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frpu
Stress
E
frp
1
f
c
Strain
cu
Stress
1
E
c
c
c
f
c
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
9
same stress-block parameters,
1
and
1
, are used as those
suggested in CSA A23.3-94/CHBDC for steel-reinforced
concrete, namely:
67 . 0 ' 0015 . 0 85 . 0
1
=
c
f (Eq. 3-4)
67 . 0 ' 0025 . 0 97 . 0
1
=
c
f (Eq. 3-5)
Thus, the compressive stress resultant is:
b c f C
b c c 1 1
' = (Eq. 3-6)
The tensile stress resultant is determined from the FRP
ultimate stress and the cross-sectional area of FRP
reinforcement:
frp frp frpu frp
A E T = (Eq.3-7)
Now, equating the compressive and tensile stress resultants
and rearranging, the balanced failure reinforcement ratio,
frpb
, is obtained:
+
= =
frpu cu
cu
frpu
c
frp
c
frpb
frpb
f
f
bd
A
'
1 1
(Eq. 3-8)
For a given FRP-reinforced concrete member, an FRP
reinforcement ratio less than
frpb
will result in tension
failure, and an FRP reinforcement ratio greater than
frpb
will result in compression failure. Next, we will examine
the two potential failure modes that are of practical interest.
Compr essi on Fai l ur e
If an FRP-reinforced concrete section contains sufficient
tensile reinforcement, then failure of the section will be
induced by crushing of the concrete in the compression zone
before the FRP reaches its ultimate strain. This type of
failure is highly unlikely for a T-section in positive bending,
since the width of the compression zone, b, is very large,
and so only rectangular sections are considered.
For the case of compression failure, the strains in the
cross-section can be illustrated as shown in Figure 3-3b.
Again, the strain in the extreme compression fibre is
assumed to be
cu
= 0.0035, and the non-linear stress
distribution in the concrete can be replaced by the CSA
A23.3-94/CHBDC equivalent rectangular stress block
(using parameters
1
and
1
as defined previously).
The compressive and tensile stress resultants can be
determined as follows:
cb f C
c c 1
'
1
= (Eq. 3-9)
frp frp frp
f A T = (Eq. 3-10)
A complication in the analysis arises from the fact that FRP
reinforcement does not yield, and hence the stress in the
FRP at compression failure of the member, f
frp
, is unknown.
Equating the tensile and compressive stress resultants
yields:
b f
f A
a c
c c
frp frp frp
'
1
1
= = (Eq. 3-11)
And from strain compatibility (refer to Fig. 3-3b) we can
derive the following:
a
a d
E f
c
c d
c
c d
cu frp frp
cu frp
cu
frp
=
1
1
1 1
(Eq. 3-12)
Now, substituting Eq. 3-11 into Eq. 3-12, and solving for
the stress in the FRP reinforcement at compressive failure,
gives:
+ = 1
4
1
2
1
2
1
'
1 1
cu
frp
frp frp
c c
cu frp frp
E
f
E f
(Eq. 3-13)
Once the stress in the FRP reinforcement is known, Eq. 3-11
can be used to determine the depth of the equivalent
rectangular stress block, a, and the flexural capacity, M
r
, can
be obtained in a similar fashion as for steel-reinforced
concrete:
=
2
a
d f A M
frp frp frp r
(Eq. 3-14)
NOTE:
Rather than using Eq. 3-13 to determine the stress in the
FRP at compressive failure, an iterative procedure can be
performed using Eqs. 3-9, 3-10, and 3-11 by assuming a
neutral axis depth, calculating the compressive and tensile
stress resultants using strain compatibility, and checking if
C = T. If C T, the neutral axis depth is updated and the
procedure is repeated until convergence of the neutral axis
depth is achieved within a suitable tolerance.
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
10
Fig. 3-3. Flexural failure modes for FRP-reinforced concrete beams.
Tensi on Fai l ur e
If the FRP reinforcement ratio is less than the balanced
failure reinforcement ratio, then the section will fail by FRP
tensile rupture before the concrete in the compression zone
crushes (Fig. 3-3c). This situation is different from an
under-reinforced concrete member with steel reinforcement
in that there is no yielding of the FRP. In this case, the
strain in the concrete at failure is less than
cu
= 0.0035, and
the strain in the FRP reinforcement is given by:
frp
frpu
frpu
E
f
= (Eq. 3-15)
Because the concrete in the compression zone is not at
ultimate, the stress distribution in the concrete cannot be
Cross-section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution
Equivalent
Stress Distribution
b
d
A
frpb
c
b
cu
frpu
c
f
c
C
T f
frpu
a =
1
c
b
d
A
frp
c
cu
frp
<
frpu
c
f
c
C
T f
frp
a =
1
c
d
A
frp
c
c
<
cu
frpu
c
f
c
C
T f
frpu
a = c
(a)
BALANCED
FAILURE
c
=
cu
frp
=
frpu
(b)
COMPRESSION
FAILURE
c
=
cu
frp
<
frpu
(c)
TENSION FAILURE
c
<
cu
frp
=
frpu
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
11
described using the equivalent rectangular stress block
parameters used previously. The
1
and
1
parameters
suggested by CSA A23.3-94/CHBDC are valid only for the
case of
c
=
cu
. Thus, modified stress block parameters are
required. These modified parameters, and , can be
determined either from tabulated values available in ISIS
Design Manual No. 3, or from Figs. 3-2 and 3-3 below,
which give and as functions of the strain in the concrete
for a variety of concrete strengths.
Fig. 3-2. Equivalent stress-block parameter for
concrete.
Fig. 3-3. Equivalent stress-block parameter for
concrete.
Once and have been determined, the tensile and
compressive stress resultants can be determined for an
assumed value of the neutral axis depth using:
frp frpu frp frp frpu frp frp
E A f A T = = (Eq. 3-16)
cb f C
c c
'
= (Eq. 3-17)
Again, for equilibrium it is required that:
T C = (Eq. 3-18)
If the above equation is not satisfied, then a new value of the
neutral axis depth is assumed, and are reevaluated, and
Eq. 3-18 is checked. This process is repeated in an iterative
fashion until Eq. 3-18 is satisfied. For each iteration, the
updated neutral axis depth, c, can be determined using:
b f
E A
c
c c
frp frpu frp frp
'
= (Eq. 3-19)
where and are determined at the following concrete
strain (from strain compatibility, Fig. 3-3c):
c d
c
frpu c
= (Eq. 3-20)
Once the tensile and compressive stress resultants are
known, the moment resistance of the member can be
determined by taking moments about the compressive stress
resultant. Thus:
=
2
c
d f A M
frpu frp frp r
(Eq. 3-21)
Due to the brittle failure associated with failure by rupture
of the FRP reinforcement, it is recommended that and
additional safety requirement of:
f
M
r
M 5 . 1 (Eq. 3-22)
be applied when failure is by tensile rupture of the FRP.
