn’t have a huge difference, but
there will always be a certain difference from gears that are ordered from a manufacturer of gears.
Irony is that some will think Gearotic Motion gears are then somehow less valid than ones you
might order, but in truth it can be said that Gearotic Motion gears are actually closer to the true
mathematical model of the perfect gear of that size than the ordered one. The Epicycloids should
mesh quite nicely since we added more clearance but leaves user precaution active, and cycloidics
of the Cage internal to Spur should now be similar to spur internal to cage.
5e) Helical
Introduction;
Helical gears can only be selected while in the Spur Gear Tab and will only be generated as a final
output stage of Gearotic Motion. To begin selection, configure your spur gear to your needs with # of teeth
and MOD/DP from the Spur Gear Tab, then add primary(Wheel) or secondary(Pinion) to the screen. A new
window called the Solid Gear Tab will open up allowing input selection. Activate checkbox to enable
Helical and configure your gear with Helix angle, LH (left hand) or maintain standard spur size. By
clicking “OK” your new helical created gear will appear on the simulation screen.
5e1)Helical Angle;
Helix angle by definition is the angle between any helix and an axial line on its
right, circular cylinder or cone.The helix angle denotes the standard pitch circle
unless otherwise specified. Application of the helix angle typically employs a
magnitude ranging from 15° to 30° for helical gears, with 45° capping the safe
operation limit as seen in (fig.10b). The angle itself may be cut with either a
right-hand or left-hand orientation. In its typical parallel arrangement, meshing
helical gears requires that the helix angles are of the same magnitude but cut in
opposite direction as seen in (fig.10c).
(fig.10b) (Fig.10c)
5e) Helical
5e2) Left Handed
Left hand tread (LH) will allow user to cut opposite tread direction in order to
have two helical gears mesh and roll properly. As previously stated, parrallel arrangement
of helical gears require the helical angles are the same magnitude but cut in opposite
directions. See (fig.10c)
5e3) Do Not Resize

The maintain standard spur size checkbox is available since whenever a helical
gear is generated, the total outside diameter is increased to match the angle to the pitch
line. If box is selected, helical tread will shrink to match the spur gear size.
5f) Bevel Gears
Introduction;
Bevel gears by definition are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-
Bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted
on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can work at other angles as well. Gearotic Motion allows
for this shaft angle change by allowing user to specify the angle. Helical gears can only be
selected while in the Spur Gear Tab also and will only be generated as a final output stage of
Gearotic Motion. To begin selection, configure your spur gear to your needs with # of teeth and
MOD/DP from the Spur Gear Tab, then add primary(Wheel) or secondary(Pinion) gear to the
screen. A new window called the Solid Gear Tab will open up allowing your input selection.
Three types of bevels will be available in Gearotic Motion, straight, helix or zerol. Select type
prefered, input shaft angle and click OK to see your bevel gear appear on the simulation screen.
Bevels gear types can be viewed in (fig 10d,e,f)
5f) Bevel Gears
5f1) Straight Bevels

Straight bevel gears are the simplest form of bevel gears and defined with teeth
straight and parallel to the generator of the cone. They basically resemble a spur gear,
only conical rather than cylindrical. (fig 10d)
5f) Bevel Gears
5f2) Helical Bevels

Helix or helical tooth shape on a bevel gears offer a refinement over straight
bevels gears. Teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle.
Since the gear is curved, this angling causes the tooth shape to be a segment of a helix.
Helical bevels can be meshed in a parallel or crossed orientations and since angled
teeth will engage more gradually than straight ones causing them to run more smoothly
and quietly. Gearotic Motion will output helical bevels when both bevel and helical
checkboxes are activated. Remember to select LH(left hand) thread if matting with
another standard right hand thread. (fig 10e)
5f3) Zerol Bevels

Zerol bevel by definition is a type of bevel with curved teeth and a 0° helical
angle. Zerol bevel gears do provide a smooth and quiet operation but also produce
a rather large side loads while operating. Gearotic Motion does allow user to select
zerol bevel teeth by activating the bevel and zerol checkboxes prior to clicking the
“OK” button. (fig 10f)
5f4) Shaft Angle

Shaft Angle is defined as an angle to which the axes of the two shafts intersect.
Since Gearotic Motion is a 3D platform, users by default can select any shaft angle
of their bevels gears.
5f5) Left Handed

Left hand tread (LH) will allow user to cut opposite tread direction in order to
have two helical gears mesh and roll properly. As previously stated, parrallel
arrangement of helical gears require the helical angles are the same magnitude but cut
in opposite directions. See (fig.10c)
Straight Bevel Helical Bevel Zerol Bevel
(fig 10d) (fig 10e) (fig 10f)

5g) 4 Bar Linkage – ( for Spur Gears Only)
5g1) 4Bar Linkage

A four-bar linkage is the simplest movable linkage that exist. By definition it
consists of four rigid bodies each attached to two others by single joints or
pivots to form a closed loop as seen in (fig 10g). Four-bars are simple
mechanisms and fall under the study of kinematics should more info be
required. In terms of mechanical action, the link to which an external force is
applied to rotate it is completely determined by the motion of the input link. In
Gearotic Motion the four-bar linkages performs a wide variety of motions with
a few simple parts. These can be selected by adding check to 4bar linkage
checkbox. Once the “OK” button is pushed, the simulation screen will appear
and will allow a new gear with a 4bar linkage attched to it, to be positioned
anywhere on the screen. Once new gear is set by clicking mouse button once,
the linkage will now be adjustrable on the primary gear to allow for movement
cycle.
4 Bar Linkage
(Fig 10g)
5h) Timing Pulley
Introduction
Timing Pulleys also known as (toothed, notch, cog, synchronous ) are a positive transfer for a
belt and can track relative movement. These pulleys have teeth that fit into a matching toothed
belt. When correctly tensioned, they have no slippage, run at constant speed, and are often used to
transfer direct motion for indexing or timing purposes (hence their name). They are often used in
lieu of chains or gears, so there is less noise and a lubrication bath is not necessary. Camshafts of
automobiles, miniature timing systems, and stepper motors often utilize these pulleys and belts
combination. Timing belts need the least tension of all belts, and are among the most efficient.
Disadvantages can include a relatively high purchase cost, less protection from overloading and
jamming, and the lack of clutch action. Timing pulleys mate with same-pitch timing belts in
synchronous drives. Although many Timing pulleys types are available today, most are used in
power transmission systems where maintenance of speed ratio is an important design
consideration. These synchronous belt drive systems are durable, highly efficient, and suitable for
many different applications. Gearotic holds many preset types in our library to directly match
existing timing gears and pulleys including the GT series.
5h) Timing Pulley
5h1) Timing pulley type

Gearotic Motion software has included a library of standard pulley types which
allows user to quickly generate one by selecting from the drop down tree. However,
we discovered early on, many flavors of timing pulleys exist today , but most suppliers
were unwilling to share their specs. So Gearotic Motion allowed the user to shift, stub
or width the teeth size to eventually match their belts. Over time corrections have been
made with our standard pulley library tables to match our so called industry standard
which is anything but reality. Timing pulley types can be viewed below in (fig 10b).
Since actual spec data needs to be collected on many types of timing gears out
there, we will continue updating our library whenever information becomes available.
Once action is activated from the timing pulley type library, a measure line will appear
indicating distance from center shaft of primary wheel to desired location. This
useful feature was suggested by users in allowing them to position primary wheel
according to their design assembly.
(fig.10b)
5h) Timing Pulley
5h2) Belt Length

A timing belt length calculator was added in Gearotic Motion to easily allow user
to calculate the length of belt needed in your design. To use this calculator, select
spur gear tab, timing pulley, and click on “Belt Length” button. You may calculate
the parameters of the belt via the center distance between the two timing pulleys
which is displayed on the Gearotic project screen. Simply input the center distance
and click calculate to generate belt specification.
5i) Sprocket Types
Introduction:
A sprocket can be defined as a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even a sprocket that meshes with a
chain, track or other perforated or indented material .The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel
upon which are radial projections that engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that
sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and
pulleys are smooth. Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other machinery
either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to impart linear motion to
a track, tape etc. Perhaps the common form of sprocket is found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft
carries a large sprocket-wheel which drives a chain which in turn drives a small sprocket on the axle of the
rear wheel. Sprockets can be of various designs and typically do not have a flanges, but some do if used
with timing belts to keep the timing belt centered. Sprockets and chains are also used for power transmission
from one shaft to another where slippage is not admissible and can be run at high speed however high speed
chain specially constructed to be noiseless. In Gearotic Motion we allow users to create a sprocket only
from a list of chain specifications to maintain standards for design, dimensions, and interchangeability of
chains, so anyone can easily come up with a direct replacement. Sprocket menu selction is found in fig 10c,
sprocket list in fig 10d and your GM sprocket tab fig 10e.
(Fig 10c) (Fig 10d) (Fig 10e)
5i) Sprocket Type

5i1) Chain Number
Chain number is a list of standard chain types drawn up from organizations in maintaining
standards for design, dimensions, and interchangeability. As an example a typical bicycle
chain uses the 40 series chain to have a minimum tensile strength of 1,417 kg (3,125 pounds)
and a working load of 367 kg (810 lb), remembering that the width of the chain is variable
and does not affect the load capacity. Selecting a chain number from the list does provide
quick and easy access for users
5i2) Pointed
Pointed selection allows users to select the Chain Standards definition of a pointed sprocket
where the tooth tip ends at the involute intersection. Curve of tooth on sprocket is calculated
from the Sprocket Standards used in current industry.
5i3) Pitch
Pitch is a term used to take measurements of the diameter of a gear using pitch points. Pitch
points on a sprocket could be found if a straight line were drawn up from two of the sprocket
teeth located side by side and the two lines were connected by a curve. Therefore pitch
basically measures the distance between teeth and is important for proper meshing on your
sprocket.
5i4) Thickness
Thickness represents the tooth thickness on the sprocket. This value will automatically fill in
the gear thickness dialog at generation time.
5i5) Roller Diameter

