1

Prestressed Concrete
Structures
d l Module 1
Introduction, Prestressing Systems
and Material Properties
Prepared by:
Amlan K Sengupta
Devdas Menon
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Reference Books
1) Krishna Raju, N., Prestressed Concrete, Tata McGraw-
References
1) Krishna Raju, N., Prestressed Concrete, Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
2
Reference Books
2) Rajagopalan, N., Prestressed Concrete, Narosa
References
2) Rajagopalan, N., Prestressed Concrete, Narosa
Publishing House.
Reference Books
3) Collins, M. P. and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete
References
3) Collins, M. P. and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete
Structures, Prentice Hall Inc.
3
Reference Books
4) Lin, T.Y. and Burns, N. H., Design of Prestressed
References
4) Lin, T.Y. and Burns, N. H., Design of Prestressed
Concrete Structures, John Wiley and Sons.
Reference Books
5) Naaman, A. E., Prestressed Concrete Analysis and
References
5) Naaman, A. E., Prestressed Concrete Analysis and
Design: Fundamentals, Techno Press 3000.
4
Reference Books
6) Nawy, E. G., Prestressed Concrete A Fundamental
References
6) Nawy, E. G., Prestressed Concrete A Fundamental
Approach, Prentice Hall Inc.
Reference Books
7) Nilson, A., Design of Prestressed Concrete, John Wiley
References
7) Nilson, A., Design of Prestressed Concrete, John Wiley
and Sons.
5
Code
IS:1343 - 2012, Prestressed Concrete Code of Practice ,
References
Bureau of Indian Standards.
Allied Codes
IRC:112 - 2011, Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges,
Indian Roads Congress.
IRS Concrete Bridge Code: 1997, Indian Railway Standard
Code of Practice for Plain, Reinforced and Prestressed
Concrete for General Bridge Construction, Ministry of
Railways.
International Codes
ACI 318M 11 Building Code Requirements for Structural
References
ACI 318M-11, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary, American Concrete Institute.
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985, Structural Use of Concrete : Part 1
Code of Practice for Design and Construction, British
Standard Institution.
EN 1992 (EC2), Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures
Handbook
Precast / Prestressed Concrete Institute, PCI Design
Handbook
6
1) Introduction, Prestressing Systems and Material Properties
Topics
2) Losses in Prestress
3) Analysis of Members
4) Design of Members
5) Analysis and Design for Shear and Torsion 5) Analysis and Design for Shear and Torsion
6) Calculations of Deflection and Crack-width
Topics
7) Transmission of Prestress
8) Cantilever and Continuous Beams
9) Special Topics
7
Introduction
Module 1-a (1
st
Hour)
Basic Concept
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Brief History
Development of Building Materials
Basic Concept
8
Introduction
Basic Concept
What is prestressing ?
Prestressing is the application of an initial load on a
structure, to enable it to counteract the stresses arising
from subsequent loads during its service period.
Examples of Prestressing Before Development of
Prestressed Concrete
Introduction
Prestressed Concrete
The concept of prestressing existed before the
applications in concrete. Two such examples are given
here.
9
Examples of Prestressing Before Development of
Prestressed Concrete
Introduction
Force-fitting of metal bands on wooden barrels
It induces a state of initial hoop compression, to
counteract the hoop tension caused by filling of liquid
in the barrels.
Metal bands
Fig. 1a-1 Force-fitting of
metal bands on
wooden barrels
Examples of Prestressing Before Development of
Prestressed Concrete
Introduction
Pre-tensioning the spokes in a bicycle wheel
The pre-tension is to such an extent that there will
always be a residual tension in the spoke.
Fig. 1a-2 Pre-tensioning
the spokes in a bicycle
wheel
Spokes
10
Basic Concept
Introduction
Concrete in which effective internal stresses are
induced (usually, by means of tensioned steel) before
the structure is loaded, to counteract the stresses
resulting from the applied service loads.
Basic Concept
Introduction
Concretes tensile strength is only 8-14% of its
compressive strength.
Cracks develop at early stages of loading in flexural
members (beams, slabs).
To prevent such crack, compressive forces can be
suitably applied in the perpendicular direction.
