04/12/13 Mohr' s circle

en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/658735 1/9
Wikipedia
Mohr's circle Translation
Mohr's circle
Mohr's circles for a three-dimensional state of stress
Mohr's circle, named after Christian Otto Mohr, is a two-
dimensional graphical representation of the state of stress at a
point. The abscissa, , and ordinate,
, of each point on the circle are the normal
stress and shear stress components, respectively, acting on a
particular cut plane with a unit vector with
components . In other words, the
circumference of the circle is the locus of points that represent
the state of stress on individual planes at all their orientations.
Karl Culmann was the first to conceive a graphical
representation for stresses while considering longitudinal and
vertical stresses in horizontal beams during bending. Mohr's
contribution extended the use of this representation for both two-
and three-dimensional stresses and developed a failure criterion
based on the stress circle.
[1]
Other graphical methods for the representation of the stress
state at a point include the Lame's stress ellipsoid and Cauchy's
stress quadric.
Contents
1 Mohr's circle for two-dimensional stress states
1.1 Drawing a Mohr's circle
0
en.academic.ru
Translations Books Films
Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Enter text to search for dictionaries and encyclopedias Search!
Interpretations
Android iPhone/iPad Remember this site using dictionaries in your site EN
04/12/13 Mohr' s circle
en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/658735 2/9
1.1 Drawing a Mohr's circle
1.2 Stress components on an arbitrary plane
2 Mohr's circle for a general three-dimensional state of
stresses
3 References
4 Bibliography
5 External links
Mohr's circle for two-dimensional stress
states
A two-dimensional Mohr's circle can be constructed if we know
the normal stresses
x
,
y
, and the shear stress
xy
. The
following sign conventions are usually used:
1. Tensile stresses (positive) are to the right.
2. Compressive stresses (negative) are to the left.
3. Clockwise shear stresses are plotted upward.
4. Counterclockwise shear stresses are plotted downward.
The reason for the above sign convention is that, in engineering
mechanics
[2]
, the normal stresses are positive if they are
outward to the plane of action (tension), and shear stresses are
positive if they rotate clockwise about the point in consideration.
In geomechanics, i.e. soil mechanics and rock mechanics,
however, normal stresses are considered positive when they are
inward to the plane of action (compression), and shear stresses
are positive if they rotate counterclockwise about the point in
consideration.
[1][3][4][5]
To construct the Mohr circle of stress for a state of plane stress,
or plane strain, first we plot two points in the
space corresponding to
the known stress components on both perpendicular planes, i.e.
and (Figure
1 and 2). We then connect points and by a straight
line and find the midpoint which corresponds to the
intersection of this line with the axis.
Finally, we draw a circle with diameter and
centre at .
The radius of the circle is
, and the coordinates of its centre are
.
The principal stresses are then the abscissa of the points of
intersection of the circle with the axis
(note that the shear stresses are zero for the principal stresses).
Drawing a Mohr's circle
04/12/13 Mohr' s circle
en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/658735 3/9
Figure 1. Mohr's circle for plane stress and plane strain conditions
(double angle approach).
The following procedure is used to draw a Mohr's circle and to
find the magnitude and direction of maximum stresses from it.
First, the x- and y-axes of a Cartesian coordinate system
are identified as the
n
-axis and
n
-axis, respectively.
Next, two points of the Mohr's circle are plotted. These
are the points B (
x
,
xy
) and A (
y
,
xy
). The line
connecting these two points is a diameter of the Mohr's
circle.
The center of the Mohr's circle, O, is located where the
diameter, AB, intersects the -axis. This point gives the
average normal stress (
avg
). The average normal stress
can be read directly from a plot of the Mohr's circle.
Alternatively, it can be calculated using
.
The Mohr's circle intersects the
n
axis at two points, C
and E. The stresses at these two end points of the
horizontal diameter are
1
and
2
, the principal stresses.
The point
1
represents the maximum normal stress
(
max
) and the point
2
is the minimum normal stress
(
min
). The equations for finding these values are
Next we examine the points where the circle intersects
the line parallel to
n
-axis passing through the center of
the circle, O. The vertical diameter of the circle passes
through O (
avg
) and goes up to positive
max
and down
to negative
min
. The magnitudes of extreme values are
equal to the radius of the Mohr's circle, but with different
signs. The equation to find these extreme values of the
shear stress is
[6]
.
04/12/13 Mohr' s circle
en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/658735 4/9
The next value to determine is the angle that the plane of