Roller diameter is the diameter of rollers found between your chain links. This measurement
is critical in allowing proper involutes for teeth on your sprocket.
5i6) Roller Width

Roller width sets the thickness of teeth found on your sprocket.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 32)
6) Lantern and Pinion
Introduction
Lantern and Pinion gears are also known as cage gears with cylindrical rods for teeth, parallel to the axle and
arranged in a circle around it, much as the bars on a round bird cage or lantern. The assembly is held together by
disks at either end into which the tooth rods and axle are set. Lantern and Pinion gears also consist of two
different window screens when selected. When Lantern and Pinion is selected from the tab menu, all available
parameters of both Lantern or Pinion gears to be selected or edited to match your needs. When you create a
Lantern or Pinion gear, a new Lantern or Pinion will only be updated to the design screen (right screen) bearing
all parameter information when the “Regen” key is clicked. Options are outer or inner ring for Lanterns with
number of pins around the disk and pin diameter. Pinion on the other hand have option such as standard or inner
ring gear shape, number of teeth and may have spokes for a decorative look. Again it is important to remember
whenever you create Lantern or Pinion gears that they are generated as a set, with the primary gear (Wheel) on
the left and the secondary gear (Pinion) on the right only as a arbitrary designations. You can also rotate your
gear from the design screen by using up/down arrow keys, use the shift key in conjunction with the arrow keys
to increase rotation speed. It isn’t required that you add both gears to the simulation screen but what is
important is you know which button controls what gear when they are to be generated.
6a) Lantern and Pinion Create Gears

1)Create Wheel
2)Create Pinion
3)Regenerate
4)Rotate on/off

1)Module
6c) Lantern and Pinion Tooth Count

1)Number of Teeth on cage
2)Number of teeth on pinion
6d) Diameters
1)Shaft diameter
2)Pin diameter
3)Internal Lantern
4)Internal Pinion
Page 33) Lantern and Pinion (continued)
Lantern and Pinion Gears Lantern and Pinion Gears

(Gear Parameter Tools) (Design Screen)
(Fig 11) (fig 12)
6a) Lantern and Pinion Create Gears
6a1) Create Wheel

Tools you specified on the design screen, and will copy it onto the simulation screen.
6a2) Create Pinion

Parameter Tools you specified on the design screen, and will copy it onto the simulation screen.
6a3) Regenerate
This feature must be selected whenever any changes is applied to the Primary (Wheel) gear when
using non circular’s as it isn’t automatically generated, since the secondary gear is only calculated
from the results of the primary.
6a4) Rotate
RPM.

6b1) MOD or Diametral pitch (Metric or Imperial)
MOD (module) is defined as metric gears following the module system where the MOD
equals the outside diameter of a gear divided by the number of teeth plus 2.
Eg. (OD = (N + 2) x MOD)
Module can also defined as the length in mm of the pitch circle diameter per tooth.
MOD = PCD / N
or
Diametral pitch
Diametral Pitch is defined as imperial gears and directly proportional to the
Module system found in metric units, except that the Module is of direct dimension,
whereas the diametral pitch is an inverse of dimension. The Diametral Pitch is the
number of Teeth Per Inch of the Pitch Diameter and the number of teeth given per inch
of a gear's pitch diameter. Diametral pitch is a common method of classifying gears.
6c) Lantern and Pinion Tooth Count

6c1)Number of Teeth on cage
Lantern gears consist of cylindrical rods for teeth, parallel to the axle and arranged in a circle
around it and held together by a disks at either end into which the tooth rods and axle are set.
With this entry the number of pins are set around the disk.
6c2) Number of teeth on pinion

This entry will allow user to change the number of teeth on the pinion gear.
6d) Lantern and Pinion Diameters

6d1) Shaft Diameter
Shaft diameter is the actual size of the shaft through the gear following the units of
measurements selected while making the gear. It may be changed here, by altering the size
number in the input box, or you will also have the opportunity to change shaft diameter when
you add the gear on to the simulation screen.
6d2) Pin Diameter

This entry allows the user to change or set the diameter of the pins inside the Lantern.
These cylindrical rods for teeth are called pins on the lantern gear and the entry allows you to
set the actual diameter of the pins.
6d) Lantern and Pinion Diameters

6d3) Internal Lantern
Lantern Gears may be selected as a ring but with conditions. First of all the number of pins
must be greater than the number of teeth on the pinion gear in order to wrap itself around the
pinion. Centers shafts of both Lantern and Pinion are separate entities and will not align to
each other or attach to the same shaft as seen in fig 13.
(Fig 13)
6d4) Internal Pinion

Pinion Gears may also be selected as a ring but with conditions too. The number of teeth
must be greater than the number of pins found on the lantern gear in order for ring to
wrap itself around the lantern gear. Centers shafts of both Lantern and Pinion are also
separate entities and will not align or attach to the same shaft as seen in fig 14.
(fig 14)
Page 36)
7) Non Circular (Elliptical) Gears
Introduction:
Gearotic Motion offers the ability to create non circular gears by selecting this tab. Non-circular gear are
special gears designs with complex mathamatical characteristics. While a regular gear is optimized to transmit
torque to another engaged member with minimum noise and wear and with maximum efficiency, a non-circular
gear's main objective may be ratio variations, axle displacement or oscillations. A regular gear pair can be
represented as two circles rolling together without slip. In the case of non-circular gears, those circles are
replaced with anything different from a circle. This is also the reason in most cases they are not round, however
round looking like regular gears are possible too when eccentricity reaches close to 0. When generating non
circular gears the pressure angle changes at different location along the curves of the non circular gear, therefore
caution must be observed from user when creating gear to exceed a nax pressure angle greater than 45 degrees,
otherwise rolling action of two non circular gears may be jepordized. Based upon different factors, non circular
gears can be classified as geometrical character of enclosed type non circular gears or open type non circular
gears. These would include elliptical gears, triangular gears, square gears, multi speed gears, oval gears,
eccentric gears, logarithmic spiral gears and cam gear. You can also rotate your gear from the design screen by
using up/down arrow keys, use the shift key in conjunction with the arrow keys to increase rotation speed.
7) Non Circular Gears (Elliptical)
7a) Elliptical Create Gears

1)Create Wheel
2)Create Pinion
3)Regenerate
4)Rotate on/off

1) Mod
2) Pressure Angle
3) Max Pressure
7c) Elliptical Tooth Count

1)Wheel Tooth Count
2)Wheel Order
3)Pinion Order
4) Eccentricity
7d) Elliptical Shaft Size

1) Diameter
2) Spokes ON
Page 37) Non Circular Gears (Elliptical) (continued)
(fig 15) (Fig 16)
7) - Non Circular Gears (Elliptical)
7a) Elliptical Create Gears

7a1) Create Wheel
Tools you specified on the design screen, and will copy it onto the simulation screen.
7a2) Create Pinion

Parameter Tools you specified on the design screen, and will copy it onto the simulation screen.
7a3) Regenerate
This feature must be selected whenever any changes is applied to the Primary (Wheel) gear when
using non circular’s as it isn’t automatically generated, since the secondary gear is only calculated
from the results of the primary.
7a4) Rotate
RPM.

7b2) Module or Diametral pitch (Metric or Imperial)
Module is defined as metric gears following the metric system or you may find Diametral
Pitch for imperial units system depending on your default units selection.
7b2) Pressure Angle

Pressure angle, also known as the angle of obliquity, is in general the angle at a pitch point
between the line of pressure which is normal to the tooth surface, and the plane tangent to the
pitch surface. In non circular gears however the pressure angle varies along the curve and is
non fixed to the gear you design.It is very important to never exceed a max pressure angle of
45 degrees in order to prevent jamming of teeth due to too high of a pressure angle when
gears are rotating. Settings and control for these settings are at the user discretion due to the
limitation it would present on non circular gears should Gearotic Motion control it.
7b3) Max Pressure Angle
The max pressure angle is displayed in the paramater tools menu so user can see a direct
representation of the maximum pressure angle of created gear. This pressure angle
representation will be in effect when the secondary (Pinion)gear is generated and rolling with
the Primary(Wheel) gear. Since non circular gears pressure angle varies along the curve and is
non fixed to the gear you design, it is very important never exceed a max pressure angle of 45
degrees in order to prevent jamming while rotating. Settings and control for these settings are
at the user discretion, due to the limitation it would present on non circular gears should
Gearotic Motion control it.
7c) Elliptical Tooth Count

7c1) Wheel Tooth Count
This entry allows user to adjust the amount of teeth found on the primary (Wheel) non
circular gear. Once selected and “Regen” the secondary gear will depending on order level, be
automatically calculated and generated to create a secondary(Pinion) gear. Secondary (Pinion)
gear tooth count isn’t adjustable but only a results of the primary non circular gear ratio.
7c2) Wheel Order

Wheel order in theory are partial differential equations, that take elliptical properties
that is differential to the operators and generalize the Laplace function. They are defined by
the condition that the coefficients of the highest-order derivatives be positive, which
implies the key property that the principal symbol is invertible, or equivalently that there
are no real characteristic directions.Elliptic operators are typical of potential theory, and
they appear frequently in electrostatics and continuum mechanics. Elliptic regularity implies
that their solutions tend to be smooth functions (if the coefficients in the operator are
smooth). Steady-state solutions to hyperbolic and parabolic equations generally solve
elliptic equations. The first order ellipticals will be the only elliptical to offset the centre
shaft,while all following orders will return the center shaft back to center. This also implies
that the 2nd order elliptical will resemble two ellipticals but with the shaft centered, while 3rd
order will resemble a triangle, 4th resemble a square etc…The easiest way I found to quickly
determine the order is to look for the center shaft, if centered, count the lobs to determine
the order, otherwise it is an elliptical of the 1st order.
7c3) Pinion Order