MI NI MUM FLEXURAL RESI STANCE
Three criteria are suggested by ISIS Canada Design Manual
No. 3 to provide minimum tensile reinforcement for an
FRP-reinforced concrete member.
Failure of a member immediately after cracking, which
occurs suddenly and without warning, should be avoided.
Thus, the moment resistance of an FRP-reinforced concrete
member, M
r
, should be at least 50% greater than the
cracking moment, M
cr
. Hence:
cr r
M M 5 . 1 (Eq. 3-23)
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
12
The cracking moment is determined from the modulus of
rupture of the concrete, f
r
, the moment of inertia of the
transformed section, I
t
, and the distance from the centroidal
axis of the transformed section to the extreme tension fibre,
y
t
, using:
t
t r
cr
y
I f
M = where
c r
f f ' 6 . 0 = (Eq. 3-24)
As the minimum reinforcement condition is usually
governed by tensile rupture of the FRP reinforcement, the
moment resistance, M
r
, must be at least 50% greater than
the moment due to the factored loads, M
f
. Thus:
f
M
r
M 5 . 1 (Eq. 3-25)
ADDI TI ONAL CONSI DERATI ONS
Beams w i t h FRP Rebar s i n Mul t i pl e
l ayer s
For the case of FRP-reinforced concrete beams with
reinforcement in two or more layers, the strain in the outer
layer of FRP reinforcement is the critical strain. This means
that lumping of reinforcement, as is commonly performed
in the analysis of steel-reinforced concrete beams, is not
permitted (refer to Figure 3-4). Members can be easily
designed on the basis of the strain in the outermost layer of
FRP reinforcing bars by assuming strain compatibility.
Fig. 3-4. Lumping of reinforcement is not
permitted.
Beams w i t h Compr essi on
Rei nf or c ement
FRP reinforcing materials are generally weak in
compression. Although these materials may be used as
compression reinforcement, their contribution to the flexural
strength of FRP-reinforced concrete members should be
neglected.
Section 4
Ser vi c eabi l i t y
GENERAL
Serviceability considerations, relating both to cracking and
to deflection, are crucial factors in the design of FRP-
reinforced concrete flexural members. FRP reinforcing bars
generally have much higher strengths than the yield strength
of conventional steel reinforcement. However, the modulus
of elasticity of FRP materials is generally less than that of
reinforcing steel, and this can lead to the formation of large
cracks or to unserviceable deflections. The result is that, in
many cases, serviceability considerations may control the
design of FRP-reinforced concrete members.
CRACKI NG
In steel-reinforced concrete members, it is necessary to
control crack widths both for aesthetic reasons and to
prevent corrosion of reinforcing steel. For FRP-reinforced
members, there is no such corrosion requirement (FRP bars
are non-corrosive) and so cracking must be limited
primarily for aesthetic reasons, as well as to control service
load stresses in the reinforcement (to prevent creep-rupture).
If there is a need to calculate the crack width at service
load levels for an FRP-reinforced concrete member,
guidance is available in Section 7.4.1 of ISIS Design
Manual No. 3. The limiting crack width for FRP-reinforced
members is recommended by CHBDC (CSA, 2005) to be
0.7 mm, except for members subjected to aggressive
environments where 0.5 mm is recommended. Alternatively,
as a conservative approach, the ISIS design guidelines
suggest, to control cracking, that the maximum strain in
tensile FRP reinforcement at service should not exceed
0.2%. Thus:
002 . 0
frps
(Eq. 4-1)
The strain in the FRP at service load levels can be
determined using the concept of transformed sections in
either cracked or un-cracked sections.
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
13
If there is a need to calculate the crack width at service
load levels for an FRP-reinforced concrete member,
guidance is available in Section 7.3.1 of ISIS Design
Manual No. 3.
DEFLECTI ON
Since the modulus of elasticity of FRP reinforcement is
generally substantially lower than for conventional steel
reinforcement, FRP-reinforced members typically display
significantly more deflection than equivalent steel-
reinforced members. This means that the minimum
thickness (overall member depth) requirements used in CSA
A23.3-94 or CSA S6-05 for steel-reinforced concrete are
unconservative, and are thus not directly applicable to
members reinforced with FRPs. Furthermore, deflections
for FRP-reinforced concrete members must be checked
against the requirements of CSA A23.3-94 or CSA S6-05
using the effective moment of inertia, as described below.
MI NI MUM THI CKNESS
For steel-reinforced concrete structures, CSA A23.3-94
recommends span-to-depth ratios for a variety of member
types and end conditions to ensure adequate deflection
control. For FRP-reinforced concrete members, the
following equation should be used to ensure similar span to
deflection ratios as for steel-reinforced beams:
d
frp
s
s
n
frp
n
h h
l l
(Eq. 4-2)
where:
n
is the member length [mm]
h is the member thickness [mm]
s
is the maximum strain allowed in the steel
reinforcement in service
frps
is the maximum strain allowed in the FRP
reinforcement in service
d
is a dimensionless coefficient taken as 0.50 for
a rectangular section
The ratio (l
n
/h)
s
is the equivalent ratio for steel-reinforced
concrete and is obtained from Table 9-1 of CSA A23.3-94.
EFFECTI VE MOMENT OF I NERTI A
If a member remains uncracked under service loads, then
deflection requirements can be checked using the concept of
transformed sections. However, if the member is cracked
under service load, the effective moment of inertia should
be calculated (for a rectangular section) using the following
equation, which was empirically derived from test data on
FRP-reinforced concrete members:
( )
cr t
a
cr
cr
cr t
e
I I
M
M
I
I I
I
+
=
2
5 . 0 1
(Eq. 4-3)
where: I
cr
is the moment of inertia of the cracked section
transformed to concrete with concrete in tension
ignored, calculated using the Eq. 4-4 below [mm
4
]
I
t
is the moment of inertia of a non-cracked section
transformed to concrete [mm
4
]
M
cr
is the cracking Moment [Nmm]
M
a
is the maximum moment in a member at the
load stage at which deflection is being calculated
[Nmm]
2
3
) 1 (
3
) (
k d A n
kd b
I
frp frp cr
+ = (Eq. 4-4)
where: b is the width of the compression zone [mm]
d is the effective depth of the section [mm]
n
frp
is the modular ratio E
frp
/E
c
The neutral axis depth, kd, can be calculated using the
following equation:
( )
+ + =
frp frp frp frp frp frp
n n n k 2
2
(Eq. 4-5)
where:
frp
is the FRP reinforcement ratio.
