Introduction to Aircraft Introduction to Aircraft

Prof. Ravi Kumar

Specialization- Aerospace Engg.
SoME, SASTRA University.
22
THE HISTORY OF THE HISTORY OF
AVIATION AVIATION
ss
33
ERAS IN AVIATION ERAS IN AVIATION
EARLY YEARS EARLY YEARS 1000 1000 BC BC Thru Thru 1890 AD 1890 AD
PRE PRE--POWERED FLIGHT POWERED FLIGHT 1860 1860--1903 1903
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT EARLY POWERED FLIGHT 1903 1903--1914 1914
WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I 1914 1914 1918 1918
WORLD WAR II WORLD WAR II 1939 1939 1945 1945
J ETS AND SPEED J ETS AND SPEED 1945 1945 1958 1958
SPACE SPACE 1958 1958 -- PRESENT PRESENT
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1000B.C to 1250A.D 1000B.C to 1250A.D
Man's observations of the earth around him aroused his Man's observations of the earth around him aroused his
curiosity and often inspired him to attempt the curiosity and often inspired him to attempt the
impossible. impossible.
The Greek myth The Greek myth of of Daedalus Daedalus and his son and his son Icarus Icarus
was written around 1000 B.C. The myth states that was written around 1000 B.C. The myth states that
after after Daedalus Daedalus built the built the labyrinth labyrinth the king of Crete the king of Crete
threw him in it to test it threw him in it to test it..
He and He and his son his son Icarus Icarus escaped by building wings escaped by building wings
of wax and flying away. However of wax and flying away. However Icarus Icarus flew too flew too
high and the wax in his wings began to melt. His high and the wax in his wings began to melt. His
wings collapsed and he plunged to his death in the wings collapsed and he plunged to his death in the
sea. sea.
Kites flown around the year 400 B.C. in China were Kites flown around the year 400 B.C. in China were
ancestors of modern aviation and the airplane ancestors of modern aviation and the airplane..
In In the year the year 1020 A.D 1020 A.D. . Oliver Oliver of of Malmesbury Malmesbury put on a put on a
pair of wings and leapt from the top of an abbey. He pair of wings and leapt from the top of an abbey. He
landed very hard and broke his legs. Luckily he landed very hard and broke his legs. Luckily he
survived the crash. Many others attempted to fly survived the crash. Many others attempted to fly
with " wings" but all failed, sometimes fatally. with " wings" but all failed, sometimes fatally.
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1250 to 1750 1250 to 1750
Leonardo Leonardo da da Vinci Vinci spent most of his life spent most of his life
exploring flight and left the world about exploring flight and left the world about
160 documents of sketches and 160 documents of sketches and
observations about flight observations about flight..
He made important discoveries about He made important discoveries about
the center of gravity the center of gravity, , the center of the center of
pressure, and streamlining pressure, and streamlining. .
But But like so many people of his time he like so many people of his time he
was obsessed with learning to fly like a was obsessed with learning to fly like a
bird. bird.
NOTES NOTES Lighter than Air Lighter than Air
Flight Flight
The
Montgolfier
brothers are
generally
given credit for
the invention
of the hot air
balloon.
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1750 to 1850 1750 to 1850
What forces cause smoke to rise in a fireplace? What forces cause smoke to rise in a fireplace?
This was what sparked Montgolfier's curiosity. This was what sparked Montgolfier's curiosity.
Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier designed the designed the
first successful flying craft. Their observations first successful flying craft. Their observations
led them to believe that burning created a gas, led them to believe that burning created a gas,
which they called " Montgolfier's gas," causing which they called " Montgolfier's gas," causing
a craft to rise. a craft to rise. They constructed a balloon They constructed a balloon
made of cloth and paper. made of cloth and paper. The The first aviators first aviators
were a were a duck, rooster, and a sheep duck, rooster, and a sheep. Then in . Then in
1783 1783 a crowd in Paris watched as a a crowd in Paris watched as a
Montgolfier balloon carried Montgolfier balloon carried two French men two French men. .
The way the balloons worked is hot air and The way the balloons worked is hot air and
gases filled the balloon causing it to lift. Once gases filled the balloon causing it to lift. Once
it was in the air it simply went wherever the it was in the air it simply went wherever the
wind took it. To counter this problem wind took it. To counter this problem Henri Henri
Giffard Giffard designed a round oval shaped balloon designed a round oval shaped balloon
called a called a blimp blimp and combined it with a steam and combined it with a steam
engine to make it engine to make it steerable steerable. When gasoline . When gasoline
engines were invented they became a major engines were invented they became a major
source of transportation across the Atlantic source of transportation across the Atlantic
Ocean. The Ocean. The Hindenburg Hindenburg zeppelin zeppelin disaster in disaster in
1937 caused the end for these large 1937 caused the end for these large airships airships..
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1850 to 1900 1850 to 1900
Sir George Sir George Cayley Cayley set in motion the set in motion the
future study of aerodynamics in a future study of aerodynamics in a
single sentence. "The whole problem single sentence. "The whole problem
is confined within these limits, namely is confined within these limits, namely
to make a surface support a given to make a surface support a given
weight by the application of power to weight by the application of power to
the resistance of air." the resistance of air."
Sir George Sir George Cayley Cayley experimented experimented
with with gliders gliders at his home in at his home in
Yorkshire. He was the first to Yorkshire. He was the first to
discover how wings work. discover how wings work. Cayley Cayley
discovered that wings are lifted on discovered that wings are lifted on
the air. He also constructed the first the air. He also constructed the first
aircraft that was heavier than air. aircraft that was heavier than air.
He is now recognized as He is now recognized as the father the father
of aviation of aviation. He came up with many . He came up with many
principles of heavier principles of heavier--than than--air flight. air flight.