Pinion order in theory is identical to the above wheel order other than it is on the pinion
gear instead. Again the first order elliptical will be the only elliptical to offset the centre
shaft while all following orders will return the center shaft back to center and generate lobes
to determine the order level.This implies that the 2nd order elliptical will resemble two
ellipticals but with the shaft centered, while the 3rd order will resemble a triangle, 4th
a square etc…
7c4) Eccentricity %
Eccentricity can be simply described as a squashed circle, where the level of squash is the
eccentricity percentage. In other words the orbital eccentricity of an astronomical body is the
amount by which its orbit deviates from a perfect circle, where 0 is perfectly circular and 1.0 is
a parabola and no longer a closed orbit. Increasing eccentricity in Geraotic Motion while
creating a gear will obviously increase your pressure angle, again it is very important for user
never to exceed 45 degrees of you want gears to roll nicely, otherwise the rolling action of the
two non circular gears will be jepordized The default value of 0.6 eccentricity is approaching
the upper limits of pressure angle, so care should be taken not to exceed the max pressure angle
of 45 degrees when designing non circular gears.
7d) Elliptical Shaft Size
7d1) Elliptical Shaft Diameter

Shaft diameter entry will be the actual size of the shaft diameter through the non circular gear
following the units of measurements selected above. It may be changed here, by altering the
size number in the input box, or changed while you add the gear to the simulation screen.
7d2) Elliptical Spokes ON

This option will allow spokes to be added to the elliptical gear. More control on types of
spokes may be altered on the spokes Tab.
Page 41)
8) Imaginary Gears
Introduction:
Imaginary gears were added into Gearotic Motion for the ability to create that artistic look in gears only,
and serve no other purpose other than they can look cool as an add on for lets say the clock builder or perhaps
that whirly gig apparatus. Although they will roll, the varying pressure angle will class these babies into their
own class of kinetic art without any mechanical advantages. When first generated, the primary wheel gear will
be displayed missing its pinion. At this point user can accept the look of existing displayed gear or may
regenerate gear using the automatic random generator until one is liked. Once satisfied, user may select the ratio
order for the pinion gear desired and generate pinion. Because of the random nature and artistic class of these
gears, users must pay close attention to the pinion results by allowing a full rotation on the simulate screen to
verify the roll is successful and correct. Once satisfied, please save a copy as these gears as they are randomly
generated, and to recreate them again later on may be impossible. Since imaginary gears are designed for ART
only, no spokes are allowed or can be added.
8a) Imaginary Create Gears

1)Create Wheel
2)Create Pinion
3)Random Master
4)Make Pinion
5)Rotate on/off
8b) Imaginary Equivalent Gear Specification

1) Mod
2) Number of Teeth

1)Shaft Diameter
2)Pinion Order
Page 42) Imaginary Gears (continued]
Imaginary Gears Imaginary Gears

(Fig 17) (Fig 18)

8a1) Create Wheel
This button will add the {Primary/Wheel Gear (left side)} following all of the Gear
Parameter Tools you specified on the design screen, and will copy it onto the simulation
screen.
8a2) Create Pinion

Parameter Tools you specified on the design screen, and will copy it onto the simulation
screen.
8a3) Random Master

This feature allows the primary wheel to be randomly regenerated using all of selectable
and adjustable parameters within the imaginary gear tab. User is required to save results of
liked gears, as they are randomly generated and may not be repeatable.
8a3) Make Pinion

This feature allows user to generate a pinion gear based on primary wheel once
generated. Please note that pinion gear will only match and roll on currently displayed
wheel gear and with no other, so saving the gear data project is essential as they are
randomly generated and may not be repeatable.
Page 43) Imaginary Gears (continued]

8a4) Rotate
The rotate button will allow your created project (gear assembly) to rotate on the Project
control screen. By checking off the reverse check box, your gear assembly will now begin to
rotate in the opposite direction. Speed of the rotation is controlled via the slider or input edit
box for Master RPM.
8b) Imaginary Equivalent Gear Specification

Module is defined as metric gears following the metric system or you may find
Diametral Pitch for imperial units system depending on your default units selection.
8b2) Wheel Tooth Count

This entry allows user to adjust the quantity of lobes found on the main wheel
gear. Once the proper tooth count is selected, a new random shaped like wheel will
appear on project screen. If user finds wheel undesirable, he may select random
master to generate a new gear using the same similar parameters. Continue this
process until user is happy with gear generated.

8c1) Imaginary Shaft Diameter
Shaft diameter entry will be the actual diameter of the shaft through the
center of gear following the units of measurements selected. It may be changed
here, by altering the size number in the input box, or can changed while you add the
gear to the simulation screen.
8c1) Imaginary Pinion Order

Pinion order in theory is identical to the above wheel order other than it is on the
pinion gear instead. In this case the order is equilavent to the ratio of the gears. Once
order is inputed, user may select “make pinion to generate new pinion gear.
Page 44)
9) Ratchets / Gadgets
Introduction:
In this selection we tried to provide the user with as many useful items as possible often found in gear
boxes or clocks. The ratchets and recoils are typically used to limit motion to one direction such as in
winding mechanisms. The gadgets included in this section are used graphically to show a gears rotational
position on the simulation screen. You can rotate your gear from the design screen by using up/down
arrow keys, use the shift key in conjunction with the arrow keys to increase rotation speed. Clock
escapements are also part of this chapter but will be covered intrinsically in Chapter 13 to separate from
the basic elements of ratcheting and gadgets.

1)Create Ratchet
2)Regenerate
5)Rotate on/off
9b) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Specification

1)Mod
2)Number of Teeth on Ratchet
9c) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Shaft Size

1)Shaft Diameter
9d) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Tooth Control

1)Witness Ratio
2)Undercut Ratio
3)Radial Ratio
4)Depth Ratio
5)Recoil
6)CCW

1)Add Clock Hand
2)Add Crank Handle
Page 45) Ratchets and Gadgets (continued)
Ratchets / Gadgets Ratchets / Gadgets

(Fig 19) (Fig 20)

9a1) Create Ratchet
This button will add as {Primary/Wheel Gear (left side)} following all of the Ratchet
Parameters you specified on the design screen, and will copy it onto the simulation
screen.
9a2) Regenerate
This feature must be selected whenever any changes is applied to the Primary (Wheel)
Ratchet as it isn’t automatically generated.
9a3) Rotate on/off

The rotate button will allow you to rotate on the ratchet on the Project control screen. By
checking off the reverse check box, your gear assembly will now begin to rotate in the
opposite direction. Speed of the rotation is controlled via the slider or input edit box for
Master RPM.
9b) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Specification

9b2) Number of Teeth on Ratchet

This entry allows user to adjust the amount of teeth found on the Ratchet (Wheel).
Page 46) Ratchets and Gadgets (continued)
9c) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Shaft Size

9c1) Ratchet Shaft Diameter
Shaft diameter entry will be the actual size of the shaft diameter through the ratchet gear
size number in the input box, or changed while you add the gear to the simulation screen. If a
gear is added to this shaft later, it will automatically slip when not engaged.
9d) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Tooth Control

9d1) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Tooth Control Witness Ratio
This is the amount of “witness” verse the depth of tooth. The witness is the top of the
ratchets tooth profile, a smooth surface for the ratchet tooth to run on the circumference
between teeth.
9d2) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Tooth Control Undercut Ratio

This is the amount of undercut, or how much the tooth undercuts the top of the tooth.
9d3) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Tooth Control Radial Ratio

This is the amount that the tooth ramp is rounded.
9d4) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Tooth Control Depth Ratio

This is the setting for the end depth of the ratchets tooth
9d5) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Tooth Control Recoil

This changes the ratchet to a recoil, commonly used in clock escapements.
9d6) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Tooth Control CCW

This changes the rotational direction of the gear.

9e1) Ratchet / Recoil Gadgets Add Clock Handle
This option will allow user to add a clock arm or meter like arm to any gear assembly.
Option come in handy for clock makers or timing lever. When option is selected, use
mouse and drag to adjust the clock handle arm length.
9e2) Ratchet / Recoil Gadgets Add Crank Handle

This option will allow user to add a crank handle to any gear assembly.
Option is quite useful in whirligigs or wooden shutters as an example. When option is
selected, use mouse and drag to adjust the crank handle length.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 47)
10) Spoke Panel / Diags.
Introduction:
Spokes have been a rudimentary success within Gearotic Motion, allowing for multiple spoke types in each of
the following category such as standard, circle1, circle2, triangle, damper, straight, taper, curved and foam. Each
type allows for farther customization to achieve that unique look by a simple click of your mouse button. It is
advised when altering any of the spokes parameters in any way shape or form, the math can create a reverse loop
making the spokes render less and unusable. It was a decision made earlier as per user request to allow for this to
happen, giving the user much greater flexibility and control with their own design. Therefore users must pay close
attention in not allowing for this process loop to occur by viewing all results on the project screen and correcting if
necessary, otherwise problems can occur with spoke continuity or strength of gear itself supported by generated
spokes. By default, Rim, Leg and Boss ratios are set to 10 as normal settings. It is our hope that you enjoy all of the
spokes type and features available within Gearotic Motion as we feel it is a great tool for custom designing any
wheel or gear.
10a) Spoke Panel

1)Spokes on/off
2)Spoke Type
3)Number of Spokes
4)Rim Ratio
5)Leg Ratio
6)Boss Ratio

1)Tip Circle
2)Base Circle
3)Pitch Circle
4)Root Circle
Page 48) Spoke Panel (continued)
Spoke Panel Spoke Panel

(Fig 21) (Fig 22)
10a) Spoke Panel
10a1) Spoke Panel Spokes on/off

With selection set to “on” this allows spokes to be generated and displayed on the
project screen. Obviously when check box isn’t selected, no spoke will be generated or
displayed.
10a2) Spoke Panel Spoke Type

Gearotic Motion allows for multiple spoke types such as standard, circle1, circle2,
triangle, damper, straight, taper, curved and foam
10a3) Spoke Panel Spoke Number

