Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
48
00:04:35,865 --> 00:04:37,966
<i>among the kingdoms
of the warring states,</i>
49
00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:39,734
<i>employing ingenious strategies</i>
50
00:04:39,769 --> 00:04:41,803
<i>to talk kings out
of going to war.</i>
51
00:04:41,837 --> 00:04:45,406
<i>He was one of the first
to dream of universal love</i>
52
00:04:45,441 --> 00:04:48,510
<i>and an end to poverty
and other forms of inequality;</i>
53
00:04:48,544 --> 00:04:52,480
<i>of government for the people...</i>
54
00:04:52,515 --> 00:04:54,949
<i>and to argue against
blind obedience</i>
55
00:04:54,984 --> 00:04:56,351
<i>to ritual and authority.</i>
56
00:04:56,385 --> 00:04:57,952
<i>In his writings, you can find</i>
57
00:04:57,987 --> 00:05:01,689
<i>early stirrings
of the scientific approach.</i>
58
00:05:01,724 --> 00:05:04,659
<i>By Mo Tze's time, the Chinese
had already been recording</i>
59
00:05:04,693 --> 00:05:08,029
<i>their thoughts in books
a single coinage,
83
00:06:19,235 --> 00:06:21,770
making uniform all weights
and measures,
84
00:06:21,804 --> 00:06:25,607
the widths of carts and roads,
as well as the precise way
85
00:06:25,641 --> 00:06:27,842
the Chinese language was
to be written,
86
00:06:27,877 --> 00:06:32,914
including what you were
allowed to write and think.
87
00:06:32,948 --> 00:06:35,717
Emperor Qin's philosophy-the only one permitted-88
00:06:35,751 --> 00:06:37,352
was called "legalism,"
89
00:06:37,386 --> 00:06:39,954
which is just what
it sounded like,
90
00:06:39,989 --> 00:06:43,391
do as the law says... or else.
91
00:06:43,826 --> 00:06:46,460
<i>It's a philosophy that's
not highly conducive</i>
92
00:06:46,495 --> 00:06:48,496
<i>to questioning authority.</i>
93
00:06:53,569 --> 00:06:56,371
...that all the books of
the hundred schools of thought
94
00:06:56,405 --> 00:06:58,039
shall be be burned,
95
00:06:58,073 --> 00:07:01,476
that anyone who uses history
to criticize the present
96
00:07:01,510 --> 00:07:03,778
shall have his family executed.
97
00:07:05,815 --> 00:07:07,916
<i>The works of
MoTze and Confucius</i>
98
00:07:07,950 --> 00:07:10,151
<i>and other philosophers
were destroyed</i>
99
00:07:10,186 --> 00:07:12,153
<i>in the world's first
book burning.</i>
100
00:07:12,188 --> 00:07:14,756
<i>Hundreds of scholars
bravely resisted</i>
101
00:07:14,790 --> 00:07:17,492
<i>by trying to preserve
the forbidden books.</i>
102
00:07:17,526 --> 00:07:20,128
<i>They were buried alive
in the capitol.</i>
103
00:07:21,864 --> 00:07:25,667
Science needs the light
of free expression to flourish.
