Chapter 2: Body Coordination

Bab 2: Koordinasi Badan

2.1 Body Coordination
Koordinasi Badan
1. The human body is made up of a few complex system of organ. Each system has
to be under strict control so that we are able to respond to various stimuli. This is
achieved by the body coordination.
Koordinasi badan ialah penyelarasan gerak balas badan kita terhadap sebarang
rangsangan di sekeliling kita dan di dalam badan kita.
2. Stimulus is a change in the internal or external environment that evokes a
response.
3. Response is a process that gives rise to an action.
4. The nervous system and the endocrine system work together to ensure that
different parts of the body act in harmony.
. !ody coordination allows us to face different circumstances in life" and to ensure
the survival of human.
2.2 Human Nervous System
1. The human nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS)
and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
2. The brain controls all the body activities whereas the spinal cord controls the
refex action.
3. The central nervous system receives information from sensory organ. The
information is then interpreted and sent to the organs concerned so that they
can react accordingly.
4. The network of nerves that connect the central nervous system with other
parts of the body is known as the peripheral nervous system. This system
consists of two types of nerves
!a" cranial nerves # 12 pairs that originate from the brain and are connected
to sense organ in the head and neck$ and also to e%ectors such as the
muscles or glands in the body cavity.
!b" spinal nerves # 31 pairs that originate from the spinal cord and are
connected to sense organs and e%ectors in the whole body$ hands and
legs.
Neurones
1. & neurone is the basis functional unit of the nervous system. 'eurones
transmit impulses from one part of the body to another.
1
'ervous
system
(entral nervous
system
)eripheral nervous
system
*rain +pinal cord (ranial nerves +pinal
nerves
2. The following are the parts of the neurone and their descriptions and function.
Part of
neurone
Descriptions and functions
Cell body (onsists of cytoplasm and a nucleus in the centre
,ostly lies inside the central nervous system
&ttached to this are two types of extension$ such as$
dendrons or axons
Dendrons nerve -bres that receive nerve impulses and send them
towards the cell body
Dendrites The -ne terminal branches at the end of the dendrons
.orm connections with the axons of other neurons and
send nerve impulses from these to the cell body.
Aons 'erve -bres that carry nerve impuses away from the cell
body
&xons are usually long and slender
!yelin sheath /t insulates the nerve -bre from the surrounding medium.
Thus$ it protects the nerve -bre and helps to speed up the
rate of transmission of nerve impulses along the nerve
-bre
3. There are three types of neurons$ namely sensory neurone$ motor neurone
and relay neurone.
"ype of
neurone
#unction
+ensory neurone Transmits nerve impulses from the receptors to the central
nervous system.
,otor neurone Transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system
to the e%ectors$ which are mostly muscles or glands.
0elay neurone Transmits nerve impulses between sensory neurons and
motor neurons$ or with other relay neurons.
2
2.$ Nervous Coordination
1. Stimuli are any changes that occur inside and outside of the human body.
2. %eceptors are speciali1ed cells that detect a stimulus whereas e%ectors are
organs that respond to the stimuli and bring about the response.
3. 2iagram below shows how the human nervous system works.
4. & nerve impulse is a messa&e conveyed alon& the nerve in the form of a
'ea( electrical pulse. &n impulse can only move in one direction.
3. & refex action is a rapid$ automatic response towards a stimulus. /t is
involuntary and cannot be controlled by the brain. 4xample
!a" 5e 6erk our foot away immediately when we accidentally step on a nail.
!b" 5e blink automatically when a small insect fies towards our eyes.
7. /n a refex action$ impulses are sent from the receptor very 8uickly through the
sensory neurons to the spinal cord. /n the spinal cord$ the impulses pass
through the relay neurons before moving out from the spinal cord through the
motor neurons.
9. & re)e arc is the se8uence of pathways taken by impulses in a refex action.
:. The path of impulses in a refex arc are as follows
2.* %ole of Proprioceptors
1. Proprioceptors are sensory organs that are connected to sensory neurons
and are found in muscles and tendons$ ligaments and 6oints.
