Concrete Technology 1

st
Sem. 1429-1430 CE 477
King Saud ni!ersity
College o" Engineering
Ci!il Engineering #e$artment
Concrete Technology
%CE 477&
Assignment #2
Submitted by
'(rahim ). *l +ohanna %423 100 ,79&
Student -ame '(rahim ). *l +ohanna
*ssignment .2
Student '# 423 100 ,79
Concrete Technology 1
st
Sem. 1429-1430 CE 477
1- What is the significant of the microstructure of a material?
How do you define microstructure?
The ty$e/ amount/ si0e/ sha$e and distri(ution o" $hases $resent in
a solid constitute its microstructure.
Some understanding o" the essential elements o" the
microstructure 1ould (e hel$"ul (e"ore discussing the "actors in"luencing
the im$ortant engineering $ro$erties o" concrete/ such as strength/
elasticity/ shrin2age/ cree$/ crac2ing and dura(ility.
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2- Describe some of the unique features of the concrete
microstructure that make it difficult to predict the behavior of the
material from its microstructure
4irst5 Te inter"acial transition 0one 6 small region ne7t to the
$articles o" course aggregate 6 is generally 1ea2er than the other
com$onent o" concrete 6 aggregate and (ul2 hydrated cement $aste 6.
Second5 each o" the three $hases is itsel" multi$hase in character.
Third5 +icrostructure o" concrete is not intrinsic characteristic
(ecause o" the hydrated cement $aste and the inter"acial transition 0one
are su(8ected to change 1ith time/ humidity and tem$erature.
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Student -ame '(rahim ). *l +ohanna
*ssignment .2
Student '# 423 100 ,79
Concrete Technology 1
st
Sem. 1429-1430 CE 477
!- Discuss the physical chemical characteristics of the "-#-H$
calcium hydro%ide$ and calcium sulfoaluminates present in a well
hydrated &ortland cement paste
C-S-95 't constitutes :0 6 ;0 < o" the !olume o" solids in
hydrated cement $aste. 't has a layer structure 1ith a !ery high sur"ace
area. 'ts structure is (eing com$osed o" an irregular or 2in2ed array o"
layers 1hich are randomly arrange to create interlayer s$aces o" di""erent
sha$es and si0es.
Calcium 9ydro7ide5 't constitutes 20 6 2: < o" the !olume o"
solids in hydrated cement $aste. 't is a com$ound o" de"inite
stoichiometry Ca %=9&
2
. it tends to "orm a large crystals. The strength
contri(uting $otential o" calcium hydro7ide is limited as a result o" lo1er
sur"ace area.
Calcium sul"oaluminates5 't constitutes 1: 6 20 < o" the !olume
o" solids in hydrated cement $aste. #uring early stages o" hydration/
sul"ate>alumina ionic ratio "a!ors the "ormation o" ittringite 6 needle
sha$e $rismatic crystals 6 1hich e!entually trans"orms to the
monosul"ate hydrate 6 he7agonal $late crystals 6.
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'- How many types of voids are present in a hydrated cement
paste? What are their typical dimensions? Discuss the significance of
the "-#-H interlayer space with respect to properties of the hydrated
cement paste
1- 'nterlayer s$ace in C-S-95 !aries (et1een : to 2:?/ or 1nm to
3nm %"ig2-7a&. @ater in these small !oids can (e held (y hydrogen
(onding/ and its remo!al under certain conditions may contri(ute to
drying shrin2age and cree$.
2- Ca$illary !oids5 !aries (et1een 10 nm to :0 nm at 1ell
hydrated cement $aste/ (ut may (e as large as 3 to :;Am at early age o"
hydration.
3- *ir !oids5 entra$$ed air !oids may (e as large as 3 mm/
entrained air !oids range "rom :0 to 200Am.
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Student -ame '(rahim ). *l +ohanna
*ssignment .2
Student '# 423 100 ,79
Concrete Technology 1
st
Sem. 1429-1430 CE 477
(- How many types of water associated with a saturated cement
paste? Discuss the significance of each Why is it desirable to
distinguish between free water in large capillaries and the water held in
small capillaries?
