4.

1 INTRODUCTION
Today computer is available in many offices and homes and therefore there is a need to
share data and programs among various computers with the advancement of data
communication facilities. The communication between computers has increased and it
thus it has extended the power of computer beyond the computer room. Now a user
sitting at one place can communicate computers of any remote sites through
communication channel. The aim of this chapter is to introduce you the various aspects of
computer network.
DEFINTI!N
Mobile Computing is a generic term describing your ability to use technology
"untethered"# that is not physically connected# or in remote or mobile $non static%
environments. The term is evolved in modern usage such that it re&uires that the mobile
computing activity be connected wirelessly to and through the internet or to and through
a private network. This connection ties the mobile device to centrally located information
and'or application software through the use of battery powered# portable#
and wireless computing and communication devices. This includes devices
like laptops with wireless (N or wireless )N technology# smart mobile
phones# wearable computers and *ersonal Digital ssistants $*Ds% with +luetooth.
,*E-IFI-TI!N

,pecification .obile computing represents a ma/or point of departure from the
traditional distributed computing paradigm. The potentially very large number of
independent computing units# a decoupled computing style# fre&uent disconnections#
continuous position changes# and the location0dependent nature of the behavior and
communication patterns present designers with unprecedented challenges in the areas of
modularity and dependability.
This complements this perspective by considering the nature of the underlying formal
models that will enable one to specify and reason about such computations. ,pecification
mobile computing is a new paradigm characterised by the ability of computers to change
location while still able to communicate with one another when they so desire.
,o far# the write0up on specification mobile computing is dominated by concerns having
to do with the development of protocols and services. The notation we employ is a
highly0modular extension of the 1NIT2 programming notation.3D interfaces.
SERVICES
Mobility services can be classified into three groups. First there are services designed
to overcome common restrictions of mobile computing, hich arise mainly from the
sloness, insecurity and instability of ireless or analogous connection lines utili!ed
by the mobile user. "hese services are called common mobility services #CMS$.
E%amples are connection management, caching or encryption services. "he second
group of services handles the management and administration of mobile users
moving around and connecting their portables to netor&s at different places. "hese
mobility management services #MMS$ include tas&s such as the authentication of
users, accounting and billing issues or profiling of the users' habits. "he tas&s
necessary to adapt certain e%isting applications to mobile usage are implemented by
high level services, hich are called special mobility services #SMS$. Special mobility
services adapt e%isting services to the mobile conditions. For e%ample to allo
remote database access over a ireless connection line one has to ta&e special care
of possible fre(uent connection losses especially in the conte%t of the state of the
database. Vieing services as distinct building bloc&s, e are able to s&etch an
architecture for a )mobility services enhanced system).
F3E41EN-IE,
The fre&uencies used vary according to the cellular network technology implemented.For
5,.#678079: .;< range is used for transmission and 7=:07>8 .;< for reception.The
D-, technology uses fre&uencies in the 9688.;< range while *-, in the 9788.;<
range.
INTE3NET TE-;N!(!52 and ,E3?I-E,
Definition of@ ?oI*
$Voice Over IP% digital telephone service that uses the public Internet and private
backbones for call transport. ,upport for the public switched telephone network $*,TN%
is also provided so that ?oI* calls can originate and terminate from regular telephones.
.any companies# including ?onage# 6x6 and TAT $-all?antage%# typically offer calling
within the country for a fixed fee and a low per0minute charge for international.
-ustomers are re&uired to have broadband Internet access $cable or D,(%.
Definition of@+(!5
blog $a portmanteau of the term Bweb logB%
C9D
is a type of website or part of a website.
+logs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary#
descriptions of events# or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly
displayed in reverse0chronological order. B+logB can also be used as a verb# meaning to
maintain or add content to a blog.