2. 5ith the help of the balance organs !vestibular apparatus" in the inner ear$
proprioceptors help humans detect and coordinate the movement$ change in
position$ muscle stretch or tension.
3. The activities that are made possible by proprioceptors are
!a" walking on ropes
3
0eceptor
s
+ensory
neurones
0elay
neurones
,otor
neurones
4%ectors
electrical
impulses
stimulus receptor
s
sensory
neurones
spinal
cord
relay
neurones
motor neurones e%ectord
s
response
!b" tying shoelaces without looking at it
!c" typing without looking at the keyboard
2.+ "he Human ,rain and -ts Compleity
1. *rain acts as a centre which controls and coordinates our response. This is
shown below
2. The human brain is made up of two parts of tissues$ namely grey matter and
white matter.
3. The &rey matter consists of cell bodies of neurons$ which forms the outer
layer.
4. The 'hite matter consists of mainly nerve -bres !axons" which forms the
inner layer.
3. The brain is protected by the cranium or the skull.
7. The three main regions of the brain are the cerebrum. cerebellum and
medulla oblon&ata.
9. The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain and can be divided into
two hemispheres ri&ht hemisphere and left hemisphere.
:. The ri&ht hemisphere receives nerve impulses from the left side of
the body whereas left hemisphere receive nerve impulses from the
ri&ht side of the body.
;. .unctions of cerebrum
i. controls voluntary actions. These actions can be controlled by our own
will$ such as speaking and walking.
ii. receives and interprets impulses from sensory organs.
iii. controls behavior and emotion
1<. The cerebellum is located below and behind the cereberum. /t has the
following functions
i. coordinates muscular movement.
ii. maintains body posture and balance.
iii. promotes smooth voluntary movements.
11. !edulla oblon&ata is an important refex centre. /t is the smallest
component of the brain. /t controls many involuntary actions$ such as
4
sensory
organs
brain e%ector
organs
receive stimuli
response
impulse impulse
homeostasis$ heartbeat and peristalsis. /t also coordinates all re)e
actions.
12. & voluntary action is a conscious action that is under the control of
the 'ill. 4xamples of voluntary actions are dancing$ running$ talking and
laughing.
13. &n involuntary action is an unconscious action that is not under
control of the 'ill. .or example$ dilation and constriction of pupil in the eye$
excretion$ heartbeat and breathing.
2./ Hormonal Coordination in the ,ody
Hormones
1. Hormones are chemicals secreted by endocrine glands. They are usually
secreted in small 8uantities.
2. =nlike most other secretions$ hormones are secreted directly into the
bloodstream and carried by blood to another tissue or organ without the need
of any ducts.
3. >ormones play a role in
controlling the rate of body process
infuencing growth
causing physical and physiological changes
"he 0ndocrine &land
1. The chemical coordination in human body involves the endocrine system$
which consists of endocrine &lands and their secretions.
2. The ma6ority of endocrine glands are controlled by the pituitary &land$ even
though certain endocrine glands are stimulated by the nervous system and
chemical substances.
3. 4ndocrine glands do not have ducts. The glands secrete hormones directly
into the bloodstream.
3
4. The table shows some of the homones and their functions$ and their e%ects on
the body when their secretion are too little or too much.
7
2.1 Coordination bet'een the Nervous System and the 0ndocrine
System
1. *oth the nervous system and endocrine system coordinate to ensure the body
to meet all the demands placed upon it through its lifetime.
2. The following graphic organi1er summarises the similarities and the
di%erences between the nervous system and endocrine system.
2.2 "he 03ects of Dru& Abuse on ,ody Coordination and Health
1. 2rugs are de-ned as chemical substances that can infuence the function of
the body$ especially the nervous system$ when they enter the body.
2. >armful drugs include stimulants$ depressants$ narcotics$ hallucinogens and
inhalants.