While in the spoke panel, you may select the number of spokes you wish to have for
each wheel.
10a4) Spoke Panel Rim Ratio

When the spoke pattern is selected, user can vary the rim ratio to allow for a thicker
gap between the root circle of the gear towards center.
10a5) Spoke Pane Leg Ratio

Leg ratio allows user to increase leg thickness of material generating the spoke
10a6) Spoke Pane Boss Ratio

Boss ratio allows user to increase or decrease thickness of spoke starting from the center
of the wheel.
Page 49) Spoke Panel (continued)
10) Spoke Panel / Diags.
10a) Spoke Panel
Spoke types are shown in (fig 22a to 22h)
Fig 22a Fig 22b Fig 22c Fig 22d

Standard Circle1 Circle2 Straight
Fig 22e Fig 22f Fig 22g Fig 22h

Curved Damper Foam Triangle
10b1) Wheel parameter Displays Tip Circle

The outside diameter of a gear is the diameter of the addendum also known as the tip
Circle
10b2) Wheel parameter Displays Base Circle

Base circle is an involute curve, the circle from which the curve is unwound in a
spiral shape.
10b3) Wheel parameter Displays Pitch Circle

An imaginary circle on a gear that divides the gear teeth into top lands and bottom
lands, and into addendums and dedendums. The pitch circles of two gears in correct
mesh contact each other at the pitch point.
10b4) Wheel parameter Displays Root Circle

The root circle coincides with the bottoms of the tooth spaces.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 50)
11) Plating
Introduction:
Plating was introduced in version 4.6xx as an essential tool to finalize any project. The concept was to allow
users to build a box around their gear assembly created in Gearotic Motion. It was designed in such a way that the
plating box would wrap itself around your created gear set, and would automatically contain all shaft holes and in
the proper plane. As we all know GM is a true 3D gear generator, so it is possible to have shafts pointing in any
directions, so for now GM limits the shaft holes plating to any of the six sides of the box only, until evidence can
show more is require or essential. Our thoughts were to allow users to manually input some specifics about plating
such as case sizing, plate selection, tabbed links and material thickness. In order to first generate a plating box, “Get
From Project” button must be pushed allowing a new automatically sized case to appear on the screen. Once
generated, user may alter sizing of box with entry to the width, depth and height entry in Case Size dialog. Looking
at the basic fundamentals of a box, six sides exist, therefore we allowed user to individually pick any of them under
“Plate Selection” of Plating. It was also determined that a tabbed mechanism would be kind of nice to have in order
to keep everything linked and locked keeping true square of the gearbox, so Tabs dialog was created. Everything
under Tabs is automatically set with the exception of Tab Width, which allows the user to set the distance between
tabs themselves if so required. We also wanted to help and adapt to clock building, so the “clock faced” was added,
which basically rounds off the top of the box. These round edges are for cosmetic purposes only and are selectable
by user. Should Clock face and tabbed both be selected, a reminder that no tabs will appear on the rounded clock
face area. While in plating mode, you can move the position of the plate using your mouse and the shift key, over
your gear train assembly to better suit your needs, just another one of those features you get to play with in a 3D
environment. We hope you find our plating utility useful and remember exported plates from output manager are
generated in dxf format only, allowing user again to farther modify each plate if so desired.
11) Plating
11a) Plate Control

1)Get from Project
2)Regenerate
11b) View Points
1)Front
2)Left
3Top
4)Solid/Wire
11c) Case Size
1)Width
2)Depth
3Height
Page 51) Plating (continued)
11d) Plate Selection

1)Front
2)Left
3Top
4)Back
5)Right
6)Bottom
11e) Tabs
1)Tabbed
2)Tab Width
3Clock Faced
11f) Material
1)Material Thickness
11) Plating
Plating selections are displayed below thru (fig 22h to fig22s)
Fig 22h Fig 22i Fig 22j Fig 22k

Original train Plating active Front Plate Front & back plate
Fig 22l Fig 22m Fig 22n Fig 22o

Front, back, left plate All plates active Tabbed at 10mm Tabbed at 5mm
Fig 22p Fig 22q Fig 22r

Clock Faced Material Thickness 5mm Material Thickness 20mm
Fig 22s
Get From Project and Regenerate Icons
11a) Plate Control

1)Get from Project
When plating is selected, in order to import the plate data into Gearotic, you
must select the “Get from Project” button which will import the plates to your existing
gear set and parametric design. These parameters are automatically set with
respect to your gear train size at first but can be easily edited via the case size dialog
later should a user require it. Exported plate files are dxf only.
11a) Plate Control

2)Regenerate
Whenever any changes is made to the plating tab, regenerate must be selected to
redraw the plate and to implement your current configuration.
11b) View Points

1)Front
This icon will reset existing view and display the project from a front view
2)Left
This icon will reset existing view and display the project from a Left view
3Top
This icon will reset existing view and display the project from a Top view
4)Solid/Wire
This icon will allow user to view gear train in either a solid view or wire view.
11c) Case Size

1)Width
This entry allows user to manually set the width of the plate in Gearotic.
2)Depth
This entry allows user to manually set the depth of the plate in Gearotic.
3Height
This entry allows user to manually set the height of the plate in Gearotic.
11d) Plate Selection

1)Front
This option creates the front plate and gets displayed in a semi transparent view on the
project screen in GM.
2)Left
This option creates the Left plate and gets displayed in a semi transparent view also.
3Top
This option creates the Top plate and gets displayed in a semi transparent view.
4)Back
This option creates the Back plate and gets displayed in a semi transparent view.
5)Right
This option creates the Right plate and gets displayed in a semi transparent view.
6)Bottom
This option creates the Bottom plate and gets displayed in a semi transparent view.
11e) Tabs
1)Tabbed
When “ Tabbed” is selected, a series of tabs will be generated around the casing
allowing all six sides of box to properly mesh and align, thus keeping true square
within your gearbox..
2)Tab Width
Tab Width entry allows the user to determine and set the distance between tabs.
3)Clock Faced
Clock Faced check box allows the rounding off motion on the top of the box to ease
with clock building and are for cosmetic purposes only and a reminder that no tabs
will appear on the rounded surface area even if Tabbed is selected.
11f) Material
1)Material Thickness
This entry allows user to manually set his material thickness viewable on screen.
Page 54)
12) Output Manager
Introduction:
The output Manager is where all created gears become a reality. It offers many options that will help you
conform your gear into most popular export protocols such as 2D Dxf ,3D DXF,3D STL, 2.5D milling
Gcode,1:1 Scale print for scroll saw users and also 4th axis Gcode. To begin process you must have at least one
gear or more on Gearotic Motion simulation screen in order to extract the data to the output manager and is
done by selecting any gear from the project database tree. When gear name is selected via mouse, it becomes
highlighted in blue or you may right click and select all gears from the tree or you may hold the ctrl key and
mouse click to add one at the time. Once you have selected your gears, click the output manager icon and that
will open up the output manager menu as seen in fig 21. All selected gears will appear in the output manager
window under selected gears. Here you may rename your project to something else rather than untitled if you
wish and it will export your data to that folder once complete. Using mouse, select a gear from the output
manager tree and pick your option(s). Please be aware that Output Manager can be very process hungry with
task at hand and may take awhile to complete depending on what you ask it to do, so remember only to select
what’s needed as output.
Gearotic Motion will export 2D Dxf file, a common contour drawing protocols accepted by most CAD/Cam
programs available today, 3D DXF files, 3D STL for 3D printer, 1:1 Scale printing where it will print out a gear
onto one or multiple sheets of paper with legend to later re-assemble matrix if gear exceeds size of paper so
sheets may be aligned and stuck together so they can be cut with a scroll saw or similar cutting tool. Gearotic
Motion also exports 2.5D Milling GCode as tap files and will export in the correct order being shaft first,
spokes next then gears itself. With 2.5D milling you will require the NC parameters in order to meet your setup
needs. This leaves us with Gearotic Motion last export possibility, which is 4th axis Gcode. The 4th axis GCode
can be generated for spur gears, helical and bevel gears. With that in mine both NC parameters and Spur/Helical
tabs will be used for this option and must be set accordingly. More information is available on all of these
setting later on in this chapter. We also have added a shaft report.txt file to the output steam to assist users with
shaft location and sizes.
Page 55) Output Manager (continued)
(Fig 23)
12a) Project Name
12b) Selected Gears
12c) Output Options

1)2D DXF
2)3D DXF
3)3D STL
4)1:1 Scale Printing
5)2.5D Milling Gcode
6)4th Axis Gcode
7)Modify Shaft Diameter Offset
8)Copy to all Gears
12d) NC Parameters
1)Tool Diameter
2)Final Depth
3)Spindle Speed
4)Tool Number
5)Cut per Pass
6)Safe Z Height
7)Feed Rate
8)Plunge Rate
9)Stepover Ratio
10)Rounded Corners
11)Climb Mill
12e) Single Gear Option

1)Send single gear Gcode to Mach3
2)View Gcode in Notepad
12) Output Manager
12f) Spur/Helical Only

1)Axis Parallel to Rotary
2)Chuck in ++ Direction
3)Evolute Segmentation
4)Use Involute Cutter
5)Convert Helical to Knuckle
12g) Create Output
12h) Exit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12) Output Manager
12a) Project Name

This entry allows user to give a name to the project.
12b) Selected Gears
12c) Output Options
12c1) 2D dxf
If selected a 2d DXF will be put out in the gears name at the exact size of the gear.
12c2) 3D dxf
If selected a 3d DXF will be put out in the gears name at the exact size of the gear.
12c3) 3D STL
This creates an STL file ( 3d triangulation ) of the gear.
12c4) Scale Printing

This prints a gear at a scale of 1:1 . A laser printer is recommended, and the result can
simply be pasted on a blank of wood for cutting via scroll saw or other methods.
12c5) 2.5D Milling Gcode

