AMIGOS 2002-03 BATCH TNPSC NOTES

I. PHYSIOLOGY
LOCOMOTION
PMContractionRigorMortis
PMCoolingAlgorMortis
PMStainingLivorMortis
CreatinephosphateinmuscleisreferredtoasATPsparerorenergybuffer
Eachmoleculeofglucoseproduce38ATPs
About56hrsafterdeath,allmusclesofthebodyassumeastateofcontractureRigorMortis
Theefficiencyofmusclecontractionis45%
MusclecontractionwithoutshorteninginlengthIsometricContraction
WholecardiacmuscleobeysallornonelawbecauseofSyncytium
Refractoryperiodisthebriefperiodduringwhichmusclesundergoingcontractionforafirst
stimuliisunabletorespondtoasecondstimuli
TheenergyofcontractionofmuscleisdirectlyproportionaltothelengthofthefibreSterling
law
Tetanisationisthefusionofsuccessivetwitcheswhenthefrequencyofstimuliisgivenatarapid
rate
Myastheniagravisisaneuromusculardisorderinwhichautoantibodiesareproducedagainst
Achreceptors
BLOOD
Plasmaconstitutesabout5570%ofblood
Viscosityinbloodisprovidedbygammaglobulins
ArterialbloodismoreAlkalinethanvenousblood
YellowcolouroftheplasmaisduetoBilirubin
Serumdiffersfromplasmalackingfibrinogen,prothrombinandothercoagulationfactors
RBCofspecies
BiconcaveDog,Cow,Sheep
Shallow/flatGoat
ShallowconcaveHorse,Cat
Elliptical,sickleshapeCamel,Deer
Elliptical&nucleatedBirds,Amphibians
Poikilocytosisvariationincellshape
Aniosocytosisvariationincellssize
LargersizeRBCindog(7.3micron)
SmallersizeRBCingoat(4.1micron)
MatureRBCderiveenergyfromAnaerobicEMPpathwayandHMPshuntsincetheyhave
nomitochondria
Aplasticanemialacksfunctionalbonemarrow
TruePCV=venousPCV*0.96(Correctionfactorfortrappedplasma)
Rouleauxformationisseeninequinesanddogs
ESRisnegativelyinfluencedbyReticulocyteandAlbumin
SiteofsynthesisofMonocytesLymphoidtissueofbonemarrowandspleen
InruminantsHaemallymphnodesfunctionsasspleen
VitB
12
andfolicacidareessentialformaturationofRBC
Methemoglobinisformedbyoxidationofferrousirontoferriciron
Hbhas200timesmoreaffinityforCOthanO2
EachgramofHbbindswithamaximumof1.34mlofO
2
AveragelifespanofRBCis120days(2030daysinpoultry)
DestructionofRBCindogisinbonemarrow
RETICULOENDOTHELIALSYSTEM
InliverandspleenStellateOrKupferCells
IntissuesHistiocytesOrMacrophages
InbloodMonocytes
TheratioofWBCtoRBCismoreingoats(1:1300)andlessincattle(1:800)
Shifttoleftisanincreaseinnumberofimmatureneutrophilscharacteristicofbacterial
infections
Tlymphotesprovidecellularimmunity
Blymphocytesprovidehumoralimmunity
SuppressororregulatoryTcellsregulatetheactivitiesofCytotoxicTcellsandhelperTcells
Lifespan
Granulocyte48hrs
Tlymphocytes23yrs
Blymphocytes34days
Monocytes24hrs
Platelets811days
Plateletsarenucleatedinbirdsandreptiles
Albuminactsasaprimarycarriertofattyacids
PlasmaproteinsactsasbloodbufferandthusmaintainspH(7.4)
Prostaglandin
PGG2,PGH2Plateletaggregation
PGI2Vasodilator
PGI2Plateletaggregationinhibitor
VitaminKisnecessaryfortheformationofprothrombinandclottingfactorsV,VII,IXandX
HellerAndPaulMixture=Ammoniumoxalate:potassiumoxalate=3:2
Sodiumfluorideisidealanticoagulantforestimationbloodglucoselevel
HemophiliaAduetodeficiencyinfactorVIII
HeparinisproducedbymastcellsandBasophils
Bloodgroups
Dogs8groups
Horse8groups
Cattle11groups
Sheep7groups
Pigs13groups
HEARTANDCIRCULATION
SystemicCirculation84%ofBlood
Pulmonarycirculation8%ofBlood
Coronarycirculation7%ofBlood
SAnodecontrolstherateofheart
ExcitatorystimulioriginateoutsideSAnodeEctopicfoci
ConductionvelocityisfastestinPurkinjefibres
Cardiacsoundscanberecordedbyusinganinstrumentcalledphonocardiogram
Lubsound(S1)closureofAVvalve
Dubsound(S2)closureofpulmonaryvalve
Electriocardiographisaninstrumenttomeasureelectricalchangesofheart
QRScomplexshowsspreadingofelectricalpotentialthroughA.Vnode,bundleofhis,purkinje
fibres,ventricularmuscles
Outputofeachventricleisreferredasstrokevolume
Cardiacoutputisthevolumeofbloodejectedbyeithertheleftorrightventriclethroughthe
aortaorpulmonaryarteryperminute
Starlingslaw=Energyliberatedbycardiacmuscleisdirectlyproportionaltofibrelength
Vagusnerveisnegativechronotropicandnegativeinotropic
Twobaroceptorsoneincarotidsinus(sinusorbuffernerve)andoneinaorticbody(cardio
depressornerve)
Endothelinisthemostpotentofallthemammalianvasoconstrictorsubstances
Truecapillariesaretheplaceofnutrientexchange
Pulsepressureisthedifferencebetweensystolicanddiastolicpressure
BloodpressureusingSphygmomanometerismeasuredusingfemoralarteryindogsand
Coccygealarteryincattle
IncreasedbloodflowtotissuesinresponsetoincreasedmetabolicrateiscalledasActive
Hyperemia
Cerebrospinalfluidproducedfromlateral,thirdandfourthventricleofbrain
RESPIRATION
ExchangebetweenatmosphericairandpulmonarycapillaryisExternalrespiration
GasexchangeoccursinAlveoli
DeadspaceistherespiratorypassagefromtheExternalnarestoalveoli
Hyperventilationisincreasedinalveolarventilationcauserespiratoryalkalosis
Hypoventilationisdecreasedinalveolarventilationcauserespiratoryacidosis
Inspirationisanactiveprocess,Expirationispassiveprocess
Inhorseevenunderrest,expirationisactive
Hyperneaisstateofbreathinginwhichrate,depthorbothareincreased
Polypnearapid,shallowpantingtypeofrespiration
Tidalvolumeairbreathedinduringaquitenormalrespiration
TheentryofairintopleuralcavityiscalledPneumothorax
Residualvolumerepresentstheamountofgasremaininginthelungevenafterforcedexpiration
Respiratoryquotient(RQ)=VolumeOfCO
2
/VolumeOfO
2
RQofCHO1
RQofLipids0.7
RQofprotein0.8
PartialpressureofO
2
inalveolipO
2
=100mmHg
PartialpressureofCO
2
inalveolipCO2=40mmHg
OnegramofHbcantransport1.34mlofO
2
Arterialbloodvenousblood
pO
2
=100mmHgpO
2
=40mmHg
pCO
2
=40mmHgpCO
2
=45mmHg
GreaterportionofCO
2
istransportedinbloodinchemicalcombinationasHCO3
ChlorideshiftorhamburgershiftinvenousbloodHCO3ioncomesoutofRBCandto
replaceCliongoesintoRBC
BindingofO
2
toHbdisplacesCO
2
aphenomenonreferredtoasHaldaneeffect
Asphyxiaishypoxiacombinedwithhypercapnea
HeringBreuerreflexinhibitsinspirationsothatpreventsfurtherinflationduringoverstretch
Centralchemoreceptorareaisinmedulla,peripheralchemoreceptorareaisincarotidand
aorticbodies
RESPIRATIONINBIRDS
Bothinspirationandexpirationareactive
Syrinxisthevocalorgansinbirds
ExchangeofgasesbetweenlungsandbloodoccurinParabronchi
SinceAirsacsareAvascular,nogaseousexchangeoccurs
Diverticulafromairsacsareconnectedtomanybones,hencetheyarepneumatic
NERVOUSSYSTEM
AstrocytescloselyattachedtobloodvesselsofCNS
Microgliaormicrocytesformedfromleucocytes
Schwannscell(neurilemma)producemyelinsheath,insulatingandcoatingnervefibre
NodesofranvieraidinflowofionsbetweenECFandICF
Velocityofmyelinatednervefibrerangesfrom30100m/sec,whereasinunmyelinated30m/sec
Thedurationofactivityofneurotransmitterinsynapticcleftlastonlyfor12msec
Specifictypeofneuronsynthesisandreleaseonlyonetypeofneurotransmittersubstanceat
nerveterminalDalesprinciple
Neurotransmitterssusceptibletoanoxiaandanestheticagents
Excitatoryneurotransmitters:Glutamate,SubstanceP,LAspartate
Inhibitoryneurotransmitters:Glycine,GABA,Dopamine,Serotonine,Taurine,Morphine,
Endorphine
Bothexcitatoryandinhibitory:Ach,NorEpinephrine,Epinephrine,Histamine,PG
NeurotransmitterAminoacidPrecursor
Norepinephrinephenylalanine
Glycineserine
GABALglutamicacid
ExteroreceptorsandproprioreceptorsarecollectivelycalledSomatoreceptors
Proprioreceptorsforpostureandbalance
ForebrainProscencephalon
MidbrainMesencephalon
HindbrainRhombencephalon
Twocerebralcorticesareconnectedbytransversemyelinatedfibresknownasthecorpus
collasum
Theabilityofonehemispheretocontrolmovement,reducingthatburdenfortheotherhalfis
calledCerebralDominance
Thalamusfunctionsassensoryrelaynuclei
Limbiccortexprimarilyfunctionsasvisceralbrain