Dru& 03ects on ,ody Coordination 0amples
+timulants /ncrease the activity of important organs such
as the heart.
+peed up the activities of the central nervous
system.
/ncrease the metabolic rate$ blood pressure and
pulse rate.
/ncrease alertness.
0educe appetite and sleep.
&mphetami
ne
(ocaine
(a%eine
'icotine
2epressant +low down the activities of the central nervous *arbiturate
9
Nervous
System
0ndocrine
System
Similaritie
s
(arry out responses to stimuli.
*oth involve four components stimulus$ receptor$
e%ector and response.
(oordinate all body activities and processes.
4nsure survival of life.
(oordination
,essage
+timulus
0esponse
Target
.eedback
(onsists of endocrine glands
and hormones in blood.
/n the form of electrical
impulses.
/n the form of chemical
known as hormones.
(omes from inside and
outside the body.
(omes from inside the body.
.ast and often does not last
long.
,ost of them are slow and
long lasting.
'ormally locali1ed like the
organs and glands.
'ormally widespread and
covers the whole body.
'o feedback mechanism. /nvolves feedback
mechanism and response.
Di3erences
(onsists of the brain$ spinal
cord and neurons.
s
!hypnotics"
system.
>elp people to relax and reduce worry.
0esult in loss of control and poor 6udgement
+leeping
pills
'arcotics 0elieve pain.
/nduce sleep by depressing the central nervous
system.
(ause vomiting$ nausea$ poor mental and
physical performance
?pium
>eroin
,orphine
(odeine
>allucinog
ens
!psychedel
ics"
(hange a person@s mood and make him or her
hallucinate !to see or hear things that are not
there or produce distortions of the senses".
&mphetami
ne
,ari6uana
4cstasy
A+2
/nhalants (ause hallucinations and depression to the
person who sni%s in excessive amount.
(ause serious damage to the brain$ lungs$
kidneys$ liver and other parts of the body.
0esult in loss of control and poor 6udgement.
(leaning
solvents
&erosol
sprays
Blue
)aint
thinner
)etroleum
3. Dru&s abuse means using drugs in ways which will harm our body. &ddiction
arises when a drug abuser is dependent on repeated doses of a drug for
comfort of body and mind.
2.4 "he 03ects of 0cessive Consumption of Alcohol on ,ody
Coordination and Health
1. &lcohol is present in alcoholic drinks such as beer$ wine$ whisky$ ale$ gin$
brandy and li8uor. &lcohol is a depressant drug.
2. &lcohol has the following e%ects on the human health
!a" &lcohol slows down nerve activity in the brain and spinal cord$ causes
mis6udgement$ loss of selfC control and temporary loss of memory.
!b"&lcohol decreases reaction time. .or example$ the body@s automatic muscle
response to pain and danger becomes slower.
!c" &lcohol inhibits coordination of body movements where the drinker
becomes clumsy.
3. >igh level of alcohol in the blood damages the brain$ the liver and the
digestive system.
4. 4xcessive consumption of alcohol can cause a person
!a" to become aggressive easily
!b" to not carry out hisDher dayCtoCday duties properly.
2.56 -mportance of Sound and Healthy !ind
1. ,ind can be de-ned as the ability of brain to think and to reason. & healthy
mind helps us to make good 6udgement before we act.
2. .actors that a%ect the mind include
:
a" *rain in6ury due to accidents$ infections or tumours
b" >ormones imbalance such as during menopause
c" 4xcessive consumption of alcohol
d" 2rug abuse
e" ,ental stress
f" old age
3. +ubstance abuse means a person is overdependent on a chemical substance
which will a%ect a person@s physical and mental being and also welfare of
others.
Choose the best answer for each question.
2.5 ,ody Coordination
1. 5hich of the following systems are involved in body coordinationE
&. 4ndocrine system and skeletal system
*. 'ervous system and endocrine system
(. 4ndocrine system and respiratory system
2. 'ervous system and reproduction system
2. 5hich of the following describes correctly the meaning of body coordinationE
&. ,aintain balance of body
*. (oordination of the human growth
(. &d6ustment of our body@s reaction towards stimuli
2. coordination of proper functioning of endocrine glands
2.2Human Nervous System
3. 2iagram 1 shows the structure of a neurone.
