Influence of substrate, chemical treatment and length of storage on sunflower seed

germination
Jelena Mra
1
, Jovan Crnobarac
2
, Velimir Radi
1
, enad !u"ani
1
, #o"$o !edi
1
, %reten &er'i
1
,
Vladimir Mi$li(
1
1
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi ad, erbia, !"mail#
$elena%mrd$a&ifv'ns%ns%a'%rs
2
(niversit) in Novi ad, Fa'ult) of *gri'ulture, +rg ,osite$a -bradovi.a, 21000 Novi ad, erbia, !"
mail# $ovan'&pol$%uns%a'%rs
)#%&R)C&
o For determination of sunflo/er seed 0ualit) several substrates are in use# sand, soil, 'ompost and
filter paper /1ere sand is most 'ommonl) used% and enables good 'onta't of seeds and
substrate and de'reases possibilit) of 'ontamination /it1 pat1ogens% In addition, sand 'ould be
reused after sterilisation /1ile ot1er substrates are re'ommended for one use, /1i'1 makes t1em
more 'ostl)% For t1at reason, soil, 'ompost and filter paper are not so fre0uentl) used% +1e) find
t1eir pla'e in resear'1 and 'omparative studies%
o *im of t1is resear'1 /as to determine if t1ere is intera'tion bet/een t)pe of substrate and seed
germination espe'iall) in 'ase of seed prote'ted /it1 pesti'ides and stored in storage fa'ilities%
o 2esear'1 /as 'ondu'ted using 1)brids N"3"111 and rema', 'reated in Institute of Field and
Vegetable Crops% eed germination /as determined in laborator) 'onditions using standardi4ed
test, on 1undred seed sample in four repli'ations and temperature of 256C and relative 1umidit)
of 758 /it1 ten"da) in'ubation period% eed /as germinated in sand, 'ompost and filter paper%
tud) /as done on seed treated /it1 produ'ts 'ontaining metala9)l, fludio9on)l, t1iameto9am
and imida'loprid as a'tive ingredient, nine mont1s before resear'1 started% (ntreated seed /as
used as a 'ontrol% !9perimental design of trial /as t1ree"fa'torial 'ompletel) randomi4ed design
and results /ere 'ompared using anal)sis of varian'e%
o Influen'e of substratum, '1emi'al treatment and leng1t of storage on germination of 1)brids N"
3"111 and rema' /as statisti'all) 1ig1l) signifi'ant% Intera'tions seedling substratum 9 lengt1
of storage and '1emi'al treatment 9 lengt1 of storage /as 1ig1l) signifi'ant for bot1 1)brids
/1ile, /1ile differen'e for t1e intera'tion seedling substratum 9 '1emi'al treatment /as
signifi'ant onl) for 1)brid N"3"111%
o Importan'e of t1is resear'1 is in broadening kno/ledge of intera'tions of different fa'tors
influen'ing seed vitalit) during storage as /ell as stud) t1e effi'ien') in using different
modifi'ation of germination test in order to get reliable results%
*e+ words, C1emi'al treatment " seed germination " storage lengt1 " substrate
I&R-!.C&I-
unflo/er is probabl) t1e most important 'rop for oil produ'tion and prefered b) 'onsumers due to
its 1ig1 'ontent of pol)unsaturated fatt) a'ids :Maiti, 2007;% *s a result of t1e 1ig1 'onsumption of oil,
sunflo/er is gro/n on area of over 23 million 1e'tares in t1e /orld :1ttp#<<faostat%fao%org;% +1erefore,
large 0uantities of 1ig1 0ualit) 1)brid seed are re0uired%
=arameters of seed 0ualit), germination energ), germination and emergen'e under field 'onditions,
are 'ru'ial and dire'tl) determine t1e number of plants per 1e'tare as one of t1ree basi' 'omponents of
