IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 29, NO.

2, JUNE 2014 269

A Novel High-Efciency Parallel-Winding
Connection for a Three-Phase Induction Motor
Fed by a Single-Phase Power Supply
A. Gonzalez, C. Hernandez, Member, IEEE, and M. A. Arjona, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractA novel high-efciency parallel-winding connection
for a three-phase induction motor fed by a single-phase power
supply is presented in this paper. The proposed connection uses
two sets of capacitors to achieve approximately symmetrical wind-
ing currents in the motor. A 2-D nite-element magnetodynamic
model of the induction motor is presented. The Kriging surrogate
model along with a global optimization method was used to nd the
optimal operating conditions of the proposed motor. Based on the
conditions for the best efciency at full load and the best starting
torque of the motor, a straightforward calculation is proposed to
select the capacitors. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed
connection, experimental tests are performed in three induction
motors. It is demonstrated that the rated load efciency is the
same and the starting torque is close when the motor is fed by a
single-phase and three-phase power supply. Additionally, the rated
power factor of the motor is near to unity. Our proposed motor
connection has higher efciency and higher power factor than a
conventional single-phase motor.
Index TermsFinite-element method, Kriging model, optimiza-
tion, single-phase induction motor, three-phase induction motor.
I. INTRODUCTION
N
OWADAYS, three-phase induction motors are widely
used in the industry due to their high efciency, low
maintenance, and small volume in comparison with the con-
ventional single-phase induction motors. In remote and rural
areas, where three-phase power supply is not available, single-
phase induction motors with the characteristics of three-phase
induction motors represent an attractive option. The majority of
the household appliances use conventional single-phase induc-
tion motors. An increase in the motor efciency represents a
saving in energy and money for the consumers. The manufac-
turing cost of a conventional single-phase motor is higher than
a three-phase induction motor of the same capacity due to their
volume differences [1].
In this paper, a novel connection is proposed that allows all
three-phase induction motors designed for 220/440 V to be fed
Manuscript received July 24, 2012; revised August 22, 2013; accepted
January 27, 2014. Date of publication March 5, 2014; date of current ver-
sion May 15, 2014. This work was supported by the Instituto Tecnol ogico de
La Laguna, DGEST, PROMEP, and CONACYT. Paper no. TEC-00398-2012.
The authors are with Electrical Engineering at the Divisi on de Estudios de
Posgrado e Investigaci on, Instituto Tecnol ogico de La Laguna, 27000 Torre on,
M exico (e-mail: adolfo_gnz_cas@hotmail.com; coni.hernandez@ieee.org;
marjona@ieee.org).
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TEC.2014.2305755
with a single-phase power supply. The connection has parallel
windings and uses two sets of capacitors. The parallel wind-
ings allow the motor operation with the 120/220-V single-phase
power supply of the electric utility. The proposed connection
allows the motor to have the same rated-load efciency and
a high power factor when it is compared to the motor being
fed by a three-phase supply at rated load. The power factor
is near to the unity at the full-load operation. This connec-
tion has also approximately symmetrical winding currents in
the motor. A 2-D nite-element (FE) magnetodynamic model
was developed to analyze the proposed motor connection. The
steady-state performance of the proposed single-phase and the
three-phase connections of a three-phase induction motor has
been compared. The 2-D FE model was carried out by using
the commercial software. To select the capacitors for having
the best efciency of the motor, a Kriging surrogate model has
been used. Kriging surrogate models are used to construct the
objective functions to maximize the efciency and the starting
torque of the single-phase induction motor. To search the opti-
mal values of the capacitors in which the motor has the maximal
efciency and starting torque, respectively, a genetic algorithm
has been used.
Taking into account the maximal efciency and starting
torque conditions, a simple calculation has been developed to
obtain the capacitors values for the best operation of the motors
with the proposed connection. To demonstrate the validity of
the proposed approach, experimental tests have been performed
for three induction motors of different ratings.
II. BACKGROUND AND PROPOSED CONNECTION
The fact that a three-phase induction motor can be operated
with a single-phase power supply could be attractive for some
consumers. Several investigations have been carried out to study
the single-phase operation of three-phase induction motors. The
Steinmetz connection is one of these investigations, where a
three-phase induction motor can be fed with a single-phase