.any blogs provide commentary or news on a particular sub/ectE others function as more
personal online diaries. typical blog combines text# images# and links to other blogs#
)eb pages# and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments
in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. .ost blogs are primarily
textual# although some focus on art $rt blog%# photographs $photoblog%# videos $?ideo
blogging%# music $.*= blog%# and audio $podcasting%. .icroblogging is another type of
blogging# featuring very short posts.
s of December F88G# blog search engine Technorati was tracking more than
99F#888#888 blogs.
CFD
T2*E, !F NET)!3H
*N
personal area network $PN% is a computer network used for communication among
computer devices# including telephones and personal digital assistants# in proximity to an
individual"s body. The devices may or may not belong to the person in &uestion. The
reach of a *N is typically a few meters. *Ns can be used for communication among
the personal devices themselves $intrapersonal communication%# or for connecting to a
higher level network and the Internet $an uplink%.
*ersonal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as 1,+ and Fire)ire.
wireless personal area network $!PN% can also be made possible with network
technologies such as IrD# +luetooth# 1)+# I0)ave and Iig+ee.
?*N
"irtual pri"ate network $VPN% is a network that uses a public telecommunication
infrastructure# such as the Internet# to provide remote offices or individual users with
secure access to their organi<ation"s network. It aims to avoid an expensive system of
owned or leased lines that can only be used by one organi<ation. The goal of a ?*N is to
provide the organi<ation with the same# secure capabilities# but at a much lower cost.
It encapsulates data transfers between two or more networked devices not on the same
private network so as to keep the transferred data private from other devices on one or
more intervening local or wide area networks. There are many different classifications#
implementations# and uses for ?*Ns.
)(N
!ireless #o$al rea Network $!#N% links two or more devices using some
wireless distribution method $typically spread0spectrum or !FD. radio%# and usually
providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the
mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the
network.
)ireless (Ns have become popular in the home due to ease of installation# and the
increasing popularity of laptop computers. *ublic businesses such as coffee shops and
malls have begun to offer wireless access to their customersE sometimes for free. (arge
wireless network pro/ects are being put up in many ma/or cities@ New 2ork -ity# for
instance# has begun a pilot program to cover all five boroughs of the city with wireless
Internet access.
)I.J
!iM% $!orl&wi&e Interoperabilit' (or Mi$rowa"e $$ess% is a telecommunications
protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile internet access. The current )i.J
revision provides up to K8 .bit's
C9DCFD
with the IEEE 68F.9>m update expected offer up to
9 5bit's fixed speeds. The name B)i.JB was created by the )i.J Forum# which
was formed in Lune F889 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The
forum describes )i.J
C=D
as Ba standards0based technology enabling the delivery of last
mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and D,(B.
CKD
-!N-(1,I!N
The 2ork';abitat Networking Initiative showed that in the absence of resources allocated
to promote collaborative activities among people busy with their own current endeavours#
it is very difficult to maintain interpersonal interactions. great deal of organi<ing must
be done by those most involved in establishing a new network# especially one that links
people across several traditional fields.
The Native -omputer -ommunications Network *ro/ect was a good example of how a
focus on creating a network of computers does not necessarily ensure the interpersonal
networking of the potential users of that technology. If the people were not
communicating with each other before# developing another method of communication
doesn"t mean they"ll start.
;abnet was a pro/ect that tried to overcome the limitations of these initiatives. It
succeeded as an exploration of the potentials of online interactions# but failed to thrive
when it ceased to grow. It again showed how difficult it is to create an online network
without sufficient numbers of people to maintain enough interaction# and thereby enough
interest# to make it worthwhile to use.
-omputer communication# it seems# will become a much more useful networking tool
when large numbers of people with similar interests ac&uire access to the technology.
Though it can expedite the formation of new interpersonal networks by overcoming the
space and time barriers faced by traditional networking techni&ues# it still re&uires a great
deal of concentrated effort and resources to get the people to use it. This problem should
become increasingly minimi<ed over the coming years as the technological innovations
become more diffused throughout society.
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