)ield% Furt1ermore, t1e seed 0ualit) affe'ts t1e rate and uniformit) of germination and gro/t1 rate of
plants :Crnobara', 1772;% +o attain 1ig1 )ield of 1)brids, appli'ation of good field pra'ti'e, irrigation and
use of 1ig1 0ualit) seed is re'ommended :Milosevi. et al%, 177>;% ?it1 t1e produ'tion of 1ig1 0ualit)
seeds /e 'reate basi' pre'onditions for ma9imal use of 'ultivar@s geneti' potential :Aimi. et al%, 2007;%
+o 'ontrol t1e plant diseases and pests, use of pesti'ides as seed treatment 1as be'ome a ne'essar)
and a''epted pra'ti'e :Bogi et al%, 2010;% +1e sunflo/er 1)brid seed not planted in t1e first )ear remains
to be planted in t1e se'ond or even t1e t1ird )ear after produ'tion :MrCa et al%, 2011;% Dasi'all) more
seeds are produ'ed t1an /1at is needed and part of t1e seeds produ'ed is kept as a sto'k :Aimi. et al%,
2007;% eed deterioration is a serious problem in 'ountries /1ere seed is stored in pla'es /it1out
ade0uate 'ontrol of 1umidit) and temperate :Mo1ammadi et al%, 2011;% eed storage lengt1 affe'ts seed
germination :Donner, 1770E Colba'1 et al%, 2002;, be'ause t1e seed vigor during storage progressivel)
de'reases, /1i'1 refle'ts negativel) on germination :Fas1)pa et al%, 177G;, and later on gro/t1 and
development :MrCa et al%, 2007;%
+)pe of substratum is one of t1e fa'tors t1at also 1ave influen'e on seed germination :Ni$enstein and
!ster, 177HE +onkin, 17HI;, be'ause t1e per'entage of germinated seed is in'reasing /it1 in'reasing of
absorption 'apa'it) of substratum :MrCa et al%, 2010;% +1e main t)pe of substratum for testing sunflo/er
seed is sand, be'ause sand provides good 'onta't of seed and substratum and minimi4ing t1e possibilit)
of infe'tion /it1 pat1ogens% (nlike sand, /1i'1 'an be re"sterili4ed, 'ompost and filter paper are
re'ommended for single use% +1erefore, t1ese substratum are less 'ommonl) used for testing seed
germination% +1e) are most 'ommonl) use for 'omparative testing or resear'1 purposes%
*im of t1is resear'1 /as to determine if t1ere is intera'tion bet/een t)pe of substrate and seed
germination espe'iall) in 'ase of seed prote'ted /it1 pesti'ides and stored in storage fa'ilities%
M)&/RI)0% )! M/&1-!%
2esear'1 /as 'ondu'ted on 'ommer'ial sunflo/er seed, N"3"111 and rema', developed at t1e
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi ad% eed germination /as determined in laborator) using
standardi4ed test, on 1undred seed sample in four repli'ations and temperature of 256C and relative
1umidit) of 758 /it1 ten"da) in'ubation period :I+*, 200I;% eed /as germinated in sand, 'ompost
and filter paper%
eed used in resear'1 /as treated /it1 produ'ts for seed treatment /it1 a'tive ingredients metala9)l,
fludio9on)l, t1iameto9am and imida'loprid, and 'ontrol /as untreated seed% =rodu'ts /it1 fludio9on)l
and metala9)l as a%i% /ere applied in t1e 0uantit) of 300ml<100kg of seed, and t1ose /it1 t1iameto9am
and imida'loprid as a%i% in t1e 0uantit) of 1000ml<100kg of seed%
+reated seed /as kept stored for nine mont1s in paper bags in sto'k used for storage of 'ommer'ial
seed% +esting /as 'arried out after treatment, after t1ree, si9 and nine mont1s of treatment% +1e follo/ing