This puts out a Gcode file for 2.5D Gcode cutting. Most 2d gears can output this option.
Bevels and helicals cannot be used for 2.5D output, but can be cut with 4th axis output.
12c6) 4th Axis Gcode

This creates a 4th axis rotary indexer Gcode. Can be used for involute spurs, bevels or
helicals. Cannot be used for non-0involute tooth forms such as cycloidic gears.
12c7) Modify Shafts Diameter with Offsets

When a gear is selected, the currently shown output options are in effect for that gear.
This button will copy the current selections to all gears in the output list.
12c8) Copy to all Gears

When a gear is selected, the currently shown output options are in effect for that gear.
This button will copy the current selections to all gears in the output list.
12d) NC Parameters
12d1) NC Parameters Tool Diameter
These are the NC parameters for the Gcode files to be produced. Note: some settings are
used only in 2d , others only in 3d. For example, final depth is used only in 2d, 4th axis
gears are always cut to root depth.
12d2) NC Parameter Final Depth

For 2.5D Gcode, this is the final depth of the cut.
12d3) NC Parameters Spindle Speed

Default spindle speed output in the Gcode file as S word command.
12d4) NC Parameters Tool Number

A “TxM6” command will be put out in a Gcode file, this setting is the tool number used.
12d5) NC Parameters Cut per Pass

In all Gcode files, this is the depth increment for each pass. Should be a positive number.
12d6) NC Parameters Safe Z Height

The retraction height that the tool will move to while moving between features..
12d7) NC Parameters Feed Rate

The feedrate used while cutting in all Gcode output formats.
12d8) NC Parameters Plunge Rate

The rate at which the tool will plunge into the material in all Gcode outputs.
12d9) NC Parameters Stepover Ratio

The ratio of tool diameter to use as a stepover when pocketing an area. Used in 4th axis
output only.
12d10) NC Parameters Rounded Corners

Not currently used.
12d11) NC Parameters Climb Mill

Causes the tool to cut in a CCW direction on the gear blank. Only used in 2.5D Gcode.
12e) Single Gear Option

12e1) Single Gear Option Send single gear Gcode to Mach3
If processing a single selected gear, the output will be sent directly to mach3 for
cutting..
12e2) Single Gear Option View Gcode in Notepad

If selected , and only a single gear is in the output list, then notepad will be loaded
and the output shown.
12f) Spur/Helical Only

12f1) Spur/Helical Only Axis Parallel to Rotary
In 4th axis work, the rotary axis can be aligned parallel to any axis. This selects the
axis.
12f2) Spur/Helical Only Chuck in ++ Direction

The chuck in 4th axis may point in the ++ direction or the – direction, this selects that
direction.
12f3) Spur/Helical Only Evolute Segmentation

The number of shaving cuts in 4th axis to shape the involute. A setting of 8 is typical
and has been found to be sufficient.
12f4) Spur/Helical Only Use Involute Cutter

This causes 4th axis to put out code for a cutter of involute form, requiring only single
passes deeper each cut to root depth. Speeds up cutting quite a bit if you have an
involute cutter.
12f5) Spur/Helical Only Convert Helical to Knuckle

This creates a helical gear that is similar to a zerol bevel. A unique helical that runs a
bit quieter than a normal one.
12g) Output Manager Create Output

Tells the batch processor to start creating output files.
12h) Output Manager Exit

Quits the output manager. ☺
Page 60)
13) Clocks using Graham / Grasshopper Escapements / Ratchets / Pendulum
Introduction:
The clock feature was introduced in Gearotic Motion version 4.xx through user requests, and was developed to
help clock builders or simply anyone wanting to build one. Since then we now provide the Graham and
Grasshopper Escapement as two separate entities by a click of a button. We have added for thicker pallets in
escapements to ease with the possible sway of the deadbeat.
The idea here was to provide users with many useful tools to help them set up and design a clock while
maintaining specifics about the clock such as gear ratio’s and escapements to make it all tick properly in the end.
An escapement typically can be explained as a transfer of energy to the clock's timekeeping element, and must
make up the energy lost during a cycle since without the energy transfer, the oscillation would cease. Most often
energy comes from a coiled spring or a suspended weight to keep it going. The escapement also permits each cycle
of the timekeeping element to be counted. During each cycle, the escapement permits a gear train to advance or
"escape" slightly. The periodic advancement results in moving the timepiece's hands forward at a steady rate.
With each swing of the pendulum, one of its arms releases one tooth of a gear, making it change from a "locked"
state to a "drive" state for a short period that ends when another tooth on the gear strikes the opposite arm of the
pendulum, which locks the gear again. It is this periodic release of energy and rapid stopping that makes a clock
"tick;" it is the sound of the gear train suddenly stopping when the escapement locks again with the “tock”. With
that in mind we chose to add our clock mechanism in the ratchet section of Gearotic Motion since a deabeat gear
after all is a function proportional to a ratchet, typically used to limit motion in one direction such as in winding
mechanisms. It is called a deadbeat since it keeps time and the dead portion refers to the fact it has no recoil and
shouldn’t be rotated backwards unless a recoil type is added.
In Grahams the pawl is also a crucial part of the clock that can be considered a type of gear meshing with the
deadbeat ,the main objective being locking and releasing the deadbeat gear to keep time while adding energy to the
pendulum swing in the process. The centre distance between the pawl and the deadbeat gear is absolutely critical
and users should use the front plate template generated by the output manager to assign the shaft holes of your
clock.
Once the Escapement type checkbox is checked on the project screen, it reformats and includes the deadbeat
gear with a pawl or boot and claw if grasshopper is selected which is then attached to create an escapement
mechanism. We have added pendulum length display to ease with the calculation required to make your clock work
to your specification also. With escapement type selected, you will set the parameters of your deadbeat gear to
size, number of teeth and pawl length by altering parameters such as tooth span,drop/lock angle,shaft diameter and
boss ratio. Many pawl variables exist but we simplified it to four basic rules, but caution must be followed not to
exceed limits as your clock may never work if you do. It is important to remember that once “create ratchet” is
selected, no alteration from this point forward is possible to your escapement unless you recreate the escapement
from scratch.
Page 61) Clocks with Graham or Grasshopper Escapements (continued)
Escapement can be generated to such angles and conditions that would be unpracticle and would never work, so
user must verify his selection. Limits could have been set to prevent this scenerio from happening but large user
request prefered rule to be rather slack to allow experience users to use extremes. User should also note that once an
escapement is created, the project tree will only show the escapement in the tree, with no direct link to the pawl,
claw or boot itself. It is only when you select “Output Manager” and generate 2D dxf or Gcode where you will see
the items drawn including the pawl.
As to building a clock, most typical clocks will use a deadbeat gear of 30 or 60 teeth to simplify the ratios
required for hand timing. The length of the pendulum will determine the speed of the clock, while weight on the
pendulum will only damper vibrations within the clock and nothing else. A tooth span of 7.5 is typical on a 30 tooth
deadbeat but if increased the centre distance between the pawl and deadbeat will also increase changing the pallet
angle. The drop and lock angle typical set at 1.5 degees and is the amount of degrees the deadbeat will move
unrestricted when one tooth leaves its pallet. Should you increase the drop lock angle, the pawl will be much
thinner and weaker and you will loose efficiency in energy tranfer to the pendulum. Rule of thumb. Try to keep
paramters within typical region if possible. Boss ratio is the thickness ratio around the shaft hole of the pawl and the
shaft is simply the diameter of the pawl’s shaft. There is an entry in the Output Manager to allow one to modify a
shaft size for output in the event shaft sizes change due to contruction changes.
By clicking on a gear in the project tree, the time of rotation will be displayed. You can use this to figure out your
ratio’s in order to dermine seconds, minutes and hours. Also if your design consist of placing gears on same shaft,
you may click on two of the gears in question which will give you the centre distance between them. Knowing this,
you may now create a new ratio and look at the centre distance beween them, to match your need, simply increase
or decrease MOD orDP to get proper centre and create gears. When you place them, a message box will appear
asking shaft was found, do you want to join? Say no since you do not want gear to weld itself to that shaft, but
results will be gear on the same shaft but not glued. This is simply necessary to allow for the placing of hands or
indicators on a shaft which cannot be done for shafts with multiple gears on them. I hope this explanation was
useful but advise that a useful set of videos can be watched on Youtube at the following link
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzYQOTOtVIQ which better explains many of the Clock’s functions and
features while using Gearotic Motion.
As to the Grasshopper escapement, invented by John Harrison in 1722 who used it in his regulator clocks, and also
in the first three of his marine timekeepers.Two advantages of the grasshopper escapement described on the internet
are the repeatability of its operation and its freedom from the need for lubrication according to online literature. The
repeatability of its operation is inherent in its design. One pallet s released only by the engagement of the other; the
impulse given to the pendulum is thus completely regular in its timing. Using his clean and absolutely stable
grasshopper escapement. Harrison began a series of long-term investigations into the performance of clocks,
leading to his invention of the gridiron pendulum which nullified the effects of changing temperatures. The
performance of his improved clocks in turn gave him an accurate, convenient standard against which to test his
marine timekeepers. The grasshopper escapement is an unusual, low-friction escapement for pendulum clocks is the
mechanism that causes the clock's gears to move forward by a fixed distance at regular intervals and also gives the
pendulum (or the balance wheel) periodic pushes to keep it swinging. The term "grasshopper" in this connection,
apparently from the kicking action of the pallets, first appears in The Horological Journal in the late 19th century.
Page 62) Clocks with Graham or Grasshopper Escapements (continued)
Escapement types
Grasshopper escapement Graham escapement
(Fig 24a) (Fig 24b)

13a) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Create Gear
1)Create Ratchet
2)Regenerate
5)Rotate on/off
13b) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Gear Specification

1)Mod
2)Number of Teeth on Ratchet
13c) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Shaft Size

1)Shaft Diameter
13d) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Tooth Control

1)Witness Ratio
2)Undercut Ratio
3)Radial Ratio
4)Depth Ratio
5)Recoil
6)CCW
7)Escapement
13e) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Gadgets