104
00:07:25,701 --> 00:07:29,070
It depends on the fearless
questioning of authority,
105
117
00:08:25,362 --> 00:08:27,330
<i>there lived
another master of light.</i>
118
00:08:27,364 --> 00:08:32,702
<i>Ibn al-Hazen had a passionate
desire to understand nature.</i>
119
00:08:32,736 --> 00:08:34,837
<i>He questioned everything,</i>
120
00:08:34,872 --> 00:08:38,808
<i>especially those things that
everyone else took for granted.</i>
121
00:08:40,744 --> 00:08:43,946
<i>"How do we see?" he asked.</i>
122
00:08:43,981 --> 00:08:46,349
<i>Some of the great authorities
who came before him</i>
123
00:08:46,383 --> 00:08:49,952
<i>had taught that rays come out
of our eyes and travel</i>
124
00:08:49,987 --> 00:08:54,323
<i>to the objects we see
before returning to our eyes.</i>
125
00:08:54,358 --> 00:08:58,227
<i>But al-Hazen reasoned that
the stars were too far distant</i>
126
00:08:58,262 --> 00:09:00,830
<i>for something in our eyes
to travel all the way to them</i>
127
00:09:00,864 --> 00:09:03,499
<i>and back in the blink
of an eye.</i>
128
00:09:03,534 --> 00:09:07,170
<i>Excellent reasoning,
but al-Hazen didn't stop there.</i>
129
00:09:07,204 --> 00:09:11,474
<i>He searched for ways to compel
nature to divulge her secrets.</i>
130
00:09:11,508 --> 00:09:14,810
<i>His culture was open
to new ideas and questioning.</i>
131
00:09:14,845 --> 00:09:17,313
<i>It was the golden age
of science</i>
132
00:09:17,347 --> 00:09:19,549
<i>in the Islamic world.</i>
133
00:09:19,583 --> 00:09:23,019
<i>One that stretched from Cordoba
in Spain</i>
134
00:09:23,053 --> 00:09:26,656
<i>all the way to Samarkand
in Central Asia.</i>
135
00:09:26,690 --> 00:09:29,692
<i>Christian and Jewish scholars
were honored guests</i>
136
00:09:29,726 --> 00:09:32,428
<i>at the research institutes
of Baghdad, Cairo,</i>
137
00:09:32,462 --> 00:09:34,997
<i>and other Islamic capitols.</i>
138
00:09:35,032 --> 00:09:38,568
<i>Instead of burning books,
the caliphs sent emissaries</i>
139
162
00:11:03,387 --> 00:11:06,622
So we devised an experiment
to determine how light moves.
163
00:11:06,657 --> 00:11:09,025
We erected a tent
in full daylight
164
00:11:09,059 --> 00:11:12,161
and sealed it tightly so that
only a single ray of light
165
00:11:12,196 --> 00:11:14,931
could pierce its inner darkness.
166
00:11:14,965 --> 00:11:17,266
With little more than his brains
167
00:11:17,301 --> 00:11:19,535
and a straight
piece of wood-- a ruler-168
00:11:19,570 --> 00:11:21,437
al-Hazen had accomplished
a great leap forward
169
00:11:21,471 --> 00:11:23,005
in the history of science.
170
00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:27,043
He discovered that
light moves in straight lines.
171
00:11:32,216 --> 00:11:34,183
But he was just getting started.
172
00:11:34,218 --> 00:11:37,620
Al-Hazen figured out that
the key to forming any image-173
00:11:37,654 --> 00:11:40,690
185
00:12:08,785 --> 00:12:11,854
<i>A camera obscura works best
in bright light.</i>
186
00:12:11,889 --> 00:12:15,691
<i>The stars of the night sky
are way too dim for this.</i>
187
00:12:15,726 --> 00:12:19,028
<i>We somehow need a bigger
opening to collect light,</i>
188
00:12:19,062 --> 00:12:21,497
<i>but we also need
to maintain focus.</i>
189
00:12:21,532 --> 00:12:24,167
<i>A telescope collects light</i>
190
00:12:24,201 --> 00:12:26,502
<i>from any spot
in its field of view</i>
191
00:12:26,537 --> 00:12:29,505
<i>across the entire lens
or mirror,</i>
192
00:12:29,540 --> 00:12:33,242
<i>an opening much larger
than the camera obscura hole.</i>
193
00:12:33,277 --> 00:12:37,180
<i>This is one
of the first telescopes...</i>
194
00:12:37,214 --> 00:12:41,284
<i>the one that Galileo looked
through in 1609.</i>
195
00:12:41,318 --> 00:12:45,555
<i>With it, he pulled aside
the heavy curtain of night</i>
196
00:12:45,589 --> 00:12:48,491
<i>and began to discover
the cosmos.</i>
197
00:13:01,104 --> 00:13:03,105
<i>The lens made it possible</i>
198
00:13:03,140 --> 00:13:06,209
<i>for a telescope to have a much
larger light-collecting area</i>
199
00:13:06,243 --> 00:13:08,544
<i>than our eyes have.</i>
200
00:13:08,579 --> 00:13:11,981
<i>Big buckets catch more rain
than small ones.</i>
201
00:13:12,015 --> 00:13:14,917
<i>Modern telescopes have larger
collecting areas,</i>
202
00:13:14,952 --> 00:13:16,619
<i>highly sensitive detectors,</i>
203
00:13:16,653 --> 00:13:19,555
<i>and they track the same object
for hours at a time</i>
204
00:13:19,590 --> 00:13:22,925
<i>to accumulate as much
of its light as possible.</i>
205
00:13:22,960 --> 00:13:25,728
<i>Space-based telescopes
such as the Hubble,</i>
206
00:13:25,762 --> 00:13:27,597
<i>have captured light
from the most distant</i>
207
219
00:14:03,667 --> 00:14:06,769
you will be wise to withhold
judgment and not simply put
220
00:14:06,803 --> 00:14:09,672
your trust in the writings
of the ancients.