power supply and by using a capacitor. This connection uses
a capacitor between the motor terminals as a shifter phase. A
motor that uses these connections has a low efciency. These
can only achieve an efciency of 70% of the three-phase rated
load [2][7]. Asymmetrical three-phase induction motors with
the Steinmetz connection have also been investigated. These
motors consist in changing the winding to achieve symmetri-
cally winding currents. However, their efciency have not been
compared with that of a three-phase induction motor [8], [9].
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270 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 29, NO. 2, JUNE 2014
Fig. 1. Smith connection with three capacitors.
Fig. 2. SEMIHEXTH connection with two capacitors.
A connection of the windings of a three-phase induction mo-
tor by using capacitors, which has a high efciency and sym-
metrical current, was proposed by Smith [10]. This motor con-
nection uses three capacitors between its terminals as is shown
in Fig. 1. Another connection was proposed by Smith, which
was named SEMIHEX connection [11], [12]. This connection
uses two capacitors for an approximately symmetrical opera-
tion of the motor, as is shown in Fig. 2. The motors that use
the SEMIHEX connection have high efciency. Several inves-
tigations of the Smith (see Fig. 1) and SEMIHEX (see Fig. 2)
connections have been carried out. These investigations have
demonstrated that motors with single-phase connections can
have the same efciency and a high power factor when the mo-
tors are fed by a three-phase power supply. It has also been
shown that Smith connections have approximately symmetrical
winding currents [13][20].
Three-phase induction motors are commonly found with nine
terminals to allow their operation in a 220/440-V three-phase
power supply. The motors can be used in wye or delta connec-
tions. Three-phase motors with wye connection need a single-
phase power supply of 220/440 V, and motors with delta con-
nection need a single-phase power supply of 440/880 V, when
they are used as single-phase induction motors with Smith con-
nections. Usually, electric utilities do not provide single-phase
voltage levels of 440 or 880 V. Commonly, electric utilities
have the widely available 120/220-V voltage level. Therefore,
the Smith connections have the disadvantage that not all three-
phase induction motors can be used in single-phase operation
because the Smith connections have serial windings. When there
is only a single-phase 120-V power supply, the Smith connec-
Fig. 3. Connection of three serial windings with two capacitors.
Fig. 4. Proposed connection, parallel windings, and two capacitors. (a) Con-
nection with capacitors calculated at full load. (b) Connection with capacitors
values calculated at the startup behavior. (c) Schematic commutation circuit.
tions cannot be used because they have serial windings that
should be fed by a 220- or 440-V single-phase power supply.
Other motor connection was proposed by Wang et al., where
three serial windings and two capacitors are used for the single-
phase operation of a three-phase induction motor [21]. This
connection has the same disadvantages as that of the Smith
connection. Not all three-phase induction motors can be used
with this connection, because the windings are in series as shown
in Fig. 3. Wang et al. [21] employed in their work a 190-V
three-phase induction motor. When they reconnect the motor
with their proposed connection, they used a 220-V single-phase
power supply. Normally, 190-V three-phase induction motors
are not commercial, while 220-V motors are available. A 220-V
three-phase induction motor with the Wangs connection will
need a single-phase power supply of approximately 254 V. This
type of single-phase power supply is not commonly found in
electric utilities. Changing the winding turns may be a solution
but it is not practical.
In this paper, a novelty connection is presented that uses par-
allel windings and two capacitors as shown in Fig. 4(a). The
proposed connection [see Fig. 4(a)] can be fed by the widely
GONZALEZ et al.: NOVEL HIGH-EFFICIENCY PARALLEL-WINDING CONNECTION 271
available single-phase power supply of 120/220 V voltage
level of the electric utilities. Therefore, by using the proposed
connection, all the three-phase induction motors designed for
220/440 V can be fed by the commercial single-phase power
supply. Fig. 4(a) shows the capacitors C1 and C2; these capaci-
tors are used to obtain the best motor operation at rated load. The
values of C1 and C2 allowthe motor to reach the same efciency
and approximately symmetrical winding currents at rated load
when it is fed by a three-phase power supply. The capacitors
C1s and C2s shown in Fig. 4(b) are calculated for the startup of
the motor. These capacitor values allow the motor to develop as
close as possible starting torque with the proposed connection
when the motor is fed with a three-phase power supply. Initially,
to startup the motor, the values of the capacitance in the proposed