maximum normal stress makes with the x-axis. Let us
create a new X-axis by drawing a line from the center of
the Mohr circle, O, through point A. Let the angle
between the X-axis and the -axis be . If is the angle
between the maximum normal stress and the x-axis, then
it can be shown that = 2
p1
. The angle is found by:
.
To find the angle that the direction that the plane of
maximum shear stress makes with the x-axis, we use
the relation
. It is important to pay attention to the use of these two
equations as they look similar.
Often, the final step of the process is to also draw a
square stress element indicating the orientations of the
maximum normal and shear stresses; the normal stress
element at an angle and the maximum shear stress
element at an angle of
s
.
The previous discussion assumes, implicitly, that there are two
orthogonal directions x and y that define a plane in which the
stress components . , and
are known. It is also implicit that these stresses are known at a
point in a continuum body under plane stress or plane
strain. The Mohr circle, once drawn, can be used to find the
components of the stress tensor for any other choice of
orthogonal directions in the plane.
Stress components on an arbitrary plane
Figure 2. Mohr's circle for plane stress and plane strain conditions
(Pole approach). Any straight line drawn from the pole will intersect
the Mohr circle at a point that represents the state of stress on a
plane inclined at the same orientation (parallel) in space as that line.
Using the Mohr circle one can find the stress components
on any other plane
with a different orientation that passes through point
. For this, two approaches can be used:
The first approach relies on the fact that the angle
04/12/13 Mohr' s circle
en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/658735 5/9
between two planes passing through is
half the angle between the lines joining their
corresponding stress points
on the Mohr
circle and the centre of the circle (Figure 1). In other
words, the stresses
acting on a
plane at an angle counterclockwise to the plane
on which acts is determined by traveling
counterclockwise around the circle from the known stress
point a distance subtending an
angle at the centre of the circle (Figure 1).
The second approach involves the determination of a point
on the Mohr circle called the pole or the origin of planes.
Any straight line drawn from the pole will intersect the
Mohr circle at a point that represents the state of stress
on a plane inclined at the same orientation (parallel) in
space as that line. Therefore, knowing the stress
components and on any particular
plane, one can draw a line parallel to that plane through
the particular coordinates and
on the Mohr circle and find the pole
as the intersection of such line with the Mohr circle. As
an example, let's assume we have a state of stress with
stress components , , and
, as shown on Figure 2. First, we can draw a
line from point parallel to the plane of action of
, or, if we choose otherwise, a line from point
parallel to the plane of action of . The
intersection of any of these two lines with the Mohr circle
is the pole. Once the pole has been determined, to find
the state of stress on a plane making an angle
with the vertical, or in other words a plane having its
normal vector forming an angle with the
horizontal plane, then we can draw a line from the pole
parallel to that plane (See Figure 2). The normal and
shear stresses on that plane are then the coordinates of
the point of intersection between the line and the Mohr
circle.
Mohr's circle for a general three-
dimensional state of stresses
04/12/13 Mohr' s circle
en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/658735 6/9
Figure 3. Mohr's circle for a three-dimensional state of stress
To construct the Mohr's circle for a general three-dimensional
case of stresses at a point, the values of the principal stresses
and their principal
directions must be first evaluated.
Considering the principal axes as the coordinate system,
instead of the general , , coordinate
system, and assuming that
, then the normal and shear components of the stress vector
, for a given plane with unit vector
, satisfy the following equations
Knowing that , we can solve
for , , , using the Gauss elimination
method which yields
Since , and is
non-negative, the numerators from the these equations satisfy
as the denominator and
as the denominator and
as the denominator and
These expressions can be rewritten as
04/12/13 Mohr' s circle
en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/658735 7/9
which are the equations of the three Mohr's circles for stress
, , and , with radii
,
, and
, and their centres with
coordinates ,
,
, respectively.
These equations for the Mohr's circles show that all admissible
stress points lie on
these circles or within the shaded area enclosed by them (see
Figure 3). Stress points
satisfying the equation
for circle lie on, or outside circle . Stress points
satisfying the equation
for circle lie on, or inside circle . And finally,
stress points
satisfying the equation for circle lie on, or outside circle
.
References
1. ^
a