Hypothalamusactsasaprincipalmotoroutputpathwayofthelimbicsystemandcontrolsthe
vegetativefunctionsofthebody
Formationandrecallofmemoryrequirethefunctionofamygdalaandhippocampus
Melatoninreleasedfrompinealglandinresponsetodarkness
Melatonininhibitsgonadalactivity
Trigeminal,Abducent,facial,vestibularoriginatesfrompons
Cerebellumisimportantintheplanningandexecutionofballisticmovements
REFLEXCRANIALNERVE
PupillarylightOculomotor
Corneal
BlinkOphthalmicdivisionoftrigeminal
Lachrmationdo
SalivaryreflexTrigeminal,facial,glossopharyngeal
Emeticglossopharyngeal,vagus,vestibular
Suckingtrigeminalandfacial
Swallowingvagus,hypoglossal,glossopharyngeal
Masticationtrigeminal,facial,GP
Coughreflexvagus
Sneezetrigeminal
Sleepisastateofreversibleunconsciousness
Sleepinducingcentreislocatedinthalamicreticulararea
Serotoninisasleepinducingsubstancesecretedbyraphenuclei
Thecentralmotorcontrolsystemincludethemotorcortex,basalgangliaandcerebellum
Coordinationofsloworrampmovementsisassociatedwithbasalganglia
Membranouslabyrinthisthefunctionalpartofvestibularapparatus
Theterminalportionofthespinalcord,themeningesandnervesarecollectivelyreferredtoas
caudaequinae
BrachialplexusC6,C7,C8,T1&T2
LumbosacralplexusL3,L4,L5,S1&S2
Mixed(bothmotorsensory)cranialnerves:Trigeminal,Facial,Glossopharyngeal,Vagus
Sensorycranialnerves:Optic,Olfactory/Vestibulotrochlear
DIGESTIVESYSTEM
Salivarysecretionincattle100200lit/day
Organofprehensionindog&catforelimb
Fundicglands
Bodychiefcells/pepticcellspepsin&rennin
Neckchiefcellsintrinsicfactor&mucin
Parietal/oxynticcellsHCl
Acetate:propionate:Butyrateratio
Foragediet70:20:10
Graindiet60:30:10
NormalVFAcontentofrumen60120meq/lit
KetonebodiesservesasenergysourceinCNS&heart
Pancreas
Secretinstimulatessecretionofbicarbonatesfrompancreas
CCKstimulatessecretionofenzymesfrompancreas
Sphincterofoddigaurdsterminalpartofcommonbileduct
Jaundice
Obstructivejaundiceconjugatedbilirubin
Hepaticjaundicefreebilirubin
Hemolyticjaundicebothfree&conjugated
Duodenumactsaspacemakerofintestine
CHOintheSmallIntestinestimuliforGIPsecretion
Fat&proteinintheSmallIntestinestimuliforCCKsecretion
AcidintheSmallIntestinestimuliforsecretinsecretion
Reverseperistalsisisanormalfeatureincolon
Absorption
Glucose&aminoacidactivetransport(Na+Cotransport)
Shortchainfattyacid&glycerolpassivediffusion
Intactprotein&triglyceridespinocytosis
EXCRETORYSYSTEM
Renalfunctionisthetotalcardiacoutputthatpassesthroughthekidneys(21%inman20%in
dogs)
Glomerularfiltrationrate180lit/day
Glomerularmembraneiscompletelyimpermeabletoplasmaproteins
Filtrationfractionpercentageoftherenalplasmaflowthatbecomesglomerularfiltrate(normal
plasmaflow650ml/minnormalGFR125ml/min)
Glucose&aminoacidarereabsorbedentirelyfromglomerularfiltrate
Part Amount Of
GFR
Reabsorbe
d
Remarks
Proximaltubule(actionofPTH) 65% DecreaseCaexcretion
Descendingloopofhenle 15% Morepermeabletowater
Lesspermeabletourea&sodium
Ascendingloopofhenle
Lesspermeabletowater
Morepermeabletourea
Distaltubule(actionofaldosterone) 10% ActiveNa+transport
SecretionofK+
Collectingtubule(actionofADH) 9.3% Permeabletowater
Plasmaloadtotalamountofsubstanceintheplasmathatpassesthroughthekidneyseach
minute(plasmaloadofglucose600mg/min)
Tubularloadfractionofplasmaloadthatisfilteredasglomerularfiltrate(tubularloadof
glucose125mg/min)
Urineisthickinhorse
Tubularfluidcontain2buffersystemnamelyphosphatebuffer&Ammoniabuffer
Presenceoffatinurineisnotpathological
Glucosuriaisacharacteristicfindinginenterotoxemia
Whenthepressureinbladderreaches150mmH
2
O,contractionofbladderbegins
Aviankidneyhas2typesofnephronsMammaliantype(25%glomerularfiltrate)&reptilian
type(75%glomerularfiltrate)
Metabolicendproductofproteininmammalsureawhereasinbirds&reptilesitisuricacid
GROWTH&BEHAVIOR
Only3%ofthecellswithinadultbodyiscapableofdividing
ShapeofGrowthcurveissigmoidorSshape
GHdoesnothaveeffectongrowthduringthefetallife
Kryptongasisusedtomeasurebodyweightindirectlybydilutionmethod
Thermoneutralzoneformostfarmanimals6090
0
F
Torporisastageinwhichanimalsorbirdsmaketheirmetabolicactivitiesdecline
Serummagnesiumlevelisconstantlyincreasedduringhibernation
Brownfatpresentinhibernatinganimalshelpsthemtoawakefromhibernation
Estivation/summersleepisobservedinfrog,crocodiles&alligators
Amountofheatlossbyevaporationof1gofwateris580calories
SweatglandsEccrineinmanApocrineinanimals
Amongfarmanimalssheep&cattlehavelowestcriticaltemperature
Raisein1
0
cinbodytemperaturecancauseincreaseof1020%inthebasalmetabolism
Oilysecretionofpreenglandsmakestheplumageresistanttowetting
Ethologyisthestudyofanimalbehavior
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Carbolicacidisthefirstdisinfectantidentifiedbyjosephlister
IdoxuridineisthefirstantiviraldrugidentifiedbyKaufman
Secretinisthefirsthormoneidentifiedbybayliss&starling
Oxytocin&vasopressinarethepeptidehormones
Precursorofsteroidhormonescholesterol
RECEPTORS
Protein,peptidehormones
&catecholaminescellsurface
Steroidhormonescytoplasm
Thyroidhormonesnucleus
Firstmessengerhormone
SecondmessengercAMP,Calmodulin,CytosolicCalcium,DiacylGlycerol,Inositol
Triphophate
Thirdmessengerphosphokinase
Physiologically,thepituitaryglandisamastergland
Arachidonicacidisaprecursorforprostaglandins
Longdaylightpromotereproductioninhorselongdaybreeder
Sheep&goatshortdaybreeders
receptorscontrolcatecholaminereleasefromsympatheticnerveendings
Hormone Noof
Amin
oacid
Typeofaction Remarks
Growthhormone 190 Anabolichormone
Proteinsparer
DeficiencyDwarfism
Excessgigantism(young)
Agromegaly(adult)
Prolactin Lactogenichormone Cropmilksecretionpigeons
Broodinessbirds
MaintenanceofCLsheep
&goat
Metarnalbehavioranimals
Vasopressin 8 Deficiency
Diabetesinsipides
Oxytocin 8 Letdownofmilk
Spermtransport
Contractionofuterus
Thyroxine PotentGalactopoitic
hormone
Catabolichormone
T4(Thyroxin)more
predominantthanT3
T3ismoreactivethanT4
Metamorphosisamphibians
Moultingbirds
Deficiency
Cretinism(young)
Myxedema(adult)
Parathyroid
hormone
(Chiefcellsof
parathyroidgland)
84 IncreasesCaabsorption
Minutetominuteregulationof
bloodcalcium
Calcitonin
(Ccellsofthyroid
glandanimals
Ultimobronchial
glandreptiles,
amphibians&
birds)
32 Rapidbutshorttimeregulationof
bloodcalcium
Preventpostprandialhyper
calcemia
Insulin
(cellsof
pancreas)
51 Hypoglycemicfactor Fatsparer
Deficiencydiabetesmellitus
Glucagon
(cellsof
pancreas)
29 Hyperglycemicfactor
Ketogenichormone
Mineralocorticoid
s(zona
Electrolytebalance
Bloodpressurehomeostasis
glomerulosaof
adrenalcortex)
Egaldosterone
Glucocarticoids
(zonareticularisof
adrenalcortex)
EgCartisol
Antiinflammatory
DeficiencyAddisonsdisease
Excesscushingsyndrome
Catecholamines(
adrenalmedulla)
Nonshiveringthermogenesis
II. VETERINARYETHICSANDJURISPRUDENCE
ACTS YEAR
Livestockimportationact 1898modifiedon1952
TheGlanders&Farcyact 1899
Thedourineact 1910modifiedon1957
Thepoisoningact 1919modifiedon1952
Dangerousdrugsact 1930
Drugsandcosmeticsact 1940
Drugsandcosmeticsrules 1945
Preventioncrueltytoanimalsact 1960
Prevention cruelty to animals to drought& pack animals
rules
1965
Preventioncrueltytoanimals(licensingofFarriersrule) 1965
Preventioncrueltytocapturedandwildanimals 1972
Wildlife(protection)act 1972
ProjectTiger 1973
Prevention cruelty to animals registration of cattle
premises
1978
Transportationofanimalsrules 1978
Experimentalanimalsact 1982
AnimalwelfareboardofIndia 1982
ProjectElephant 1992
Note:
Livestockimportationact1898notpermitting
transportoffollowingdiseasedanimals
Tickpest,Anthrax,Glanders,Farcy,Scabies
ApplicableinallstatesofIndiaexceptinJ&Kstate
Cloninginsheep1997,DOLLY.