'ombinations /ere '1osen in resear'1#
Control :untreated seed;,
Fludio9on)l J metala9)l :FJM;,
Fludio9on)l J metala9)l J t1iameto9am :FJMJ+; and
Fludio9on)l J metala9)l J imida'loprid :FJMJI;%
+1e obtained results /ere statisti'all) pro'essed using t1ree"/a) ANOVA for 'ompletel) randomi4ed
design :* fa'tor K seedling substratum, D fa'tor K '1emi'al treatment, C fa'tor K lengt1 of storage using
soft/are STATISTIKA 10% 2esults /ere 'ompared using Least ignifi'ant ,ifferen'e :L,; post"1o' test,
on 1 and 5 8 level of signifi'an'e :Mead et al%, 177>;%
R/%.0&%
F"test for main effe'ts of seed germination of 1)brid N"3"111 /as 1ig1l) signifi'ant% In addition to
t1is, all intera'tions of studied fa'tors /ere 1ig1l) signifi'ant :+able 1;%
&able 12 F-value from ANOVA for effe't of seedling substratum :;, '1emi'al treatment :C;, lengt1 of
storage :L; and intera'tions seedling substratum 9 '1emi'al treatment :C;, seedling substratum 9 lengt1
of storage :L;, '1emi'al treatment 9 lengt1 of storage :CL; and seedling substratum 9 '1emi'al
treatment 9 lengt1 of storage :CL; on 1)brid N"3"111 seed germination
C L C L CL CL
33%21
MM
52%>>
MM
53%H>
MM
12%G>
MM
>%3H
MM
22%10
MM
2%I3
MM
MM
ignifi'ant at 18 level of probabilit)%
+1e results of 1)brid N"3"111 germination rate on different seedling substratum after various
periods of germination are presented in +able 2% -n average, seed germination /as 1ig1est if t1e 'ompost
is used as a substratum :7G%>28;% Value obtained for germination on filter paper :70%>G8; /as
signifi'antl) lo/er t1an t1e value obtained for germination in sand :2%728 differen'e; and 'ompost
:3%7H8 differen'e;% +1e differen'e bet/een sand and 'ompost :1%0>8; /as signifi'ant%
Germination of 1)brid N"3"111seed treated /it1 inse'ti'ides /as signifi'antl) lo/er 'ompared to
germination of 'ontrol :7G%7G8; and treatment /it1 fungi'ides :75%028;% +1e lo/est value of
germination 1ad a 'ombination fludioxonyl + metalaxyl + imidacloprid :HH%>28; and t1is value /as
signifi'antl) 1ig1l) lo/est 'ompared to ot1er tested 'ombinations% Moreover, differen'e bet/een 'ontrol
and treatment /it1 fungi'ides /as not signifi'ant%
+esting of seed germination at different periods after treatment, on average, s1o/ed statisti'all)
signifi'ant effe'ts% Value obtained after si9 mont1s of storage :75%358; /as signifi'antl) 1ig1er t1an after
germination tests immediatel) after treatment and after t1ree mont1s of storage :73%7>8;, and 1ig1l)
signifi'antl) 1ig1er t1an t1e value after nine mont1s of storage :HH%508;% Germination obtained after nine
mont1s of storage /as signifi'antl) lo/er 'ompared to t1e first t/o tests%
&able 12 eed germination of 1)brid N"3"111 :8;
eedling
substratum
:;
C1emi'al
treatment
:C;
Lengt1 of storage K mont1s after treatment :L;
*verage
:NC;
*verage
:; 0 3 > 7
Filter paper
F 75%I5 72%I5 7I%I5 7I%00 75%H1
70%>G
F J M 7>%00 72%25 75%50 71%I5 73%HH
F J M J + 75%00 H3%25 73%I5 HH%00 70%00
F J M J I H5%I5 HH%I5 70%I5 >>%25 H2%HH
Mean :NL; 73%12 H7%25 7G%GG H5%I5
and
F 73%I5 7>%25 7>%25 70%25 7G%12
73%5>
F J M 72%25 7>%50 7I%50 72%50 7G%>7
F J M J + 7G%I5 73%25 7I%00 H7%I5 73%>7
F J M J I 7G%00 7>%25 75%25 H1%50 71%I5