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1850 to 1900 1850 to 1900
In 1896, the German engineer, In 1896, the German engineer,
Otto Lilienthal Otto Lilienthal, tested several , tested several
monoplane monoplane and and biplane biplane gliders. gliders.
He built and flew the first glider He built and flew the first glider
capable of carrying a person, but capable of carrying a person, but
died when he crashed in a sudden died when he crashed in a sudden
gust of wind before he could gust of wind before he could
finish his powered plane. finish his powered plane.
The structure of an airplane as we The structure of an airplane as we
know it today was in its formative know it today was in its formative
years. What are the parts of a years. What are the parts of a
plane and how does each plane and how does each
function? function?
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1900 to 1935 1900 to 1935
That That was was Wilbur Wright's Wilbur Wright's statement to statement to The The
Associated Press, Associated Press, January 5, 1904 January 5, 1904. .
At At 10:35 a.m. on December 17, 1903 the 10:35 a.m. on December 17, 1903 the
world's first successful airplane known as the world's first successful airplane known as the
Flyer I Flyer I accelerated along its launching rail and accelerated along its launching rail and
flew through the air. Twelve seconds later it flew through the air. Twelve seconds later it
landed 100 yards away on the soft sand at Kill landed 100 yards away on the soft sand at Kill
Devil Hills near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Devil Hills near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
The pilot Orville and his brother Wilbur had The pilot Orville and his brother Wilbur had
experimented for four years with kites and experimented for four years with kites and
engines to make the first successful flight engines to make the first successful flight
ever. ever.
The brothers had made their own engine that The brothers had made their own engine that
weighed 200 pounds and had four weighed 200 pounds and had four cylinders cylinders. It . It
could make 12 horse power, a sixth of the could make 12 horse power, a sixth of the
engine power of a small car. It had no seat and engine power of a small car. It had no seat and
the pilot had to lay in a cradle in the bottom the pilot had to lay in a cradle in the bottom
wing. wing.
11 11
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903 1903--1914 1914
GLEN CURTIS GLEN CURTIS 1878 TO 1930 1878 TO 1930
INVENTER AILERON CONTROLS INVENTER AILERON CONTROLS
MOTORCYCLE RACER MOTORCYCLE RACER
12 12
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903 1903--1914 1914
GLEN L MARTIN GLEN L MARTIN 1886 TO 1955 1886 TO 1955
AIRCRAFT DESIGNER AIRCRAFT DESIGNER
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1900 A.D to 1935 A.D 1900 A.D to 1935 A.D
The Wright brothers continued to perfect their plane The Wright brothers continued to perfect their plane
and it was in a Wright and it was in a Wright biplane biplane that the first that the first
transcontinental flight was made by transcontinental flight was made by Calbraith Calbraith P. P.
Rodgers, Rodgers, in 1911 in 1911..
The key to their success was to learn how to control The key to their success was to learn how to control
the plane. How were they able to accomplish this the plane. How were they able to accomplish this
task? task?
In 1914 World War I In 1914 World War I broke out. At first planes were broke out. At first planes were
used mostly for reconnaissance, but later planes used mostly for reconnaissance, but later planes
developed into developed into biplane biplane and and triplane triplane fighters and fighters and
bombers. Experiments were done with even more bombers. Experiments were done with even more
sets of wings, but most failed. The main fighters of sets of wings, but most failed. The main fighters of
the war were the the war were the British British Sopwith Sopwith " Camel " Camel," its cousin, ," its cousin,
" The Snipe," " The Snipe," and the famous and the famous German Fokker German Fokker Df.I Df.I
which was flown by the infamous which was flown by the infamous Red Red Baron Baron..
The The compass compass was an important instrument to these was an important instrument to these
early fighters. How do they work? How has the early fighters. How do they work? How has the
technology changed over the decades? technology changed over the decades?
14 14
WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I
1914 1914 -- 1918 1918
WAR FOUGHT IN EUROPE BETWEEN ENGLAND WAR FOUGHT IN EUROPE BETWEEN ENGLAND
AND FRANCE AGAINST GERMANY AND AUSTRIA AND FRANCE AGAINST GERMANY AND AUSTRIA
GREAT ADVANCES IN BOTH SINGLE ENGINE AND GREAT ADVANCES IN BOTH SINGLE ENGINE AND
MULTI MULTI--ENGINE AIRCRAFT AND DIRGIBLES ENGINE AIRCRAFT AND DIRGIBLES
15 15
WORLD WAR II WORLD WAR II
1939 1939 -- 1945 1945
WORLD WAR II INVOLVED ALL OF THE MAJ OR COUNTRIES OF WORLD WAR II INVOLVED ALL OF THE MAJ OR COUNTRIES OF
THE WORLD. AVIATION MADE GIANTIC ADVANCES DURING THE WORLD. AVIATION MADE GIANTIC ADVANCES DURING
THIS PERIOD. THIS PERIOD.
PRESSURIZED BOMBER CABINS PRESSURIZED BOMBER CABINS
ALL WEATHER FLIGHT ALL WEATHER FLIGHT
J ET PROPULSION J ET PROPULSION
ENORMOUS NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT PRODUCED ENORMOUS NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT PRODUCED
RADAR AND RADIO RADAR AND RADIO NAVIGATION NAVIGATION
Altimeter & Airspeed Indicator Altimeter & Airspeed Indicator were installed (1930s) were installed (1930s)
Most innovative period of Aviation Most innovative period of Aviation
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1935 A.D to 1950 A.D 1935 A.D to 1950 A.D
New technologies developed throughout the New technologies developed throughout the
course of World War II. The motto was course of World War II. The motto was if you if you
commanded the skies you could win the war commanded the skies you could win the war..