Phookordoomdevinjectionairoranymaterialsintothefemalegenitalorgan
THEINDIANPENALCODE
THE
INDIAN
PENAL
CODE
DEALSWITH
Section44 Illegalharmtotheanimals
Section47 Definitionofanimalsanylivingbeingotherthanhumanbeings
Section192 Falseentryinrecords
Section197 Falsecertificationofanimals
Section204 Destructionofanydocuments
Section269 Donebynegligencetospreadinfectiousdisease
Section270 Donebyintentiontospreadinfectiousdisease
Section271 Notfollowingquarantinerule
Section272 Adulterationofanyfoodordrink
Section273 Saleofunfitfoodordrink6monthsprisonwithRs1000/fine.
Section274 Adulteratingmedicinalitemsforsale
Section275 Saleofadulteratedmedicine
Section289 Disobeyanyorder,withanyanimalinhispossession
Section304 Negligentlycausingdeathofanyperson
Section377 Voluntary carnal inter course/ Beastiality with any animals 10 yr prison
withRs10000/fine
Section420 Fraudulentcheatingofpersonsalteredanimalsprisonof7yr
Section 427
&428
Mischief,maiming,killingbypoisoningprisonof2yr
Section430 Causingdecreaseofwatersupplyforanimals
III. IMMUNOLOGY
LouisPasteurwhowascreditedwiththeformulationofgermtheorydidextensiveworkon
fowlcholera,anthraxandrabiesanddevelopedvaccines.
Theinnateimmunityisalsocalledasnaturaldefense
Humoralimmunityismediatedbyantigenspecificbloodglycoproteinscalledantibodies.
TherearetwopopulationsofTcellsThelpercells(T
H
cells)andcytotoxicTcells(T
C
cells).
DifferencesBetweenHumoral&CellMediatedImmunity
Humoralimmunity
Cellmediatedimmunity
Antigen Extracellularantigens Intracellularantigens
Responding
lymphocytes
Blymphocytes Tlymphocytes
Effectormechanism Antibody mediated
elimination
Lysisofinfectedcell
Transferredby Serum Tlymphocytes
Theportionsofantigenthatarerecognizedbytheimmunesystem(byindividuallymphocytes)are
calledepitopesorantigenicdeterminants
Apoptosisisprogrammedcelldeath.
Memorycellsescapeapoptosisthroughexpressionofaspecificgenesequencecalledbcl2
Immunologicunresponsivenessagainstindividualsownantigenisreferredastolerance
Thespecificimmuneresponsethattakesplaceafteranantigenstimuluscanbedividedintothree
phasesRecognitionPhase,ActivationPhase&EffectorPhase.
TherearethreeclassesoflymphocytesBlymphocytes,Tlymphocytesandnaturalkiller
cells(NKcells)
MatureBcellsdonotproduceantibodybutitdifferentiatesintotwodaughtercellsuponantigenic
stimulationplasmacellsandmemorycells
Plasmacellsaretheonlycellsinthebodytoproduceantibodies
ThetwoimportantCDreceptorsofTcellsareCD4andCD8.
ThehelperTcellshaveCD4receptorsandCytotoxicTcellshaveCD8receptors
TheNKcellsmediateaphenomenoncalledAntibodyDependantCellMediated
Cytotoxicity(ADCC)thatremovedtheantigencoatedwithimmunoglobulins
Sl.No Property Bcells Tcells
1. Site of
development
Bone marrow, bursa,
Peyerspatches
Thymus
2. Distribution Lymph node cortex,
splenicfollicles
Spleen periarticular
sheath
3. Circulate No Yes
4. Antigenreceptors BCR TCR
5. Important surface
antigens
Immunoglobulins CD2, CD3, CD4,
CD8
6. Antigens
recognised
Freeforeignproteins Processed foreign
proteinsonMHC
7. Tolerance
induction
Difficult Easy
8. Progenycells Plasma cells, memory
cells
Helper T cells,
cytotoxiccells
9. Secretedprotein Immunoglobulins Cytokines
10. Phenotypic
markers
Fc receptor, Class II
MHC,CD19,CD21
HelperTcell
CD3
+
, CD4
+
,
CD

Cytotoxiccell
CD3
+
,CD4,CD
+
Themacrophagesareconsideredaspowerfulphagocyticcellsandarereferredasbigeatersor
garbagecollectors
Differentnamesaregivenformacrophagesfoundinvariousorgans.
1. BloodstreamMonocytes
2. Connectivetissuehistiocytes
3. LiverKupfercells
4. BrainGlialcells
5. LungalveoliAlveolarmacrophages
6. LungcapillariesPulmomaryintravascularmacrophages
ThemostimportantCDmarkerofmacrophagesisCD68,whichisotherwisecalledas
macrosialin
Theprimaryfunctionofmacrophageisphagocytosis
Theactualmechanismofmacrophagemediatedphagocytosisisbyreceptormediated
endocytosisfollowedbylysosomalenzymedegradation.
Thepercentageofneutrophilsinbloodcirculationamonganimalsvarieswidely.Itis6070%in
carnivores,2030%inruminantsand50%inhorses
Opsoninmaketheantigenpalatableforphagocyticcells.
IgEisoneoftheisotypesofantibodiesthatisresponsibleforallergicreactions.
Interdigitatingdentriticcellsarescatteredthroughouttheskinepidermisandcalledas
Langerhanscells.
Theimportantrolesofgenerativeandperipherallymphoidorgans
1. Bonemarrow(mammals)andBursaofFabricius(birds)Bcellfactories
2. Thymusandintestinalepithelium(payerspatches)Tcellfactories
3. LymphnodesJunctionalfiltersinlymphaticsystem
4. SpleenFilterincirculatorysystem
5. MALTlocalisedantibodiesatmajorsitesofpathogenentry
Amicroorganismissaidtobepathogenicwhenitcancauseinfectionandtheabilitytocause
infectionistermedasvirulence.
Moleculeswithamolecularweightof5000orgreateraregoodimmunogens
Haptensaresmallantigensthatcannotelicitantibodyresponseindividually.Buttheybecome
immunogenicwhencoupledwithlargermolecules.
Exotoxinsarehighlyimmunogenicandstimulatetheproductionofantibodies.Theantibodies
againstexotoxinsarecalledantitoxins.
Whentheseexotoxinsareprecipitatedbymildproteindenaturingagentssuchasformaldehyde,
theexotoxinlosesitspathogenicitybutretainsitsimmunogenicitycalledtoxoids
Sometimesrarelyimmuneresponseiselicitedagainstnormalbodycomponents.Suchsubstances
arecalledasautoantigens
Heterophileantigensareimmunologicallyrelatedgroupsofantigensthatoccurinthecellsof
somebacterialspeciesandalsoinsomespeciesofanimals.