b
Parry
2. ^ The sign convention differ in disciplines such as
mechanical engineering, structural engineering, and
geomechanics. The engineering mechanics sign
convention is used in this article.
3. ^ Jumikis
4. ^ Holtz
5. ^ Brady
6. ^ Megson, T.H.G., Aircraft Structures for Engineering
Students, Fourth Edition, 2007, section 1.8
Bibliography
Beer, Ferdinand Pierre; Elwood Russell Johnston, John T.
DeWolf (1992). Mechanics of Materials. McGraw-Hill
Professional. ISBN 0-07-112939-1.
Brady, B.H.G.; E.T. Brown (1993). Rock Mechanics For
Underground Mining (Third ed.). Kluwer Academic
Publisher. pp. 1729. ISBN 0-412-47550-2.
http://books.google.ca/books?
id=s0BaKxL11KsC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
Davis, R. O.; Selvadurai. A. P. S. (1996). Elasticity and
geomechanics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1626.
ISBN 0-521-49827-9. http://books.google.ca/books?
id=4Z11rZaUn1UC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
Holtz, Robert D.; Kovacs, William D. (1981). An
introduction to geotechnical engineering. Prentice-Hall
civil engineering and engineering mechanics series.
Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-484394-0.
http://books.google.ca/books?
id=yYkYAQAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22William+D.+Kovacs%22&ei=kF-
MS5LRKpfCM9vEhIYN&cd=1.
Jaeger, John Conrad; Cook, N.G.W, & Zimmerman, R.W.
(2007). Fundamentals of rock mechanics (Fourth ed.).
Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 941. ISBN 0-632-05759-9.
http://books.google.com/books?
id=FqADDkunVNAC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
Jumikis, Alfreds R. (1969). Theoretical soil mechanics:
04/12/13 Mohr' s circle
en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/658735 8/9
with practical applications to soil mechanics and
foundation engineering. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co..
ISBN 0-442-04199-3. http://books.google.ca/books?
id=NPZRAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
Parry, Richard Hawley Grey (2004). Mohr circles, stress
paths and geotechnics (2 ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 1
30. ISBN 0-415-27297-1. http://books.google.ca/books?
id=u_rec9uQnLcC&lpg=PP1&dq=mohr%20circles%2C%20sterss%20paths%20and%20geotechnics&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Timoshenko, Stephen P.; James Norman Goodier (1970).
Theory of Elasticity (Third ed.). McGraw-Hill International
Editions. ISBN 0-07-085805-5.
Timoshenko, Stephen P. (1983). History of strength of
materials: with a brief account of the history of theory of
elasticity and theory of structures. Dover Books on
Physics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-61187-6.
External links
Mohr's Circle and more circles by Rebecca Brannon
DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package- "Stress
Analysis and Mohr's Circle"
Online Mohr's Circle Calculator Online Mohr's Circle
Calculator
Categories:
Classical mechanics
Materials science
Elasticity (physics)
Solid mechanics
Mechanics
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
mohr's circle n
. .. 2011 -

Mohr's circle <mech> (stress) Mohr scher Kreis m ; Mohr
scher Spannungskreis m English-german technical dictionary
mohrs circle cercle de mohr m Dictionary of Engineering,
architecture and construction
Mohr's circle ,
- -
Mohr's circle , -

Mohr's circle : ,
-
Mohr's circle koo Mohra English-Polish dictionary for
engineers
Mohrs circle for stress (Mohrs circle of stress) BOD
Mohrscher Spannungskreis m English-German dictionary of
Architecture and Construction
Mohr's circle of stress n ,
Princess Amelia Sophia
of Great Britain
James Noble
Look at other dictionaries:
04/12/13 Mohr' s circle
en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/658735 9/9
() . .:
. .., .., ... 1995. *
* * mohr s circle of stress n
. .. 2 -

Mohr's circle of inertia :
-
Desi gn Scrol l up
Academic, 2000-2013 Contact us , PHP, Joomla,
Drupal, WordPress, MODx.