Mean :NL; 73%>7 75%5> 7>%50 HH%50
Compost
F 75%25 7>%I5 7G%00 73%50 7G%HH
7G%>2
F J M 7>%00 7I%25 75%50 7I%25 7>%50
F J M J + 7G%25 7H%25 7>%25 7G%I5 75%HH
F J M J I 7G%I5 7>%00 7G%I5 I7%50 71%25
Mean :NL; 75%0> 7I%0> 75%12 71%25 Mean :C;
Mean
:CNL;
F 7G%72 75%25 7>%00 73%5H 7G%7G
72%7G
F J M 7G%I5 75%33 7>%1I 73%H3 75%02
F J M J + 7G%>I 71%5H 75%>I 70%H3 73%17
F J M J I 71%50 73%>I 73%5H I5%I5 HH%>2
Mean :L; 73%7> 73%7> 75%35 HH%50
C L 9 C 9 L C 9 L 9 C 9 L
L,0,05 1%00 1%1> 1%1> 2%00 2%00 2%31 G%00
L,0,01 1%32 1%53 1%53 2%>G 2%>G 3%05 5%27
F O 'ontrol :untreated seed;
F J M O fludio9onil J metala9)l
F J M J + O fludio9onil J metala9)l J t1iamet1o9am
F J M J I O fludio9onil J metala9)l J imida'loprid
2esults of anal)sis of varian'e for intera'tion are some/1at similar to t1e effe'ts of main fa'tors% For
all t1ree substratum, t1e lo/est value of germination 1ad seed treated /it1 fludioxonil + metalaxyl +
imidacloprid 'ombination% Germination on filter paper /as signifi'antl) different bet/een treatments
fludioxonil + metalaxyl + tiametoxam :70%008; and 'ontrol :5%H18 differen'e; and fludioxonil +
metalaxyl treatment :3%HH8 differen'e;% Intera'tion seedling substratum 9 lengt1 of storage indi'ates
statisti'all) signifi'ant germination de'rease after nine mont1s of storage, for all substratum, /1ile
intera'tion '1emi'al treatment 9 lengt1 of storage 1ad minimal germination in 'ase of seed treated /it1
fludioxonil + metalaxyl J imidacloprid 'ombination after nine mont1s of storage%
+1e effe't of seedling substratum, '1emi'al treatment and lengt1 of storage on seed germination of
1)brid rema', based on t1e F"test for main effe'ts /as signifi'ant% Intera'tions seedling substratum 9
lengt1 of storage and '1emi'al treatment 9 lengt1 of storage /as 1ig1l) signifi'ant, /1ile differen'e for
t1e intera'tion seedling substratum 9 '1emi'al treatment /as not signifi'ant :+able 3;%
+able G s1o/s t1e results of 1)brid rema' seed germination in different seedling substratum and for
various periods of testing% -n average, signifi'antl) 1ig1est value of seed germination /as on filter paper
:7>%1I8;% Value obtained for germination in sand :7G%HH8; /as signifi'antl) 1ig1er 'ompared to
germination in 'ompost :0%II8 differen'e;%
&able 32 F-value from ANOVA for effe't of seedling substratum :;, '1emi'al treatment :C;, lengt1 of
storage :L; and intera'tions seedling substratum 9 '1emi'al treatment :C;, seedling substratum 9 lengt1
of storage :L;, '1emi'al treatment 9 lengt1 of storage :CL; and seedling substratum 9 '1emi'al
treatment 9 lengt1 of storage :CL; on 1)brid rema' seed germination
C L C L CL CL
15%52
MM
2G%52
MM
2>%HH
MM
1%I2
ns
11%0>
MM
5%3H
MM
3%50
MM
MM
ignifi'ant at 18 level of probabilit) and
ns
not signifi'ant%
Germination of 1)brid rema' /as lo/est in treatments /it1 inse'ti'ides% 3o/ever, signifi'ant
differen'es /ere dete'ted onl) for fludioxonil + metalaxyl + imidacloprid treatment :72%H18;, /1ereas
differen'es bet/een fludioxonil + metalaxyl + tiametoxam and fludioxonil + metalaxyl treatments and
'ontrol /ere not signifi'ant% Moreover, differen'es bet/een fludioxonil + metalaxyl treatment and 'ontrol
/ere not signifi'ant%