Chemicallytheantibodymoleculesareglycoproteins.
Theflexibilityofanantibodymoleculeisduetoaregioncalledhingeregionthatisrichin
prolineandcysteineresidues.
Theantigencombiningsiteofanantibodyiscalledasparatope.
IgMisthebiggestantibodymoleculewithamolecularweightof970kD.
IgMisthefirstantibodytoclasstoappearinprimaryimmuneresponse
IgGistheonlyantibodyclassthatcanpassthroughplacenta
IgEpresenceinlargeamountisanindicationofallergiccondition.
Macrophagesanddendriticcellsarecalledasantigenpresentingcells(APCs)
1. PrimarybindingtestsIntheseteststhebindingofantigentoanantibodyismeasureddirectly.
E.g.RIA,ELISA,IFAetc.
2. SecondarybindingtestsInthesetests,theresultsofantigenantibodyinteraction
(agglutination,precipitation,fixationofcomplement)invitroaremeasured.E.g.HI,AGID,CFT
etc.
3. TertiarybindingtestsThesetestsareinvivotestsandrequirealivingsystem.Inthesetests,
theeffectsofactualprotectiveeffectsofantibodiesaremeasuredinlivingsystem.E.g.
Neutralisationassay
Theabilityofanassaytodetectonlythetargetandnotanyotherisreferredasspecificityofthe
test.
Thesensitivityofanassayreferstoabilityofthetestsystemtodetectveryminuteamountofthe
target
InFluorsescentimmunoassays(IFA)fluorescentdyeslikefluorescentisothiocyanide(FITC)
orrhodamineisused
Iftheconcentrationofantibodyisinexcessitwillnotproduceagglutination.Thisphenomenonis
calledasprozonereaction.
InactivatedvaccinesFormalinandBetapropiolactonearethecommoninactivatingagents.
IV. GENERALMICROBIOLOGY
AntonivanLeeuwenhoekiscalledasfatherofbacteriology.
RobertHookeidentifiedcellsusinghiscompoundmicroscope
LouisPasteuriscalledfatherofMicrobiology.
Flagellumistheorganoflocomotionforbacteria.
MonotrichousBacteriahavingsinglepolarflagellum.
LophotrichusHavingtuftsofflagellaatoneend
AmphitrichousHavingflagellaatbothends
PeritrichousHavingflagellaallaroundsurface
Theflagellumiscomposedofthreepartsfilament,hookandbasalbody
ThemajorcomponentofcellwallofGrampositivebacteriaisPeptidoglycan(8090%).
TheLPSisalsoreferredasEndotoxin
Mycoplasmadonothavecellwall.
Theribosomesofbacteriaare70Scomposedof30Sand50Sribosomessubunits.
Fournucleicacidbasesformthedeoxyribosenucleotides.TheyareAdenine(A),Guanine
(G),Cytosine(C)andThymine(T)ofDNA.
ThenucleotidesofDNAarelinkedby35phosphodiesterbonds.
RNAhasgotpurinebasesadenine(A)andguanine(G)andpyrimidinebasesCytosine(C)
andUracil(U).
DNAisusedtocodeforthesynthesisofRNAiscalledtranscription.
GROWTHOFBACTERIA
Generationistheintervalfortheformationoftwocellsfromonecell
Lagphase:Thebriefperiodofnoactivityiscalledaslagphase.
Exponentialphase:Duringthisphasethereisrapidincreaseinthenumberofbacteria.
Stationaryphase:Duringthisphasethereisnoincreaseinnumberofcells.
Deathphase:Thedeathphaseisalsoexponentialbutitisslow.Itisduetolackofnutrients.
Bacteriaareclassifiedintofivecategories.
Psychrophile(13
o
c)
Mesophile(39
o
c)
Thermophile(60
o
c)
Hyperthermophile(88
o
c)
Hyperthermophile(105
o
C).
HalophileSaltloving,preferNaclconcentrationbetween130%),
Osmophilegrowinhighsugarconcentration
Xerophilegrowinverydryconditions
YieldofATPmoleculesinrespiration:38ATP
Mutation:inheritablechangeinbasesequenceofnucleicacid
Pointmutation:Mutationsinvolvingoneorveryfewbasepairsarereferredaspointmutation.
Transduction:processinwhichDNAistransferredfromcelltocellthroughvirusesthatinfect
bacteriacalledasBacteriophages.
Conjugation:processoftransferofDNAdirectlyfromonebacterialcelltoanothercellbya
mechanismthatrequirescelltocellcontact
Plasmids:arealsoreferredasextrachromosomalDNA
Transposition:Certaingenesinbacteriaarecapableofshiftingfromonelocationtoanother
locationinthechromosome
Disinfectantschemicalsthatareusedtokillmicroorganismsoninanimateobjects.
Antisepticschemicalsthatarerelativelyintoxicandareusedtokillorinhibitmicroorganisms
inlivingtissues.
Generallythechemicalswithantimicrobialactionsarereferredasgermicides.
Thesubstancesobtainedfrommicroorganismsalonearereferredasantibiotics.
Firstreportofviruses:byDimitriiIvanowskyattributedthecausativeagentoftobacco
mosaicdisease.
FIRSTS
AnimalvirusFootandmouthdiseasebyLoefflerandPaulFrosch
HumanvirusYellowfeverbyReedsCommission
PlantvirusTobaccomosaicdiseasebyDimitriiIvanowsky
TheDNAfoundinthechromosomeisattachedwithaproteincalledhistonesandthisproteinis
alsoresponsibleforstainingproperty(basicstaining).
ThetwostrandsofDNAarejoinedtogetherbyhydrogenBonds.
ThemostcommonlyusedstainforfungalidentificationisLactophenolCottonBlue.
ThemediathatarecommonlyusedforfungalisolationaretheSabouraudsdextroseagar
Thesubstancesthatpathogensproducethatcausedamagetophagocytesarereferredtoas
"Aggressins".
Endotoxinsarepartoftheoutercellwallofbacteria.
EndotoxinsareassociatedwithcellwallofGramnegativebacteriaLipopolysaccharide
Extracellularbacterialproteinsthatfunctionasinvasin
InvasinBacteriaInvolved
CoagulaseStaphylococcusaureus
LeucocidinStaphylococcusaureus
LecithinaseClostridiumperfringens
AnthraxLfBacillusanthracis
V. MEATSCIENCE
LateralretropharyngeallymphnodeisusedtoruleoutTB
Hemallymphnodeabsentinhorsesandpigs
Water:proteinratioofyounganimal>4:1
Muscle:Boneratioforhealthyanimals4:1
Rigormortistimeofcattle=9hrs,birds=2hrs.
Chilledmeattemperatureis7C
Chilledoffaltemperatureis3C
Frozentemperatureofmeatis18C
Cookedmeattemperatureis72C
Blackcartridgeusedforslaughteringmediumsizeofanimal
Inelectricalstunninglowvoltagetemperatureis70volts/250mA,710sec
InstunningifcurrentisnotsufficientitleadtoCurarisation/MissedShock
Actofslaughterinjewishmethodisshechita
Firstslaughterhouseleonar,Mumbai
Phosphorouslevelofmeatandblood5560%and80%
Mouldformationiscommoninchilledmeat
Processoffreezedryingcalledlyophilisation
SterilizationbyradiationcalledRadapperization
Marblingabsentinhorsefleshandvenison
Muskyodourseeninbuffalomeat
Glycogencontentinhorse0.51%
Refractiveindexishighinhorsefat
Feedefficiencypoultry(1:1.8)>rabbit(1:2)>pig(1:3)>cattle(1:5)
Dressingpercentageofpig7075%
Ritualmethodpracticedinindiaishalal&jhatkamethod
GutsweatbreadPancreas
ReducingagentusedincuringisSodiumAscorbate(0.21%)
UltimatepHlevelofmeatis5.55.7
Processofconversionofmuscletomeatcalledrigormortis
Rigormortisoccurs812hrsafterslaughtering
Autolyticlysosomalenzymesinmeatiscalledcathepsin
PSEoccursmostlyinpig,DFDiscommoninbeef
Incoldstoragecondition,Zlineisdistrupted
Thawingtemperatureofmeatis46C
Freezingpointofmeatis(1.5C)
Presenceofwateryorbloodstainedfluidfromfrozenmeatiscalledweep/drip
Scaldingtemperatureofpigis6264Cfor6min
Oneanimalunit=onebovine=2pigs=3calves=5sheep
Overheadrailsshouldbeplacedattheheightof3.3mforcattledressing
MeatanaloguesareSoyabeanproteinandglutenofwheat
Meatofdeeriscalledvenison
Dressing%ofveal=63%
Artofremovingskin/hideiscalledflaying
Fresh,emulsiontypeofporksausagecalledsalami
VitaminB1(thiamine)ishigherinpork
Waterlevelofmeatis6580%
MilkhasanexcellentsourceofCa&PandlowinFe,cu,IandvitaminC.