World World War II War II implemented almost implemented almost
exclusively exclusively monoplanes monoplanes. Both sides of . Both sides of
the war manufactured literally thousands the war manufactured literally thousands
of of fighters fighters and and bombers bombers. The main Allied . The main Allied
planes included the British planes included the British Supermarine Supermarine
Spitfire Spitfire Mk.IV Mk.IV, the Ameri can , the Ameri can PP--51 51
Mustang Mustang, the Ameri can , the Ameri can CC--4U Corsair 4U Corsair, the , the
American American BB--17 17, and the Ameri can B , and the Ameri can B--29 29
Superfortress Superfortress. .
The The Grumann Grumann F6F Hellcat F6F Hellcat was first used was first used
in 1943 and became the premier carrier in 1943 and became the premier carrier
fighter plane. fighter plane.
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1935 A.D to 1950 A.D 1935 A.D to 1950 A.D
The major air battle of WW II was The major air battle of WW II was
the Battle of Britain the Battle of Britain. For days the . For days the
much larger German Luftwaffe much larger German Luftwaffe
attacked the British Isles, but the attacked the British Isles, but the
small number of British Spitfires small number of British Spitfires
always seemed to know exactly always seemed to know exactly
where and when the German where and when the German
bombers would be attacking and bombers would be attacking and
how large of a force. how large of a force.
The reason for this was a The reason for this was a
relatively relatively new technology called new technology called
radar radar allowed the British ground allowed the British ground
stations to detect and identify the stations to detect and identify the
size, speed, distance, and size, speed, distance, and
trajectory of the German trajectory of the German bombers bombers
and send their Spitfires on perfect and send their Spitfires on perfect
intercept missions. intercept missions.
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1950 A.D to 1975 A.D 1950 A.D to 1975 A.D
After After Chuck Yeager's Chuck Yeager's supersonic flight in supersonic flight in
1947, aviation entered a new era 1947, aviation entered a new era
dominated by jets. dominated by jets.
The The years following the war saw the years following the war saw the
aviation industry grow in leaps and aviation industry grow in leaps and
bounds. The military bounds. The military airforce airforce developed developed
more effective planes to address the arms more effective planes to address the arms
race with Russia race with Russia..
The The BB--47 and 47 and BB--52 52 bombers bombers were built to were built to
be used to deliver nuclear bombs. They be used to deliver nuclear bombs. They
were the world's heaviest bombers and were the world's heaviest bombers and
could hold up to 99,206 pounds of bombs. could hold up to 99,206 pounds of bombs.
Early bombers flew so high that the crew Early bombers flew so high that the crew
had to wear had to wear pressure suits pressure suits but later they but later they
were used at low altitude because they were used at low altitude because they
were harder to locate with were harder to locate with radar radar. .
Aviation Through the Ages Aviation Through the Ages
1975A.D to 2000A.D 1975A.D to 2000A.D
Aviation Aviation has has changed changed much much since since the the beginning beginning of of time time..
The The world's world's first first supersonic supersonic commercial commercial passenger passenger aircraft aircraft
operating operating regular regular scheduled scheduled flights flights was was the the Concorde Concorde.. It It was was
developed developed jointl y jointl y by by Great Great Britain Britain and and France France during during the the 1960 1960ss
and and 1970 1970ss when when the the Comet Comet 44,, the the DC DC--33,, and and the the Constellation Constellation
were were in in regular regular service service.. No No other other supersonic supersonic aircraft aircraft can can fl y fl y as as
fast fast and and as as far far as as the the Concorde Concorde without without needing needing mid mid--flight flight
refueling refueling.. Some Some military military aircraft aircraft can can fl y fl y faster, faster, but but need need in in--flight flight
refueling refueling.. The The Concorde Concorde flies flies literall y literall y on on the the edge edge of of space, space,
high high through through the the atmosphere atmosphere.. Passengers Passengers are are even even capable capable of of
seeing seeing the the earth's earth's surface surface..
The The Nighthawk Nighthawk (F (F--117 117A) A) first first flew flew in in 1981 1981 and and began began combat combat in in
1989 1989.. This This jet jet was was designed designed to to avoid avoid detection detection and and mount mount
precision precision attacks attacks.. It It is is the the first first stealth stealth combat combat aircraft aircraft in in the the
world world.. It It has has aa top top speed speed of of 593 593 mph mph ((955 955 kph kph)) and and is is loaded loaded
with with 55,,000 000 lbs lbs.. of of weapons weapons.. The The choice choice of of weaponry weaponry varies varies from from
laser laser--guided guided bombs, bombs, air air--to to--air air missiles, missiles, or or air air--to to--surface surface
missiles missiles.. Two Two types types of of weapons weapons can can be be carried carried at at one one time time.. The The
outside outside of of the the Nighthawk Nighthawk is is coated coated with with aa special special material material that that
absorbs absorbs some some of of the the radar radar signals signals that that strike strike it it.. It It is is protected protected
by by 24 24 hour hour security security with with armed armed guards guards all all around around it it.. Authorized Authorized
personnel personnel must must pass pass aa palm palm print print test test to to get get near near the the aircraft aircraft..