&able 42 eed germination of 1)brid rema' :8;
eedling
substratum
:;
C1emi'al
treatment
:C;
Lengt1 of storage K mont1s after treatment :L;
*verage
:NC;
*verage
:; 0 3 > 7
Filter paper
F 7>%50 73%50 7I%50 7I%50 7>%25
7>%1I
F J M 7>%25 7I%25 7I%50 7I%50 7I%12
F J M J + 7H%I5 7G%I5 7I%25 7I%I5 7I%12
F J M J I 75%I5 72%25 75%50 73%25 7G%17
Mean :NL; 7>%H1 7G%GG 7>%7G 7>%50
and
F 75%50 7>%I5 7>%I5 73%50 75%>2
7G%HH
F J M 75%I5 7>%50 7H%00 72%I5 75%I5
F J M J + 72%I5 7I%50 7>%50 72%50 7G%H1
F J M J I 71%25 75%25 7>%50 70%25 73%31
Mean :NL; 73%H1 7>%50 7>%7G 72%25
Compost
F 75%25 75%50 7I%50 73%I5 75%50
7G%11
F J M 75%I5 75%I5 75%I5 7G%50 75%GG
F J M J + 73%I5 7G%50 7>%I5 73%25 7G%5>
F J M J I 7G%50 71%I5 7I%50 H0%00 70%7G
Mean :NL; 7G%H1 7G%3H 7>%HH 70%3H Mean :C;
Mean
:CNL;
F 75%I5 75%25 7I%25 7G%72 75%I7
75%05
F J M 75%72 7>%50 7I%0H 7G%72 7>%10
F J M J + 75%0H 75%5H 7>%H3 7G%50 75%50
F J M J I 73%H3 73%0H 7>%50 HI%H3 72%H1
Mean :L; 75%15 75%10 7>%72 73%0G
C L 9 C 9 L C 9 L 9 C 9 L
L,0,05 0%IG 0%H5 0%H5 1%GH 1%GH 1%I1 2%7>
L,0,01 0%7H 1%13 1%13 1%75 1%75 2%2> 3%71
F O 'ontrol :untreated seed;
F J M O fludio9onil J metala9)l
F J M J + O fludio9onil J metala9)l J t1iamet1o9am
F J M J I O fludio9onil J metala9)l J imida'loprid
Lengt1 of storage 1ad a signifi'ant influen'e on t1e seed germination of tested 1)brid% ignifi'antl)
1ig1est value of seed germination 1ad seed kept si9 mont1s :7>%728;% Furt1ermore, t1ere /as a de'line of
germination after nine mont1s of storage :73%0G8;% Value obtained in t1is test /as 1ig1l) signifi'antl)
lo/est% +1e differen'e bet/een t1e first t/o tests /as signifi'ant%
2esults for intera'tion seedling substratum 9 '1emi'al treatment demonstrate t1at effe't of '1emi'al
treatment depends on seedling substratum% Fludioxonil + metalaxyl +imidacloprid 'ombination 1ad
negative effe't on seed germination in all t1ree testing substratum% +1e obtained values /ere signifi'antl)
1ig1l) lo/er 'ompared to ot1er treatments, for bot1 'ompost and filter paper, and signifi'antl) lo/er
germination in t1e sand% Combination /it1 ot1er formulations of pesti'ides :fludioxonil + metalaxyl +
tiametoxam; 1as also negative effe't on seed germination% +1e obtained values /ere lo/er 'ompared to
'ontrol and treatment /it1 fungi'ides, but not signifi'antl)% Intera'tion seedling substratum 9 lengt1 of
storage indi'ate t1at t1ere /as signifi'ant de'rease of seed germination after nine mont1s of storage
/1ere sand and 'ompost /ere used as substratum, /1ile t1e germination on filter paper 1ad signifi'antl)
lo/est value after t1e t1ree mont1s of storage% Intera'tion indi'ates t1at t1e 1ig1l) signifi'antl) lo/est
germination 1ad seed treated /it1 fludioxonil + metalaxyl + imidacloprid 'ombination, for all lengt1s of
storage, e9'ept for seed kept for si9 mont1s, /1ere no signifi'ant differen'e /as dete'ted%
!I%C.%%I-
*''ording to t1e results of t1is resear'1 t1e effe't of seedling substratum, '1emi'al treatment and
lengt1 of storage on seed germination of 1)brids N"3"111 and rema' /as signifi'ant%
,ifferen'es in seed germination on different t)pe of seedling substratum are 'orrelated /it1