Selflifeofvacuumpackagingis810weeksat0C
Musty/earthyodourduetoAchromobacterandfishyodourduetoE.coli
Keetisthenameofyoungguineafowl
CowslaughterisbannedinindiaexceptinstatesofkeralaandwestBengal
Maillardreactionisresponsiblefordevelopmentofbrowncoloronthesurfaceofcuredmeat
BlackrotineggsiscausebyProteusandPseudomonas
RedrotcausedbySerratia
Insausagemaking,saltsaddedinthelevelof44.5%
FunctionalunitofmyofibrilscalledSacromere
Commonlyusedhumectantsareglycerol/propyleneglycol
Buffalomeatiswhiteduetoabsenceofcarotene
VitaminApresentinbeefandmuttonabsentinBuffalo,ChevonAndPork
Gibletconsistingofheart,liver,gizzard
Poultrymeatcontainhighlevelofoleicandlinoleicacidandlowlevelofcholesterol
Theonsetofrigormortisisenhancedatambienttemperatureabove20C
Inplatetypefreezerachievedatthetemperatureof10C&blasttypefreezerachievedat
10to30C
Cannedmeatproductshaveaselflifeof2yrsatambienttemperature
Hippophagiaconsumptionofhorsemeat
Kynophagiaconsumptionofdogmeat
Weighttaken24hrspriortoslaughterisconsideredasLiveweightoftheanimal
PLUCKincattlelarynx,trachea,lungs,heartandliver
Sheepspleenalso
Pigsesophagusalso
Meatinspectorinhisonedaywork(8hrs)canexamine75cattle/200pigs/250calves/400sheep
Areasize
Smallabattoir Upto30,000units/year 12acres
Mediumabattoir 50,000+units/year 24acres
Largeabattoir 1lakh+units/year 46acres
lightintensity
(Takenatthelevelof0.9mfromfloor)
Allinspectionpoints 540luxunits 50footcandles
Slaughterhall&workroom 220luxunits 20footcandles
Otherareas 110luxunits 10footcandles
Roomtemperature
Chillingroom 1to5
0
C
Detentionroom 20
0
C
Edibleoffalroom 3
0
C
Meatcuttingroom 12
0
C
PPMlevel
Chlorineforcarcasswashing 100ppm
Chlorineforequipmentwashing 250ppm
BODofdomesticsewage 250300ppm
BODofslaughterhouse 15002000ppm
Sodiumnitritelevelincuredmeat 200ppm
Sodiumnitratelevelincuredmeat 500ppm
Dressingpercentage
cattle 5054%
sheep 4548%
Goat 4350%
Pig 7075%
Poultry 6570%
Rabbit 5258%
Bleedingtime
Species Bleeding
time(mts)
Amount of blood (% in
bodywgt)
Bloodyield
Cattle 6 34% 1012kg
Calves 6 56% 1.5kg
Sheep 5 44.5% 11.5kg
Pig 6 34% 23kg
poultry 1.52
Slaughteringofpigs
Desirablethicknessoffatonthebackis1.5inchesforleanporkproduction
GaseousStunning6570%CO2,
Electricalstunning6080volts,510sec
Stickingcarotidarteriesandjugularveins,56min
Calciumdeficientinmeatofpig
Pighighestfatstoringability
Porkisrichinphosphorus,iron,energy
VitaminAandDnotpresentinpork
Bluepigcrossingofwhiteandblackbreed
Lardpigfat
Storepig815weeksofageformarket
Scaldingtemperature6063Cfor5min
VI. GYNAECOLOGY
Oxytocin
Firsthormonalpeptidetobesynthesizedfoundintheanimals
Oxytocin=rapidbirth
Twositesoforiginovary,hypothalamus
Contractionofoviduct,milkletdown
OvarianoxytocinLutealfunctionactingonendometriuminducePGFinturnleadsto
LysisofCL
Estrogenenhancesresponsivenessofsmoothmuscletooxytocin
GnRH
ReleaseofFSH,LH
FSH
Growth&maturationofgraffianfollicle
Spermatogenesisuptosecondaryspermatocytes
ActsonreceptorsofsertolicellsleadstoproductionofABP
Spermiation
Secretionofinhibinfromgranulosecellsofovaryandsertolicellsoftestes
LHorICSH
PreovulatoryLHsurge
MaintainsactivityofCL
Stimulatesleydigcells
Prolactin
Luteotropicpropertiesindogs,mice,rats
Maternalbehavior
Functionsasmetabolichormoneinlowerformsofanimals
Placentalhormones
PMSG,hCG,PL,PSPB
PMSG
Canbeisolatedfromblood,notfoundinurine
Endometrialcupsofpregnantmaretheseareformedby40
th
dayofgestationandpersisttill
85
th
dayofpregnancy
Importantformaintenanceofpregnancyinmare
Clinicalusesuperovulation,anestrum
MoreofFSHlikeactivity
HCG
Syncytiotrophoblasticcellsofplacentaofprimates
MoreofLHlikeactivity
Clinicaluseinduceovulation,cysticovaries
Placentallactogen
GHlikeactivity
Imp.Regulatorofmaternalnutrientstothegrowingfoetus
Estrogen
Sexualreceptivityinfemale
Secondarysexualcharacters
Ductaldevelopmentofmammarygland
Attachmentofembryotouterinewall
Anaboliceffect
NegativefeedbackmechanismtotheGnRH
Developmentoffemalereproductivetract
Clinicaluse:Inductionofheat,treatmentofmisalliance,asEcbolic(Mummification,Pyometra),
inducesmilkproductionincow
Progesterone
Sourceovary,placenta,adrenal,testes
Inhibitsuterinecontractions
Increasesendometrialsecretions
Maternalbehavior,nestbuilding
Inductionoflactation
Clinicaluse
TreatmentofovariancystsnotrespondstoGnRH
Cervicovaginalprolapsed
Earlyembryonicmortality
Habitualabortion
Cow,Goat,SowCLdependant
TESTES
Mediastinumtestesabsentinstallion
ConnectivetissuecapsuleTunicaalbuginea
MedialseptumoftestesDartos
BloodtestesbarrierprimaryPeritubularcellspreventautoimmunereactions
Secondaryjunctionalcomplexesbetweensertolicells
Testes46clowerthanbodytemperature
Oxytocin,PGF2,Ach,tendstoaltertheEpididymalTransitTime
Extragonadalreserve(EGR)Epididymis,vasdeferens,Ampulla
Timerequiretocompleteacycleofseminiferousepithelium(Spermatogenesis)
Bull14days
Boar9days
Ram10days
Horse12days
RUTCertaindefiniteperiodofsexualexcitementinsomewildanimals(Deer,Camel,
Elephant)spermatogenesisoccursinthisperiod
Ampullae&Vesicularglandabsentindogandcat
Yellowishcolourofbullsemenisduetoriboflavin
Bulbouretheralglandabsentindog
SigmoidflexurePrescrotalBoar,PostscrotalBull,Ram
Retractorpenismusclecontrolssigmoidflexure
Glanspenis
Bullpointed
Ramurethralprocess
Boarglanspenisabsent
Dogtwopartsbulbusglandis(proximal1/3),parslongaglandis(distal2/3)
Catshort,terminalparthavingseveralspines
Stallionprominenturethralprocess,GrooveFossaglandis
Testiculardescent
Bull106daysofgestation
HorseNearbirth
Ram,Boar70daysofgestation
Dog34dayspostnatally
HighflankersTestesreachestheinguinalcanalbutnotdescentintothescrotum
ImpotentiacoeundiReducedtocompletelackofsexualdesireandabilitytocopulate
ImpotentiagenerandiInabilitytoreducedabilitytofertilize
BalanitisInflammationofglanspenis
PosthitisInflammationofprepuce
BalanoposthitisInflammationofpenisandprepuce
PhimosisUnabletonormallyprotrudethepenis
ParaphimosisUnabletoretractthepenisintotheprepuce
DiphallusDoublepenis
Phallocampsisdeviationofpeniseitherventralorlateralorspiral
Rainbowpenisventraldeviation
Corkscrewpenislateraldeviation
Inheritedspermdefects
Diadem
effect
Sign of disturbance in spermiogenesis,
Eversion of galea captis &crater shaped
depressions in the nucleus, Nuclear pouch
formationdefect.
Feulgen stain & phase
contrast microscopy helpful
inrevealingthisdefect.
Knobbed
spermatozoa
Acrosomal defect, Eccentrically placed
thickeningoftheAcrosome.
EosinB, Fast green stain&
phase contrast microscopy
helpful in revealing this
defect.
