Sonatrachs Multilaterals Horizontal Wells

Development Phase
September October 2005

abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation
2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Multilateral Wells
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Multilateral Technology
Increase in production rates and improve
recovery from multiple zones is possible by
drilling side laterals or separate drain holes
(branches) from the primary wellbore.
Development Phase
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Multilateral Configurations
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Multilaterals
Advantages
Increased production from
single well
Accelerated production
Reduction in surface well
equipment & costs.
Ease of monitoring wells.
Future plug backs laid out,
avoiding expensive future
re-drills
Development Phase
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Applications
Some of the key applications are:
Tight reservoirs-Improving drainage architecture
Improving efficiency of EOR
Slot recovery
Injection/Production from same well
Complex drainage reservoirs-accessing
discontinuous intervals.
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Applications
Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Improving steam
injection
Increasing drainage
cover in depleted and
shallow reservoirs
Mitigate water or gas
breakthrough or
conning in thin oil
reservoirs
Low permeability or
naturally fractured
Reservoirs
Intersecting natural
fractures
If orientation is
know, dual-opposed
laterals optimize
wellbore contact
Satellite Fields
Effective & economic means
of producing outlaying
reservoirs
Producing from small
reservoirs with limited
volumes.
Development Phase
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Applications
Laminated
Formations
In a layered reservoir,
several laterals can tap
more pay.
Varying lateral
inclinations can drain
multiple thin zones.
Isolated reservoirs
Tapping by-passed pay
zones
Compartmentalised
Reservoirs due to low
permeability or inefficient
injection water sweep
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Multilateral Well Planning
Considerations
Drilling methods
Junction design
Well control issues
Drilling issues
Milling problems
Completion requirements
Lateral requirements
Abandonment
Development Phase
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There are 3 main drilling techniques:
Long Radius
Medium radius
Short Radius
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Kick off methods
A lateral can be kicked off using any of the
methods:
Open hole
Cased hole
Composite casing
Development Phase
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Kick off methods
Open Hole kick-off
Cement plug is first set in
open hole where kick off
position is desired.
Disadvantages
WOC takes a very long time
Possible contamination of
drilling fluid
Must have a good cement job
Low reliability in open hole.
Advantages
Simple and cheap
No whip stock needed
Suitable for vertical or
deviated holes
Lateral can be same size as
parent hole
Plug can be drilled out to
access lower hole
No overheads
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Kick off methods
Cased Hole Kick
off
Window is first
cut at the
position where
kick off is
desired
There after
same
procedure as
open hole.
Development Phase
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Kick off methods
Whipstock kick off
Metal shunt which when set will allow
drilling or milling assembly to drill in
direction required.
Advantages
Positive kick off and orientation at
desired depth.
Reduces total operational time and
prevents problems with metal
cuttings.
Allows removal and re-entry of
laterals.
Disadvantages
Additional cost of equipment and
personal to run and set whipstock
Additional time due to multiple trips
Possible difficulties in retrieving
whipstock.
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Junction Design
Junction is a point where multilaterals meet the
mother bore.
It provides isolation of lateral from main bore
and formations.
Allows re-entry into lateral.
Junction design should consider
Junction stability
Location of target below junction
Laterals placed in zones of similar pressures
Casing size and completion design
Life cycle well requirements.
Development Phase
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Junction Classification
Multilateral wells are characterized according to
definitions established in the TAML (Technical
Advancement of Multilaterals) Forum.
These standards classify multilateral junctions
as Level 1,2,3,4,5 or 6 based on the degree of
mechanical complexity, connectivity and
hydraulic isolation.
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Junction Classification
Development Phase
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Multilateral Level 2
The level 2 multi-lateral technology
utilizes an open hole lateral from a
cased wellbore.
The level of complication raises
slightly since a window milling
operation is needed to open an
exit from the casing when a
lateral is needed above the
casing shoe.
Isolation of the entire wellbore is
possible by use of a scab liner
over the exit window in the main
wellbore.
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The level 3 of multi-lateral is a liner
insertion into the lateral. This requires
re-entry of the lateral, but is usually
done before the whipstock is removed.
In this completion, the liner is not
physically tied back to the main
wellbore and no pressure isolation
is possible without the scab liner or
similar equipment
Development Phase
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When pressure isolation is
needed, a physical seal is
required. The junction seal
in a level 4 completion may
be cement or one of a few
mechanical specialty
systems.