+tate its function.
&. Transmits impulses from sensory neurone to moto neurone.
*. Transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the e%ectors.
(. 0eceives impulses from other neurone and sends them to cell body.
2. (arries impulses from sensory organ or receptor to the central nervous
system.
4. 5hich of the following processes is an involuntary action of body coordinationE
&. *reathing
*. (hewing food
(. Thinking and reasoning
2. Aearning to ride a bicycle
3. 5hat are the basic units of nerve cells in the human nervous systemE
&. 0eceptors *. 4%ectors
*. 'eurones 2. ,eninges
7. 2iagram 2 shows a neurone.
;
5hich of the following parts is labeled correctlyE
&. 0 &xon *. + 2endrites
*. F (ell body 2. ) ,yelin sheath
9. 5hich neurone transmits nerve impulses from the receptors to the central
nervous systemE
&. 0elay neurons (. /nterneuorones
*. +ensory neurons 2. ,otor neurones
:. 2iagram 3 shows a type of neurone.
5hich of the following statements is trueE
&. /t is a motor neurone.
*. /t carries an impulse from the central nervous system to the e%ector.
(. /t carries an impulse from central nervous system to the receptor.
2. /t transmits impulses from receptors to the central nervous system.
;. 2iagram 4 shows the structure of a neurone.
5hich of the following shows the function of the neurone aboveE
&. To receive and transmit impulses from the central nervous system.
*. To transmit impulses from the receptor to the central nervous system.
(. To transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the e%ector.
2. To transmit impulses from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone.
1<. 2iagram 3 shows the human nervous system.
1<
'ame part G.
&. (ranial nerve (. (entral nerve
*. +pinal nerve 2. +ensory nerve
2.$Nervous Coordination
11. 5hich of the following are true of human nervous coordinationE
/. /nformation is transmitted in the form of electrical impulses
//. /ts response is fast and immesiate
///. The speed of impulse transmission is slow
&. / and // only (. // and /// only
*. / and /// only 2. /$ // and ///
12. The path through which nerve impulses travel during refex responses is
known as
&. receptor (. 'erve -bre
*. refex arc 2. refex response track
13. The information below describes an action.
5hich of the following parts are involved in the action aboveE
/. (erebellum
//. +pinal cord
///. ,edulla oblongata
&. / and // only (. // and /// only
*. / and /// only 2. /$ // and ///
14. The following information shows the pathway of a refex arc.
5hat are presented by H and GE
7 8
,otor neurone +ensory neurone
+ensory neurone ,otor neurone
,otor neurone +pinal cord
+pinal cord ,otor neurone
11
,ei Aing withdraws her hand when she accidentally
touches a hot ob6ect.
0ecepto
r
H 0elay
neurone
G 4%ector
&
*
(
2
13. 2iagram 7 shows the pathway of impulse when our body responds
towards external stimuli.