TesticularhypoplasiaGiantcells,medusacells,highincidenceofcytoplasmicdroplets
TesticulardegenerationLargeno.ofprimaryabnormality
Spermatogenesis
Bull,Ram,Dog6070days
Stallion4045days
Boar5060days
Azoospermianosperms
Oligospermiadecreaseinspermconcentration
Artificialinsemination
1780Lazzarospallanzani(ITALIAN)AIinbitch
1900Ivanoff(Russian)usedAIasatechniqueforbreeding
1939inIndiaKumaranPalacedairyfarmMysore
Semencollection
SpeciesArtificialvaginaTempetureBull3941c
Stallion4550c
Boar4550c
Ram&bucks4550c
Dog4042c
SpermcellconcentrationBull10%ofthesemenvolume,Boar25%
SpeciespH
Bull,Ram6.8
Stallion,Boar7.4
Dog6.7
FructoseNormalsugarprovidingenergytospermatozoainruminants
SorbitolSugaralcoholcanbeoxidizedtofructoseandprovidessourceofenergy
InositolBoarsemen
ErgotheionineBoar,Stallion
GlycerylphosphorylcholineEpididymalSecretion
AgeatPuberty
Species Female Male
Cattle 618months 912months
Horses 1024months 18months
Dog 612months 710months
Swine 58months 57months
Cat 518months 518months
MonoestrousWildAnimals
PolyestrousCow,Sow
RegularestrouscycleCow,Sheep,Mare,Bitch,Sow
SpontaneousovulatorsovulationtakesplacebutCLformedwillnotbefunctionaluntil
mating
Inducedovulatorsovulation&CLformationdependsuponthematinghasoccurredornot(
cat,Rabbit,Mink)
Uniparous/Monotocousoneovum,onefetus(cow,mare,sow)
Multiparous/Polytocous315ova,315fetus(dog,cat,sow)
Nulliparafemalethathaveneverconceived/carriedyoungone
Primiparaconceivedforthefirsttime(1
st
gestationperiod)
Pluriparaconceivedpreviously2ormoretimesearlier
Species Implantation(DaysafterConception)
Cow 2235days
Mare 3638days
Ewe 1618days
Sow 1320days
FSH&LHrequiredforantrumformation
CowMetestrualorpostEstrualbleedingcapillarybleedingduetothewithdrawlof
estrogen
Younganimalsslightshorterlengthofestrouscycle
Sexualdifferentiation
Feline,porcineembryo30daysofgestation
Ovine35days
Bovine45days
OvumovulatedAllspeciesMetaphaseII2
nd
meioticdivision
Mare,Dog,Fox1
st
meioticdivision
Species Estrusperiod Ovulationtime
Cow 1418hrs 1218hrsaftertheendofestrus
Mare 47days Last2daysofestrus
Sow 23days Lastdayofestrus
Ewe 12days Lastdayofestrus
Bitch 79days First3daysofestrus
Cat Induced 4 days if copulation
occursorelse910days
Onedayaftermating
Capacitationinitiatedintheuterusandcompletedinisthumusofoviduct
HyaluronidaseBullacrosome
ArylsulfalaseBoaracrosome
SyngamyFusionofmaleandfemalepronuclei
Pheromonevolatilesubstancesecretedorreleasedoutsidethebodyandperceivedbythe
olfactorysystemofotherindividualsofthesamespecies
BoarSaliva(submaxillaygland),Prepucialpouch2Attractants3androstenol,5
androstenone
FlehmenresponseBull,Ram,Stallion
Delayedovulation,silentestrus,anovulationmaybeduetocarotenedeficiency
Earlyembryonicmortalityoccursbetween819daysafterbreeding
CowbesttimeofAImiddletotheendofstandingheat(midestrusnotmetestrus)
Cardtestrapid,sensitiveaccuratetestforfieldscreeningofbrucellosis
Leptospirosisgargetymilk
Disease organism Timeofabortion
Vibriosis Vibriofetusveneralis EarlyEmbryonicdeathcommon
4 th month to term occasional ( II
trimester)
Trichomonosis Trichomonasfoetus Firsttrimester(24months)
Fungalabortion Aspergillusfumigatus 5
th
7
th
months
Epizootic bovine
Abortion
Psittacosis,Chlamydia
Groupoforg
6
th
8
th
month
Listeriosis Listeriamonocytogenes Lasttrimester(7
th
9
th
month)
Brucellosis Brucellaabortus Lasttrimesterofpregnancy
Leptospirosis L.pomona,L.hardjo,
L.grioppotypphosa
Lasthalfofgestation
IBRIPV Herpesvirus All3trimestersofthepregnancy
Gonadalsexdetermination
XXMedullainhibitedandcortexdevelopsFemale
XYcorticaldevelopmentinhibitedtestesdevelopsmale
PrimarysexcordsAncestorsofspermatozoa
SecondarysexcordsAncestorsofoocytes
Species Ovaryshape Morefunctional
Bull,Ewe Almond Right
Mare Bean Left
Sow Mulberry Left
Bitch Oval
OvarianhormonesEstrogen,Progesterone,Oxytocin,Relaxin,InhibinandActivin
Oviductopeningofinfundibulumostiumtubaeabdominal
Openingofuterotubaljunctionostiumtubaeuterinum
Uterus species
Bicornuate Cow,Ewe,Goat,Sow
Simplex primates,humans
Deciduate Bitch,Queen
Nondeciduate Cow,Doe,Ewe,Mare,Sow
Cotyledonary Ruminants
Diffuse Mare,Sow
Zonary Bitch,Queen
Discoidal Guineapig
CattleCaruncleArrangedin4rows(70120innumber)
Truewater(2
nd
)bagamnion
MarecruciformorTshaped
Bitchandqueenentireuterusliesintheabdominalcavity
PortionofcervixprojectsintothevaginaPortiovaginalis
Fornixabsentinsow,prominentinmare
Remnantsofwolffianductgartnersduct
Pregnancydiagnosisalsoknownascyesiognosis
PositivesignsofpregnancyAmnioticvesicle,Fetalmembraneslip,Fetus,cotyledons
Days Palpablepart@pregnancy
30days Amnioticvesicle
3590days Fetalmembraneslip
About90days Fetalbump
90100days Placentomes
120days Fremitus
Whiteheiferdiseaseduetosexlinkedrecessivegeneiscommonlyseeninwhiteshorthorn
cattle
Uterinetubalpatencytestphenolsulphonpthalene(PSP)dyetest
Follicularcystnymphonia(bullers),multipleinbothovaries,relaxationofsacrosciatic
ligamentupwarddisplacementofcoccyxsterilityhump
Lutealcystoftensingle,anestrous,adrenalvirilism
Mummificationoffetus
Incattlehematictype38months,papyraceoustypeoccurinotherspecies
R/Efirmer,dryerleatherliketissuewithuterinewallwithoutcotyledon
R
X
PGF2(Lutalyse,vetmate,iliren,dinofertin)
Cattle25mg(totaldose)
Macerationoffetus
willoccuratanystagecommonly3
rd
month
Trichomoniasisandvibriosisorganismsinvadetheuteruscauseinfectionandpusformation
Dropsyoffetalmembranesoverallincidence0.3%
Hydroallontois(88%),mostfrequentlyencounteredthanhydroamnios(510%)
Hydroallontoisbloatedbullfroglikecalf
Uterinetorsiontwistingorrevolutionofthegraviduterusonitslongaxis
Signsofapproachingparturitioninmarewaxingofteat,patchysweating
Fetusdecidesthedayofbirthanddamdecidesthetimeofbirth
NormalplacentalExpulsiontime:
cattle812hrs,
Mare0.53hrs,
sheep&goat36hrs
BitchPlacentophagy
SowFoetophagy
Duringfetalexpulsioncow,Ewe,DoeSternalrecumbency,Marelateralrecumbency
Postpartumperiodpuerperium
Uterineinvolutioncompletedby
cattle2652daysfollowingparturition
Mare32days
Bitch45week
PostpartumuterinedischargeLochia
Onsetofestrusafterparturition,cattle:3390days,buffaloes:46months
Foalheat512dayspostpartum
BitchthepostpartumLochiaisgreencolourisduetoUteroverdinbreakdownproductof
Hemoglobin.
Uterineincisionisclosedbydoublerowoflembertorcushingsutures
FeedingsweetclovertosheepHyperestrogenisimcanleadstouterineprolapsed.
Downercowclinicallyparturientparesisbutunabletoriseafter24hoursandtwocalcium
infusions
Creepercowcowbecomesalertandgainscontrolfollowingcalciuminjectionbutremains
recumbentduetoinabilitytousehindquarters
SyntheticanaloguesofGnRHBuserelin(RECEPTAL),Fertirelin(OVALYSE),Gonadorelin
(FERTAGYL)
PresentationP Relation of the spinal axis of the fetus to that of dam. (eg
longitudinal/transverseandanterioer/posterior)
PositionP Relation of the dorsum of the fetus in longitudinal
presentation or the head in transverse presentation to that of
quadrantsofmaternalpelvis.
(egdorsosacral,dorsopubicetc.,)
PostureP Relation of the extremities or the head, neck and limbs of
thefetustothebodyofitsown.