20 20
J ETS AND SPEED J ETS AND SPEED
THE POST WORLD WAR II ERA PROVIDED THE AVIATION THE POST WORLD WAR II ERA PROVIDED THE AVIATION
COMMUNITY WITH THOUSANDS OF SURPLUS AIRCRAFT AND COMMUNITY WITH THOUSANDS OF SURPLUS AIRCRAFT AND
TRAINED PILOTS TRAINED PILOTS
MANY PEOPLE THOUGHT THAT THIS WOULD CAUSE AN MANY PEOPLE THOUGHT THAT THIS WOULD CAUSE AN
EXPLOSION OF PRIVATE AVIATION, HOWEVER THIS DID NOT EXPLOSION OF PRIVATE AVIATION, HOWEVER THIS DID NOT
HAPPEN AS EXPECTED HAPPEN AS EXPECTED
THERE WAS A GREAT INCREASE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THERE WAS A GREAT INCREASE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF
HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT USING INFORMATION PRIMARILY HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT USING INFORMATION PRIMARILY
GATHERED FROM GERMANY SCIENTISTS GATHERED FROM GERMANY SCIENTISTS
21 21
J ETS AND SPEED J ETS AND SPEED
THE EARLY AMERICAN J ET FIGHTER AIRCRAFT WERE IN THE EARLY AMERICAN J ET FIGHTER AIRCRAFT WERE IN
DEVELOPMENT AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II DEVELOPMENT AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II
THESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE P THESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE P--59 AIRACOMET AND P 59 AIRACOMET AND P--80 80
SHOOTING STAR SHOOTING STAR
22 22
J ETS AND SPEED J ETS AND SPEED
EXPERIMENTAL ROCKET AIRCRAFT WERE DEVELOPED TO EXPERIMENTAL ROCKET AIRCRAFT WERE DEVELOPED TO
REACH VERY HIGH SPEEDS REACH VERY HIGH SPEEDS
THE BELL X THE BELL X--1 AIRCRAFT PILOTED WORLD WAR II FIGHTER 1 AIRCRAFT PILOTED WORLD WAR II FIGHTER
PILOT PILOT CHUCK YEAGER CHUCK YEAGER BROKE THE SPEED OF SOUND BROKE THE SPEED OF SOUND
23 23
J ETS AND SPEED J ETS AND SPEED
THE THE KOREAN WAR KOREAN WAR BROUGHT THE FIRST J ET VERSUS J ET BROUGHT THE FIRST J ET VERSUS J ET
COMBAT WHEN THE NORTH AMERICAN F COMBAT WHEN THE NORTH AMERICAN F--86 SABER J ET 86 SABER J ET
FOUGHT THE RUSSIAN MIG FOUGHT THE RUSSIAN MIG--15 15
24 24
J ETS AND SPEED J ETS AND SPEED J ETS AND SPEED J ETS AND SPEED
BOTH MILITARY FIGHTERS AND BOMBERS BECAME CAPABLE BOTH MILITARY FIGHTERS AND BOMBERS BECAME CAPABLE
OF SUPERSONIC FLIGHT IN THE 1950s WITH THE CENTURY OF SUPERSONIC FLIGHT IN THE 1950s WITH THE CENTURY
SERIES FIGHTER AND THE B SERIES FIGHTER AND THE B--58 HUSTLER BOMBER 58 HUSTLER BOMBER
25 25
J ETS AND SPEED J ETS AND SPEED
THE PRESSURES OF THE THE PRESSURES OF THE COLD WAR COLD WAR LED TO THE LED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH MEDIUM RANGE AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH MEDIUM RANGE AND
INTERCONTINENTAL RANGE BALLISTIC MISSLES SUCH AS INTERCONTINENTAL RANGE BALLISTIC MISSLES SUCH AS
THE REDSTONE, ATLAS AND TITAN MISSLES THE REDSTONE, ATLAS AND TITAN MISSLES
26 26
SPACE EXPLORATION SPACE EXPLORATION
THE THE RUSSIANS RUSSIANS SHOCKED THE WORLD WHEN THEY SHOCKED THE WORLD WHEN THEY
LAUNCHED THE FIRST SPACE SATELLITE IN OCTOBER LAUNCHED THE FIRST SPACE SATELLITE IN OCTOBER 1957 1957. .
THIS BASKETBALL SIZED, 183 POUND SATETLLITE WAS THIS BASKETBALL SIZED, 183 POUND SATETLLITE WAS
CALLED SPUTNIK CALLED SPUTNIK
27 27
SPACE Exploration SPACE Exploration
THE UNITED STATES THE UNITED STATES FOLLOWED THE RUSSIANS BY FOLLOWED THE RUSSIANS BY
LAUNCHING A 32 POUND SATELLITE CALLED LAUNCHING A 32 POUND SATELLITE CALLED EXPLORER EXPLORER IN IN
J ANUARY J ANUARY 1958 1958. THE SPACE RACE HAD . THE SPACE RACE HAD STARTED. STARTED.
28 28
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
SCOTT CROSSFIELD SCOTT CROSSFIELD WAS ONE OF THE GREAT TEST PILOTS WAS ONE OF THE GREAT TEST PILOTS
DURING THIS ERA. DURING THIS ERA.
HE FLEW MANY EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT AND WAS THE HE FLEW MANY EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT AND WAS THE
FIRST MAN TO FLY TWICE THE SPEED OF SOUND IN THE FIRST MAN TO FLY TWICE THE SPEED OF SOUND IN THE
DOUGLAS SKYROCKET. HE WAS ALSO THE FIRST MAN TO DOUGLAS SKYROCKET. HE WAS ALSO THE FIRST MAN TO
FLY FLY THE X THE X--15. 15.
29 29
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
NACA NACA (NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE for AERONAUTICS) (NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE for AERONAUTICS)
BECAME NASA BECAME NASA (NATIONAL AERONAUTICS and SPACE (NATIONAL AERONAUTICS and SPACE
ADMINISTRATION) IN ADMINISTRATION) IN 1958 1958. ONE OF FIRST EXPERIMENTAL . ONE OF FIRST EXPERIMENTAL
AIRCRAFT FROM NASA WAS THE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL AIRCRAFT FROM NASA WAS THE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL XX--15 15. .