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
14
Section 5
Def or mabi l i t y
In the past, the concept of a balanced section was used to
implicitly design steel-reinforced concrete structures for
ductile behaviour. Traditionally, a balanced section is one
in which the steel reinforcement reaches the yield strain
simultaneously with the crushing strain being reached in the
concrete. It was recognized that an under-reinforced design,
having reinforcement less than the balanced condition, gave
ductile behaviour, with very large curvature observed prior
to failure. Conversely, an over-reinforced design, with
reinforcement above the balanced condition, gave a very
safe structure with comparatively less deformation observed
prior to failure. Thus, a trade-off between ductility and
safety was recognized.
Unlike steel, FRP reinforcement has a linear strain-
stress relationship. For FRP reinforcement there is no
plastic phase. However, because of the comparatively low
modulus of elasticity of FRP reinforcing materials, an FRP-
reinforced member will also exhibit sufficiently large
curvature at failure. Because of this important difference in
the characteristics of FRP reinforcement, in comparison
with steel, it is important that issues of deformability and
safety be thoroughly investigated.
ISIS Canada Design Manual No. 3 suggests that the
FRP reinforcement ratio can be less than the balanced FRP
reinforcement ratio, provided that the curvature at service
loads is an acceptably low proportion of the curvature at
ultimate. This concept is referred to as deformability and
can be summarized, for rectangular and T-beams in flexure,
by the following equation:
=
s s
u u
M
M
DF
=
s s
u u
M
M
DF
= =
bd
A
frp
frp
3. Calculate the balanced FRP reinforcement ratio (Eq. 3-8):
( )
0125 . 0
0146 . 0 0035 . 0
0035 . 0
617
35
4 . 0
65 . 0
88 . 0 80 . 0
'
1 1
=
+
=
+
= =
frpu cu
cu
frpu
c
frp
c
frpb
frpb
f
f
bd
A
Where:
80 . 0 ' 0015 . 0 85 . 0
1
= =
c
f (Eq. 3-4)
88 . 0 ' 0025 . 0 97 . 0
1
= =
c
f (Eq. 3-5)
0146 . 0
10 42
617
3
=
= =
frp
frpu
frpu
E
f
(Eq. 3-1)
4. Check if the section will fail by tension failure or
compression failure. In this case:
0125 . 0 00532 . 0 = < =
frpb frp
Therefore, we have TENSION FAILURE, and the strain
distribution is as shown in Fig. 9-1.
5. Perform an iterative strain-compatibility analysis:
Assume the neutral axis depth, c = 50 mm. The value of 50
mm is arbitrary, but is likely a reasonable first guess. Now,
using strain compatibility:
c d c
frpu
c
which gives:
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
17
6
10 1448
50 554
0146 . 0
50
=
=
c
Fig. 9-1. Strain compatibility analysis.
The tensile stress resultant can be calculated directly using
Eq. 3-16:
( )( )
kN 255
N 254698 617 129 8 4 . 0
=
= =
=
frpu frp frp
f A T
where
frp
is determined according to Table 3-1.
The compressive stress resultant is more difficult to obtain.
It is given by Eq. 3-17:
cb f C
c c
'
=
Because the strain in the extreme concrete compression
fibre is less than ultimate, the equivalent rectangular stress
block factors, and , must be determined from Figs. 3-2
and 3-3.
From Fig. 3-2, with a concrete strain of
c
= 1448 10
-6
and interpolating between the curves for 30 and 40 MPa
concrete, we find that = 0.75. Using Fig. 3-3, with the
same concrete strain as above, we find = 0.69.
Now, the compressive stress resultant can be obtained:
( )( )( )( )( )
kN 206
N 030 06 2 350 50 69 . 0 35 65 . 0 75 . 0
'
=
= =
= cb f C
c c
Now we must check for equilibrium of the stress-resultants
on the cross-section:
255 206 = < = T C
Since C < T, further iteration is required. We will try
increasing (guessing) the neutral axis depth to 55 mm. In
the same manner as above, the following can be determined:
6
10 1674
57 554
0146 . 0
57
=
=
c
( )( )
kN 255
N 046 382 617 129 8 4 . 0
=
= = T
The stress block parameters, = 0.80 and = 0.69, are
again determined from Figs. 3-2 and 3-3. Giving:
( )( )( )( )( )
kN 251
N 505532 2 350 57 69 . 0 35 65 . 0 8 . 0
=
= = C
255 251 = = T C OK
This time, C and T are approximately equal, and we can
continue to determine the moment capacity using Eq. 3-21:
( )( )
m kN 1 . 136 mm N 10 1 . 136
2
57 69 . 0
554 617 129 8 4 . 0
2
6
= =
=
c
d f A M
frpu frp frp r
Thus, the moment capacity of the section is 136.1 kNm.
Finally, we must check that the minimum flexural
capacity requirements are satisfied. Using Eq. 3-23:
cr r
M M 5 . 1
The cracking moment is determined using Eq. 3-24:
( )( )
m kN 0 . 74 mm N 10 0 . 74
302
10 30 . 6 35 6 . 0
6
9
= =
=
=
t
t r
cr
y
I f
M
where:
0.0146
c
<
cu
d= 554mm
c
350 mm
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
18
c r
f f ' 6 . 0 =
inertia of moment section ed transform =
t
I
fibre tension extreme to N.A. from distance =
t
y
Thus we have:
m kN 111 0 . 74 5 . 1 5 . 1 m kN 136 = = =
cr r
M M
OK
Thus, the beam has satisfactory capacity to avoid failure
upon cracking.
The reader should note that the beam in the preceding
analysis may not be adequate with regard to serviceability
requirements, particularly given that the modulus of
ISOROD GFRP reinforcement is less than that of
conventional steel reinforcement. Serviceability
requirements for cracking and deflection should also be
investigated, although they are not covered here.