The complexity and risk
increases with this seal,
but the isolation potential
is vastly improved.
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Cased cemented main
bore with un-cemented
or cemented liner.
Pressure integrity
provided by additional
completion equipment
inside main well bore.
Development Phase
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Cased cemented
main bore with
un-cemented or
cemented liner.
Pressure integrity
provided by
primary casing at
lateral intersection
without any
additional
completion
equipment.
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Multilateral drilling
Old wells
pre-installed windows and locator/orienting collars are not used
a special packer incorporating a locator/orienting assembly must be
set in the main casing, after orientation with a survey tool,
A window is milled, before the lateral can be drilled.
New wells,
Windows can be installed with the main casing.
Locator/orienting collars are installed below the windows,
A whipstock, run on drill pipe, is then set in the locator/orienting
collar, across the window, to divert drilling tools out through the
window.
Once a lateral has been has drilled directionally, it may be left open,
a slotted uncemented liner or sand control screen installed, or a
liner cemented in place.
With cased laterals, the liner stub, protruding into the main casing,
must then be milled out, and the whipstock milled out or retrieved.
Development Phase
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Multilateral drilling-New wells
1. Install Junction at proposed depth, Orient window based on gyroscopic
measurements and cement primary casing.
2. Drill out internal sleeve and cement. Set retrievable whipstock and multi
positioning tool in profile below window section. Retrieve running tool.
3. Drill lateral borehole and remove drilling assembly .Reorient whipstock to
drill opposing lateral. Retrieve whipstock and multipositioning tool. Clean
out main wellbore
4. Set liner assembly, re-entry deployment tool. Run liner into lateral. Set
liner setting tool in upper profile and lock liner tie back into pre-cut
window.
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Multilateral drilling-New wells
5. Release liner setting tool and lift inner cementing string.
Cement liner using dual wiper plugs. Retrieve liner setting
tool and inner cementing string.
6. Release multi positioning tool and retrieve re-entry
deployment tool.
7. Complete the junction.
Development Phase
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Multilateral drilling-Old wells
1. Attach Whipstock and selective landing tool to milling
assembly.
2. Lock selective landing tool to correct profile to be milled.
3. Shear off whipstock and mill window through casing.
Remove milling assembly and retrieve whipstock.
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Multilateral drilling-Old wells
4. Clean out main wellbore. Set re-entry deployment tool and
selective landing tool to divert drilling assembly and logging
tools. Drill lateral borehole.
5. Install liner on drill pipe guided by RDT for bore hole stability
and zonal isolation. Pump cement through drill pipe and liner
to top of liner. Retrieve tools before cement hardens.
6. Retrieve RDT and selective landing tool.
Development Phase
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Re-entry
Most multilateral wells have then
been equipped with conventional
completions, with the packer, if
used, above the upper lateral.
Multilateral wells provide no
possibility for re-entering
laterals through the completion,
and only very limited options
even if the completion is pulled.
Selective access to laterals, via
coiled tubing, would increase the
value of multilateral wells, by
making possible selective
stimulation, perforation,
production logging, drilling
deeper with coiled tubing and
plugging of water-producing
intervals.
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Re-entry
Multi-Lateral Re-Entry (MLR)
system allows selective re-entry
via the completion.
This system employs an
oriented MLR nipple, set
across the window before
running the completion.
A through-tubing whipstock
may then be set in the MLR
nipple, on coiled tubing, to
deflect subsequent coiled
tubing runs into the lateral.
Most multilateral completions do
not allow more than one tubing
string to be installed, making it
necessary to commingle production
from the different laterals.
Development Phase
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Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation
Development Phase
Horizontal Wells
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Horizontal Wells
Wells with an inclination angle of 90 degrees
from the vertical
Milestones in development
1950 Russians drilled 43 horizontal wells
1978 Esso, modern horizontal, Alberta
1979 Arco drilled to overcome high GOR
1979-83 ELF and Agip drill first horizontal well in
Ropso Mane.
1989 265 drilled world wide
1990 1000 drilled world wide
1992 Over 2500 drilled world wide -75% in North
America
Development Phase
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Horizontal Well Applications
Increased Formation Contact
Tight formations or heavy oil.
Reservoirs with thin beds.