11
Basic Concept
P t i h th b di h d
Introduction
Prestressing enhances the bending, shear and
torsional capacities of the flexural members.
In pipes and liquid storage tanks, the hoop tensile
stresses can be effectively counteracted by circular
prestressing.
Introduction
Basic Concept
Prestressing of structures was introduced in late
nineteenth century. The following sketch explains the
application of prestress.
12
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Introduction
Place and stretch mild steel rods, prior to
concreting
Fig. 1a-3 Prestressing of concrete beams by mild steel rods
Release the tension and cut the rods after concreting
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Introduction
After hardening of concrete, release the tension in the
rods. The rods will try to regain their original length, but
this is prevented by the surrounding concrete to which the
steel is bonded. Thus, the concrete is now effectively in a
state of pre-compression. It is capable of counteracting
tensile stress, such as arising from the load shown in the
f ll i k t h following sketch.
13
Introduction
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Fig. 1a-4 A prestressed beam under an external load
Introduction
Early Attempts of Prestressing
The early attempts of prestressing were not
completely successful. It was observed that the
effect of prestress reduced with time.
The load resisting capacities of the members were
limited. Under sustained loads, the members were
found to fail.
Why?
14
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Introduction
Concrete shrinks with time. Moreover under
sustained load, the strain in concrete increases with
time. This is known as creep strain. The reduction in
length due to creep and shrinkage is also applicable
to the embedded steel, resulting in significant loss in
the tensile strain the tensile strain.
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Introduction
In the early applications, the strength of the mild steel
and the strain during prestressing were less. TThe
residual strain and hence, the residual prestress was
only about 10% of initial value. The following
sketches explain the phenomena.
15
Introduction
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Original length of steel rod (L
1
)
Fig. 1a-5 Beam before applying prestress
Original length of concrete beam (L
2
)
Reduced length of concrete beam (L )
Introduction
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Reduced length of concrete beam (L
3
)
Fig 1a 6 Beam at transfer of prestress Fig. 1a-6 Beam at transfer of prestress
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Final length of prestressed beam (L
4
)
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Introduction
Final length of prestressed beam (L
4
)
Fig. 1a-7 Beam after long-term losses of prestress Fig. 1a 7 Beam after long term losses of prestress
Introduction
Early Attempts of Prestressing
R id l t i i t l i i l t il t i i t l Residual strain in steel = original tensile strain in steel
compressive strains
corresponding to short-term
and long-term losses.
17
Introduction
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Original tensile strain in steel = (L
2
L
1
)/L
1
Compressive strain due to elastic shortening
of beam (short-term loss in prestress) = (L
2
L
3
)/L
1
Compressive strain due to creep and
shrinkage (long-term losses in prestress) = (L
3
L
4
)/L
1
Residual strain in steel = (L
4
L
1
)/L
1
The maximum original tensile strain in mild steel
Introduction
Early Attempts of Prestressing
The maximum original tensile strain in mild steel
= Allowable stress / elastic modulus
= 140 MPa / 210
5
MPa
= 0.0007
The total loss in strain due to elastic shortening, g,
creep and shrinkage was also close to 0.0007. Thus
the residual strain was negligible.
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Early Attempts of Prestressing
Introduction
What was the solution to increase residual strain and the
effective prestress?
Adopt high strength steel with much higher original
strain. This leads to the scope of high prestressing
force force.
Adopt high strength concrete to withstand the high
prestressing force.
Brief History
19
Brief History
Introduction
Before the development of prestressed concrete, two
significant developments of reinforced concrete are the
invention of Portland cement and introduction of steel
in concrete.
1824 Aspdin J (England) 1824 Aspdin, J., (England)
Obtained a patent for the manufacture
of Portland cement.
Brief History
Introduction
1857 Monier, J., (France)
Introduced steel wires in concrete to make
flower pots, pipes, arches and slabs.
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Brief History
Introduction
The following events were significant in the
development of prestressed concrete.
1886 Jackson, P. H., (USA)
Introduced the concept of tightening
steel tie rods in artificial stone and steel tie rods in artificial stone and
concrete arches.