EXAMPLE 2
Moment Capac i t y Anal ysi s of a Rec t angul ar Beam w i t h Tensi on Rei nf or c ement
(Compr essi on Fai l ur e)
Pr obl em:
Calculate the factored moment resistance, M
r
, for a precast
(
c
= 0.65) FRP-reinforced concrete section with the
following dimensions:
Section width b = 300 mm
Section depth h = 500 mm
The tensile reinforcement consists of six #10 ISOROD
CFRP bars in a single layer. Assume that the shear
reinforcement consists of 5 mm diameter Leadline
TM
stirrups and that the beam has an interior exposure
condition.
Given information:
Concrete compressive strength, f
c
= 35 MPa.
ISOROD CFRP tensile strength, f
frpu
= 1596 MPa
ISOROD CFRP tensile modulus, E
frp
= 111 GPa
The area of one #10 bar, A
bar
= 71 mm
2
The diameter of one #10 bar, d
b
= 9.3 mm
Sol ut i on:
1. Determine the concrete cover and the effective depth of
the section.
The required concrete cover to the flexural reinforcement is
(Table 6-1):
mm 40 or mm 23 ) 3 . 9 )( 5 . 2 ( 5 . 2 = =
b
d
The effective depth, d, is calculated from:
mm 455
2
3 . 9
40 500
2
cover = = =
b
d
h d
2. Calculate the FRP reinforcement ratio:
( )
( )
% 312 . 0 00312 . 0
455 300
71 6
= =
= =
bd
A
frp
frp
3. Calculate the balanced FRP reinforcement ratio
(Eq. 3-8):
( )
% 245 . 0 00245 . 0
0144 . 0 0035 . 0
0035 . 0
1596
35
8 . 0
65 . 0
88 . 0 80 . 0
'
1 1
= =
+
=
+
= =
frpu cu
cu
frpu
c
frp
c
frpb
frpb
f
f
bd
A
Where:
80 . 0 ' 0015 . 0 85 . 0
1
= =
c
f (Eq. 3-4)
88 . 0 ' 0025 . 0 97 . 0
1
= =
c
f (Eq. 3-5)
0144 . 0
10 111
1596
3
=
= =
frp
frpu
frpu
E
f
(Eq. 3-1)
4. Check if the section will fail by tension failure or
compression failure. In this case:
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
19
00245 . 0 00312 . 0 = > =
frpb frp
Therefore, we have COMPRESSION FAILURE, and the
strain distribution is as follows:
Fig. 9-1. Strain compatibility analysis.
5. Determine the tensile stress in the FRP reinforcement at
compressive failure of the section (Eq. 3-8):
( )( )
( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )
MPa 1396
1
0035 . 0 111000 8 . 0 10 12 . 3
35 65 . 0 88 . 0 80 . 0 4
1
0035 . 0 111000 5 . 0
1
4
1 5 . 0
2
1
3
2
1
'
1 1
=
+
=
+ =
cu
frp
frp frp
c c
cu frp frp
E
f
E f
6. Determine the stress block depth, a (Eq. 3-11):
( )( )
( )( )( )
mm 87
300 35 65 . 0 80 . 0
1387 71 6 8 . 0
'
1
1
=
=
= =
b f
f A
a c
c c
frp frp frp
7. Determine the flexural capacity, M
r
(Eq. 3-14):
( )( )
m kN 196 mm N 10 196
2
87
455 1396 71 6 8 . 0
2
6
= =
=
a
d f A M
frp frp frp r
Thus, the moment capacity of the section is 196 kNm.
Finally, we must check that the minimum flexural capacity
requirements are satisfied. Using Eq. 3-23:
cr r
M M 5 . 1
The cracking moment is determined using Eq. 3-24:
( )( )
m kN 8 . 45 mm N 10 8 . 45
248
10 20 . 3 35 6 . 0
6
9
= =
=
=
t
t r
cr
y
I f
M
where:
c r
f f ' 6 . 0 =
inertia of moment section ed transform =
t
I
fibre tension extreme to N.A. from distance =
t
y
Thus we have:
m kN 7 . 68 8 . 45 5 . 1 5 . 1 m kN 196 = = =
cr r
M M
OK
Thus, the beam has satisfactory capacity to avoid failure
upon cracking.
The reader should note that the beam in the preceding
analysis may not be adequate with regard to serviceability
requirements, particularly given that the modulus of
ISOROD CFRP reinforcement is less than that of
conventional steel reinforcement. Serviceability
requirements for cracking and deflection should also be
investigated, although they are not covered here.
frp
<
frpu
cu
= 0.0035
d= 455 mm
c
300 mm
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
20
Section 9
Fi el d Appl i c at i ons
The following case studies provide examples of field
applications where FRP reinforcement has been used
successfully for reinforcement of concrete. Further
information on a variety of additional field applications can
be obtained from the ISIS Canada website
(www.isiscanada.com).
TAYLOR BRI DGE
A significant research milestone was achieved on October 8,
1998 when Manitobas Department of Highways and
Transportation opened the Taylor Bridge in Headingley,
Manitoba. The two-lane, 165.1-metre-long structure has
four out of 40 precast concrete girders reinforced with
carbon FRP stirrups. These girders are also prestressed with
carbon FRP cables and bars. Glass FRP reinforcement has
been used in portions of the barrier walls.
Fig. 10-1. The Taylor Bridge, in Headingly
Manitoba, during construction.
As a demonstration project, it was vital the materials be
tested under the same conditions as conventional steel
reinforcement. Thus only a portion of the bridge was
designed using FRPs.
Two types of carbon FRP reinforcements were used in
the Taylor bridge. Carbon fibre composite cables produced
by Tokyo Rope, Japan, were used to pretension two girders,
while the other two girders were pretensioned using
Leadline bars produced by Mitsubishi Chemical
Corporation, Japan.
Two of the four FRP-reinforced girders were reinforced
for shear using carbon FRP stirrups and leadline bars in a
rectangular cross section. The other two beams were
reinforced for shear using epoxy coated steel reinforcement.
The deck slab was reinforced by Leadline bars similar
to those used for prestressing. Glass FRP reinforcement
produced by Marshall Industries Composites Inc. was used
to reinforce a portion of the barrier wall. Double-headed
stainless steel tension bars were used for the connection
between the barrier wall and the deck slab.
The bridge incorporates a complex embedded fibre
optic structural sensing system that will allow engineers to
compare the long-term behaviour of the various materials.
This remote monitoring is an important factor in acquiring
long-term data on FRPs that is required for widespread
acceptance of these materials through national and
international codes of practice.