connection must be C1s and C2s and after the motor reaches
around 90%of its rated speed, the capacitance values must be C1
and C2. To carry out the transition of one set of capacitance to
another, the commutation circuit is depicted in Fig 4(c), where,
C3 =C1s C1 and C4 =C2s C2. In Fig. 4(c), the switches S1
and S2 are used to commutate the capacitance C1s and C2s to
C1 and C2, respectively, by switching C3 and C4. The switches
S1 and S2 are normally close, and when the motor have reached
approximately 90% of its rated speed, the switches remove C3
and C4.
III. TWO-DIMENSIONAL FE MAGNETODYNAMIC MODEL
A 2-D FE magnetodynamic model of the induction motor
has been used which is coupled with an external circuit. The
modeled three-phase motor has a rating of 0.5 hp, 220/440 V,
four poles, wye connection, 60 Hz. The magnetic and end-
winding motor parameters were calculated experimentally in
a previous work and the motor was modeled in a commercial
software [22], [23].
A steady-state simulation of the three-phase induction mo-
tor connected in YY was made, where the machine is fed by
a three-phase power supply of 220 V, 60 Hz. The simulation
was performed at several slips depicting the torquespeed and
phase currentspeed characteristics as shown in Figs. 5(a) and
6, respectively. The torque and the phase current (see Figs. 5(a)
and 6) give information about the steady-state startup and the
full-load behavior of the modeled motor. Fig. 5(a) shows the typ-
ical steady-state torquespeed characteristic, where the starting
torque is bigger than the full-load torque. The time-stepping
startup torque has also been simulated as shown in Fig. 5(b),
where the typical behavior of transient torque of a tree-phase
induction motor is observed. Fig. 5(b) also shows that the steady-
state value of the electromagnetic torque is achieved at approxi-
mately 0.5 s, when the motor has reached the rated speed. Fig. 6
presents the typical steady-state current versus speed behavior of
three-phase induction motor, where the starting current is greater
than the full-load current. Since the model can reproduce the
starting as expected, it was decided to verify it experimentally.
Table I shows the principal full-load motor characteristics at
s = 0.04903 where, V
LL
is the line-to-line voltage, I
p
is the
phase current, PF is the power factor, P
in
is the input power,
P
out
is the output power, T is the developed torque, and is
Fig. 5. FE starting simulation when the motor is fed by a three-phase
power supply. (a) Steady-state torquespeed curve. (b) Time-stepping torque
prediction.
Fig. 6. Steady-state currentspeed behavior when the motor is fed by a three-
phase power supply.
TABLE I
FULL-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE II
STARTING CHARACTERISTICS
the efciency. The main starting motor characteristics at s = 1
are shown in Table II, where T
s
is the developed starting torque
and I
pS
is the starting phase current. The information shown
in Tables I and II will be used to calculate the capacitance of
the proposed connection and to compare the single-phase and
three-phase motor operation as is explained in the next section.
The magnetodynamic-coupled circuit 2-D FE model of the
induction motor is used with its reconnected windings to sim-
ulate the proposed single-phase connection. It is necessary to
272 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 29, NO. 2, JUNE 2014
select the correct values of the capacitors to achieve the best
motor operation with the proposed connection.
To nd the proper selection of the capacitors, the 2-D FE
model has been used with the proposed connection to generate
the sampled data needed to construct a Kriging surrogate model.
A Kriging model can replace the FE model with specic input
and output design variables. Kriging has a low-computational
cost in comparison with FE models. A Kriging surrogate model
was used to represent an objective function, where input vari-
ables are the capacitor values and output variables are the ef-
ciency or starting torque. In the next section, the construction of
the used Kriging surrogate model is explained.
IV. KRIGING SURROGATE MODEL
Kriging provides a solution of estimation based on a con-
tinuous model of stochastic spatial variation in geostatistical
approach. Based on the property variation in space through a
variogram model, Kriging makes the best use of the existing
information. Even though there are several kinds of Kriging, in
this paper, ordinary Kriging has been used. Ordinary Kriging is
the most robust and the mostly used method. The objective of
this method is to estimate the value of a random variable, Z,
at one or more unsampled points, from the sampled data. The
sample data can be expressed by z(x
1
), z(x
2
), . . . , z(x
N
), at
points x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
N
. The data may be distributed in one, two,
or three dimensions. In ordinary Kriging, it is assumed that the
mean is unknown. If punctual estimation is considered, then it
is possible to estimate Z at point x
0
by