221
00:14:09,706 --> 00:14:13,509
You must question and critically
examine those writings
222
00:14:13,544 --> 00:14:16,045
from every side.
223
00:14:16,079 --> 00:14:19,315
You must submit only
to argument and experiment
224
00:14:19,349 --> 00:14:22,718
and not to the sayings
of any person.
225
00:14:22,753 --> 00:14:25,288
For every human being
is vulnerable
226
00:14:25,322 --> 00:14:27,990
to all kinds of imperfection.
227
00:14:28,025 --> 00:14:30,459
As seekers after truth,
228
00:14:30,494 --> 00:14:32,828
we must also suspect
and question
229
00:14:32,863 --> 00:14:36,465
our own ideas as we perform
our investigations,
230
00:14:36,500 --> 00:14:41,404
242
00:15:33,223 --> 00:15:35,258
This way of thinking
has given us powers
243
00:15:35,292 --> 00:15:38,928
that al-Hazen himself
would have regarded as wizardry.
244
00:15:42,432 --> 00:15:46,802
But it was he who put us
on this rough, endless road.
245
00:15:48,672 --> 00:15:51,540
And now it has taken us
to a place
246
00:15:51,575 --> 00:15:56,279
where even light itself
is enshrouded in darkness.
247
00:16:06,708 --> 00:16:08,843
Light has properties unlike
anything else
248
00:16:08,877 --> 00:16:10,745
in the realm
of human existence.
249
00:16:10,779 --> 00:16:12,914
Take the speed of light.
250
00:16:12,948 --> 00:16:15,049
The basic particle of light,
the photon,
251
00:16:15,083 --> 00:16:17,752
<i>is born traveling
at the speed of light</i>
252
00:16:17,786 --> 00:16:20,555
as it emerges from
an atom or a molecule.
253
00:16:20,589 --> 00:16:22,723
A photon never knows
any other speed,
254
00:16:22,758 --> 00:16:25,560
and we've not found another
phenomenon that accelerates
255
00:16:25,594 --> 00:16:28,529
from zero to top speed
instantaneously.
256
00:16:28,564 --> 00:16:30,765
Nothing else
could move as fast.
257
00:16:30,799 --> 00:16:33,434
When we try to accelerate other
particles closer and closer
258
00:16:33,468 --> 00:16:36,170
to the speed of light,
they resist more and more,
259
00:16:36,205 --> 00:16:37,939
as though they're getting
heavier and heavier.
260
00:16:37,973 --> 00:16:39,407
No experiment yet devised
261
00:16:39,441 --> 00:16:43,444
has ever made a particle
move as fast as light.
262
00:16:50,118 --> 00:16:52,753
What was that?
263
00:16:52,788 --> 00:16:54,956
You hear something?