THE X THE X--15 EXPLORED FLIGHT OUT TO MACH 6.7 (6.7 TIMES 15 EXPLORED FLIGHT OUT TO MACH 6.7 (6.7 TIMES
THE SPEED OF SOUND) AND ALTITUDE OF 354,200 FEET (67 THE SPEED OF SOUND) AND ALTITUDE OF 354,200 FEET (67
MILES) ON AUGUST 22, 1963 MILES) ON AUGUST 22, 1963
30 30
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
CIVILIAN BUSINESS AVIATION CIVILIAN BUSINESS AVIATION BEGAN MOVING INTO THE J ET BEGAN MOVING INTO THE J ET
AGE WITH THE BEECHCRAFT TURBO AGE WITH THE BEECHCRAFT TURBO--PROP POWERED PROP POWERED
KINGAIR AND KINGAIR AND THE THE J ET POWERED NORTH AMERICAN J ET POWERED NORTH AMERICAN
SABERLINER AND LEAR J ET. SABERLINER AND LEAR J ET.

31 31
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
VERY LARGE J ET AIRLINERS WERE DEVELOPED AND PUT VERY LARGE J ET AIRLINERS WERE DEVELOPED AND PUT
INTO COMMERCIAL SERVICE DURING THE 1960S. THESE INTO COMMERCIAL SERVICE DURING THE 1960S. THESE
INCLUDED INCLUDED THE DOUGLAS DC THE DOUGLAS DC--10, LOCKHEED L 10, LOCKHEED L--1011 AND 1011 AND
BOEING 747 BOEING 747..
32 32
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
IN APRIL 1961 THE RUSSIANS AGAIN STARTLED THE WORLD IN APRIL 1961 THE RUSSIANS AGAIN STARTLED THE WORLD
BY LAUNCHING BY LAUNCHING YURI GAGARIN YURI GAGARIN IN A VOSTOK SPACE CRAFT IN A VOSTOK SPACE CRAFT
ORBITING THE WORLD ORBITING THE WORLD
33 33
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
ON MAY ON MAY 25, 1961, 25, 1961, PRESIDENT KENNEDY ANNOUNCED TO PRESIDENT KENNEDY ANNOUNCED TO
THE NATION A GOAL OF THE NATION A GOAL OF SENDING SENDING AN AMERICAN TO THE AN AMERICAN TO THE
MOON MOON BEFORE THE END OF THE DECADE. BEFORE THE END OF THE DECADE.
THIS BEGAN AN IMMENSE PROGRAM TO FLY MEN TO THE THIS BEGAN AN IMMENSE PROGRAM TO FLY MEN TO THE
MOON. THIS PROGRAM WAS EXECUTED IN THREE STEPS: MOON. THIS PROGRAM WAS EXECUTED IN THREE STEPS:
PROJ ECT MERCURY PROJ ECT MERCURY
PROGECT GEMINI PROGECT GEMINI
PROJ ECT APOLLO PROJ ECT APOLLO
34 34
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
ON MAY 6 1961 NASA LAUNCHED ALAN SHEPARD IN ON MAY 6 1961 NASA LAUNCHED ALAN SHEPARD IN
FREEDOM FREEDOM 7, 7, THE FIRST AMERICAN HUMAN SUBORBITAL THE FIRST AMERICAN HUMAN SUBORBITAL
FLIGHT FLIGHT
35 35
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
MERCURY SPACECRAFT FRIENDSHIP 7 MERCURY SPACECRAFT FRIENDSHIP 7CARRIED CARRIED
ASTRONAUT ASTRONAUT J OHN H. GLENN J r J OHN H. GLENN J r. TO BECOME THE FIRST . TO BECOME THE FIRST
AMERICAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH ON FEBRUARY 20, AMERICAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH ON FEBRUARY 20, 1962. 1962.
GLENN CIRCLED THE EARTH THREE TIMES. THE SPACE GLENN CIRCLED THE EARTH THREE TIMES. THE SPACE
FLIGHT LASTED FLIGHT LASTED 4 HOURS AND 55 MINUTES 4 HOURS AND 55 MINUTES. .
36 36
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
THE APOLLO PROGRAM BEGAN IN THE APOLLO PROGRAM BEGAN IN 1963 1963 AND ENDED IN 1972 AND ENDED IN 1972
THE PROGRAM CONSISTED OF 11 MANNED FLIGHTS. THE PROGRAM CONSISTED OF 11 MANNED FLIGHTS.
4 MANNED EARTH AND MOON ORBITIAL FLIGHTS 4 MANNED EARTH AND MOON ORBITIAL FLIGHTS
7 FLIGHTS FOR MOON LANDINGS 7 FLIGHTS FOR MOON LANDINGS
APOLLO APOLLO 13 DID NOT LAND ON THE MOON DUE TO AN 13 DID NOT LAND ON THE MOON DUE TO AN
EXPLOSION ENROUTE TO THE MOON EXPLOSION ENROUTE TO THE MOON
NEIL ARMSTRONG NEIL ARMSTRONG WAS THE FIRST MAN TO SET FOOT ON WAS THE FIRST MAN TO SET FOOT ON
THE MOON, J ULY 20, 1969 THE MOON, J ULY 20, 1969
EUGENE CERNAN EUGENE CERNAN WAS THE LAST MAN TO LEAVE HIS WAS THE LAST MAN TO LEAVE HIS
FOOT PRINT ON THE MOON, DECEMBER 14, 1972 FOOT PRINT ON THE MOON, DECEMBER 14, 1972
37 37
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
APOLLO 11 WAS THE FIRST MISSION TO LAND ON THE MOON. APOLLO 11 WAS THE FIRST MISSION TO LAND ON THE MOON.