1)Add Clock Hand
2)Add Crank Handle
3)Add Pendulum
Page 63) Clocks / Ratchets / Escapement / Pendulum (continued)
Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Clocks / Pawl

(Parameter Tools) (Design Screen)
(Fig 25) (Fig 26)
13a) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum
13a1) Create Ratchet (while escapement is checked off)

This button will create the escapement on the design screen, allowing you to rotate the
pawl anywhere you would like around the deadbeat gear, once mouse button is again
clicked, it will drop the pawl and deadbeat gear as a complete Escapement onto the
simulation screen to begin you clock build.
13a2) Regenerate
This feature must be selected whenever any changes is applied to the deadbeat gear or
pawl while in the design screen to ensure proper recreation of moving parts.
13a3) Rotate on/off(while escapement is checked off)

The rotate button will allow you to rotate the escapement on the Project Control screen.
Speed of the rotation can also be controlled via the slider or input edit box from the
Master RPM on the project screen tab.
13b) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Specification

13b2) Number of Teeth on Ratchet (while escapement is checked off)

This entry allows user to adjust the amount of teeth found on the deadbeat gear.
13c) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Shaft Size

12c1) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Shaft Diameter(while escapement is checked off)
Shaft diameter entry will be the actual size of the shaft diameter through the deadbeat gear
size number in the input box, or changed while you add the gear to the simulation screen. If a
gear is added to this shaft later, it will automatically slip when not engaged.
13d) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Tooth Control

13d1) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Tooth Control Witness Ratio
This is the amount of “witness” verse the depth of tooth. The witness is the top of the
ratchets tooth profile, a smooth surface for the ratchet tooth to run on the circumference
between teeth.
13d2) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Tooth Control Undercut Ratio

This is the amount of undercut, or how much the tooth undercuts the top of the tooth.
13d3) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Tooth Control Radial Ratio

This is the amount that the tooth ramp is rounded.
13d4) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Tooth Control Depth Ratio

This is the setting for the end depth of the ratchets tooth
13d5) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Tooth Control Recoil

This changes the ratchet to a recoil, commonly used in clock escapements.
13d6) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Tooth Control CCW

In clock mode this button does not work since if a change of direction is required, simply
rotate the escapement 180 degree to change the rotational direction.
13d) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Tooth Control Escapement

When check box is active, GM reassigns the project control screen in allowing your
escapement selection type. These will be of the Graham or Grasshopper type escapement
both capable of being generated. The Graham type which includes the deadbeat gear with
pawl attached and the other being the Grasshopper escapement mechanism. It is important
for users to remember that once “create ratchet” is selected, no alteration from this point
forward will be possible to your escapement unless you recreate the escapement from
scratch. The Grasshopper style escapement works similar except it is more efficeient. Two
advantages of the grasshopper escapement are the repeatability of its operation and its
freedom from the need for lubrication. The repeatability of its operation is inherent in its
design. One pallet s released only by the engagement of the other; the impulse given to the
pendulum is thus completely regular in its timing The grasshopper escapement is an
unusual, low-friction escapement for pendulum clocks. In some clocks, the verge
mechanism can be found as a limit to the swing of the pendulum. The verge
13d) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Tooth Control Escapement

(or crown wheel) escapement is the earliest known type of mechanical escapement, the
mechanism in a mechanical clock that controls its rate by advancing the gear train at regular
intervals or 'ticks'. The name verge comes from the Latin virga, meaning stick or rod.
This is a typical pendulum and verge (crutch) assembly:

Thanks to Brian Decker for supplying Picture and description.
A- the crutch or verge

B- verge fork - this is where the pendulum and pallet pivot actually interface
C- suspension spring hang point - ideally this is placed on the same horizontal plane as the pallet pivot shaft
D- suspension spring - a flexible piece of metal that helps to isolate pendulum vibration from the rest of the
clock as well as slow and accelerate the pendulum swings
E- suspension spring/pendulum rod attachment point
F- pendulum rod
13e) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Gadgets(while escapement is checked off)

13e1) Ratchet / Recoil Gadgets Add Clock Handle
This option will allow user to add a clock arm or meter like arm to any gear assembly.
Option come in handy for clock makers or timing lever. When option is selected, use
mouse and drag to adjust the clock handle arm length.
13e2) Ratchet / Recoil Gadgets Add Crank Handle

This option will allow user to add a crank handle to any gear assembly.
Option is quite useful in whirligigs or wooden shutters as an example. When option is
selected, use mouse and drag to adjust the crank handle length.
13e) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Gadgets(while escapement is checked off)
13e3) Clocks / Escapement / Pendulum Add Pendulum

This option will allow user to add a pendulum to the escapement. A message box will
Open, asking specifics about the time of swing. Typically 1 second for time of swing
is common to keep things simple and you must specify the length of the pendulum.
Remember the length of the pendulum will speed up or slow down speed of clock, adding
weight will have no effect other than damping vibration. At times bending the verge one
way or the other will cause the "tick" and "tock" to be equal in volume. At that point it
usually means your hitting the lock face on either pallet at the same point..
The verge ( or crutch) can be placed further up or down the shaft to change the
pendulum arc limit, but generally this doesn’t change the graviton constant which really
dictates the timing as the verge should be set just far enough down to ensure the pawl
pivots the full amount it should, which is the point at which the deadbeat hits a lock face
on each pallet when the drop occurs. The deadbeat should not hit the pallet directly, if so,
the verge is too far up. Should it be too far down the pawl will be forced too far into the
tooth, so you must pick a point at which the deadbeat pins safely hit the lock face before
sliding down onto the pallet. Try to stay within an appropriate pendulum length though, as
this adjustment will not affect timing. The period of swing will be the same no matter the
arc of the swing. A verge is very helpful to beat in a clock., due to level mounting
impurities.
( Fig 27 )
End
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 67)
14) Generalized Toothing Algorithm

Introduction;
The generalized toothing algorithm module is a bit different in methodology from the other screens. Its
developed with the idea of creating functional gears of noncircular design. We like to call this module the “gear
kitchen” since you basically cook up a shape and let Gearotic apply the teeth. Due to the complexities involved
in doing such a thing, user must take into consideration some shapes are possible to roll while others are not.
Gear researchers have determined that all gears that can mesh are really ellipses of one sort or another. Ellipses
come in a great many flavors and the one GM uses is an equation that ensures pitch curves are scaled for proper
meshing between the greatest variety of shapes and orders. It also allows for asymmetrical ellipsoids that make
for the most decorative types of gears weve been able to create.
Since all proper gears are ellipses, at the moment GTA only allows for an elliptical shape to be used for our
toothing purpose. We do however allow the user to modify this elliptical in various ways by adjusting the
eccentricity, modification coefficient, planetary and the order number all the way up to 9th order for both wheel
and pinion. One should remember that non modified elliptical may roll wheel on wheel or pinion on pinion,
however a modified elliptical using modified coefficients, will no longer roll wheel on a wheel or pinion on a
pinion since math dictates they are no longer the same gear pitchline match.
In a nutshell, just as a factory would, GTA virtually rolls a shaper cutter continuously all the way around the
object, leaving behind synchronized asymmetric teeth. Since iterations of rolling a shaper around an object may
be billions of calculations, a resolution selector was added to the menu. The lower the resolution, the faster it
can generate teeth, however it may lack detail and may contain jagged lines in the tooth profile. Hi to Extreme
resolution on the other hand will definitively smoothen things out, the drawback being it can be slow and will
take several minutes to do. You can rotate your gear from the design screen by using up/down arrow keys, use
the shift key in conjunction with the arrow keys to increase rotation speed.
The GTA shaper allows for one of two tooth styles to be used, one being an involute curve while the other is
hypocycloidal. The Shaper may also be adjusted to a specific number of teeth to fit your design optimally. Too
many teeth on the shaper could interfere with the convex area of the tooth while not enough may interfere with
the concave area of the curve. It is always at the user discretion of what will work best, please carefully check
curves and interactions of teeth to ensure proper and smooth roll prior to generating any output. You may want
to experiment with many of the settings, their effect does get more intuitive as you use them and discover their
effect on the end product. We also added a profile shift to the shaper control to add width to the teeth generated
in the event more strength is required in the gear, however most often this should be left at 0 if not required or
understood. You will also find a Roots and a Rack check box on the tab, these are non relevant to the GTA
elliptical shaper, however GM uses GTA’s technology to generate the Root Blower and Racks.
With racks, users must take in consideration that the root of the rack teeth will have a radius to simplify
machining, and that you may add tabs to the rack to allow interconnect between rack sections if desired. The
rack tooth count will dictate the actual length of the rack while the MOD or DP will dictate sizing. Because of
the complexities involved in adding racks into GM’s simulation, we determined that the original physics engine
needs re-writing in a more powerful way to implement and account for many new features and ideas down the
road. However for now, while development continues, user must be aware that GM can only output 1 rack at a
time, and rack can never be added to the simulation screen for simulation purposes, simply for output purposes.
Page 68) Generalized Toothing Algorithm (continued)
Also on this page an “angle” button can be used to generate a table of angular values for use in various
situations where one needs to analyze the gears position over time. This table is saved to a file in comma
delimited form into your output folder. This concludes the introduction of GTA, we hope you’ll find this
module handy, useful and intuitive.
End
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Generalized Toothing Algorithm
1st Order Elliptical 2nd Order Elliptical 3rd Order Elliptical
Generalized Toothing Algorithm

1) Eccentricity
3) Low resolution
5) Hi resolution
7) Wheel Order
8) Pinion Order
9) Planetary ring
14b) Shaper Control
1) Tooth Wheel
2) Tooth Pinion
3) Tooth Count
4) Involute
5) Hypocycloidal
6) Profile Shift
7) Angle
14c) Roots
1) Roots blower
14d) Rack
2) Tab right
3) Tab left
Fig 28 shows radius in the root of the rack teeth, while Fig 29 displays a typical rack. Fig30 shows rack using
both tabs for interconnect while Fig 31 only shows the rear tab being used. Fig 32 shows extreme elliptical
eccentricity modification to shape an object, Fig 31 shows teeth generated from GTA’s engine while Fig 34
shows 5th order elliptical using modified coefficients.
(fig 28) (fig 29)
(fig 30) (fig 31)
(fig 32) (fig 33)
(fig 34)
( Fig 30 ) ( Fig 30a )