Fig. 10-2. Placing the FRP-reinforced concrete
deck of the Taylor Bridge.
J OFFRE BRI DGE
Early in August of 1997, the province of Qubec decided to
construct a bridge using carbon FRP reinforcement. The
Joffre Bridge, spanning the Saint Francois River, was
another contribution to the increasing number of FRP-
reinforced bridges in Canada. A portion of the Joffre Bridge
concrete deck slab is reinforced with carbon FRP, as are
portions of the traffic barrier wall and the sidewalk.
The bridge is outfitted extensively with various kinds of
monitoring instruments including fibre optic sensors
embedded within the FRP reinforcement (these are referred
to as smart reinforcements). Over 180 monitoring
instruments are installed at critical locations in the concrete
deck slab and on the steel girders, to monitor the behaviour
of the FRP reinforcement under service conditions. The
instrumentation is also providing valuable information on
long-term performance of the concrete deck slab reinforced
with FRP materials.
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
21
Fig. 10-3. Placement of FRP grid for Joffre Bridges
concrete deck reinforcement (yellow coils are
sensor lead wires).
Fig. 10-4. Aerial view of Joffre Bridge during
construction.
WOTTON BRI DGE
Wotton Bridge, in the municipality of Wotton, Qubec, is a
single span prestressed concrete girder bridge with a total
length of 30.6 metres and a width of 8.9 metres. The deck
slab rests on four prestressed concrete girders, spaced at 2.3
metres, with a cantilever slab of one metre on either side.
The deck slab is reinforced internally with ISOROD GFRP
and CFRP reinforcing bars with diameters of 15 mm and 10
mm respectively. FRP reinforcement is used both for top
and bottom slab reinforcement.
MORRI STOWN BRI DGE
The Morristown Bridge, in the State of Vermont, USA, is a
single-span integral abutment bridge with a total length of
43 metres and a width of 11.3 metres. The deck slab has a
thickness of 230 mm and rests on 5 steel girders spaced at
2.4 metres. The deck slab cantilevers on either side of the
bridge are 0.92 metres in length. Top and bottom deck
reinforcement consists of ISOROD GFRP reinforcing bars.
Fig. 10-5. Placement of GFRP and CFRP
reinforcement in the Wotton Bridge deck.
Fig. 10-6. The completed Wotton Bridge.
Fig. 10-7. The GFRP-reinforced Morristown Bridge
deck just before placement of the concrete deck
slab.
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
22
Fig. 10-8. Close-up of the Morristown Bridge
decks GFRP reinforcement just before placement
of the concrete (bars were bundled in this
application).
Section 10
Ref er enc es and Addi t i onal Gui danc e
Additional information on the use of FRP materials can be obtained in various documents available from ISIS Canada:
ISIS Design Manual No. 4: Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Structures with Externally-Bonded Fiber Reinforced
Polymers.
ISIS Design Manual No. 5: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRPs.
ISIS Educational Module 1: Mechanics Examples Incorporating FRP Materials.
ISIS Educational Module 2: An Introduction to FRP Composites for Construction.
ISIS Educational Module 4: An Introduction to FRP-Strengthening of Concrete Structures.
Due to the increasing popularity and use of FRP reinforcements in the concrete construction industry, a number of design
recommendations have recently been produced by various organizations for the design of concrete structures with internal
FRP reinforcement. The following documents should be consulted for additional information or if design with FRP materials
is being contemplated.
ISIS Design Manual No. 3: Reinforcing Concrete Structures with Fiber Reinforced Polymers.
Published by Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures Canada, Winnipeg, MB. 2001
CAN/CSA-S806-02: Design and Construction of Building components with Fibre Reinforced Polymers.
Published by the Canadian Standards Association, Ottawa, ON. 2002.
CAN/CSA-S6-05: Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code.
Published by the Canadian Standards Association, Ottawa, ON. 2005.
ACI 440.1R-03: Guide for the design and construction Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars.
Published by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. 2003.
Not at i on
A
frp
cross-sectional area of FRP reinforcement in tension (mm
2
)
A
frpb
cross-sectional area of FRP reinforcement at the balanced failure condition (mm
2
)
A
frpmin
minimum area of FRP required (mm
2
)
a depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block (mm)
b width of the compression zone for a rectangular section (mm)
C compressive stress resultant (N)
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
23
C
n
nominal compressive stress resultant (N)
c depth of neutral axis (mm)
c
b
depth of the neutral axis at the balanced failure condition (mm)
d effective depth of the section (mm)
d
b
diameter of the reinforcement (mm)
E
c
elastic modulus of the concrete (MPa)
E
frp
elastic modulus of the FRP (MPa)
f
c
compressive strength of the concrete (MPa)
f
frp
stress in the FRP reinforcement at failure (MPa)
f
frpu
ultimate tensile strength of the FRP (MPa)
f
r
modulus of rupture of the concrete (MPa)
h overall member depth (mm)
I
cr
moment of inertia of the cracked section transformed to concrete with concrete in tension ignored (mm
4
)
I
t
moment of inertia of the transformed section (mm
4
)
n
member length (mm)
M
a
maximum moment in a member at the load stage at which deflection is being calculated (Nmm)
M
cr
cracking moment of the cross-section (Nmm)
M
f
moment due to the factored loads (Nmm)
M
r
factored moment resistance of the cross-section (Nmm)
n
frp
modular ratio E
frp
/E
c
T tensile stress resultant (N)
T
n
nominal tensile stress resultant (N)
y
t
distance from the centroidal axis of the transformed section to the extreme tension fibre (mm)
stress-block parameter for concrete at a strain less than ultimate
1
CSA A23.3-94 stress-block parameter for concrete at ultimate
d
dimensionless coefficient taken as 0.50 for a rectangular section
stress-block parameter for concrete at a strain less than ultimate
1
CSA A23.3-94 stress-block parameter for concrete at ultimate
cu
ultimate concrete strain
frp
strain in the FRP reinforcement at compression failure
frps
strain in the tensile FRP reinforcement at service load
frpu
ultimate strain of the FRP in tension
s
maximum strain allowed in the reinforcement in service
c
material resistance factor for concrete
frp
material resistance factor of FRP reinforcement
frpb
balanced failure reinforcement ratio
frp
FRP reinforcement ratio
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
24
Appendi x A:
Suggested Student Assignment
Pr obl em #1:
Calculate the factored moment resistance, M
r
, in positive
bending, for the precast (
c
= 0.65) FRP-reinforced concrete
section shown below. Assume that the beam has an interior
exposure condition:
Material Properties:
Concrete Compressive Strength, f
c
= 45 MPa
FRP Ultimate Strength, f
frpu
= 1596 MPa
FRP Elastic Modulus, E
frp
= 111 MPa
Area of FRP Bars, A
bar
= 71 mm
2
Pr obl em #2:
Calculate the factored moment resistance, M
r
, in positive
bending, for the precast (
c
= 0.65) FRP-reinforced concrete
section shown below. Assume that the beam has an interior
exposure condition:
Material Properties:
Concrete Compressive Strength, f
c
= 40 MPa
FRP Ultimate Strength, f
frpu
= 2255 MPa
FRP Elastic Modulus, E
frp
= 147 MPa
Area of FRP Bars, A
bar
= 113 mm
2
5
0
0
m
m
250 mm
3 9.3 mm diameter
carbon ISOROD bars
2 9.3 mm diameter
carbon ISOROD bars
4
0
0
m
m
300 mm
6 12 mm diameter
carbon Leadline
TM
bars
in two layers
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
25
Appendi x B:
Assignment Solutions
Pr obl em #1:
Calculate the factored moment resistance, M
r
, in positive
bending, for the precast (
c
= 0.65) FRP-reinforced concrete
section shown below. Assume that the beam has an interior
exposure condition:
Material Properties:
Concrete Compressive Strength, f
c
= 45 MPa
FRP Ultimate Strength, f
frpu
= 1596 MPa
FRP Elastic Modulus, E
frp
= 111 MPa
Area of FRP Bars, A
bar
= 71 mm
2
Sol ut i on:
1. First, note that we always assume FRP reinforcement is
ineffective in compression. Thus, we can completely ignore
the compression reinforcement for the purposes of this
problem. Next, determine the concrete cover and the
effective depth of the section.