38 38
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
LESSON FROM LESSON FROM THE VIETNAM WAR THE VIETNAM WAR WERE USED TO DESIGN WERE USED TO DESIGN
NEW MILITARY FIGHTER AIRCRAFT NEW MILITARY FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
THESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE THESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE FF--15 EAGLE, F 15 EAGLE, F--16 FIGHTING 16 FIGHTING
FALCON AND THE A FALCON AND THE A--10 THUNDERBOLT II 10 THUNDERBOLT II
39 39
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
AS A CONTINUATION OF SPACE EXPLORATION NASA AS A CONTINUATION OF SPACE EXPLORATION NASA
DEVELOPED THE SPACE SHUTTLE. THE SPACE SHUTTLE DEVELOPED THE SPACE SHUTTLE. THE SPACE SHUTTLE
WAS DESIGNED TO PLACE A CREW INTO EARTH ORBIT FOR WAS DESIGNED TO PLACE A CREW INTO EARTH ORBIT FOR
EXPERIMENTATION PURPOSES EXPERIMENTATION PURPOSES
40 40
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
THE SPACE SHUTTLE MADE ITS FIRST TEST FLIGHT IN THE SPACE SHUTTLE MADE ITS FIRST TEST FLIGHT IN 1977 1977
THERE WERE 8 SPACE SHUTTLE AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURED THERE WERE 8 SPACE SHUTTLE AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURED
THE SPACE SHUTTLE HAS FLOWN 114 MISSIONS THE SPACE SHUTTLE HAS FLOWN 114 MISSIONS
TWO SPACE SHUTTLES HAVE BEEN DESTORYED IN TWO SPACE SHUTTLES HAVE BEEN DESTORYED IN
ACCIDENTS ACCIDENTS
41 41
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
MILITARY AIRCRAFT DEVELOPED THE NEW F MILITARY AIRCRAFT DEVELOPED THE NEW F--117 FIGHTER 117 FIGHTER
AND B AND B--2 BOMBER TO ENTER HIGH THREAT MILITARY AREAS 2 BOMBER TO ENTER HIGH THREAT MILITARY AREAS
UNDETECTED BY RADAR. THESE AIRCRAFT USE THEIR UNDETECTED BY RADAR. THESE AIRCRAFT USE THEIR
SEALTH CHARACTERISTICS FOR THEIR PROTECTION SEALTH CHARACTERISTICS FOR THEIR PROTECTION..
42 42
SPACE AND BEYOND SPACE AND BEYOND
AVIATION CONTINUES TO GROW EVERY YEAR AVIATION CONTINUES TO GROW EVERY YEAR
THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE TO WORK IN AVIATION THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE TO WORK IN AVIATION
ALSO CONTINUES TO GROW ALSO CONTINUES TO GROW
THE FUTURE WILL BRING NEW ADVENTURES THAT ARE NOT THE FUTURE WILL BRING NEW ADVENTURES THAT ARE NOT
YET UNDERSTOOD OR FORE SEEN YET UNDERSTOOD OR FORE SEEN
Introduction to Aircraft Introduction to Aircraft
Prof. Ravi Kumar
Specialization- Aerospace Engg.
SoME, SASTRA University.
Lighter than Air Flight
One of the first people to make significant
drawings of aircraft was the great artist and
painter Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was born April 15, 1452 in
Anchiano, near Vinci, Italy, and died May 2, 1519
in Cloux, France.
The first airships
that were invented
were balloons.
NOTES NOTES Lighter than Air Flight Lighter than Air Flight
NOTES Lighter than Air Flight
Two brothers Two brothers, Joseph and Etienne , Joseph and Etienne
Montgolfier Montgolfier, made , made manned manned, lighter , lighter--
than than--air flight possible. air flight possible.
NOTES Lighter than Air Flight
The
Montgolfier
brothers are
generally
given credit for
the invention
of the hot air
balloon.
Principles of Balloon Flight
A balloon operates on the principle of buoyancy
If the air or gas inside a balloon is lighter than
the air around it, it will float
Hot air takes care of the first challenge of
flightgetting up into the air
Heavier than air Aircraft
Fixed wing aircraft, powered by engines or
without engines are heavier than air aircrafts.
Wing is an airfoil, which is so shaped that upper
portion is having more curvature than the lower
part.
When air flows over it, according to Bernoullis
principle, higher the velocity, lower the
pressure, so due to pressure difference a
resultant upward force acts on airfoil, i.e., Lift.
Types of Aircraft:
Twin-engine Sportplane
Turboprop
Cargo plane
Business jet
Single-engine
low-wing, depending on where the wing attaches to the
body of the airplane.
Retractables fly faster than fixed gear airplanes,
tucking the wheels inside between take-off and landing
Floatplanes land on water using pontoons or floats.
Some also have wheels so they can land on runways.
Seaplanes put their fuselage in the water, and with retractable
wheels, amphibians also can use runways.
This is a twin-engineairplane or twin because it has two
engines and propellers.
Jet Engine powered Aircraft:-
A turboprops propeller is powered by a turbine or jet engine.
Smaller airplanes, like cars, use a piston engine.
Some business jets fly faster, and many fly higher,
than airliners.
THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF AN AROPLANE
WINGS
FUSELAGE
EMPENNAGE
LANDING GEARS
CONTROL SURFACE
ENGINES
PARTS OF AEROPLANE
Major Parts of Airplane
WING
EMPENNAGE
ENGINE
FUSELAGE
PARTS OF AEROPLANE
Parts of an Airplane
Fuselage:
Basic structure of the airplane to which wings,
empennage and landing gear are attached.
It is designed to hold passengers, crews & cargo.
Empennage (tail):
Consists of vertical stabilizer & horizontal
stabilizer.
It provides the greatest stabilizing influence of all
the components of an airplane.
Parts of an Airplane
Cockpit/ Flight Deck
Front part of the fuselage and contains all the
instruments needed to fly the plane.