264
00:16:54,990 --> 00:16:57,124
276
00:17:34,129 --> 00:17:36,597
<i>What is light, anyway?</i>
277
00:17:40,135 --> 00:17:43,638
<i>Isaac Newton's enduring
fascination with light</i>
278
00:17:43,672 --> 00:17:45,840
<i>began when he was a child...</i>
279
00:17:48,277 --> 00:17:50,711
<i>in this very house.</i>
280
00:17:55,784 --> 00:17:59,954
By the time he was in his 20s,
Newton became the first person
281
00:17:59,988 --> 00:18:03,157
to decipher the mystery
of the rainbow.
282
00:18:06,862 --> 00:18:10,164
<i>Newton discovered that some
light, or white light,</i>
283
00:18:10,199 --> 00:18:13,167
<i>is a mixture of all the colors
of the rainbow.</i>
284
00:18:15,704 --> 00:18:17,772
<i>Major discovery.</i>
285
00:18:17,806 --> 00:18:20,341
<i>He named the displays of colors
a "spectrum"</i>
286
00:18:20,375 --> 00:18:24,645
<i>from the Latin for "phantom"
or "apparition."</i>
287
00:18:36,892 --> 00:18:38,860
310
00:19:54,301 --> 00:19:56,867
<i>and then do the experiment.</i>
311
00:19:58,904 --> 00:20:02,340
<i>The thermometer that Herschel
placed outside the spectrum</i>
312
00:20:02,374 --> 00:20:04,375
<i>was his control.</i>
313
00:20:06,078 --> 00:20:07,979
<i>The control in any experiment</i>
314
00:20:08,013 --> 00:20:10,648
<i>always lacks
the factor being tested.</i>
315
00:20:10,682 --> 00:20:12,782
<i>That way, you know
if what you're testing is</i>
316
00:20:12,817 --> 00:20:14,918
<i>really the thing responsible
for the observation.</i>
317
00:20:16,053 --> 00:20:17,354
<i>In Herschel's experiment,</i>
318
00:20:17,388 --> 00:20:18,989
<i>the relationship between</i>
319
00:20:19,023 --> 00:20:20,390
<i>color and temperature
was being tested,</i>
320
00:20:20,425 --> 00:20:23,494
<i>and so his control was
a thermometer</i>
321
00:20:23,528 --> 00:20:25,195
<i>over the part
of the white sheet</i>
322
00:20:25,230 --> 00:20:28,531
<i>that was not illuminated
by sunlight at all.</i>
323
00:20:30,867 --> 00:20:32,401
<i>There's that sound again.</i>
324
00:20:32,436 --> 00:20:35,171
<i>What is that?</i>
325
00:20:40,910 --> 00:20:43,412
<i>Okay, red light is warmer
than blue light.</i>
326
00:20:43,447 --> 00:20:48,517
<i>Interesting discovery,
but not exactly revolutionary.</i>
327
00:21:10,038 --> 00:21:13,740
<i>No, there's nothing wrong
with your thermometer.</i>
328
00:21:13,775 --> 00:21:17,143
<i>You've just discovered
a new kind of light.</i>
329
00:21:25,986 --> 00:21:29,055
Herschel was the first
to detect this unseen presence
330
00:21:29,089 --> 00:21:32,291
lurking just below
the red end of the spectrum.
331
00:21:32,325 --> 00:21:35,227
That's why it came
to be called "infrared."
332
00:21:35,261 --> 00:21:37,429
"Infra" is Latin
for the word "below."
333
00:21:37,463 --> 00:21:39,030
It's invisible.
334
00:21:39,065 --> 00:21:41,433
Our eyes are not sensitive
to this kind of light,
335
00:21:41,467 --> 00:21:44,336
but our skin is-we feel it as heat.
336
00:21:44,370 --> 00:21:46,171
Now, that's
a really big discovery.
337
00:21:46,206 --> 00:21:48,606
But far greater secrets
were still hiding
338
00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:51,108
deep inside the light.