Z(x
0
) with the same
support sampling data given as

Z(x
0
) =
N

i=1

i
z(x
i
) (1)
where
i
are the weights.
To ensure that the estimate is unbiased, the sum weights must
be made equal to unity as
N

i=1

i
= 1 (2)
and the expected error is E[

Z(x
0
) Z(x
0
)] = 0.
The estimated variance is represented by
var[

Z(x
0
)] = 2
N

i=1

i
(x
i
, x
0
)
N

i=1
N

j=1

j
(x
i
, x
j
) (3)
where (x
i
, x
j
) is the semivariance of Z between the data points
x
i
and x
j
, and (x
i
, x
0
) is the semivariance between the ith data
point and the target point x
0
[24].
Sampled data cannot be strictly necessary spatially dis-
tributed. It can be distributed with specic intervals, depend-
ing on the kind of problem. Actually, Kriging has been used in
the design optimization of electromagnetic devices and electri-
cal machines. It is used as a surrogate model, due to its low-
computational cost and its accurate results, in comparison with
other methods [25][27].
The FE model presented in Section III has been used to con-
struct a Kriging surrogate model of the three-phase induction
motor where the proposed connection has been taken into ac-
count. It is required to construct two Kriging functions to achieve
the best operation of the motor. One is the efciency function
for the full-load operation and the other is a starting torque func-
tion for the starting operation of the motor. By using (1), it is
possible to obtain the efciency function as
(Cs
0
) =
25

i=1

i
z(Cs
i
) (4)
where (Cs
0
) is the estimated efciency in an unsampled point,
and z(Cs
i
) represents the efciency sampled data in the ca-
pacitance interval Cs
i
.
There are two capacitances C1 and C2 in the proposed con-
nection as is shown in Fig. 4(a); therefore, the efciency func-
tion should be 2-D. Five values of capacitance for each capacitor
have been used to construct the Kriging function with the same
interval. For C1 we have 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 F, therefore, the
interval is 5 F. C2 has the same capacitance and interval as C1.
Due to ve values of the capacitance for each capacitor, their
combination gives 25 samples as indicated in (4). The sampled
data are obtained from the FE model.
The starting operation of the motor is expressed only by the
starting torque function. It can be obtained by using (1), as