The cockpits have hardened doors, securing them from
unauthorized persons during flight, takeoffs and landings.
Cabin
Section of the fuselage for passengers, cargo, or both. A
typical passenger cabin has galleys for food preparation;
lavatories; one or more seating compartments & etc
Cargo
Below the passenger deck where cargo and baggage are
carried.
Parts of an Airplane
Engine:
Provides the thrust necessary for powered flight.
The types of engine depends on the mission
requirements of the airplane.
Wing
The wing is an airfoil attached to the fuselage and
is designed to produce lift.
It may contain fuel cells, engine nacelles and
landing gear.
Airplane control surfaces (aileron, flaps, slat and
spoiler) also attached on it.
Parts of an Airplane
Landing gear :
The landing gear can be fixed in place or retractable.
Many small airplanes have fixed landing gear which
increases drag, but keeps the airplane lightweight.
Larger, faster and more complex aircraft have retractable
landing gear that can reduced weight.
Most planes today use what is called a tricycle landing
gear arrangement.
This system has two large main gear units located near
the middle of the plane and a single smaller nose gear
unit near the nose of the aircraft.
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
1. CLASSIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION
POSITION OF THE WING
LOW WING
MID WING
HIGH WING
NUMBER OF WINGS
MONO PLANE
BI PLANE
TRI PLANE
SHAPE OF THE WINGS
DELTA WING
DIAMOND WING
SWEPT WING
GULL SHAPED WING
POSITION OF THE WINGS
CONVENTIONAL WING
NO TAIL OR TAILESS
HORIZONTAL TAIL LOCATED ABOVE THE VERTICAL TAIL
CANARD TYPE
Wing locations:-
High Wing: Wing on top
(very stable)
Mid Wing: Wing in
middle (acrobatic)
Low Wing: Wing on
bottom (less drag)
High wing:-
ADVANTAGES:-
Suitable for Transport aircrafts, because it simplifies the
landing processes.
More stable in terms of Lateral, rolling motions.
DISADVANTAGES-
As high wing configuration can be strongly stable in roll, so we
use an-hedral wing on some High wing aircraft to partially
negate this overly stable behavior in Roll.
Mid Wing:-
ADVANTAGES:-
It provides lowest Drag because wing body interference is
minimized., as Both High and low wing configurations
require a fillet to help in decreasing interference drag.
Well suitable configuration for Airliners and Military aircrafts.
Examples: High performance combat aircraft, Weapon systems,
Multi deck large transport aircrafts.
Low wing:-
ADVANTAGES:-
The major advantage of low wing configuration is the
design of landing gear.
Landing gears can be retracted directly in to the wings.
DISADVANTAGES:-
A straight low wing configuration is laterally Unstable
aircraft. That is why we use some dihedral.
As here fuselage requires some ground clearance for
Engine or propeller installations. Hence will require longer
landing gears . ( weight penalty)
According to the number of wings:-
Cantilever wings:
Full cantilever:- This is Aerodynamically most
efficient wing. It offers minimum Drag.
The strength of the Wing increases from Tip to
root. ( M increases from Tip to root)
Used in Heavy aircrafts.
Semi cantilever:- When pure cantilever wing is
supported by one or two diagonal Lift struts, it
becomes Semi-cantilever wing. Used in Light &
trainer aircrafts.
Externally Braced ( Bi/ tri planes):-
These Wings are characterized by Struts and
wires.
They are aerodynamically in-efficient but suitable
for low and safe flight.
Plane having two pairs of wing , called bi-plane.
Plane having 3 pairs of wing , called Tri-plane.
biplane Aircraft because it has two wings, one high and
one low.
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
2. LOCATION AND TYPE OF LANDING GEAR
FIXED
RETRACTABLE
NOSE WHEEL
TAIL WHEEL
Nose wheel undercarriage:-
Tail Wheel undercarriage:-
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE
A. CIVIL
B. CARGO
C. MILITARY
I. BOMBERS
II. FIGHTERS
III. INTERCEPTORS
Types of Airplane
Commercial
Military
General/
Private
Experimental
Types of airplane and their uses
Commercial airplane
Scheduled and charter airline flights, carrying
both passengers and cargo.
The larger passenger-carrying types are often
referred to as airliners
Some of the smaller types are also used in
general aviation
Passenger/ Cargo Aircraft
Airbus A380
Military airplane
Black Widow
Worlds Smallest Spy Aircraft
Northrop B-2 Stealth Bomber
Refueling an airplane in
mid-air
Types of airplane and their uses
Military
Fighters and bombers (shooting, combat)
Search and rescue, reconnaissance (spying),
observation transport, and tanker aircraft among
others.
Fighter Aircraft
Private Aircraft
Crop Spraying
Medical Evacuations
Tiltrotor planes
Types of airplane and their uses
General and Private
General-Business jets , trainers, aerobatic
types, racers, gliders, firefighters, medical
transports, and cargo transports.
Private-Light passenger, business, or
recreational types.
Used for a wide range of commercial tasks,
such as flight training, policing, crop spraying,
and medical evacuations.
Turboprops are fast business planes, but can still use small
or rough runways
Types of airplane and their uses
Experimental aircraft
Built and used to explore some aspect of
aircraft design.
The Bell X-1 rocket plane, which first broke the
sound barrier (travel more than speed of
sound-supersonic) in level flight, is a famous
example.
X-15
FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE
PRIMARY GROUP
AILERON
ELEVATOR
RUDDER
SECONDARY GROUP
TRIM TAB
SPRING TAB
AUXILIARY GROUP
WING FLAPS
SPOILERS
SPEED BRAKES
LEADING AND TRAILING EDGE FLAP
SLOTS
Boeing 747
Rudder Aileron
Flaps
Elevator
Rudder
Primary Control Surfaces
Ailerons: horizontal surfaces located on wing tips.