adsorption 'apa'it) :Ni$enstein and !ster, 177H;% +1ese aut1ors 'on'luded t1at per'entage of germination
in'reases /it1 usage of substratum /it1 1ig1 adsorption 'apa'it)% -t1er aut1ors gained similar findings
for various 'rops :Fu'1s and ?eigand, 17H5E teiner and Fu'1s, 17HIE +onkin, 17HI;% 3o/ever, =ere4 et
al% :1777; in t1eir stud) did not find signifi'ant differen'es in t1e use of different substratum on seed
germination% !ffe't of t1e substratum on seed germination is influen'ed b) genot)pe and t1erefore more
t1an one genot)pe s1ould be in'luded in t1is t)pe of resear'1 aiming to minimi4e effe't of t1is fa'tor% -n
t1e ot1er 1and, for ea'1 genot)pe optimal substratum s1ould be '1osen to provide reliable results%
+1is stud) s1o/ed negative effe't of '1emi'al treatment, parti'ularl) 'ombinations /it1 inse'ti'ides,
on seed germination% a$$an et al% :2010; in 1is /ork indi'ate a signifi'ant effe't of imida'loprid on
germination% Fu1ar et al% :2002; report 'ases of de'reased germination of s/eet 'orn due to t1e influen'e
of imida'loprid, and Fas1)pa et al% :177G; s1o/ed t1at t1e used of inse'ti'ides e9tended period of
germination and redu'e seed vigor% -pposite to t1ese results Grisi et al% :2007; 'on'luded t1at t1ere /as
no effe't of treatment /it1 fungi'ides, inse'ti'ides and t1eir asso'iations in sunflo/er seed%
?ang et al% :2007; 'ame to t1e 'on'lusion t1at seed storage lengt1 1ave signifi'ant effe't on
germination% In'rease in sugar beet seed germination energ) and germination after a period of si9 mont1s
after 1arvest is reported b) 2a$i. et al% :2005;% In t1is resear'1 reason for in'rease of seed germination is
probabl) due to end of seed dorman')% Mar$anovi."Beromela et al% :200H; e9amined t1e impa't of
treatment /it1 fungi'ides and inse'ti'ides on rapeseed seed 0ualit) after 21 mont1s storage and
determined de'rease in germination, germination energ) and seed vigour% tankovi. and Medi. :177I;
'on'luded t1at germination energ) and germination of sunflo/er and mai4e seed treated /it1 inse'ti'ides
/as redu'ed in all treatments, alt1oug1 not signifi'ant in all 'ases% 3o/ever, all inse'ti'ides 1ave
negative effe't after one")ear storage% Contrar) to t1e results of t1is resear'1, G1asemne41ad and
3onermeier :2007; found no signifi'ant influen'e of t1e storage lengt1 on seed germination%
+1is resear'1 pointed on 1ig1 dependen'e of genot)pe and substratum% Furt1er resear'1 s1ould
in'lude more genot)pes /1i'1 /ould 1elp in sele'tion of t1e substratum most suitable for determination
of seed germination for ma$orit) of genot)pes% Furt1ermore, t1is resear'1 'onfirmed t1at '1oi'e of
optimal 'ombination of pesti'ides for seed treatment is e9tremel) important for maintaining seed 0ualit)
during storage% 3en'e, apart from '1oi'e of pesti'ides, de'ision of time for treating seed s1ould be ad$ust
to minimi4e loss in seed vigour%
)C*-50/!6M/&%
Ti! "or# "a! !upported $y %ini!try of &ducation and Science' (epu$lic of Ser$ia' pro)ect T( *10+,
R/7/R/C/%
Donner, F%+% 1770% torage of seeds, potential and limitation for germplasm 'onservation% Forest !'ol% Manag% 35:1"
2;# 35KG3%
Colba'1, N%, ,urr, C%, C1auvel, D%, and G% 2i'1ard% 2002% !ffe't of environnemental 'onditions on Alopecuru!