1) Eccentricity
Eccentricity can be simply described as a measure of how much a conic section (Ellipse) deviates
from being circular. In GTA, eccentricity adjustment allows for an elliptical shape to be altered
in form to become a pitchline for a gear profile. (fig 30) shows eccentricity of near 1 while (Fig 30a)
displays a perfect circle with eccentricity near or to equals 0.
The modification coefficient injects asymmetry into an ellipse. Simplified, the coefficient will change the curve and
GTA will implement this change to vary the shape of your elliptical. (Fig 31) shows a modified coefficient of 1
causing no change to an elliptical while (Fig 31a) shows the same elliptical with a modified coefficient of 8 allowing
a new shape to take place. Be aware that a higher modification coefficient value may not be suitable or possible for a
gear to roll all the way around. It is non-intuitive when using a modified elliptical as to whether a wheel or pinion
will mesh with a differing wheel or pinion. Caution is advised when placing these gear types on the project screen
to validate their meshing visually as the program will assume they are meshed correctly.
( Fig 31 ) ( Fig 31a )

3) Low resolution
5) Hi resolution
Since Iterations of rolling a shaper around an object may be billions of calculations, a resolution selector was
added to menu so that the lower the resolution, the faster it can generate teeth, however it may lack iterations
and may contain jagged lines in the tooth profile. Hi to Extreme resolution on the other hand will definitively
smooth things out, however drawback is it can be slow to calculate and take several minutes to do.
7) Wheel Order
All gear shapes are elliptical. They begin with a circle, which is an ellipse with no eccentricity. A circle is a
1st order ellipse, an ellongated circle is 2nd order, a triangle 3rd, a square 4th..ect. A second order ellipse is exactly
twice the size of a first, a fourth is twice the size of a second..etc. Keep tis in mind as you set orders as this ratio
is also true of the number of teeth youll get on a pinion and the driving ratio between the two gears.
8) Pinion Order
Pinion order in theory is identical to the wheel order other than it is on the pinion
gear instead. The first order elliptical will be the only elliptical to offset the centre.

10) Planetary Ring
The planetary ring offers an entry for internal or non-internal gears to roll within the elliptical.
When box is uncheck, all gears generated will be standard and rolling to the exterior side. With it checked on,
the orientation of the gears will be internal to itself. Another way to describe an Internal Gear may be the
opposite of an external gear in that the teeth point towards rather than away from the center, and addendum
and dedendum take reverse positions. An example
of an internal gear generated from GTA can be seen in (fig 32 and Fig 32a).
( Fig 32 ) ( Fig 32a )
14b) Shaper Control
1) Tooth Wheel
2) Tooth Pinion
The tooth wheel and pinion buttons is how you get your shape to acquire teeth. Just as a factory
would, it virtually rolls a shaper cutter continuously all the way around the object leaving behind
asymmetrical teeth.
3) Shaper Tooth Count
Tooth count sets the amount of teeth your shaper will have. Too many teeth on the shaper could interfere
with the convex area of the pitchline while not enough teeth may interfere with the concave area of the curve.
It is always at the user discretion of what will work best and optimal, carefully check curves and interactions
of teeth to ensure proper and smooth rolling.
14b) Shaper Control
4) Involute
An involute gear profile is the most commonly used system for gearing today and can be looked as
the spiraling curve traced by the end of an imaginary taut string unwinding itself from that stationary
circle called the base circle. With this selection shaper will have involute teeth as seen in fig 33.
5) Hypocycloidal
In geometry a hypocycloid is a special plane curve generated by the trace of a fixed point on a small
circle that rolls within a larger circle. It is comparable to the cycloid but instead of the circle rolling along
a line, it rolls within a circle. With this selection applied, shaper will use hypocycloidal teeth seen in fig 34.
6) Profile Shift
Consider the Profile shift to mean a variation of the pitch line towards the addendum or deddendum
of generated teeth. It will often be used to beef up the integrety of a tooth to make it stronger or weeker
by specifying a percentage.. On pitch indicates the pitch circle and shouldn’t be altered unles it is nessessary.
It is used basically to specify the tooth thickness, (fig35) indicates in pitch, (fig35a) with +50% shift while
(fig35b) displays a –50% pitch.
7) Angle
The angle button was designed be used to generate a table of angular values for use in various situations,
where one needs to analyze the gears position over time. This table will be saved to a file of
(comma delimited form) into your output folder.
( Fig 33 ) ( Fig 34 )
( Fig 35 ) ( Fig 35a ) ( Fig 35b )

14c) Roots
Roots Blower
Roots blowers is a positive displacement lobe pump, which operates by pumping a fluid with a pair
of meshing lobes. Fluid gets trapped in pockets surrounding the lobes and carried from the intake side
to the exhaust. It is often used as a supercharger or fluid flow control.
A simplifed Roots blower with two-lobed rotors..
1 Rotary vane 1
2. Pump body
3. Rotary vane 2
a. Intake
b. Pumping
c. Forced air or air-fuel mixture into intake manifold
14d) Rack
Once the Rack as pitch line check box is enabled, rack will be automatically generated from your
pinion’s parameters and pitch line, matching perfectly to create your rack, Roots of the rack teeth will
have a radius in order to simply maching and rack tooth count will dictate the actual length of the rack
while the MOD or DP will dictate sizing.
2) Tab right
3) Tab left
Tabs generator for the right or left side is also available in GM. This option was implemented to
allow making of short rack sections so they may be used to double thicken while offsetting the tabs for
strength or to simply just extend the rack. Tabs are activated once the check box is enabled for both left
or/and right side.
End
Page 75)
15) Simulation Control Screen
Introduction;
Gearotic Motion Simulation screen is a true 3D active display of your gear creation. It offers a configurable
background and transparency using the program setting icon settings covered earlier. It is also equipped with a
Wizard, which sits between the simulation screen and simulation tab. It will display mouse x,y,z coordinates
while idling and will report any problems such as wrong gear size or any errors type in red to guide you along in
your creation and is wise to look there for any messages in the event of difficulty. While placing a gear on the
simulation screen, we must remember that the very first gear added will be the active gear or reference gear,
meaning gear where everything will rotate from. From version 3.5 onward, primary gear will be displayed in a
checkered pattern profile for quick and easy reference (fig.24). Once a gear is added the Simulation control tab
offers the ability to control reverse direction, rotate a gear on a shaft, record a gear train and to oscillate forward
and reverse direction of all gears on your screen. If gear is attached to a shaft, Gearotic Motion will offers the
ability to rotate that gear on its shaft without moving anything else, in order to align a gear to a specific
location.
Simulation Screen
(Fig 28)
Page 76 Simulation Control Screen (continued)
15a) Simulation Control Icon

This feature will allow gears to rotate on your screen, when pushed again will stop rotation.
15b) CCW step direction

This feature will allow a gear to be rotated counter clockwise on a shaft only for specific
alignment within your gear train.
15c) CW step direction

This feature will allow a gear to be rotated clockwise on a shaft only for specific
alignment within your gear train.
15d) Record AVI

This feature allows your project to be recoded while rotating as an AVI video for
approximately 10 seconds. Can be very useful to show friends or simply demonstrate a
specific gear train. AVI recorder will also work in Demo mode.
15e) Wheel RPM

This feature allows user to vary rotation speed of Primary(Wheel) gear. The “ + ” will
Increase speed while the “ – “ will decrease speed.
15f) Periodic Angle

This feature allows user to vary the periodic angle of Primary(Wheel) gear. The “ + ” will
increase angle to where Primary(Wheel) gear will rotate to, while the “ – “ will decrease
angle. A set angle of 90 degrees will allow Wheel gear to rotate ¼ turn then return back to 0.
(Fig 29)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
General information on Gearotic Motion Software
Design Screen
Gear Tab
View Tab
Solid Wire
Selecting this icon from the View Points Tab will allow user to view gears from a solid finish to a
wire frame assembly.
Selecting this icon from the View Points Tab will allow user to view gears from an ISO view
direction.
Selecting this icon from the View Points Tab will allow user to view gears from the top looking
down.
Selecting this icon from the View Points Tab will allow user to view gears from the left side looking
right.
Page 79) Simulation Control Screen (continued)
Selecting this icon from the View Points Tab will allow user to view gears from the back looking
towards the front.
Selecting this icon from the View Points Tab will allow user to view gears from the front looking
towards the back.
Page 80) Appendix
Pitch Diameter:
Pitch diameter is a term used to take measurements of the diameter of a gear using pitch points. Pitch points on a
gear could be found if a straight line were drawn up from two of the gear's teeth located side by side and the two
lines were connected by a curve. In the case of a gear or sprocket, pitch basically measures the distance between
teeth and is one of the most important dimensions for proper meshing.
Addendum:
The addendum is the height by which a tooth of a gear projects beyond the standard pitch circle or pitch line, the
radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle. See fig 100
Fig 100
Dedendum:
Dedendum is depth of a tooth space below the pitch circle. See fig 100
Max Mill Diameter:

Max Mill Diameter is the maximum size of tool diameter which can be used to cut gear.
Shaft Diameter:
Shaft Diameter is either measured in mm or inches
Gear Diameter:
Gear Diameter is the maximum diameter of gear measured from top of tooth to top of tooth but opposite direction.
Gear Thickness:
In Gearotic Motion the gear thickness is the actual thickness of gear measured at the pitch circle. It does not take
into consideration any set screw shanks that may be added on gear which may be used to fasten gear on to a shaft.
Number of Teeth:
Number of Teeth is a direct relation to gear size and (MOD or PD)
Page 81) Appendix
Current Angle:
The current angle in Gearotic Motion is the angle at which the center of a gear is facing when placing gear with
another.
Location x.y.z:
The location X,Y and Z in Gearotic Motion is the location of your mouse pointer on the simulation screen. It can be
very useful when placing a gear in a 3d environment.
Whole tool depth:

Whole tool depth is the minimum tool length require to cut that particular gear in Gearotic Motion when exported
in to 4th Axis Gcode.
Wheel ratio:
In Gearotic Motion, Wheel ratio is always calculated from the first gear set into the project, all added gears from
that point forward will inhibit a ratio depending on number of teeth and size compared to the Wheel.
Wheel gear RPM:

Gearotic Motion can vary and display the Wheel gear RPM along with any other gear attached to the train. This
option becomes very useful in clock making or speed control environments.
Selected gear RPM:

The selected gear RPM in Gearotic Motion will calculate and display the actual RPM of any gear you select from
your project database always with relation to the Wheel gear RPM.
Base Circle
In an involute curve, the circle from which the curve is unwound in a spiral shape
Root Circle
The root circle coincides with the bottoms of the tooth spaces.
Tip circle
The outside diameter of a gear is the diameter of the addendum also known as the tip circle
Pitch Circle
An imaginary circle on a gear that divides the gear teeth into top lands and bottom lands, and into addendums and
dedendums. The pitch circles of two gears in correct mesh contact each other at the pitch point.
Backlash
Backlash is any non-movement that occurs during axis reversals. Backlash in the X or Y axis of machining centers
is most obvious when milling full circles. If any backlash exists, there will be a nasty witness mark on each
quadrant line. As you probably know, backlash is caused by normal usage, and checking for backlash should be
part of your preventive maintenance program.
Page 82) Appendix
Backlash Compensation
Backlash compensation usually means electronically compensated for backlash. However, this feature is commonlyset by
parameters to add the amount of backlash required to each axis usually in the reversal direction. While this improves
positioning accuracy, it does nothing to minimize the vibration a machine will experience when performing powerful
machining operations if the axis drive systems are not rigid .
The verge
The verge (or crown wheel) escapement is the earliest known type of mechanical escapement, the mechanism in a
mechanical clock that controls its rate by advancing the gear train at regular intervals or 'ticks'. The name verge comes from
the Latin virga, meaning stick or rod.
Long Case Clock

The advent of the longcase clock is due to the invention of the anchor escapement mechanism around 1670. Prior to
that, pendulum clock movements used an older verge escapement mechanism, which required very wide pendulum
swings of about 80-100°. Long pendulums with such wide swings could not be fitted within a case, so most
freestanding clocks had short pendulums. The anchor mechanism reduced the pendulum's swing to around 4° to 6°.
Grandfather Clock
The Dictionary states that the 1876 song, My Grandfather's Clock, is responsible for the common name
"grandfather clock" being applied to the longcase clock we see and hear about today.
Comtoise clocks
Comtoise clocks, also known as Morez clocks are a style of longcase clock made in the French region. Features
distinguishing this style are a curving "potbellied" case and a greater use of curved lines. Often a heavy, elongated,
highly ornamented pendulum bob extends up the case.
Bornholm clocks
Bornholm clocks are Danish longcase clocks in the form of a tall wooden box and driven by a pendulum and made
on Bornholm from 1745 to 1900.
Gear
A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to
transmit torque.
Transmission
Two or more gears working in tandem are called a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through a
gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple machine.
Page 83) Appendix
Rack and pinion

A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a sector gear with an infinitely large radius of curvature.
Torque can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack with a pinion. The pinion turns, the rack moves in a
straight line. Such a mechanism is used in automobiles to convert the rotation of the steering wheel into the left-to-
right motion of the tie rods. Racks also feature in the theory of gear geometry, where, for instance, the tooth shape
of an interchangeable set of gears may be specified for the rack (infinite radius), and the tooth shapes for gears of
particular actual radii then derived from that.
Rack
Rack is the most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear, however a gear can also mesh a non-
rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of rotation.
Spur
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with the teeth
projecting radially, and although they are not straight-sided in form, the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned
parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to parallel shafts.
Hypoid
Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears except the shaft axes do not intersect. The pitch surfaces appear conical
but, to compensate for the offset shaft, are in fact hyperboloids of revolution. Hypoid gears are almost always
designed to operate with shafts at 90 degrees. Depending on which side the shaft is offset to, relative to the angling
of the teeth, contact between hypoid gear teeth may be even smoother and more gradual than with spiral bevel gear
teeth. Also, the pinion can be designed with fewer teeth than a spiral bevel pinion, with the result that gear ratios of
60:1 and higher are feasible using a single set of hypoid gears.This style of gear is most commonly found driving
mechanical differentials; which are normally straight cut bevel gears; in motor vehicle axles.
Crown
Crown gears or contrate gears are a particular form of bevel gear whose teeth project at right angles to the plane of
the wheel in their orientation the teeth resemble the points on a crown. A crown gear can only mesh accurately with
another bevel gear, although crown gears are sometimes seen meshing with spur gears. A crown gear is also
sometimes meshed with an escapement such as found in mechanical clocks
Worm
Worm-and-gear sets are a simple and compact way to achieve a high torque, low speed gear ratio. They can vary
speed ratio’s from 10:1 to 500:1. A big disadvantage though is the potential for considerable sliding action, leading
to low efficiency.
Page 84) Appendix
Non-circular
Non-circular gears are designed for special purposes usually. While a regular gear is optimized to transmit torque to
another engaged member with minimum noise and wear and maximum efficiency, a non-circular gear's main
objective might be ratio variations, axle displacement oscillations and more. Common applications include textile
machines, potentiometers and continuously variable transmissions.
Epicyclic
In epicyclic gearing one or more of the gear axes moves. Examples are sun and planet gearing and mechanical
differentials.
Harmonic drive
A harmonic drive is a specialized gearing mechanism often used in industrial motion control, robotics and
aerospace for its advantages over traditional gearing systems, including lack of backlash, compactness and high
gear ratios.
Bevel
A bevel gear is shaped like a right circular cone with most of its tip cut off. When two bevel gears mesh, their
imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. Their shaft axes also intersect at this point, forming an arbitrary
non-straight angle between the shafts. The angle between the shafts can be anything except zero or 180 degrees.
Bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth and shaft axes at 90 degrees are called miter gears.
Double helical
Double helical gears, or herringbone gears, overcome the problem of axial thrust presented by "single" helical
gears, by having two sets of teeth that are set in a V shape. A double helical gear can be thought of as two mirrored
helical gears joined together. This arrangement cancels out the net axial thrust, since each half of the gear thrusts in
the opposite direction. Double helical gears are more difficult to manufacture due to their more complicated shape.
Skew gears
For a 'crossed' or 'skew' configuration the gears must have the same pressure angle and normal pitch, however the
helix angle and handedness can be different. The relationship between the two shafts is actually defined by the helix
angle of the two shafts and the handedness.
Helical
Helical gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to the axis of
rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling causes the tooth shape to be a segment of a
helix. Helical gears can be meshed in a parallel or crossed orientations. The former refers to when the shafts are
parallel to each other; this is the most common orientation.
Page 85) Appendix
Centroid
The centroid of a plane figure or two-dimensional shape X is the intersection of all straight lines that divide X into
two parts of equal moment about the line.
GTA
GTA, generalized toothing algorithm is a new methodology to produce teeth to various shaped objects. As
development continues, we hope to soon allow a user to import any shape into GTA’s engine and have it generate
appropriate teething while following all rules of centroid geometry.
GTA output in action GTA assembled
END
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Page 1)

Gearotic Motion V4.80

Welcome to Gearotic Motions help tutorial version 4.80

If you encounter any issues please contact us at support@gearotic.com

1a) Customize quick access toolbar

2) Project Database Tab:

2a) Rename Project

3) Program Settings Tab:

3a) Default Data Folder

4) About Button Tab:

4a) Certificate verification tool for licensed users

5) Spur Gears Tab:

5a) Main Gear Parameters

5b) (Wheel/Pinion) available options.

5c) Spur Gears

5h) Timing Pulley

5i) Sprocket Type

6) Lantern and Pinion Tab:

7) Non Circular (Elliptical) Gears Tab:

7b) Elliptical Gears Specs

7c) Elliptical Gears tooth count

8) Imaginary Gears Tab:

8a) Imaginary Gears

8b) Imaginary Equivalent Gear Spec

8c) Imaginary Gear Shaft Order

9) Ratchets / Gadgets / Clocks / Escapement Tab:

9a) Ratchet / Recoil Create Gears

9b) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Specs

9c) Ratchet / Recoil Shaft Size

9d) Ratchet / Recoil Tool Control

10) Spoke Panel Diag.

10a) Spoke Panel

10b) Wheel parameter Displays using spokes

11a) Plate Control

11b) View Points

12) Output Manager Tab:

12a) Project Name

13) Clocks using Graham or Grasshopper Escapements / Ratchets / Pendulum

13a) Ratchet / Recoil Create Gears

13b) Ratchet / Recoil Gear Specs

13c) Ratchet / Recoil Shaft Size

13d) Ratchet / Recoil Tool Control

13e) Ratchet / Recoil Gadgets

14) Generalized Toothing Algorithm

14a) Elliptical Parameters

14b) Shaper Control

15) Simulation Control Screen

15a) Simulation Control Icon

1a) Customize quick access toolbar

1b) Show quick access toolbar below ribbon

1c) Minimize the ribbon

1d) Mouse and keyboard combination;

2) Project Database Icon:

fig 1 Fig 2 fig 3

1) Pitch Diameter 6) Gear Diameter 11) Whole tool depth

Fig 4 Fig 5 Fig 6

2) Project Database Icon:

2b) Select all

2c) Delete all

2d) Rename Gear

2e) Delete Train

2f) Set Gear Color