ASEP SUMMIT 2012 JUNE 8-9, 2012 LA BREZA HOTEL, QUEZON CITY ULPIANO P. IGNACIO, JR., M.Sc., F.ASEP, PICE PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 2 To introduce the basic concept of Pushover Analysis of Buildings To discuss the uses of a pushover analysis and a pushover curve To describe the different procedures for structural analysis To present the general procedure in performing a pushover analysis Objectives Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 3 Outline: Types of Structural Analysis Procedures What is Pushover Analysis? How is a Pushover Curve constructed? What are the uses of Pushover Analysis? Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 4 Types of Structural Analysis ANALYSIS RESPONSE ACTION STRUCTURE (MODEL) ACTION : DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, WIND LOAD, SEISMIC, BLAST, ETC. STRUCTURE: MATERIALS, COMPONENTS, GEOMETRY, SUPPORTS, ETC. RESPONSE: DISPLACEMENTS, STRESSES, MOMENTS, SHEARS, ETC. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS determination of the RESPONSE of a STRUCTURE due to external ACTIONS. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS Types of Structural Analysis STRUCTURE (MODEL) Materials may be ELASTIC or INELASTIC ACTION (FORCE OR EXCITATION) may be: STATIC constant, slowly applied load or DYNAMIC time varying loads STRUCTURE consists of elements or components made of materials and connected in a specific geometric arrangement. RESPONSE may be LINEAR or NONLINEAR Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 6 Types of Material and Geometric Response Behavior STRUCTURE (MODEL) STRUCTURE: MATERIALS, GEOMETRY NONLINEAR- ELASTIC LINEAR- ELASTIC LINEAR - INELASTIC NONLINEAR- INELASTIC Figures from ACECOMS, AIT Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 7 Types of Structural Analysis STRUCTURE: MATERIALS, GEOMETRY Of the four combinations, the LINEAR- INELASTIC and the NONLINEAR- ELASTIC behavior are unlikely to happen in practical structural cases. Hence, only the LINEAR-ELASTIC and the NONLINEAR-INELASTIC cases are entertained. They will simply be called LINEAR AND NONLINEAR behavior, respectively. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 8 Types of Structural Analysis Procedures Together with the nature of the ACTION, whether STATIC or DYNAMIC, we have the following four types of structural analysis procedures: NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE NONLINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE LINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE LINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 9 Types of Structural Analysis LINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE (LSP) An example of an LSP is the Static Force Procedure of Sec. 208.5.2 of the NSCP. In this procedure, the effect of the ground motion on the building is converted to a Design Base Shear, V. This V is converted into a set of equivalent static lateral forces applied at the floor levels. The structure is modeled and its properties are given by its stiffness matrix, [K]. In this procedure, the [K] remains constant. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 10 Types of Structural Analysis LINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE (LDP) An example of an LDP is the Dynamic Analysis Procedure of Sec. 208.6 of the NSCP. In this procedure, an elastic dynamic analysis utilizing the peak modal response based on the response spectrum for all significant modes is made. To obtain the total response, the maximum modal contribution of significant modes are combined in a prescribed manner, e.g. SRSS or CQC method. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 11 Types of Structural Analysis NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE (NSP) An example of a NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE is a PUSHOVER ANALYSIS. Oftentimes the Nonlinear Static Procedure is called Pushover Analysis Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 12 Types of Structural Analysis NONLINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE (NDP) nonlinear dynamic procedures consider the time history of the ground shaking they incorporate inelastic member behavior under cyclic earthquake ground motions they explicitly simulate hysteretic energy dissipation in the nonlinear range being more rigorous they require more time and computational effort and resources to perform Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure is also called Nonlinear Time History Analysis. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 13 Outline: Types of Structural Analysis What is Pushover Analysis? How is a Pushover Curve constructed? What are the uses of Pushover Analysis? Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 14 What is Pushover Analysis? Pushover Analysis is an incremental static analysis used to determine the force- displacement relationship for a structure or structural element. The analysis involves applying horizontal loads, in a prescribed pattern, to a computer model of the structure incrementally, and plotting the total applied shear force and associated lateral displacement at each increment, until the structure reaches a limit state or collapse condition. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 15 What is Pushover Analysis? As individual components of a structure yield or fail, the earthquake forces on the building are shifted to other components. A pushover analysis simulates this phenomenon by applying loads until the weak link in the structure is found and then revising the model to incorporate the changes in the structure caused by the yielding or failing of the weak link. A second iteration is then performed to study how the loads are redistributed in the structure. The structure is pushed again until the second weak link is discovered. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 16 What is Pushover Analysis? This process continues until the yield pattern for the whole structure under seismic loading is identified. The plot of the total lateral force (base shear) vs. the displacement of a reference point (usually the center of mass of the roof level) is the pushover curve or capacity curve. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 17 What is Pushover Analysis? A pushover analysis is an approximation of the more accurate and more complicated Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure A pushover analysis is only useful for evaluating nonlinear structures for which the fundamental mode dominates and is not suitable for certain irregular or dynamically complex structures. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 18 What is Pushover Analysis? Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS Adapted from a presentation presentationpresentation made by Ron Ham burger atat Earth arth quake Anal ysis Methods : Predicting Building Behavior Behavior , a FEMA-Sponsored EERI Technical Seminar , 1999 Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 20 What is Pushover Analysis? 1 2 4 6 8 10 Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 21 Outline: Types of Structural Analysis What is Pushover Analysis? How is a Pushover Curve constructed? What are the uses of Pushover Analysis? Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 22 How is a Pushover Curve constructed ? 2 types of pushover analysis: FORCE CONTROLLED - the force is incrementally increased DISPLACEMENT-CONTROLLED the displacement of the reference point is incrementally increased The displacement controlled pushover analysis is generally preferred over the force controlled one because the analysis could be carried out up to the desired level of the displacement. Pushover Analysis is carried out using computer software. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS Create Mathematical Model Apply gravity load to determine initial nodal displacements and member forces Apply increment of lateral load Update nodal displacements and member forces Modify structural stiffness to represent yielding < < limit YES NO Plot F vs. Flowchart of Procedure (Force-Controlled) Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS Create Mathematical Model Apply gravity load to determine initial nodal displacements and member forces Apply increment of displacement pattern Update nodal displacements and member forces Modify structural stiffness to represent yielding < < limit YES NO Plot F vs. Flowchart of Procedure (Displacement-Controlled) Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 25 Create Mathematical Model of the Structure Geometry Element Types limit states Truss yielding/buckling Beam major axis bending and shear (M,V) Column Axial, bending in 2 axes, shear (P-M1-M2 and V) Panel zone shear yielding In-fill panel shear failure Shear Wall P-M-V interaction Spring for support modeling Potential Plastic Hinge Location (must be predicted and revised as needed) Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 26 Define Material Properties concrete, steel, reinforcing bars, etc. density, strength, yield point, modulus of elasticity, poissons ratio, shear modulus, etc. Define Section Properties Beam Properties (dimensions, reinforcement, steel section, etc.) Column Properties (dimensions,reinforcement, steel section, etc.) Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 27 Define Element and Hinge Properties General Force-Deformation Relationship B A C D E F o r c e Deformation Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 28 Plastic Hinge Rigid Zone Span Loads Flexible Connection Shear Hinge Modeling Beam Element Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 29 Plastic Hinge Rigid Zone Shear Hinge Modeling Column Element Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS P M Modeling Column Element Axial Load Moment Interaction (RC) Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 31 Start with Gravity Loads Dead Load Some portion of Live Load
Select Lateral Load Pattern
Lateral Load Patterns (Vertical Distribution) Lateral Load Horizontal Distribution Torsional Effects Orthogonal Effects Modeling Loads Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 32 Uniform Code Lateral Mode 1 Modeling Loads Lateral Load Pattern Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 33 F 1 F 2 F 3 i b F V
V b E S Plotting the Pushover Curve Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 34 Results of Analysis Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 35 RESULTS - CAPACITY SPECTRUM Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 36 Plot showing Hinge Location Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 37 Plot of Moment Diagram Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 38 Outline: Types of Structural Analysis What is Pushover Analysis? How is a Pushover Curve constructed? What are the uses of Pushover Analysis?
Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 39 Uses of Pushover Analysis Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings 1. Performance Check of Structures Published Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings: ATC-40 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings (1996) FEMA 273 NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (1997) FEMA 356 Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (2000) FEMA 440 (ATC-55) - Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS Capacity Spectrum Method of ATC 40 Roof Displacement B a s e S h e a r Spectral Displacement S p e c t r a l A c c e l e r a t i o n Convert Pushover Curve to Capacity Spectrum Pushover Curve Capacity Spectrum Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 41 S p e c t r a l A c c e l e r a t i o n Time Period 2.5C A C V /T Response Spectrum ( at effective damping) Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 42 S p e c t r a l A c c e l e r a t i o n Time Period T 0 S p e c t r a l A c c e l e r a t i o n Spectral Displacement T 0 S d = S a T 2 /4p 2 Convert the Response Spectrum to Acceleration- Displacement Response Spectrum Format (Demand Spectrum) Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 43 S p e c t r a l A c c e l e r a t i o n Spectral Displacement Demand Spectrum for effective damping at performance point Capacity Spectrum Determine the Performance Point Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 44 Deformation Measure F o r c e M e a s u r e Performance Limits (IO, LS, CP) Expected Performance Point for given Earthquake Verification of Acceptance IO Immediate Occupancy LS Life Safety CP Collapse Prevention Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS Displacement Coefficient Method - described in FEMA-273 The performance point of the structure is obtained by the determination of a target displacement using the Coefficient Method outlined in FEMA 273. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 46 Where: Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 47 Uses of Pushover Analysis 2. Performance Based Design (PBD) PBD is similar to assessment and rehabilitation of buildings, except that we are dealing with new buildings instead of existing ones. In PBD, we design buildings so that they will perform according to pre-determined standards like IO, LS, and CP at corresponding levels of seismic shaking. Therefore, pushover analysis is a necessary component of PBD. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 48 Uses of Pushover Analysis 3. Development of Fragility and Vulnerability Curves FRAGILITY CURVE (FUNCTION) - a curve (function) that shows the relationship between structural performance and ground motion. Specifically, it gives the probability that a structure is in, or exceeding, a given damage state due to a given ground motion intensity. If given in a tabular form, it is called a Damage Probability Matrix (DPM) VULNERABILITY the degree of loss to a given element at risk resulting from a given level of hazard (e.g. ground motion intensity). It is defined as the ratio of the expected loss to the maximum possible loss, on a scale of 0 to 1 (or 0 to 100%) Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 49 Uses of Pushover Analysis There are three methods used in developing fragility curves. These are: 1. Empirical Method (observed data) 2. Analytical Method 3. Heuristic Method (Based on experts opinion) The analytical method relies heavily on the use of pushover analysis Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 50 Uses of Pushover Analysis Typical example of a Damage Probability Matrix MMI Damage State V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII No Damage 90 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 Slight 10 35 40 15 0 0 0 0 Moderate 0 30 35 30 20 10 0 0 Extensive 0 5 20 30 40 50 20 0 Complete 0 0 0 25 40 40 80 100 (Damage in percent of building population) Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City Ground Motion Intensity PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 51 Uses of Pushover Analysis Fragility Curves Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 52 Uses of Pushover Analysis Example Vulnerability curve for a given type of building 1.0 0.5 0 . Ground Motion Intensity D a m a g e R a t i o Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 53 Summary Pushover Analysis gives us a better idea how a structure will perform when subjected to a given level of earthquake. Design Earthquakes cause nonlinear behavior which cannot be handled by linear static procedures. Pushover analysis gives a better understanding of the building behavior well into the inelastic region. Pushover analysis Identifies weak elements with plastic hinge formation and their order of formation. It gives realistic prediction of element demands. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 54 Uses of Pushover Analysis It is a good substitute for the more accurate Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis for buildings where the fundamental mode of vibration dominates. For buildings with more than one significant mode and buildings with irregular features, nonlinear static pushover analysis may not be accurate. Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING March 23-24, 2012 Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS 55 Thank You for listening!