myo!uroide! germination% ii% !ffe't of moisture 'onditions and storage lengt1% ?eed 2es% G2:3;#222K230%
Crnobara', B% 1772% +1e influen'e of environmental fa'tors on t1e biologi'al and agronomi' traits seed and F1
generation of some sunflo/er genot)pes% =1, +1esis, (niversit) of Novi ad, Fa'ult) of *gri'ulture, erbia%
F*- " Food and *gri'ulture -rgani4ation of t1e (N% 2011% =ublis1ed estimated data base :F*-+*+;% *vailable at
1ttp#<<faostat%fao%org%
Fu'1s, 3%, and G% ?eigand% 17H5% !influss 0ue'ksilberfreier bei4mittel auf die keimung von getreide und
grPsersaatgut% G*F* 1H"21
G1asemne41ad, *%, and D% 3onermeier% 2007% Influen'e of storage 'onditions on 0ualit) and viabilit) of 1ig1 and lo/
olei' sunflo/er seeds% Int% B% =lant =rod% 3# 37"GH%
Grisi, =%(%, antos, C%M%, Fernandes, B%B%, and *% a Bunior% 2007% Qualit) of sunflo/er seeds treated /it1 fungi'ide
and inse'ti'ide% Dios'i% B% 25:G;#2H"3>%
I+* " +1e International eed +esting *sso'iation% 200I% International rules for seed testing% Dassersdorf,
/it4erland%
Bogi, M%G%, =adule, ,%N%, and %D% elgaonkar% 2010% !ffe't of seed treatment /it1 antagonist and fungi'ides on seed
germination and seedling vigour inde9 of '1illi% B% oil% Crop% 20:2;#2G7"252%
Fas1)pa, 2%F%, C1aud1ar), -%=%, and I%% 1eoran% 177G% !ffe't of inse'ti'ide seed treatment on seed viabilit) and
vigour in /1eat 'ultivars% eed 'i% +e'1nol% 22# 503"51I
Fu1ar, +%=%, tivens"Roung, L%B%, 3offman, M%, and *% +a)lor% 2002% Control of t1e 'orn flea beetle and te/artSs /ilt
in s/eet 'orn /it1 imida'loprid and t1iameto9am seed treatments% Crop =rote't% 21#25"31%
Maiti, 2%F% 2007% * simple te'1ni0ue for breaking dorman') and in'reasing seedling vigour in sunflo/er% Int% *gri'%
!nviron% Diote'1% 2:G;#GHI"GHH%
Mead, 2%, Curno/, 2%N%, and *%M% 3asted% 177>% tatisti'al met1ods in agri'ulture and e9perimental biolog)%
C1apman and 3all, London, (F%
Mar$anovi."Beromela, *%, Marinkovi., 2%, Milova', T%, Miladinovi., ,%, ekuli., 2%, and % Basni.% 200H%
!9amination of seminal 0ualities of oilseed rape :-ra!!ica napu! L%; treated /it1 inse'ti'ides and fungi'ides%
3er% =lant =rote't% G# 13"21%
MiloUevi., M%, Virovi., M%, Mi1al$ev, I%, and =% ,oki.% 177>% Dasi' of seed produ'tion% Institute of Field and
Vegetable Crops, Novi ad, erbia%
Mo1ammadi, 3%, oltani, *%, adeg1ipour, 3%2%, and !% Weinali% 2011% !ffe'ts of seed aging on subse0uent seed