5hat is represented by HE
&. +kin (. ,uscle
*. *rain 2. 4ndocrine glands
17. The information shows the stage in body coordination.
5hich of the following is the correct se8uenceE
&. )$ F$ +$ 0$ T (. F$ 0$ +$ )$ T
*. )$ +$ 0$ F$ T 2. 0$ +$ F$ T$ )
2.*%ole of Proprioceptors
19. )roprioceptors are found in the
/. muscles ///. 6oints
//. bone
&. / and // only (. // and /// only
*. / and /// only 2. /$ // and ///
1:. The following activities involve proprioceptors except
/. cycling ///. clapping hands
//. writing letter
&. / and // only (. // and /// only
*. / and /// only 2. /$ // and ///
1;. 5hat are the stretch receptors in our body that help maintain balance and
coordinationE
&. )roprioceptor (. 'eurotransmitters
*. )hotoreceptors 2. (hemoreceptors
--.+"he Human ,rain and -ts Compleity
2<. 5hich of the following comparisons between the voluntary action and
involuntary action is correctE
9olunatry Action -nvoluntary Action
.aster +lower
(ontrolled by cerebrum
(ontrolled by the medulla
oblongata
'o learning is re8uired Aearning is re8uuired
'ot under the conscious
control
=nder the conscious control
12
+timul
i
0eceptor H 4%ect
or
0espons
e
impuls
e
) +timuli
F 4%ectors
0 (entral nervous
system
+ 0eceptors
T 0esponses
&
*
(
2
Dia&ram /
21. 2iagram 9 shows a human brain. & man los his memory after his brain
was damaged during an accident.
5hich part of his brain$ A. ,. C or D. was damagedE
22. The following informations / about part H.
5hich of the following is true about the function of part HE
&. /t controls muscular activities.
*. /t maintains the body balance.
(. /t gives rise to various sensations such as touch.
2. /t controls the heartbeat and blood circulation.
23. The path of nerve impulses during voluntary action is
24. The function of cerebellum is to
&. control refex action
*. control voluntary action
(. control muscles and balance during movements
2. control actions that go on without thinking about them
23. 2iagram : shows a human brain.
5hich of the following parts match correctly with its functionE
Part #unction
/ H 0easoning
// G *ody e8uilibrium
/// I )eristalsis
&. / and // only (. // and /// only
*. / and /// only 2. /$ // and ///
13
/t is the largest portion of the human brain.
/t is a highly folded region.
27. 2iagram ; shows the structure of a human brain.
+tate the function of H.
&. (ontrols all refex actions (. (ontrols all involuntary actions
*. (ontrols all voluntary actions 2. ,aintains balance and posture
29. 2iagram 1< shows part of the human central nervous system.
5hich part$ A. ,. C or D$ controls peristalsisE
2./ Hormonal Coordination in the ,ody
2:. 5hich of the following is true about the hormonal coordination in humansE
&. /t consists of ductless glands.
*. The duration of response is short.
(. The impulses are transmitted in rapid speed.
2. The impulses are transmitted in the form of electrical charges.
2;. 5hich of the following hormones is produced when we are in danger or
angerE
&. /nsulin (. ?estrogen
*. Thyroxine 2. &drenaline
3<. /f a person@s pancreas fail to function$ his urine will show positive reading
for
&. protein (. uric asid
*. glucose 2. cholesterol
31. 2iagram 11 shows the production of a hormone by a gland in the human
body.
'ame gland H and hormone G.
:land 7 Hormone 8
14
,assive increase in glucose level in
the blood
Bland H produces hormone
G
Blucose level in blood is
normal
Dia&ram 55
& )ancreas /nsulin
* )ituitary (ontrols growth
( ?vary ?estrogen
2 &drenal &drenaline
32. 5hich gland is correctly matched with the hormone it producesE
:land Hormone
& &drenal /nsulin
* Thyroid Thyroxine
( ?vary &drenaline
2 )ituitary Testosterone
33. 5hich food ensure the proper functioning of the thyroid glandE
&. Jegetables (. )oultry
*. +eafood 2. .ruits
34. 2iagram 12 shows a patient who su%ers from a disease which is an e%ect
of hormone imbalance in the human body.
5hich of the following endocrine glands causes this diseaseE
&. )ancreas (. Thyroid gland
*. &drenal gland 2. )ituitary gland
33. & teenage boy does not show the development of his secondary sexual
characteristic. 5hich of the following is not functioning wellE
&. ?vary (. &drenal
*. Testis 2. )ancreas
37. 2iagram 13 shows the endocrine glands of a teenage boy. >e has stunted
development of secondary sexual characteristics.