339
00:21:59,062 --> 00:22:01,096
<i>At about the
same time that William Herschel</i>
340
00:22:01,130 --> 00:22:04,031
<i>was discovering infrared light
in his parlor in England,</i>
341
00:22:04,066 --> 00:22:06,534
<i>a young boy named
Joseph Fraunhofer</i>
342
00:22:06,569 --> 00:22:09,036
<i>was trapped
in hopeless drudgery.</i>
343
00:22:09,071 --> 00:22:12,006
<i>He stood over a cauldron
of toxic chemicals</i>
344
368
00:23:57,406 --> 00:23:58,840
<i>to provide further
help to the boy,</i>
369
00:23:58,874 --> 00:24:01,242
<i>should it be needed.</i>
370
00:24:06,115 --> 00:24:08,817
<i>Weichselberger continued
to exploit him</i>
371
00:24:08,851 --> 00:24:11,152
<i>and prevent him
from attending school.</i>
372
00:24:11,187 --> 00:24:13,221
<i>But the prince's councilor
intervened,</i>
373
00:24:13,255 --> 00:24:16,758
<i>offering Joseph a position
at the Optical Institute.</i>
374
00:24:16,792 --> 00:24:21,930
<i>This small gesture of kindness
really paid off.</i>
375
00:24:34,276 --> 00:24:37,112
By the time he was 27,
376
00:24:37,146 --> 00:24:39,381
Joseph Fraunhofer was
the world's leading designer
377
00:24:39,415 --> 00:24:41,416
of high-quality lenses,
378
00:24:41,450 --> 00:24:44,119
telescopes and other
optical instruments.
379
00:24:44,153 --> 00:24:48,023
<i>How, he wondered,
could he get a better look</i>
392
00:25:24,593 --> 00:25:26,594
<i>at the spectrum that
a prism produced?</i>
393
00:25:29,765 --> 00:25:33,568
Friedrich, bring me
the theodolite, please.
394
00:25:33,602 --> 00:25:36,504
Okay, while Fraunhofer
sets up his theodolite-395
00:25:36,539 --> 00:25:38,340
it's a kind of telescope-396
00:25:38,374 --> 00:25:41,676
I want to show you something
in another part of the abbey.
397
00:25:46,315 --> 00:25:50,051
<i>Sound waves are
so beautiful to hear.</i>
398
00:25:51,887 --> 00:25:56,591
<i>Imagine how beautiful
they'd be to see.</i>
399
00:25:56,625 --> 00:25:59,828
You ever wondered why organ
pipes have different lengths?
400
00:26:02,064 --> 00:26:03,298
I press a key...
401
00:26:05,801 --> 00:26:07,202
it sends compressed air
402
00:26:07,236 --> 00:26:08,470
into a particular pipe,
403
00:26:08,504 --> 00:26:10,305
producing sound waves.
404
00:26:10,339 --> 00:26:13,041
If we could slow the sound waves
down a few hundred times,
405
00:26:13,075 --> 00:26:15,210
they would look like this.
406
00:26:18,914 --> 00:26:20,548
The length of the pipe
407
00:26:20,583 --> 00:26:22,017
determines the length
of the sound wave
408
00:26:22,051 --> 00:26:23,518
that can fit inside it.
409
00:26:23,552 --> 00:26:25,620
A short pipe gives you
a short sound wave.
410
00:26:27,656 --> 00:26:30,392
Short sounds waves have
high pitch, or frequency.
411
00:26:35,898 --> 00:26:38,566
Let's stop the waves
for a better look.
412
00:26:42,938 --> 00:26:44,873
The distance between
adjacent waves
413
00:26:44,907 --> 00:26:46,675
is called the wavelength.
414
00:26:46,709 --> 00:26:49,210
A long pipe gives you
a long sound wave
415
00:26:49,245 --> 00:26:51,613
with a low pitch,
or low frequency.
416
00:27:43,165 --> 00:27:46,067
The medieval manuscript of
this music, "Carmina Burana,"
417
00:27:46,102 --> 00:27:49,270
was discovered
in this very abbey.
418
00:27:52,475 --> 00:27:54,909
Sound waves can't travel
through a vacuum.
419
00:27:54,944 --> 00:27:56,811
They need matter to ride on,
420
00:27:56,846 --> 00:28:00,315
like molecules of air,
or water, or rock.
421
00:28:00,349 --> 00:28:02,450
But light waves fly solo.