Ts(Cs
0
) =
25

i=1

i
Tsz(Cs
i
) (5)
where

Ts(Cs
0
) is the estimated starting torque in an unsampled
point, and

Tsz(Cs
i
) expresses the sampled data of the starting
torque within the capacitance interval Cs
i
.
To construct the Kriging starting-torque function, ve capac-
itance values were used for each capacitor. C1s has the capaci-
tance values of 320, 330, 340, 350, and 360 F, while C2s has
the values of 160, 170, 180, 190, and 200 F. The capacitance
interval for C1s and C2s is the same, i.e., 10 F.
V. CAPACITANCE CALCULATION
The capacitance values C1, C2, C1s, and C2s were obtained
by using genetic algorithms. The Kriging functions represent
the objective functions. The Kriging efciency function (4) is
used to nd the capacitance values of C1 and C2 to achieve
the maximum efciency at the full-load motor operation. The
efciency objective function is dened by
Maximize = f(C1, C2)
Subject to

15 C1 35
15 C2 35
P
out

= 373

.
(6)
The Kriging starting torque function (5) is used to nd the
capacitance values of C1s and C2s to deliver the maximumstart-
ing torque of the motor. The starting-torque objective function
GONZALEZ et al.: NOVEL HIGH-EFFICIENCY PARALLEL-WINDING CONNECTION 273
TABLE III
FULL-LOAD MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS: PROPOSED CONNECTION
TABLE IV
STARTING MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS: PROPOSED CONNECTION
is given by
Maximize

T
s
= f(C1s, C2s)
Subject to

320 C1s 360

160 C2s 200

.
(7)
The optimal capacitance values were determined by ge-
netic algorithms. Therefore, for the functions (6) and (7), C1
= 30.233 F, C2 = 21.261 F, and C1s = 350 F, C2s =
178.69 F, respectively, are obtained. The maximum estimated
efciency is = 0.7915 and the maximum estimated starting
torque is