reserve utili4ation and seedling gro/t1 in so)bean% Int% B% =lant% =rod% 5:1;# >5"I0%
MrCa, B% 2adi., V%, =role, %, Boki., G%, -sto$i., D%, DutaU, ,%, and V% MikliX% 2007% !ffe't of storage period and
'1emi'al treatment on sunflo/er parents lines seedling dr) matter 'ontent% =lant Dreeding eed =rod%
15:G;#55">2%
MrCa, B%, Crnobara', B%, and V% MikliX% 2010% !ffe't of '1emi'al treatment, lengt1 of storage and t1e substrate on
germination energ) of sunflo/er 1)brid N"3"111% 2es% B% *gr% 'i% G2 :1;#201"20I%
MrCa, B%, Boki., G%, =role, %, 2adi., V%, to$Uin, V%, and V% MikliX% 2011% unflo/er seedlings dr) matter 'ontent as
affe'ted b) '1emi'al treatment and storage lengt1% Field Veg% Crop 2es% GH:1;#37I"G02%
Ni$enstein, B%3%, and *% !ster% 177H% =1)toto9i'it) and 'ontrol of t1e field slug .erocera! reticulatum b) seed applied
pesti'ides in /1eat, barle) and perennial r)egrass% eed 'i% +e'1nol% 2>#501"513%
=ere4, %C%, Fanti, %C%, and C%*% Casali% 1777% !ffe'ts of storage, substrate, earl) aging, and so/ing dept1 on
germination of 'anafistula seeds% Dragantia 5H#5I">H%
2a$i., M%, Vu$akovi., M%, and V% LonXarevi.% 2005% ugar beet seed storage% B% =ro'ess% !nerg% *gri'% 7# 25"2I%
a$$an, *%%, Dalikai, 2%*%, Bolli, 2%D%, and *%F% Guggari% 2010% !ffe't of seed treatment /it1 Imida'loprid >00F on
seed 0ualit) during storage in sunflo/er% Int% B% =lant =rote't% 2:2;#1>I"1I0%
tankovi., 2%, and % Medi.% 177I% Investigation of t1e inse'ti'ides effe'ts on germination 'apa'it) and germination
energ) of sunflo/er and mai4e seed% =lant Dreed% eed =rod% G:1"2;# 205"210%
teiner, *%M%, and 3% Fu'1s% 17HI% Feimfa1igkeitsbestimmung und tetra4oliumuntersu'1ung bei mit 1erbi4iden und
pesti4iden be1andeltem saatgut% eed 'i% +e'1nol% 15#I0I"I1>%
Aimi., D%, vitli'a, D%, Vosi., B%, *ndri., L%, 2o4man, V%, =osti., B%, and I% Liovi.% 2007% Influen'e of fungi'ides
appli'ation and seed pro'essing on sunflo/er seed 0ualit)% *gri'% Conspe'% 'i% IG:3;#2>7"2I1%
+onkin, B%3%D% 17HI% Noted effe'ts of some '1emi'al treatments in germination tests on /1eat and barle)% =ro'%Drit%
Crop =rote't% Conf% 37#113"120%
?ang, M%, Lu, N%, and W% W1ao% 2007% !ffe'ts of temperature and storage lengt1 on seed germination and t1e effe'ts
of lig1t 'onditions on seedling establis1ment /it1 respe't to seed si4e in /i0ularia vir0aurea1 =lant pe'%
Diol% 2G:2;# 120K12>%