422
00:28:02,485 --> 00:28:04,653
They can move
through empty space.
423
00:28:04,687 --> 00:28:06,287
And fast-424
00:28:06,322 --> 00:28:09,424
a million times faster
than sound waves in air.
425
00:28:09,458 --> 00:28:11,426
And the wavelengths
of the light we see
426
a beam of sunlight?</i>
439
00:28:46,328 --> 00:28:50,265
<i>When light travels
through air or space,</i>
440
00:28:50,299 --> 00:28:52,667
<i>all its colors move
at the same speed.</i>
441
00:28:54,704 --> 00:28:57,472
<i>But when it hits glass
at an angle,</i>
442
00:28:57,506 --> 00:28:59,908
<i>the light slows down
and changes direction.</i>
443
00:29:01,477 --> 00:29:03,445
<i>Inside the prism,</i>
444
00:29:03,479 --> 00:29:05,480
<i>each color moves
at a different speed.</i>
445
00:29:09,819 --> 00:29:11,619
<i>In glass, violet light,</i>
446
00:29:11,654 --> 00:29:13,822
<i>which is carried by
the shortest waves we see,</i>
447
00:29:13,856 --> 00:29:15,857
<i>slows down more than red light,</i>
448
00:29:15,891 --> 00:29:18,326
<i>which has the longest waves.</i>
449
00:29:20,162 --> 00:29:22,564
<i>These changes in speed</i>
450
00:29:22,598 --> 00:29:25,133
463
00:30:22,425 --> 00:30:24,192
Written in the light,
464
00:30:24,226 --> 00:30:27,629
in those vertical black lines...
465
00:30:29,065 --> 00:30:32,033
is secret code.
466
00:30:32,068 --> 00:30:34,869
<i>Fraunhofer looked at them,
and wondered...</i>
467
00:30:34,904 --> 00:30:36,905
Why?
468
00:30:39,750 --> 00:30:43,085
<i>A code that comes to us</i>
469
00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:45,554
<i>from an alien universe.</i>
470
00:30:57,283 --> 00:30:58,530
<i>What is the message</i>
471
00:30:58,616 --> 00:31:02,220
<i>written in these dark,
vertical lines?</i>
472
00:31:07,293 --> 00:31:09,360
It took a hundred years
of thinking,
473
00:31:09,395 --> 00:31:12,697
questioning, searching
to decipher it.
474
00:31:32,251 --> 00:31:34,385
Lovely, isn't it?
475
500
00:32:46,358 --> 00:32:48,226
how energetic light waves are.
501
00:32:50,062 --> 00:32:51,763
<i>A sunset...</i>
502
00:32:51,797 --> 00:32:53,932
<i>a flag...</i>
503
00:32:53,966 --> 00:32:56,367
<i>the eyes of your beloved...</i>
504
00:32:56,402 --> 00:32:58,136
<i>that shiny new car.</i>
505
00:32:58,170 --> 00:33:00,138
The feelings they inspire
506
00:33:00,172 --> 00:33:01,973
happen when something inside you
507
00:33:02,007 --> 00:33:04,476
is triggered by
a particular variation
508
00:33:04,510 --> 00:33:07,979
in the frequency and
energy of light waves.
509
00:33:09,748 --> 00:33:10,882
<i>And the secret message?</i>
510
00:33:10,916 --> 00:33:12,617
<i>Those black vertical lines</i>
511
00:33:12,651 --> 00:33:14,652
<i>in Fraunhofer's spectrum?</i>
512
00:33:14,687 --> 00:33:16,788
<i>What makes them?</i>
513
00:33:16,822 --> 00:33:18,990
<i>They occur when the light waves</i>
514
00:33:19,024 --> 00:33:21,793
<i>of those particular colors
are being absorbed.</i>
515
00:33:21,827 --> 00:33:24,362
<i>It happens on another level
of reality,</i>
516
00:33:24,396 --> 00:33:27,398
<i>far smaller than the world
we're used to operating in.</i>
517
00:33:27,433 --> 00:33:30,001
<i>To get there,
we'll need to become</i>
518
00:33:30,035 --> 00:33:32,770
<i>ten billion times smaller
than we are.</i>
519
00:33:35,541 --> 00:33:37,909
<i>We could pick
any one of these atoms.</i>
520
00:33:37,943 --> 00:33:41,012
<i>But let's go
for the hydrogen atom.</i>
521
00:33:41,046 --> 00:33:43,515
The hydrogen atom is
the most plentiful kind
522
00:33:43,549 --> 00:33:45,917
of atom in the cosmos.