(egshoulderflexion,hipflexionnapeetc.,)
Postpartumheatinpigs35days
Atthetimeofdeepfreezing30millionsperms/ml
AtthetimeofAI(postthaw)minimum10millionsperms/ml
Buckspermatozoaquitesusceptibletocoldshock
BucksemenPresenceofeggcoagulatingenzyme(PhospholipaseA)preventsthestorageat5
cinyolkcontainingdiluents
Equilibriumofsemen@5cfor6hrstoenableglycerolaction
Sealingpowderpolyvinylalcohol
LaboratorysealhastobecutduringAI
Minimumof1015millionofviablespermspresentafterfreezingandthawingineachdoses
ThecapacityofFrenchministraw0.25ml
VII. LIVESTOCKPRODUCTIONANDMANAGEMENT
Fourpillarsoflivestockmanagement(or)LPM
1)Breeding2)Weeding3)Feeding4)Heeding
TurkeyMeleagrisgallopavo
J.QuailCoturnixcoturnixjaponica
GuireafoulNumidameleagris
DuckAnasplathyrhynchos
GooseAnseranser
CommonTermsandDefinitions
Horse
Geld(or)geldingcastratedmalehorse.
BrokenhorseAwelltrainedhorse
UnbrokenhorseUntrainedhorse
ColtfoalMaleyoungone
FillyfoalFemaleyoungone
DoublerigCryptorchid(bothtesticlesretainedintheabdomen)
FoalingActofgivingbirthtoyoungone.
MuleMarexjackass
Jennet/Jenny/hinny/Genetstallionxshedonkey
Cattle
HeiferYoungfemaleoveroneyear,whichhasjustattainedmaturity.
SlinkcalfAnabortedcalf
BobbycalfMalecalfabout1weekold.
FreemartinTwincalvesofdifferentsexesareborn
ThebullcalfSexuallynormal.
femalecalfSterile(always)
Sheep
Wedder(or)wetherAnadultcastratedmalesheep.
GimmerFemalesheepwhichisbetween1and2shearing.
Seggyanadultmalecastratedafterservice
Frogthecentralelevatedportionbehindthefoot
Chestnutthehornygrowthsituatedbelowthehockonboththehindlimb
Hoggingclippingthemane
Pouringpouringsmallquantityofdipintopartsofthefleecealongtheback,sidesandbelly
CrutchingremovingsoileddungstainedwoolofPerinealandinguinalregions
Scouringremovalofimpuritiesinrawwool
Mullingcastrationbycrudemethod
Ringingremovalofwoolfromtheregionaroundthepenis
Eyeingclippingofwoolaroundtheeyetopreventwoolblindness
Species Number of defined breeds
India
Cattle 28
Buffalo 7
Sheep 44
Goat 23
Equines 6
Wateringoflivestock
Species waterintake/day
Cattle&buffalo 2728lit
Adultcamel 7090lit
Sheep&goat 18lit
Pigs 2530lit
Poultry 250ml
Dog&cats 14lit
Horse 36lit
SpeciesWaterreq.forallpurposes/day
Cow100110lit
Horse72lit
Pigs4050lit
Potablewater
Standardphysicalqualities
Organicmatter 3ppm
PHrange 78.5
Turbidity 5turbidityscale
Chemicalqualities
Chloride,Sulphate 250ppm
Fluoride 1ppm
Ammonia
Lead 0.1ppm
Arsenic 0.05ppm
Iron 0.3ppm
Hardnessofwater
temporaryhardnessbicarbonatesofcalciumandmagnesium
PermanenthardnesChloridesandsulphatesofcalciumandmagnesium.
Chlorinedemandfornormalwater0.91.8ppm
Brackishtasteofwaterisduetopresenceofsodiumchloride
Sickleshapedhornsurti
TallestIndiansheepbreedNellore
ShortestIndiansheepbreedMandya
Peltbreedkarakul
Largestgoatbreedjamnapari
DwarfbreedofgoatBarbari
MilkfatpercentagehighestinJakffarabadi&lowestinNiliravi
Cheguandchanthangiarepashminagoat
Gestationheatisalsopresentingoat
Safesanitarydistanceis150200feetawayfromthesourcesofcontaminations
Glutaraldehyde(2%)aqueoussolutionusedforsterilizationofinstruments
Trapisacontrivanceforpreventingsewargasescapingintohousedrainagesystem
Presenceofironinwaterencouragesthegrowthofironbacteriasuchascrenothrixand
gallionella
Higherconcentrationoffluoridecausesinterferencewithcalcificationgivingrisetodental
dystrophyknownasmottledteeth
Coolingpowercanbemeasuredbykatathermometer
Airvelocity100ft/minat70Cisfoundtobecomfortableforbroilers
PercentageofCO2presentintheatmospherecanbemeasuredbyHaldanesapparatus
Shortdaybreederssheepandgoat
Longdaybreedershorse
HousingEastwestorientationtemperateregions
Northsouthorientationtropicalregions
Identificationofhorse
Greyskinisblackwithadmixtureofblackandwhitehairs
Bayvariesfromdullredtoyellowishcolor,blackmane,tailandthelimb
Piebaldirregularpatchesofwhiteandblack
Starawhitemarkontheforeheadeitherlargeorsmall
Stripeanarrowwhitemarkingrunningdowntheface,maybethinorbroad
Conjoinedstarandstripestripeincontinuationofastar
Blazeawhitemarkingcoveringalmostthewholeoftheforeheadbetweentheeyesand
extendingdownthefrontofthefacebeyondthewidthofnasalboneandusuallyinvolvingthe
muzzle
Whitefacewhitecoversthewholeofforehead
Snipanyisolatedwhitemarkinbetweenthenostrils
Whitemuzzlebothlipswillbewhite
Whorlsanyirregularsettingofhairs
FreezebrandingDryice(70C),Liquidnitrogen(196C)
Teeth
Canineteethabsentinmare,cattle
Tushescanineteethofpig
Wolfteeth1
st
premolarofupperjawinhorse
Dentalstaramarkseenonthetablesurfaceofincisorsinhorse
Infundibulumdarkdepressiononthetablesurfaceofincisorsinhorse
Carnassials/sectorialteethindogs.
4
th
cheektoothofupperjaw(4
th
premolar)
5
th
cheektoothoflowerjaw(1
st
molar)
Galvaynesgrooveisadepressiononthelabialsurfaceofthecornerincisors
Bishopingisanattempttomaketheoldanimalstobemistakenforayoungone
Dentalformula
species Temporary (
deciduous)
permanent
2 (Incisors / canine /
premolar)
2
(Incisors/canine/premolar
/molar)
Cattle/sheep/go
at
0/4,0/0,3/3 20 0/4,0/0,3/3,3/3 32
Horse 3/3,0/0,3/3 24 3/3,1/1,34/3,3/3 40
42
Pig 3/3,1/1,3/3 28 3/3,1/1,4/4,3/3 44
Dog 3/3,1/1,3/3 28 3/3,1/1,4/4,2/3 42
Cat 3/3,1/1,3/2 26 3/3,1/1,3/2,1/1 30
Camel 1/3,1/1,3/2 22 1/3,1/1,3/2,3/3 34
DoubledishedfaceischaracteristicofjerseyandGuernsey
GoldenyellowcolormilkisseeninGuernsey
BestmilkproductionofworldisHolsteinFriesian
Keystoneofarchinanimalbreedingselection
Massselectioncanbepowerfulforhighlyheritabletraits
Species Spermcount/ml volume
Bull 6001200million 210ml
Buffalo 6001000million 25ml
Ram 8004000million 0.62ml
Stallion 50200million 30280ml
Boar 251000million 150450ml
Calfstartershouldbefedat3monthsofage(TDN70%,CP22%)
AdditionalfeedingduringthepregnancyperiodSteamingup
Cowsshouldbebredaftercalvingwithin6090days
Earnotchingiscommonlypracticedinpigs
RemovaloftesticlesinfowlCaponisation
Draughtpowerofbullock0.75HP
Gestationperiodofgoatis145155days
BestknownIndiangoatmilchbreedjamnapari
CrudeFibreutilizationGoat>sheep>buffaloes>cows
Insheepflushingispracticed23weeksbeforemating
Ageoframforbreedingpurpose2yrs
Sheeptendstosurvivebestindrierclimates
At20wksofage,16hrsoflightingisrequired
Airmovementshouldnotexceed30ft(9.2m)/min
Forproductionof1mlofmilk400500mlofbloodmustpassthroughtheudder
Majorelements(Ca,P,K,Cl,andNa)cannotbechangedbyalteringthelevelsofthese
elementsintherationofacow
STH,ACTH,TSHandOxytocinexerttheireffectinmaintainingthenormallactationcurve
Galactophoreamilkduct
Galactosidaseenzymewhichcatalysesthesplittingoflactoseintoglucose+Galactose
Galactopoiesismaintenanceoflactation
Lactogenesisinitiationofmilksecretion
Concentratefeeding0.35kgperlitofmilk
ColostrumsalsoknownasBeesting
Besttimeforcastrationis810weeksforcattle