The required concrete cover to the main reinforcement is
(Table 6-1):
mm 40 or mm 23 ) 3 . 9 )( 5 . 2 ( 5 . 2 = =
b
d
40 mm cover governs.
The effective depth, d, is thus:
mm 455
2
3 . 9
40 500
2
cover = = =
b
d
h d
2. Calculate the FRP reinforcement ratio:
( )
( )
3
10 87 . 1
455 250
71 3
=
= =
bd
A
frp
frp
3. Calculate the balanced FRP reinforcement ratio
(Eq. 3-8):
( )
3
1 1
10 02 . 3
0143 . 0 0035 . 0
0035 . 0
1596
45
8 . 0
65 . 0
86 . 0 78 . 0
'
+
=
+
= =
frpu cu
cu
frpu
c
frp
c
frpb
frpb
f
f
bd
A
Where:
78 . 0 ' 0015 . 0 85 . 0
1
= =
c
f (Eq. 3-4)
86 . 0 ' 0025 . 0 97 . 0
1
= =
c
f (Eq. 3-5)
0143 . 0
10 111
1596
3
=
= =
frp
frpu
frpu
E
f
(Eq. 3-1)
4. Check if the section will fail by tension failure or
compression failure. In this case:
3 3
10 02 . 3 10 87 . 1
= < =
frpb frp
Therefore, we have TENSION FAILURE, and the strain
distribution is as follows:
5
0
0
m
m
250 mm
3 9.3 mm diameter
carbon ISOROD bars
2 9.3 mm diameter
carbon ISOROD bars
0.0143
c
<
cu
d
=
4
5
5
m
m
c
250
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
26
5. Perform an iterative strain-compatibility analysis:
Assume the neutral axis depth, c = 60 mm. Using strain
compatibility:
6
10 2172
60 455
0143 . 0
60
=
=
c
frpu
c
c d c
The tensile stress resultant can be calculated directly using
Eq. 3-16:
( )( )
kN 272
N 272000 1596 71 3 8 . 0
=
= =
=
frpu frp frp
f A T
where
frp
is determined according to Table 3-1.
The compressive stress resultant obtained using Eq. 3-17:
cb f C
c c
'
=
The strain in the extreme compression fibre is less than
ultimate, and , must therefore be determined from Figs.
3-2 and 3-3. From Fig. 3-2, with a concrete strain of
c
=
2172 10
-6
and interpolating between the curves for 40 and
50 MPa concrete, we find that = 0.90. Using Fig. 3-3 we
find = 0.70.
The compressive stress resultant can be obtained:
( )( )( )( )( )
kN 276
N 276412 250 60 70 . 0 45 65 . 0 90 . 0
'
=
= =
= cb f C
c c
Check for equilibrium of the stress-resultants on the cross-
section:
272 276 = = T C
Since C T, further iteration is not required.
6. Determine the moment capacity using Eq. 3-21:
( )( )
m kN 118 mm N 10 118
2
60 70 . 0
455 1596 71 3 8 . 0
2
6
= =
=
c
d f A M
frpu frp frp r
Thus, the moment capacity of the section is 118 kNm.
7. Check that the minimum flexural capacity requirements
are satisfied. Using Eq. 3-23:
cr r
M M 5 . 1
The cracking moment is determined using Eq. 3-24:
( )( )
m kN 42 mm N 10 42
250
10 88 . 2636 45 6 . 0
6
6
= =
=
=
t
t r
cr
y
I f
M
Thus we have:
m kN 63 42 5 . 1 5 . 1 m kN 118 = = =
cr r
M M
OK
Therefore, the flexural resistance of the carbon FRP-
reinforced concrete beam is 118 kNm.