523
00:33:45,951 --> 00:33:48,353
And the simplest.
524
560
00:35:30,055 --> 00:35:32,690
<i>whose color matches
the energy difference</i>
561
00:35:32,725 --> 00:35:34,492
<i>between the orbitals.</i>
562
00:35:39,398 --> 00:35:43,801
<i>The Sun's surface radiates
light waves of all colors.</i>
563
00:35:43,836 --> 00:35:45,637
<i>If you look at sunlight
through a prism,</i>
564
00:35:45,671 --> 00:35:47,672
<i>you'll see its spectrum.</i>
565
00:35:50,309 --> 00:35:53,144
<i>When you magnify the spectrum
with a telescope,</i>
566
00:35:53,179 --> 00:35:55,046
<i>as Joseph Fraunhofer did,</i>
567
00:35:55,080 --> 00:35:56,648
<i>you raise the curtain</i>
568
00:35:56,682 --> 00:35:59,884
<i>on the electron dance
within the atom.</i>
569
00:35:59,919 --> 00:36:02,120
<i>When the energy
of the electron flags,</i>
570
00:36:02,154 --> 00:36:03,821
<i>and it drops
to a lower orbital,</i>
571
00:36:03,856 --> 00:36:06,224
595
00:37:06,785 --> 00:37:10,755
of the elements writ large
across the cosmos.
596
00:37:10,789 --> 00:37:12,857
As with every
other major revelation
597
00:37:12,892 --> 00:37:15,393
in the history of science,
it opened the way
598
00:37:15,427 --> 00:37:18,396
to newer and deeper mysteries.
599
00:37:18,430 --> 00:37:21,399
And to the revelation
that there were
600
00:37:21,433 --> 00:37:24,469
many more secrets
hiding in the light.
601
00:37:40,472 --> 00:37:43,408
When Joseph Fraunhofer combined
a prism with a telescope
602
00:37:43,410 --> 00:37:45,677
and turned it toward the skies,
603
00:37:45,679 --> 00:37:49,180
he brought the stars
much closer to us.
604
00:38:00,159 --> 00:38:02,894
<i>When he was only 39,</i>
605
00:38:02,896 --> 00:38:05,063
<i>he contracted a fatal illness.</i>
606
00:38:05,065 --> 00:38:07,732
<i>Perhaps as a result of his
<i>It's made
of some mysterious substance</i>
652
00:41:24,463 --> 00:41:29,033
<i>that does not emit, reflect
or absorb any kind of light.</i>
653
00:41:29,067 --> 00:41:31,536
<i>We only know it's there
because of its gravity,</i>
654
00:41:31,570 --> 00:41:33,638
<i>which pulls on all the galaxies</i>
655
00:41:33,672 --> 00:41:36,407
<i>and speeds up
the visible stars within them.</i>
656
00:41:40,412 --> 00:41:43,881
There are many more kinds of
light than our eyes can see.
657
00:41:43,916 --> 00:41:47,318
Confining our perception
of nature to visible light
658
00:41:47,352 --> 00:41:49,654
is like listening to music
659
00:41:49,688 --> 00:41:51,255
in only one octave.
660
00:41:53,826 --> 00:41:55,827
There are so many more.
661
00:41:55,861 --> 00:41:57,795
They differ only in wavelength,
662
00:41:57,830 --> 00:41:59,931
but over a huge range.
663
00:41:59,965 --> 00:42:02,533
676
00:42:58,924 --> 00:43:02,226
We have only
just opened our eyes.
677
00:43:21,918 --> 00:43:27,528
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678
00:43:28,305 --> 00:43:34,557
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