5hich organ$ A. ,. C or D$ is not functioning wellE
13
2.1Coordination bet'een the Nervous System and the 0ndocrine
System
39. The di%erences between the nervous system and the endocrine system
are
/. nervous responses are produced more slowly than hormonal responses
//. hormonal responses are usually more widespread than nervous
responses
///. hormonal responses fre8uently continues for much longer than nervous
responses
&. / and // only (. /i and /// only
*. / and /// only 2. /$ // and ///
3:. 5hich of the following is true about the comparison between nervous
coordination and hormone coordinationE
Nervous Coordination Hormone Coordination
& .ast response +low response
* AongCterm e%ect +hortCterm e%ect
( 5ide target area Aimited target area
2
(onsists of ductless
glands
(onsists of hormones
2.2"he 03ects of Dru& Abuse on ,ody Coordination and Health
3;. The following information is about the characteristics of drug$ ).
2rug ) might be
/. heroin
//. morphine
///. barbiturates
&. / and // only (. // and /// only
*. / and /// only 2. /$ // and ///
4<. 5hich of the following is not due to addiction of drugsE
&. Jomiting (. ,uscle cramp
*. *eing alert 2. Too much of sweating
2.4"he 03ects of 0essive Consumption of Alcohol on ,ody
Coordination and Health
41. 5hich of the following are the e%ects of excessive consumption of alcoholE
/. )oor body coordination
//. )rolonged reaction time
///. >igh alertness towards surroundings
&. / and // only (. // and /// only
*. / and /// only 2. /$ // and ///
17
/t relieves pain and helps people to relax.
/t slows down the activities of cental nervous
system.
2.56 -mportance of Sound and Healthy !ind
42. 5hich of the following a%ects a sound and healthy mindE
/. >ormonal imbalance
//. 2rug abuse
///. ,ental stress
&. / and // only (. // and /// only
*. / and /// only 2. /$ // and ///
Structured Questions
Answer all questions.
1. 2iagram 1 shows a stretch receptor in human muscle.
!a" 'ame structure H and G.
H KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
G KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
!b" 'ame one part of the human body$ besides muscle$ in which a stretch
receptor can be found.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
!c" +tate one function of a stretch receptor.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
2. 2iagram 2 shows a foot stepping on a nail accidentally.
!a" +tate the type of response which occurs.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
!b" +how the path taken by nerve impulses in this response.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
!c" Bive one example of an action which results in the same type of response.
19
Dia&ram 5
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K
!d" 5hat is the advantage of this type of responseE
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K
3. 2iagram 3 shows the main endocrine glands in the human body.
!a" 5hich one is the pituitary glandE
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K
!b" 5hy is gland ) describe as the Lmaster gland@ of the endocrine systemE
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K
!c" Bive one functions of the hormones which are produced by the pituitary
gland.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KK
!d" Bive one e%ect if insuMcient hormone is produced by gland ).
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K
!e" 5hy are endocrine glands described as glands without ductE
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K
4. 2iagram 4 shows the human brain.
!a" 'ame structures$ )$ ? and 0.
1:
!i" ) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
!ii" FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
!iii" 0 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
!b" +how the path taken by nerve impulses for an activity which is controlled
by structure ).
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
!c" +tate the two functions of structure F.
!i"
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!ii"
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
!d" 5hat is the other part of the body which has the same function as
structure FE
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3. 2iagram 3.1 shows the structure of a neurone.
!a" 'ame the type of neurone.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
!b" !i" 'ame the part G.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
!ii" +tate a function of part G.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
!c" 'ame the part H.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
!d" 2iagram 3.2 shows the pathway of an impulse.
1;
0eceptor
(entral
nervous
system
4%ector
Dia&ram
+.2
,ark !N" the location of this neurone in 2iagram 3.2.
7. !a" &ll alcoholic drinks contain a chemical called ethanol which makes people
drunk. 2iscuss the problems that heavy drinkers have to face in their lives.
O4 marksP
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
!b" 4xplain the functions of the following parts of brain and how it is a%ected
when a person is drunk.
!i" (erebrum O3 marksP
!ii" (erebellum O3
marksP
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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