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
27
Pr obl em #2:
Calculate the factored moment resistance, M
r
, in positive
bending, for the precast (
c
= 0.65) FRP-reinforced concrete
section shown below. Assume that the beam has an interior
exposure condition:
Material Properties:
Concrete Compressive Strength, f
c
= 40 MPa
FRP Ultimate Strength, f
frpu
= 2255 MPa
FRP Elastic Modulus, E
frp
= 147 MPa
Area of FRP Bars, A
bar
= 113 mm
2
Maximum aggregate size, MAS = 14 mm
Sol ut i on:
1. Determine the concrete cover and the effective depth of
the section. The required concrete cover to the flexural
reinforcement is (Table 6-1):
mm 40 or mm 30 ) 12 )( 5 . 2 ( 5 . 2 = =
b
d
The bar spacing requirements dictate that the spacing
between layers of reinforcement must be the greater of:
mm 17 ) 12 )( 4 . 1 ( 4 . 1 = =
b
d ;
mm 20 ) 14 )( 4 . 1 ( 4 . 1 = = MAS ;
mm 30 ; or
the concrete cover of mm 40 Governs
The effective depth to the bottom layer of reinforcement, d,
is (note that we may not lump the reinforcement as we
would normally do for steel reinforced concrete):
mm 354
2
12
40 400
2
cover = = =
b
bottom
d
h d
The depth to the top layer of reinforcement is:
mm 314 40
2
12
40 400
40
2
cover
= =
=
b
top
d
h d
2. Calculate the FRP reinforcement ratio (here we will use
the average value of effective depth, THIS STEP ONLY!):
( )
( )
3
10 76 . 6
334 300
113 6
=
= =
bd
A
frp
frp
3. Calculate the balanced FRP reinforcement ratio
(Eq. 3-8):
( )
3
1 1
10 84 . 1
0153 . 0 0035 . 0
0035 . 0
2255
40
8 . 0
65 . 0
87 . 0 79 . 0
'
+
=
+
= =
frpu cu
cu
frpu
c
frp
c
frpb
frpb
f
f
bd
A
Where:
79 . 0 ' 0015 . 0 85 . 0
1
= =
c
f (Eq. 3-4)
87 . 0 ' 0025 . 0 97 . 0
1
= =
c
f (Eq. 3-5)
0153 . 0
10 147
2255
3
=
= =
frp
frpu
frpu
E
f
(Eq. 3-1)
4. Check if the section will fail by tension failure or
compression failure. In this case:
3 3
10 84 . 1 10 76 . 6
= > =
frpb frp
Therefore, we have COMPRESSION FAILURE, and the
strain distribution is as follows:
4
0
0
m
m
300 mm
6 12 mm diameter
carbon Leadline
TM
bars
in two layers
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
28
5. Assume the neutral axis depth, c = 115 mm (educated
guess).
6. Now we must determine the actual stresses in the
different layers of FRP reinforcement (NO LUMPING) and
check that the compression and tensile forces are equal.
From the strain profile shown above:
( )
6
,
,
10 7274
115
0035 . 0
115 354
= =
=
bottom frp
bottom
bottom frp
cu
c d c
( )
6
,
,
10 6057
115
0035 . 0
115 314
= =
=
top frp
top
top frp
cu
c d c
Now, the tension force is calculated by summing the
contributions of both layers of FRP:
( )( )( )
kN 290 N 290000
147000 10 7274 113 3 8 . 0
6
,
= =
=
=
frp
<
frpu
cu
= 0.0035
d
b
o
t
t
o
m
=
3
5
4
m
m
c
d
t
o
p
=
3
1
4
m
m
frp,top
frp,bottom
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
29
mm N 10 175
2
104
314 10 282
2
104
354 10 336
2
2
6
3
3
, ,
, ,
=
=
a
d f A
a
d f A M
top top frp top frp frp
bottom bottom frp bottom frp frp r
Thus, the moment capacity of the section is 175 kNm.
Finally, we must check that the minimum flexural capacity
requirements are satisfied. Using Eq. 3-23:
cr r
M M 5 . 1
The cracking moment is determined using Eq. 3-24:
( )
mm N 10 3 . 30
200
12
400 300
40 6 . 0
6
3
=
=
=
t
t r
cr
y
I f
M
Thus we have:
( ) 5 . 45 3 . 30 5 . 1 5 . 1 175 = = =
cr r
M M OK
Thus, the beam has satisfactory capacity to avoid failure
upon cracking.
Therefore, the flexural resistance of the carbon FRP-
reinforced concrete beam is 175 kNm.
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
30
Appendi x C:
Suggested Laboratory
The following laboratory procedure is given as an example
of a reinforced concrete laboratory that can be given in
conjunction with an undergraduate course on reinforced
concrete design, and that includes both conventional
reinforcing steel and internal FRP reinforcement. Given the
wide variety of laboratory and testing facilities available at
various Canadian universities, this laboratory is given
primarily as an example for professors of what can be done
using FRP reinforcement to increase the impact and student
understanding of traditional reinforced concrete labs.
Inclusion of FRP reinforcement into traditional
reinforced concrete laboratories is advantageous for a
number of reasons, including:
it introduces students to a new and innovative material
which is gaining acceptance within the reinforced
concrete industry;
it increases student understanding of the fundamental
concepts and assumptions, including serviceability and
deflection, used in reinforced concrete beam design and
analysis;
it forces students to consider and understand important
mechanics concepts such as elasticity, plasticity, and
ductility; and
it exposes students to the state-of-the-art in reinforced
concrete design and thus increases student enthusiasm
for the course content, subsequently, in many cases,
increasing student participation and effort.
The laboratory presented herein suggests the use of
glass FRP reinforcing bars, ISOROD, manufactured by
Pultrall Inc. It is important to recognize that the laboratory
procedures can be adapted to include the use of any specific
type of FRP reinforcement, and this specific type of
reinforcement has been used here only as an example.
Caut i on:
FRP Materials
FRPs are linear elastic materials. As such, these materials
do not display the yielding behaviour observed when testing
steel and they provide little warning prior to failure. In
addition, beams which fail in shear or due to FRP rupture
may fail suddenly and with little warning. It is important
that instructors, students, laboratory demonstrators, and
technical staff be made aware of the specific failure modes
to be expected when testing FRP materials, and that
appropriate safety precautions be taken in addition to
those precautions that are normally enforced.
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
31
Conc r et e Beam Labor at or y
OVERVI EW
This laboratory is intended to increase students
understanding of the effects of various amounts and types of
internal reinforcement, both steel and fibre reinforced
polymer (FRP), on the flexural and shear behaviour of
reinforced concrete beams. The laboratory consists of the
fabrication and testing of five concrete beams with varying
amounts and types of reinforcement. The laboratory
illustrates the following important concepts:
1. the flexural and shear behaviour of reinforced concrete
beams;
2. under-reinforced versus over-reinforced concrete
beams;
3. the effect of shear reinforcement on the load capacity,
deflection, ductility, and failure of reinforced concrete
beams;
4. the effect of reinforcement type (steel or FRP) on the
load capacity, deflection, ductility, and failure of
reinforced concrete beams; and
5. the concepts of cracking, yielding, and moment-
curvature.
The class will be divided into five groups, and each
group will be responsible for the fabrication and testing of
one of the five beams. Experimental data obtained during
testing for all beams will be made available to all groups for
use in writing the laboratory report. Each group will submit
one report only, but will comment on the results for all five
beams.