Ts = 4.69 Nm.
The capacitance values obtained for full load and starting
conditions are used in the simulation of the steady-state 2-D FE
induction motor model with the proposed single-phase connec-
tion. Table III shows the full-load characteristic of the motor
operation with s = 0.04903, and Table IV shows the starting
characteristics of the motor operation with s = 1. The efciency
at the full-load operation is = 0.7953, and the starting torque
is T
s
= 4.7 Nm. These values are almost identical as estimated
by using Kriging functions. Therefore, it can be concluded that
Kriging approach is correct, because the Kriging estimates are
close to the efciency and starting- torque values obtained with
the 2-D FE model.
The comparison of torquespeed and currentspeed charac-
teristics between the proposed single-phase motor connection
and three-phase motor connection is illustrated in Figs. 7(a) and
8.The commutation of capacitors was done with the commu-
Fig. 7. Torquespeed characteristic. (a) Steady-state starting torque of the
proposed single-phase motor connection and the three-phase motor connection.
(b) Time-stepping starting torque of the proposed single-phase connection.
Fig. 8. Currentspeed behavior of the proposed single-phase motor connec-
tion and three-phase motor connection.
TABLE V
PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TESTED MOTORS
TABLE VI
CAPACITANCE VALUES, PROPOSED CONNECTION
tation circuit shown in Fig. 4(c), where the capacitors C3 and
C4 are removed around 90% of the rated speed, approximately
274 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 29, NO. 2, JUNE 2014
Fig. 9. Percentage efciency against the percentage output power. (a) Motor
1. (b) Motor 2. (c) Motor 3.
1600 rpm. A time-stepping starting torque simulation of the
proposed single-phase motor connection is showed in Fig. 7(b),
where the commutation was carried out at 0.5 s, approximately
90% of its rated speed. In Figs. 7(a) and 8, it is observed that
the steady-state full-load torque and the current of the proposed
single-phase motor connection and three-phase motor connec-
tion is the same after the capacitors commutation; therefore, the
proposed connection gets the same efciency as the three-phase
motor. The starting torque of the proposed motor connection
T
s
is approximately 85% of the three-phase starting torque and
2.25 times of the full-load torque as shown in Fig. 7, and along
the startup, the torque is maintained near to the starting torque.
The starting torque developed by the motor with the proposed
connection is enough to move any load because it is greater than
the full-load torque. The phase currents I
a
, I
b
, and I
c
of the pro-
posed single-phase motor connection along the startup are near
to the phase current of the three-phase motor connection, and
after the commutation they are close, as it is depicted in Fig. 8.
Fig. 10. Power factor against the percentage output power. (a) Motor 1.
(b) Motor 2. (c) Motor 3.
Based on the operating characteristics (see Tables III and IV)
of the magnetodynamic 2-D FE induction-motor model results
with the proposed connection, a simple calculation has been
developed to select the correct capacitance values. In Table III,
the phase currents I
a
, I
b
, I
c
and the capacitor voltages V
C1
and
V
C2
are expressed in terms of the phase current I
p
and the
phase voltage V
p
of the three-phase motor operation at full load,
respectively, as is shown in Table I. Therefore, the capacitance
C1 at the full-load motor operation can be calculated by using
the phase current I
b
and the capacitor voltage V
C1
of Table III in
order to obtain the capacitor reactance, it is expressed in Farads,
as follows:
C1 =
I
b
V
C1
C1 =
0.876I
p
0.95V
p
F (8)
where is the angular frequency.
The capacitance C2 at the full-load operation can be calcu-
lated in the same manner as C1 by using the phase current I
c
GONZALEZ et al.: NOVEL HIGH-EFFICIENCY PARALLEL-WINDING CONNECTION 275
Fig. 11. Phase currents against the percentage output power. (a) Motor 1.
(b) Motor 2. (c) Motor 3.
and the capacitor voltage V
C2
of Table III, as
C2 =
I
c
V
C2
C2 =
I
p
1.56V
p
F. (9)
The capacitances C1s and C2s are calculated by using
Table IV, where the phase currents I
a
, I
b
, and I
c
, and the capac-
itor voltages V
C1s
and V
C2s
are in terms of the phase current
and the phase voltage of the starting three-phase motor opera-
tion shown in Table II. Therefore, C1s and C2s are expressed as
follows:
C1s =
I
b
V
C1s
C1s =
1.06I
pS
0.59V
p
F (10)
and
C2s =
I
c
V
C2s
C2s =
0.98I
pS
1.07V
p
F. (11)
VI. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS
To demonstrate the validity of the proposed motor connec-
tion, methodology, and calculation of the capacitor values, ex-
perimental tests have been carried out. Tests were performed on
three induction motors, and their principal-rated load character-
istics are shown in Table V.
The motors were connected to 127-V single-phase power
supply to be operated with the proposed connection. The ca-
pacitance values of C1 and C2 for motors 1, 2, and 3 were
calculated using (8) and (9), and taking into account their rated
load phase current (see Table V); the capacitance values are
shown in Table VI.
In the experimental test, approximate capacitances of the cal-
culated values have been used because of the limited availability
of specic capacitors. For the motor 1, C1 = 30 F and C2 =
20 F were used. For motor 2, the capacitors were C1 = 65 F
and C2 = 45 F, and for motor 3 the capacitors were C1 =
175 F and C2 = 125 F.
Experimental tests were carried out by using a dynamometer
system as a load of the motors and a power quality analyzer to
measure the electric variables. The efciencies against output
powers of the three motors are shown in Fig. 9. The motors are