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Reduction in water and gas coning
Water and gas migrate into wellbore along with
oil
OWC risen into a cone shape around wellbore
Resulting in choked off producing zone around
wellbore.
Horizontal wells have lower drawdown and
discourages coning.
Development Phase
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Intersection of vertical Fractures
Limestone & dolomite formations are brittle and
numerous fractures.
Fractures are vertical and difficult for a vertical
well to intersect.
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Horizontal Wells
Types
Short Radius
Medium Radius
Long Radius
Development Phase
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Horizontal Wells- Short Radius
SRW (Short Radius Wells)
Very high build up rate(60-150 degrees/100ft)
Radius range 40-100ft
Requires special articulated motors
Advantages
Enables sharp turns in reservoirs
Both motor and drill pipe driven
Laterals can be tied back by special liners
Disadvantages
Limited extension possible
Poor directional control
Special tools and equipment needed
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Horizontal Wells- Medium Radius
MRW (Medium Radius wells)
Build up rate is 8-30 degrees/100ft
Radius range of 200 to 700 ft
Horizontal drain between 1000-3500ft
Typically consists of build tangent and build-
horizontal section.
Two BHA might be required
Development Phase
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Horizontal Wells- Long Radius
LRW (Long Radius wells)
Build up rate of 2 to 6 degrees /100 ft
Uses a common steerable system containing a
bent sub and downhole motor.
Two profiles
Single build-up section terminating in horizontal
section
Build tangent and higher build lateral section.
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Well Profile Design
Considerations when designing horizontal wells
:
Target definition
Single curve design
Double curve design
Development Phase
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Well Profile Design
Tangent Definition
Target location
Entry point into reservoir
Length of horizontal drain
Azimuth range of target
Vertical depth
Dip of target
Tolerance in vertical depth & displacement
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Well Profile Design
Single Curve Design
Hole angle is built up from zero at KOP to 90
degrees at reservoir entry point.
Build up tendencies of both formation and rotary
steerable BHA should be known to avoid missing
the target.
If Build up rate is too low, well path will fall
below target and vice versa.
Development Phase
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Well Profile Design
Double build curve design
The problem :If build up rate is high, well path
above reservoir and If build up rate is too low,
well path below reservoir.
The solution :Have a tangent section below initial
build up curve and then build up to required
angle when reaching reservoir.
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Torque and Drag
Friction between drill string and walls of the
well
Drag is produced when drill string is moving.
Torque is produced when drill string is rotating.
For optimum horizontal well profile and drill
string components ,knowledge of Torque and
drag is necessary.
HWDP is run along the curved section of
wellbore to counter act forces of bending and
drag.
Development Phase
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Torque and Drag
Torque
Horizontal section
T
h
= OD x Wm x L where OD=Outside Diameter of tool joint, in
144 Wm=Avg buoyant weight of pipe, lb/ft
L=Length of hole or pipe section, ft
Straight sections of hole
T =OD x Wm x L x f x Sin where =angle required and f=friction factor
24
Final build up section
For WOB<0.33 X Wm x R where R=Build up radius ,ft
T
h
= OD x Wm x R
144
For WOB>0.33 X Wm x R
T
h
= OD x Wm x R + OD x WOB (WOB-0.33 x Wm x R)
144 144
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Torque and Drag
Drag Forces
Develop during tripping operations
Horizontal Section
D
h=
0.33 x Wm x L where D
h
=drag force in horizontal
section
Build up curve
Fo =0.85 x Wm x R
If Fo<0.85 Wm R, then Db= Wm x R
3
If Fo>0.85 Wm R, then Db= 0.69 Fo -0.25 Wm x R
Straight sections of hole
D =Wm x L x f x Sin
Development Phase
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Extended Reach Wells
Wells defined with ratio of
Measured depth (MD) to True
Vertical Depth (TVD)>2.
Employs both directional and
horizontal techniques .
Current wells have achieved
reach to TVD ratios >4.
After initial build, most wells
are drilled with constant sail
angles(70 to 80 degrees)
Factors dominating design
are
Torque & Drag
Hole Cleaning
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ER Projects typically break into
Ultra Long ERD
Very Shallow ERD
Deepwater ERD
Small rig ERD
Development Phase
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(courtesy
Schlumberger)
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Industry comparison of ERD Wells.
Standard or Advanced Technology ?