Beam Det ai l s
All beams will be fabricated from concrete with a specified
28-day concrete strength of 35 MPa (compression tests will
be conducted to determine the true 28-day strength of the
concrete). Steel reinforcement will consist of deformed
reinforcing bars with a specified yield strength of 400 MPa.
FRP reinforcement will consist of glass FRP reinforcing
bars with a specified ultimate strength of 691 MPa and a
tensile elastic modulus of 40 GPa. Note that the beams
suggested herein are given as an example only, since GFRP
bars should not directly contact steel bars in an actual field
application of GFRP reinforcement. The five beams to be
tested in this laboratory are:
1. an under-reinforced beam without shear reinforcement
(steel reinforcing bars);
2. an under-reinforced beam with shear reinforcement
(steel reinforcing bars);
3. an over-reinforced beam with shear reinforcement (steel
reinforcing bars);
4. an under-reinforced beam with shear reinforcement
(glass FRP reinforcing bars); and
5. an over-reinforced beam with shear reinforcement
(glass FRP reinforcing bars).
Dimensions and reinforcement details of the beams are
given on the following page.
I nst r ument at i on and Test i ng
All beams will be tested in four-point bending to failure, as
shown in the figure below. Strain gauges will be mounted
on the tensile reinforcement, prior to casting the concrete,
and on the concrete compression fibre. Load, deflection,
and reinforcement and concrete compressive strain will be
measured and recorded during testing. Cracking patterns
will also be marked and photographed during testing. Any
significant visual observations will be recorded throughout
the tests.
Labor at or y Repor t
The laboratory report should consist of the following:
1. A title page giving the group name and number.
2. An abstract, briefly stating the purpose and procedure
of the lab and the major conclusions drawn.
3. An introduction providing information on the material
properties, beam details, testing setup, instrumentation,
procedures, etc.
4. A calculations and analysis section detailing all
calculations performed for the laboratory. Where a
calculation has been performed more than once only a
sample calculation should be provided. A summary of
theoretical calculations should be presented in tabular
form.
5. An experimental results and discussion section,
summarizing the test results obtained for all beams
tested. This section should include photographs and
plots showing beam behaviour along with a thorough
comparison of theoretical and observed results, and a
comparison of the behaviour of the various beams.
6. A conclusion in which the major points of interest from
the above sections are highlighted. The focus in the
conclusion should be on the consequences of the
observed behaviour on the practical design of
reinforced concrete beams.
7. A list of references. All tests referenced during the
course of the laboratory project should be listed using
an accepted referencing format.
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
32
200
4
0
0
100
25
2 20M bars
1 15M bar
40 mm cover
to reinforcement
* all dimensions
in millimeters
3000
200
4
0
0
100
25
25
150 150
Etc..
2 20M bars
1 15M bar
10M stirrups
30 mm cover
to stirrups
* all dimensions in
millimeters
200
4
0
0
100
25
25
150 150
Etc..
4 25M bars
10M stirrups
30 mm cover
to stirrups
35 mm vertical
spacing between
bars
* all dim. in mm
200
4
0
0
100
25
25
150 150
Etc..
2 25 mm
glass FRP bars
10M stirrups
30 mm cover
to stirrups
* all dimensions in
millimeters
200
4
0
0
100
25
25
150 150
Etc..
2 10 mm
glass FRP bars
10M stirrups
30 mm cover
to stirrups
* all dimensions in
millimeters
BEAM #1
BEAM #2
BEAM #3
BEAM #4
BEAM #5
100
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
33
CALCULATI ONS AND ANALYSI S
The calculation and analysis section of your report should
include calculations of the following parameters according
to traditional reinforced concrete theory, as presented in
class. Each group should perform the calculations for their
specific beam and then forward their results to all other
groups:
1. Issues related to flexural strength:
a. The bending moment at first cracking of the
concrete in tension (cracking moment, M
cr
).
b. The bending moment at an extreme fibre concrete
compressive stress of 0.4f
c
.
c. The nominal (predicted) moment capacity of the
section.
d. The design (ultimate) moment capacity of the beam
according to CSA A23.3-94 for steel-reinforced
beams and according to ISIS Design Manual No. 3
for FRP-reinforced concrete beams.
2. Issues related to strain and deformation:
a. The strain in the reinforcement and in the concrete
compression fibre at first cracking of the concrete
in tension.
b. The strain in the reinforcement and concrete at an
extreme fibre concrete compressive stress of 0.4f
c
.
c. The strain in the reinforcement and concrete
compression fibre at ultimate.
3. Issues related to curvature and deflection:
a. The midspan curvature and deflection at first
cracking of the concrete in tension.
b. The midspan curvature and deflection at twice the
cracking moment, 2 M
cr
.
c. The midspan curvature and deflection at a concrete
compressive stress of 0.4f
c
.
d. The midspan curvature at ultimate.
RESULTS AND DI SCUSSI ON
In addition to presenting, through the use of graphs and
tables, a summary of experimental data obtained for all five
beams, the results and discussion section of each report
should contain, for all five beams, discussions on the
following topics:
1. A comparison of the theoretical calculations versus the
results obtained during testing and a discussion of
discrepancies between theory and observation.
2. Plots showing:
a. Load versus deflection for all 5 beams.
b. Midspan bending moment versus deflection for all
5 beams.
c. Midspan moment versus strain in the reinforcement
for all 5 beams.
d. Midspan moment versus concrete extreme
compression fibre strain.
Each plot should include points showing: the cracking
moment, steel yielding (where applicable), a
compressive fibre concrete stress of 0.4f
c
, a
compressive fibre concrete strain of 0.0035, and the
maximum load/moment. A bar chart should also be
included showing a comparison of the five beams based
on selected important criteria (left to the discretion of
the student). Each plot should be followed by a brief
commentary and discussion.
3. A comparison should be made between the calculated
design ultimate load, the calculated nominal load
capacity, and the observed load capacity for all beams.
What does this imply for the design of actual reinforced
concrete beams in practice?
Students are expected to provide clear and concise
discussions of the above-listed topics and to add additional
commentary and calculations as they see fit. The reports
will be graded in part on the quality of independent thought
and discussion brought to bear on the various concepts
demonstrated in this laboratory, and on the students explicit
recognition of the greater significance of the results
obtained.
1
2
3
4
1000 mm 1000 mm 900 mm
1 Load cell
2 Concrete compression strain gauge
3 Reinforcement strain gauge
4 Displacement transducer
ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 3: An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete
34