fed by a three-phase power supply with wye connection and
single-phase power supply with the proposed connection. It can
be seen that the full-load efciency of each motor is the same
when the motors are fed either with three-phase or single-phase
power supplies as it was expected.
The power factor against the percentage output power of the
three motors is shown in Fig. 10, when these are fed by a three-
phase and single-phase power supply. It is clearly demonstrated
that the proposed single-phase motor connection has a higher
power factor than the three-phase motor connection for the full-
load motor operation. The power factor in the proposed motor
connection is over 90%, when the motors are near to 100%load.
Phase currents against the percentage output power of the
three motors are shown in Fig. 11, when they are fed with a three-
phase or single-phase power supply. This gure also shows the
phase current I
p
of the three-phase wye connection, and I
a
, I
b
,
and I
c
winding currents of the proposed single-phase motor
276 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 29, NO. 2, JUNE 2014
Fig. 12. Torquespeed experimental test of the proposed single-phase con-
nection and three-phase connection of the Motor 1.
Fig. 13. Currentspeed experimental test. (a) Three-phase motor connection.
(b) Proposed single-phase motor connection.
connection. The phase currents of the proposed connection are
approximately symmetrical, when the motor is operated at full
load, as shown in Fig. 11.
Experimental test for the startup behavior was carried out on
Motor 1. The commutation circuit depicted in Fig. 4(c) was used
to switch the capacitors C3 and C4. The capacitors C3 and C4
were obtained by using the starting current of the motor 1, (10)
and (11), therefore, C3 =320 F and C2 =158 F. The torque
speed behavior of Motor 1 between the proposed single-phase
connection and three-phase connection is showed in Fig. 12. It
is observed that the single-phase motor is commutated around
1400 to 1600 rpm; to carry out the commutation, a centrifugal
switches systemhas been used. It is proved, as shown in Fig. 12,
that the motor with the proposed connection is able to start and
run with the proposed connection, because the starting torque
is bigger than the full-load torque, and after the commutation,
the motor reaches the full-load torque as the three-phase motor
operation. The starting currents of the proposed connection and
the three-phase connection are shown in Fig. 13(a) and (b), re-
spectively. It is shown in Fig. 13(a) and (b) that starting currents
of the proposed motor connection are approximately the same
as the three-phase starting motor currents, as it was predicted
by the analysis in this paper.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a novel high-efciency parallel-winding con-
nection for a three-phase induction motor fed by a single-phase
power supply has been proposed. A magnetodynamic 2-D FE
induction-motor model has been used to analyze the new con-
nection. A Kriging model was developed to surrogate the 2-D
FE motor model. The Kriging surrogate model was used to con-
struct objective functions that allowed to nd the capacitance
values. The search of the capacitance optimum values was done
by using genetic algorithms. Based on the presented results,
a simple calculation to obtain the correct capacitance values
for the best motor operation was described. Experimental tests
were carried out in three induction motors, and it was demon-
strated that the proposed single-phase connection has the same
full-load efciency, high power factor, and approximately sym-
metrical phase currents when they are compared to the motors
being operated with a three-phase power supply. Simulations
and experimental results of the starting torque and phase cur-
rents prove that the proposed single-phase conguration with
the calculated capacitance allows the motor to startup and run
approximately as the three-phase motor behavior.
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A. Gonzalez was born in Torre on, Coahuila, M exico, in 1984. He received the
B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering fromthe Instituto Tecnol ogico
de la Laguna, Torre on, M exico, in 2008 and 2010, respectively, where he is
currently working toward the Ph.D. degree.
His research interests include the design, analysis, and control of rotating
electrical machinery.
C. Hernandez (S03M07) received the B.Sc. degree in computer science
from the Instituto Tecnol ogico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monter-
rey, M exico, in 1990, the M.Sc. degree in foundations of advanced information
technology from Imperial College, London, U.K., in 1995, and the Sc.D. degree
in electrical engineering from the Instituto Tecnol ogico de la Laguna, Torre on,
M exico, in 2007.
She was with the Simulation Department, Instituto de Investigaciones
El ectricas from 1991 to 2000. She is currently with the Instituto Tecnol ogico de
la Laguna, Torre on, M exico. Her research interests include articial intelligence
and global optimization applied to electrical machines.
M. A. Arjona (S93M97SM08) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engi-
neering from the Instituto Tecnol ogico de Durango, Durango, M exico, in 1988,
the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Instituto Tecnol ogico de la
Laguna, Torre on, M exico, in 1990, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineer-
ing from Imperial College, London, U.K., in 1996.
He was with the Simulation Department, Instituto de Investigaciones
El ectricas from 1991 to 1999. He is currently a Professor of electrical machines
with the Instituto Tecnol ogico de la Laguna. His research interests include the
design, analysis, and control of electrical machines.