Fig. 1a-8 Steel
tie rods in arches
Brief History
Introduction
1888 Doehring, C. E. W., (Germany)
Manufactured concrete slabs and small
beams with embedded tensioned steel.
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Brief History
Introduction
1908 Stainer, C. R., (USA)
Recognised losses due to shrinkage and
creep, and suggested retightening the
rods to recover lost prestress.
1923 Emperger, F., (Austria)
Developed a method of winding and pre-
tensioning high tensile steel wires around
concrete pipes.
Brief History
Introduction
1924 Hewett, W. H., (USA)
Introduced hoop-stressed horizontal
reinforcement around walls of concrete
tanks through the use of turnbuckles.
Thousands of liquid storage tanks and concrete pipes
were built in the two decades to follow.
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Brief History
Introduction
1925 Dill, R. H., (USA)
Used high strength unbonded steel rods.
The rods were tensioned and anchored
after hardening of the concrete.
1926 Eugene Freyssinet (France)
Used high tensile steel wires, with ultimate
strength as high as 1725 MPa and yield
stress over 1240 MPa.
I 1939 h d l d i l d f In 1939, he developed conical wedges for
end anchorages for post-tensioning and
developed double-acting jacks.
He is often referred to as the Father of Prestressed
concrete.
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Brief History
1938 H E (G )
Introduction
1938 Hoyer, E., (Germany)
Developed long line pre-tensioning
method.
1940 Magnel, G., (Belgium)
Developed an anchoring system for Developed an anchoring system for
post-tensioning, using flat wedges.
Brief History
During the Second World War, applications of
Introduction
During the Second World War, applications of
prestressed and precast concrete increased rapidly.
The names of a few persons involved in developing
prestressed concrete are mentioned.
Guyon, Y., (France) built numerous prestressed
concrete bridges in western and central Europe.
Abeles, P. W., (England) introduced the concept of
partial prestressing.
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Brief History
Leonhardt F (Germany) Mikhailor V (Russia) and
Introduction
Leonhardt, F., (Germany), Mikhailor, V., (Russia) and
Lin, T. Y., (USA) are famous in the field of prestressed
concrete.
The International Federation for Prestressing (FIP), a
professional organisation in Europe was established in
1952. The Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
(PCI) was established in USA in 1954.
Brief History
Prestressed concrete was started to be used in
Introduction
Prestressed concrete was started to be used in
building frames, parking structures, stadiums, railway
sleepers, transmission line poles and other types of
structures and elements.
In India, the applications of prestressed concrete
diversified over the years. The first prestressed
t b id b ilt i 1948 d th A R il concrete bridge was built in 1948 under the Assam Rail
Link Project. Among bridges, the Pamban Road Bridge
at Rameshwaram, Tamilnadu, remains a classic
example of the use of prestressed concrete girders.
25
Fig 1-a 9 Pamban Road Bridge at Rameshwaram, Tamilnadu
(Courtesy: http://www.ramnad.tn.nic.in)
Development of Building Materials
26
Development of Building Materials
Introduction
The development of prestressed concrete can be studied
in the perspective of traditional building materials.
In the ancient period, stones and bricks were extensively
used. These materials are strong in compression, but g
weak in tension.
Development of Building Materials
Introduction
For tension, bamboos and coir ropes were used in
bridges. Subsequently iron and steel bars were used to
resist tension. These members tend to buckle under
compression.
Wood and structural steel members were effective both
in tension and compression.
27
Development of Building Materials
Introduction
In reinforced concrete, concrete and steel are
combined such that concrete resists compression and
steel resists tension. This is a passive combination of
the two materials.
In prestressed concrete high strength concrete and In prestressed concrete high strength concrete and
high strength steel are combined such that the full
section is effective in resisting tension and
compression. This is an active combination of the two
materials.
Introduction
Compression (C) Tension (T) C and T
Development of Building Materials
Stones, Bricks Bamboo, Ropes Timber
Structural steel
Steel bars, wires
Reinforced
C t
Passive combination
Concrete
Concrete
Prestressed
Concrete
High Strength
Steel
High Strength
Concrete
Active combination
28
Introduction
Summary
Basic Concept
Early Attempts of Prestressing
Brief History
Development of Building Materials