Dewormingwithpiperazineadipatewithin3
rd
to7
th
day,repeatitonceinamonthupto6
th
monthofage
Calfmortalitybelow8%
Adultmortalitybelow3%
ChemicalusedforshearinginsheepCyclophospamide
LimitingaminoacidofsheepMethionine
Drymatterrequirementofsheep2.53kg/head/day
Theonlymilkproducingsheepbreed(goatlikesheep)Sonadi
Finenessofwoolexpressedintermsofspinningcounts(s)
RatioofsecondarytoprimaryfollicleinFinewoolbreeds20:1
Carpetwoolbreeds1:1to3:1
DiameterofWoolfiber1550
DiameterofKempfiber100200
HairMedullaispresent
Typeofwool Diameter Sunit
Finewool <25 64sto80s
Mediumwool 2540 50sto62s
Coarsewool >40 <50s
ThefiberfromtheAngoragoatisknownasMohair
FleececontainSuintandGrease
Suintwatersolublesaltspresentinthewool,whichisexcretoryproductsfromskin
Thewavinessofwoolisknownascrimp,finewoolwillhavemorecrimps
MuttonPalepinkish
Chevondarkredwithcoarsetexture
Floor space per animal
(Sq.ft)
Typeofanimal Coveredarea Openarea
Cows 2030(3.5m
2
) 80100(7m
2
)
Buffaloes 2535 80100
Youngstock 1520 5060
Pregnantcows 100120 180200
Bulls 120140(12m
2
) 200250(120m
2
)
Ram/Buck 3.4m
2
Ewe/Doe 1m
2
Boar 9m
2
9m
2
VIIIPOULTRYSCIENCE
BREED:groupofindividualswithinthespecieshavingdistinctphysical&productive
characteristics,whichareefficientlytransmittedtodecendents
variety:subdivisionofbreedmostlydecidedbytypeofcomb,colourofplumage
Strain:populationofsmallnumberofindividualsinvarietyreproducingwithwellestablished
commoncharacteristicsBreeds
Mediterraneanclass(Eggtype):MLA(Minorca,Leghorn,Ancona)
Englishclass(Meattype):COSA(Cornish,Orphington,Sussex,Australop)
Americanclass(Dualtype):RPNW(Rhodeislandred,Plymouthrock,NewHampshire,
Wyandotte)
AsiaticclassBrhaman,Cochin,Langsharn
DuckEgglayers:KhakiCampbell,IndianrunnerMeatducks:whitepekin,
Aylsburry,Muscovy,RouvenSexratio:Male:Female1:1516Replacementpullets
1:1012broilerbreedersFamilyselectionisusefulinlowheritabilitycharacteristics
Lowheritabilitycharacterseggproduction,fertilityandviability
Pedigreeselectionisusedforsexlimitedtraits
Individualselectionadoptedfortraitsofhighheritability,
highlyheritablecharacterseggweight,shellquality,sexualmaturity,growthrate,
confirmation
SelectionofbirdsforLayerLine1014weeksofageMeatTypeLine8weeksofage
NAFEDNationalAgriculturalCoOperativeMarketingFederationofIndia
Inmarketingofeggs,statelevelgovernmentorganizationslike
MAFCO,TAPCO,POMFCO,NECCandNAFEDaremakingconsiderableeffortsfor
marketingandsalepromotionofeggs
NECCNationaleggcoordinationcommitteefixesthepricesfortheeggs
India3
rd
largesteggproducernexttochina&USA
FertileeggnucleusiscalledasGermdisc,infertileeggitiscalledasGermspot
Ovipositionactoflaying,duetothereleaseofArginineandvasotocin
BrowncolorofeggshellisduetothepigmentPorphyrin
BlueshelledeggspigmentOocyanin
Thenormaldepthofaircellis4to8mm
ShellfromoutsidecoveredbyalayerofcuticlewhichisBacteriostatic
Shellmembranes0.0010.02mmthick
Shell11%oftotaleggweight
Albumen58%oftotaleggweight
Yolk31%oftotaleggweight
Ovomucinresponsibleforfirmnessofthickalbumen
Oviduct
Infundibulumfertilizationofovum,theyolkstaysforabout15min
Magnummajorqtyofthickalbumensecretedhere,materialsstayabout3hours
Isthmus1.25hrs,eggwhite,2shellmembranes,somesaltandwaterisaddedtoegg
Uterusmajorroleineggformation,hardcalcareousshell,shellpigment,someminerals&water
alongwithcuticledeposited,eggspendsmaxtime21hrsatthisplace
Vaginaeggjustpasseswithoutspendingtime
2426hrsrequiredforformationofanegg
Haughunit(HU)Evaluatingalbumenquality,theHUofgoodqualityegg70
TemperatureEggholdingroom1820c
PhysiologicalZerotoarrestthedevelopmentofembryobeforesettingat7580%humidity
Fumigation1x40mlofformalinwith20gofKmno4/2.80m3
Incubatortemp37.537.8C,6570%humidity
Hatchertemp36.536.8C,7580%humidity
Incubationperiod2021days
Broodingmanagementupto4weeksbroilers,68wkslayers
Broodingspace5066cm
2
/chick,temperature33Cduringfirstweek,2.6Creducedevery
weektillreaches21C
DebeakinggenerallydonetwiceineggtypechickenDayold&Around9
th
dayorat34
weeksofage
Toeclippingbreedingmales69daysofage
Dubbingremovalofcomb,around78weeksofage
Croppingremovalofwattles
Theaveragestockingdensityofadultbirds
Freerange250birds/ha
Semiintensive750birds/ha
Intensivesystem1000025000birds/ha
Foulpatchthegroundimmediatelysurroundingthehousesmoredangerofinfection
Depthoflitter5cmforchicks,710cmforgrowersandlayers
Therelativehumidityinthedeeplittersystemshouldbearound40%
Themoisturecontentoflittershouldnotbelessthan18%andshouldnotexceed>24%
Theammonialevelproducedbylittershouldnotexceed25ppm
OrientationofpoultryhousesEastWestdirection
Floorspacerequirement
Layers Broilers
Age(weeks) Space/bird(cm
sq)
Age(weeks) Space/bird(cmsq)
Deeplitter
07 650675 04 450470
811 900925 57 750850
1219 18002000
Cagesystem
08 200250
920 275300
20&above 337375
Restrictedfeedingincreasesthesizeofinitialeggslaidandisanimportantfactortoregulate
thesizeofeggs
Eggbornetransmission(Transovariandiseases)Salmonellosis,Mycoplasmosis,
Avianleucosiscomplex,Ranikhetdisease,InfectiousBronchitis,AvianEncephalomyelitis,avian
Adenovirusinfection,IBH(inclusionbodyhepatitis),EDS76,Fowltyphoid
MottledyolkDuetococcidiostat,hotweather,gossypolpoisoning
BloodspotVitaminAdeficiency
BrooderpneumoniaAspergillusfumigates
Gapeworm(Forkedworms)Syngamustrachea
VaccineDrinkingwateradministrationFor10litersofwater1kgoficeand60gof
skimmedmilkpowderisused
TheRHofpoultryhouseshouldrangefrom4575%
Hatchweightofbroilerchick3540g
Chicksmustremainincontinuouslightingupto8wksofage
NUTRITION
Supplementalnitrogen:sulphurnecessaryintheratioof10:1
Cerealgrainsaredeficientinlysineandtryptophan
Fishmealisrichsourceoflysine,tryptophanandmethionine
Pigletshighlysusceptibletoironandcobaltdeficiency
Pigletanaemia(thumps)
symptomsPaleintheregionofearsandbelly,Listlessness,Rapidbreathing,oftenDiarrhoea.
R
X
100150mgofironintheformofirondextron3daysafterbirthifnecessaryasecond
inj.3weekslater
Weightatweaningageisproofofefficientgrowthandalsoanindicationofthemilkingability
ofthegilt
Creepfeedinggivenfrom3
rd
weekonwards(2530%CP)
Yellowmaizeisrichincryptoxanthine
Restrictedfeedingproducesbetterqualitymeat
Cottonseedmealisknownforitsefficiencytoproducehardandfirmmeat
Feedslikegroundnut,maize,ricebran,vegetableoils,etcwhenfedinliberalwillresultin
softpork
Maizeasacerealdeficientincalcium
Cholineandmethionineareneededtosupplementtocounteractthetoxicityresultingfrom
tannin
Ricepolishrichinthiamineandhigherinniacinandriboflavin
Wheatbran12%fibrerrichinphosphorusandpoorincalcium
Bloodmeal>80%protein
Meatmeal5055CP
Bloodmealisdeficientisoleucine
Groundnutcake4050%protein
Feathermeal5%inclusionlevel
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