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APPLICATIONS:
FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
GROWTH
AND DECAY
In many applications, the rate of change of a variable y is
proportional to the value of y. If y is a function of time t, the
proportion can be written as follows:

=
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Theorem: Exponential Growth and Decay Model
If y is differentiable function of t such that > 0 = for
some constant k, then
=

C is the initial value of y, and k is the proportionality constant.

Exponential growth occurs when k > 0, and exponential decay
occurs when k < 0.
EXAMPLES:
1. The rate of change of y is proportional to y. When t = 0, y =2,
and when t = 2, y =4. What is the value of y when t = 3?
2. Suppose that 10 grams of the plutonium isotope
239
was
released in the Chernobyl nuclear accident. How long will it take
for the 10 grams to decay to 1 gram? Half-life of plutonium is
24, 100 years.
3. Suppose an experimental population of fruit flies increases
according to the law of exponential growth. There were 100
flies after the second day of the experiment and 300 flies after
the fourth day. Approximately how many flies were in the
original population?
4. Four months after it stops advertising, a manufacturing
company notices that its sales have dropped from 100, 000
units per month to 80, 000 units per month. If the sales follow
an exponential pattern of decline, what will they be after
another 2 months?
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Newtons Law
of Cooling
States that the rate of change in the temperature of an object is
proportional to the difference between the objects temperature
and the temperature of the surrounding medium.
Examples
1. Let y represent the temperature (in F) of an object in a room
whose temperature is kept at a constant 60. If the object cools
from 100 to 90 in 10 minutes, how much longer will it take for
its temperature to decrease to 80?
2. When an object is removed from a furnace and placed in an
environment with a constant temperature of 80 deg Farenheit,
its core temperature is 1500 deg F. One hour after it is removed,
the core temperature is 1120 deg F. Find the core temperature 5
hours after the object is removed from the furnace
3. A container of hot liquid is placed in a freezer that is kept at a
constant temperature of 20 deg F. The initial temperature of the
liquid is 160 deg F. After 5 minutes, the liquids temperature is
60 deg F. How much longer will it take for its temperature to
decrease to 30 deg F>
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Mixtures:
Examples
1. A 200-gallon tank is half full of distilled water. At time t 0, a
solution containing 0.5 pound of concentrate per gallon enters
the tank at the rate of 5 gallons per minute, and the well-stirred
mixture is withdrawn at the same rate. Find the amount Q of
concentrate in the tank after 30 minutes.
2. A 100-gallon tank is full of a solution containing 25 pounds of a
concentrate. Starting at time t = 0, distilled water is admitted to
the tank at the rate of 5 gallons per minute, and the well-stirred
solution is withdrawn at the same rate, as shown in the figure.
a. Find the amount Q of the concentrate in the solution as a
function of time.
b. Find the time when the amount of concentrate in the tank
reaches 15 pounds.
Consider a large tank holding 1000 L of pure water into which a
brine solution of salt begins to flow at a constant rate of 6 L/min.
The solution inside the tank is kept well stirred and is flowing out
of the tank at a rate of 6 L/min. If the concentration of salt in the
brine entering the tank is 0.1 kg/L, determine when the
concentration of salt in the tank will reach 0.05 kg/L.
For the mixing problem described in the previous example,
assume now that the brine leaves the tank at a rate of 5 L/min
instead of 6 L/min, with all else being the same. Determine the
concentration of salt in the tank as a function of time.
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Electrical
Circuits
(a) RL circuit and (b) RC circuit
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Kirchoffs Current Law: The algebraic sum of the currents flowing
into any junction point must be zero.
Kirchoffs Voltage Law. The algebraic sum of the instantaneous
changes in potential (voltage drops) around any closed loop must
be zero.
Ohms Law. The voltage drop E
R
across a resistor is proportional to
the current I passing through the resistor.
Faradays law and Lenzs Law. The voltage drop E
L
across an
inductor is proportional to the instantaneous rate of change of the
current I.
The voltage drop E
C
across capacitor is proportional to the
electrical charge q on the capacitor.
Examples
1. An RL circuit with a 1-resistor and a 0.01-H inductor is driven
by a voltage E(t) = sin 100t V. If the initial inductor current is
zero, determine the subsequent resistor and inductor voltages
and the current.
2. An RC circuit with a 1- resistor and a 0.000001-F capacitor is
driven by a voltage E(t) = sin 100t V. If the initial capacitor
voltage is zero, determine the subsequent resistor and
capacitor voltages and the current.