1- Ca$illary 1ater5 the 1ater $resent in !oids larger than :0?.
2- *dsor(ed 1ater5 the 1ater close to the solid sur"ace.
3- 'nterlayer 1ater5 the 1ater associated 1ith the C-S-9 structure.
4- Chemically com(ined 1ater5 the 1ater is integral $art o" the
microstructure o" !arious cement hydration $roduct.
The remo!al o" 1ater in large !oids o" the order o" B:0nm does
not cause any !olume change.
The remo!al o" 1ater held (y ca$illary tension in small ca$illaries
: to :0nm may cause shrin2age o" the system.
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)- What would be the volume of capillary voids in a *2 water
cement ratio paste that only (* + hydrated? ,lso$ calculate the water
cement ratio needed to obtain -ero porosity in fully hydrated cement
paste
*ssuming 100 cm
3
o" cement $roduce 200 cm
3
o" hydration
$roduct/
@ater !olume C 100 7 0.2 C 20 cm
3
Doids !olume C %300 6 100 6 20& 7 0.: C 90 cm
3
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.- When a saturated cement paste is dried$ the loss of water is not
directly proportional to the drying shrinkage /%plain why
Eecause the "ree 1ater is not attached to the microstructure o" the
hydration $roducts (y any $hysical chemical (onds/ its loss 1ould not (e
accom$anied (y shrin2age.
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Student -ame '(rahim ). *l +ohanna
*ssignment .2
Student '# 423 100 ,79
Concrete Technology 1
st
Sem. 1429-1430 CE 477
0- 1n a hydrating cement paste the relationship between porosity
and impermeability is e%ponential /%plain why
't can (e understood "rom the in"luence that !arious $ore ty$es
e7ert on the $ermea(ility.
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2- Draw a typical sketch showing how the microstructure of
hydration products in the aggregate cement paste interfacial transition
-one is different from the bulk cement paste in concrete
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Student -ame '(rahim ). *l +ohanna
*ssignment .2
Student '# 423 100 ,79
*ggregate 'nter"acial transition 0one Eul2 cement $aste
Concrete Technology 1
st
Sem. 1429-1430 CE 477
1*- Describe why the strength of the interfacial transition -one is
generally lower than the strength of the bulk cement paste /%plain why
concrete fails in brittle manner in tension but not in compression
The strength o" the inter"acial transition 0one de$ends on the
!olume and si0e o" !oids $resent. *t early age/ the !olume and si0e o"
!oids in the inter"acial transition 0one 1ill (e larger than in (ul2 mortarF
conseGuently/ the "ormer is 1ea2er in strength.
*t stress le!els higher than 70< o" the ultimate strength/ the stress
concentration at large !oids in the mortar (ecome large enough to initiate
crac2ing. @ith increasing stress/ the matri7 crac2s gradually s$read until
they 8oin the crac2s originating "rom the inter"acial transition 0one.
@hen the crac2 system (ecome continuous/ the material ru$tures.
Considera(le energy is needed "or the "ormation and e7tension o" matri7
crac2s under a com$ressi!e load. nder tensile loading/ crac2s $ro$agate
ra$idly and at much lo1er stress le!el.
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11- /verything else remaining the same$ the strength and the
impermeability of a mortar will decrease as coarse aggregate of
increasing si-e is introduced /%plain why
Eecause o" thic2er 1ater "ilms that "ormed around the coarse
aggregate. The larger the aggregate si0e the thic2er the 1ater "ilm.
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12- When concrete is e%posed to fire$ why the elastic modulus
shows a relatively higher drop than the compressive strength?
E!en 1hen indi!idual com$onents are o" high sti""ness/ the
sti""ness o" the com$osite is reduced (ecause o" the (ro2en (ridge 6
!oids and micro crac2s in the inter"acial transition 0one 6 1hich do not
$ermit stress trans"er.
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Student -ame '(rahim ). *l +ohanna
*ssignment .2
Student '# 423 100 ,79