Provide roll control- Roll the aircraft to the
right or left.
Elevator: horizontal surface located on the tail
Provide pitch control-Nosing the aircraft up
and down.
Rudder: vertical surface located on the tail
Provide yaw control- turning the aircraft to the
left or right.
Auxiliary Control Surfaces
Flaps:
A movable control surface on the aircraft
wing, used to change the amount of lift
generated.
Flaps deflect downward during take-off &
landing to increase lift.
Flaps retracted immediately after landing
to decrease lift.
Slats:
A movable control surface on the aircraft
wing, also used to change the amount of
lift generated.
Slats enable the airplane to get off the
ground quickly and to land more slowly.
Additional Control Surfaces
Spoilers:
Located on the upper wing which, when opened,
decreases lift and increases drag.
They reduce lift by disrupting the airflow over the
top of the wing.
They are used during the descend prior to
landing and immediately after landing.
Spoiler
3 Main Control Surfaces
The main control surfaces for an airplane are
the ailerons (for roll), elevators(for pitch) and
rudder(for yaw).
Pilot control the movement of the airplane
using the control sticks/ yokes and rudder
pedals inside the cockpit.
control yokes
Ailerons
Ailerons are used to roll or rotate the aircraft
When the pilot moves the control stick to the
right theright aileron moves up and the left
aileron moves down.
This causes more lift on the left wing and less lift
on the right wing.
The difference in forces causes the aircraft to roll
to the right.
Ailerons
When the pilot moves the control stick to the left theleft
aileron moves up and the right aileron moves down.
This causes more lift on the right wing and less lift on the
left wing.
The difference in forces causes the aircraft to roll to the
left.
Elevator:
Elevators are used to pitch the aircraft up or
downcausing it to climb or dive
To climb, the pilot pulls the control stick back
causing the elevators to deflected up.
This in turn causes the airflow to force the tail
down and the nose up.
To dive, the pilot pushes the control stick forward
causing elevator to deflect down.
This in turn causes the airflow to lift the tail up
and nose down.
Rudder:
The rudder turns the aircraft right or left.
On the vertical tail, the rudder moves from side
to side, pushing the tail in a left or right direction.
To turn right, the pilot steps on the right rudder
pedals. This causes rudder tilt to the right .
When rudder tilts to the right , more lift is
created on the right, which pushes the vertical
stabilizer to the left.
This in turn causes the airplane nose turn right.
4 Forces acted on an airplane 4 Forces acted on an airplane
4 Forces acted on airplane
1. Thrust
The force that moves the aircraft through the
air.
Generate by the engine
2. Lift
This force is generated by the flow of air
around the airplane especially to the wing.
Amount of lift generated depends on
airspeed, angle of attack, airfoil shape, wing
area.
Lift Equation
=density, V=velocity, S = wing area,
Cl=coefficient of lift (vary wit h AoA).
In designing an aircraft wing, it is better to get
the higher coefficient of lift.
Coefficient of lift is vary with angle of attack.
Thats why by changing the angle of attack, the
amount of generated lift can be adjusted.
Forces acted on Aircraft
3. Drag
Drag is the force of resistance an aircraft feels as it
moves through the air.
Wing is designed to be smooth in order to reduce
drag.
Drag important during landing in order to slow
down the aircraft.
4. Weight
Weight is the earths gravity pulls down on objects
and gives them weight.
It includes the aircraft itself, the payload and the
fuel.
Airplane can fly because. Airplane can fly because.
1. Four forces acted on the plane
2. Thrust generated by the engine
3. Lift force produced by airflow to the Wing.
4. Drag is air resistance
5. Weightis gravitational pull
Thrust Thrust
Lift Lift
Boeing 747
How Lift is Created
As airplanes speed up or move forward, air is
moving to the wings.
Due to the shape of the airfoil which is the top
surface more curve than the below, makes the
airflow travel faster over the top of the wing and
slower below the wing.
Lift
Slower Airflow
Faster Airflow
How airplane flies?
According to the Bernoullis principles ,an increase
in velocity leads to a decrease in pressure.
So that, the air pressure below the wing is higher
meanwhile the air pressure above the wing is lower.
This difference in pressure pushes the wings up.
And as both wings are attached on the fuselage, the
whole airplane body also goes up.
If enough lift is created or lift is greater than the
planes weight, the plane naturally lift into the air.
Airfoil Section
Airfoil is the cross section of the wing that produces lift or
any aerodynamic effect as it passes through the air.
Leading Edge: Front edge of wing
Trailing Edge: Back edge of wing
Camber: Center line between top and bottom of wing
Chord Line: Line connecting leading edge and trailing
edge
Angle of Attack (AoA)
Relative wind: direction of the airstream in
relation to airfoil.
Angle of Attack (AoA):Angle between the chord
line and the relative wind
Angle of Attack (AoA)
The angle of attack (AoA) is related to the
amount of lift.
AoA , Lift
It changes during a flight as the pilot changes
the direction of the airplane.
Too high an AoA(exceed the critical value) can
cause the airplane stalls.
Stall means airplane loss of LIFT force, thus
the airplane may goes down.
-
Aerodynamic Centre and centre of Pressure:-
Aerodynamic centre(A.C) is the fixed point on the chord line of
the airfoil about which pitching moment is independent of the angle of
attack.
it is a fixed point and does not change with change of aircraft
incidence.
Centre of Pressure (C.P.) is the point on the chord line of the
airfoil behind the Leading edge through which the resultant
aerodynamic force is supposed to act or the point about which
pitching moment is Zero.
It is not a fixed point in the airfoil and moves with change of aircraft
incidence. Aerodynamic characteristics can be represented only by lift
and drag.