(courtesy Schlumberger)
Development Phase
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Available Technologies
Casing Floatation
Downhole adjustable Stabilizers
Rotary Steerable Systems
Mechanical Torque/Drag Reducers
Hole condition monitoring systems
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Key Challenges :
ECD (Equivalent Circulating Density)
Shallow directional control
Hole cleaning
Applications
Extending life of mature fields by kicking off from old
wells
Controlling environmental impact of drilling operations
(Ex Wytch Farm)
Allows access to reserves in environmentally sensitive
areas.
Permits satellite developments from existing platforms
Increase in production
Reduction in surface locations, completion
components etc.
Development Phase
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Benefits
Economic access of reserves.
Brings production forward
Fewer pipelines and satellite production
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Limitations
Excessive torque and drag
Poor hole cleaning in long, high angle hole sections
Buckling of casing or drill string.
Running casing successfully to bottom
Guiding wellbore accurately through pay zone
Less than optimal directional control in complex reservoirs
Wellbore instability
Development Phase
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Future developments
Low ECD Drilling fluids
Push down and floating casing
Under balanced drilling improves ROP
Expandable Tubular
Steerables
Large scale 3-D Modelling and visualization.
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Under balanced Drilling
Drilling with Hydrostatic head of drilling fluid
less than pressure of formation being drilled.
Addition of air, nitrogen or natural gas to
drilling fluid may create under balanced state.
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Why Drill Under Balanced ?
Reservoir Improvement
Reduced formation damage
Reduced stimulation requirements and costs
Increased enhanced recovery
Drilling Problems
Losses
Differential sticking
ROP and BIT Life
Reduced ECD in Long reach wells
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Advantages
Increased ROP
Decreased formation damage
Eliminate differential sticking
Reduction in risk of lost circulation
Improved bit life
Tight hole problems reduced
Increase hole cleaning capability
Development Phase
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Disadvantages
Wellbore stability and consolidation
Increased drilling costs, depending upon system
used
Possible near wellbore mechanical damage
String weight increased due to reduced buoyancy
Possible excessive borehole erosion
Increased torque and drag
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Rig Type
Conventional
Coil Tubing
TTRD
Hybrid design
Development Phase
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Fluid Systems
Gaseous fluids
Air
Nitrogen
Two phase fluids
Mist
Foam
Gasified Liquid
Artificial lift systems
Annular
Drill string injection
Light liquids
Low mud weight
Glass beads
Water
Crude
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Fluid selection for UBD Operations-
Compatibility with formation fluids
Bore hole stability and hole cleaning
Compatibility with formation
System stability
Degree of under balance required
Corrosion and temperature
Health and safety
Development Phase
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Gaseous fluids
Initially air was used,but O2 with natural gas could
cause an explosive mixture.
Cryogenic Nitrogen requires larger logistics in terms
of storage tanks
Natural gas
Characteristics of air drilling
Faster ROP
Longer Bit life
Greater footage per bit
Good cement job
Better production
Requires minimal water influx
Relies on annular velocity to remove cuttings
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Mist Drilling
Small amounts of fluids dispersed into gaseous
environment.
Generally used in areas where formation water is
present
Hole cleaning is more difficult, therefore used in
special operations.
Characteristics
Relies on annular velocity to remove cuttings
High volumes required (more than 30-40%)
Pressure generally higher than dry air
In correct GOR leads to slugging.
Development Phase
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Foam Drilling
Liquid and surfactant added to form foam for
drilling.
High carrying capacity and low density
Foam is stable even once it returns to surface.
Characteristics
Stable foam reduces slugging tendencies
Reduced pump rates
Stable foam can withstand limited circulation
stoppages without affecting cutting removal or
ECD.
Breaking down of foam needs to be addressed.
Increased surface equipment needed
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Surface Equipment for UBD
Drilling System
Gas generation Equipment
Well control Equipment
Surface Separation Equipment
Development Phase
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Drilling System
Coil tubing unit-Used when hole size <6-1/8
Jointed pipe-Used when hole size> 6-1/8
(courtesy lealtd)
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Gas generation equipment
Cryogenic N
2
Truck supplying nitrogen
Nitrogen converter
Natural gas
Gas source
Gas compressors
Flow and Pressure regulators

Sonatrachs Multilaterals Horizontal Wells

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Development Phase

September October 2005

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