1

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS REVIEW

Notation:
- normal stress (psi or Pa)
- shear stress (psi or Pa)
- normal strain (in/in or m/m)
- shearing strain (in/in or m/m)
I - area moment of inertia (in
4
or m
4
)
J - polar area moment
of inertia (in
4
or m
4
)
N - revolutions per minute
E - modulus of elastiit! (psi or Pa)
" - modulus of rigidit! (psi or Pa)
- Poisson#s ratio
- oeffiient of thermal e$pansion
(/%& or /%')
( - )ending moment in )eams
* - tor+ue in shafts
* - temperature hange (& or ')
hp - horsepo,er (1 hp - ../ ft-l)/se)
&010 - fator of safet! -
t - * - thermal strain
1etion 1: Introdution
a0 1tress: fore per unit area ating on a plane
Normal stress (): fore ats perpendiular to the plane0
1hear stress (): fore ats parallel to the plane
)0 1train: deformation per unit length of dimension
Normal strain (): strethes or ompresses material
1hear strain (): hanges the angle )et,een lines ,ithin the material
0 2verage 1hear 1tress in &asteners
- 1ingle 1hear
3 - 1hear fore on pin 3 - P
2 - 'ross setional area of pin
4ou)le 1hear
3 -
d0 5earing 1tress in &asteners
-
P - fore
d - diameter of fastener
t - thi6ness of part
/7//4/14
8
1etion 8: 2$ial 9oading
a0 2$ial relationships
If the line of ation of the load: P: passes through the entroid of the resisting
ross-setion:
If the material is also linear: then:
;here E is the modulus of elastiit! for the
material0
*he relationship )et,een a$ial loading and
deformation )eomes:
)0 1tatiall! 4eterminate (em)ers
1tati E+uili)rium
& - / - -&1 < &8 = &> < &4
Internal &ores
P25 - &1 (*ension)
P5' - &1 = &8 (*ension)
P'4 - &1 = &8 < &> (*ension)
4eformation
?24 - ?25 < ?5' < ?'4 - < <
1ine the P#s ,ere assumed in tension: negative values ,ill indiate
ompression and ontration for the deformation rather than elongation0
*hermal 4eformation
*hermal deformation ma! )e added to an! mehanial deformation aused
)! internal fores ating on the material to o)tain a total deformation0
/7//4/14
A
P
stress axial
L
strain axial


E
Law s Hooke Uniaxial

: @
E A
L P
n deformatio axial :
T L
AB AB
thermal
AB

>
0 1tatiall! Indeterminate (em)ers
10 2fter the rigid )earing plate
ontats the lo,er setion:
E+uili)rium:
&! - / - &2 < &5 = P
&2 < &5 - P
- displaement of )earing plate
1etion 2:
2 - ?fore < ?thermal
- < 292*
1etion 5: (assumes that the )earing plate ontats 5)
5 - ?fore - ?thermal < gap - - 595* < gap
4eformation relationship
< 292* - - 595* < gap
80 2fter horiAontal )ar ontats post:
E+uili)rium:
( - / - (a)P2 < (())P5 = ()<)P
4isplaement relationship:
9in6 2:
2 - ?fore < ?thermal
- < 292*
Post 5: (assumes )ar ontats 5)
5 - ?fore - ?thermal < gap
- - 595* < gap
4eformation relationship
9in6 2 is
assumed
in tension
and post
5 in
ompression0
/7//4/14
b
gap T L
E A
L P
a
T L
E A
L P
A A
B B
B B
A A
A A
A A
+

+
4
1etion >: *orsion of 'irular 1etions
a0 1hear stress
If the shaft has a irular ross setion and the material
remains in the linear-elasti region: the shear stress in the
shaft varies as a linear funtion of the distane () from
the enter of the shaft and is given )!:
*he ma$imum shear stress in the shaft is on the outer
surfae independent of ,hether the shaft is solid or
hollo, and is given )!:
*he polar area moment of inertia is:
*he alulated stresses at on the element as
sho,n0
*he deformation is measured )! the angle of t,ist () of one end relative to the
other and is giver )!:
,here " is the modulus of rigidit! for the material and 9 is the length of shaft0
*he shaft also has ma$imum and minimum normal
stresses ating on a element rotated 4.% from the
element for ,hih the shear stress ,as alulated0
*he ma$imum tensile and ompressive stresses are
related to the shear stress )!:
/7//4/14
J
T
stress shear

:
J
r T
stress shear
o

ma$
: ma$
( )
4 4
4
8
: se
8
: se
i o
o
r r J tion hollow
r
J tion solid

G J
L T
twist of angle :
J
r T
o
comp ten

ma$ 0 0

.
/7//4/14
B
1etion 4: 5eams
a0 &le$ural or 5ending 1tress
If the loads on a )eam at in its plane
of s!mmetr! and the )eam is linear
elasti: the )ending stresses ating
normal to the ross setion var!
linearl! ,ith the distane from the
neutral a$is (N020) and are given )!:
In the a)sene of a$ial loads:
In the s6eth the ross-setion is sho,n retangular0 Co,ever: the ross setion:
in general: an )e irular: triangular: et0 *he properties of man! strutural
setions suh as *-: I-: C-setions an )e found in hand)oo6s0 If the setion is not
standard: !ou must )e prepared to determine the entrodial loation as ,ell as the
value of IN20 *he ma$imum )ending stress ours at the loation in the )eam
,here ((!) is ma$imum0
*he setion modulus provides a single parameter for design purposes0
,here is the ma$imum distane of material from the neutral a$is0
)0 1hearing 1tresses in 5eams
*he transverse and longitudinal
horiAontal shearing stress in a
)eam is given )!:
,here D is the first moment of the
shaded area a)out the neutral a$is
if the shearing stress is )eing evaluated along the inside edge of the shaded area0
&or a retangular setion D - ( = a)(t)0
*he ma$imum shearing stress ,ill our ,here is ma$imum0 D is al,a!s
ma$imum at the neutral surfae0 Co,ever: ma! or ma! not )e ma$imum at the
neutral surfae0 'he6 all possi)ilities0
/7//4/14
NA

!"
stresses bending :
axis centrodial axis ne#tral
$
!
stress bending im#m
ma$
ma$
ma$
c

#l#s tion $ mod se

t
%&
NA

E
*he shear flo, or fore per unit length of )eam ating on the Foint )et,een
setions ma6ing up a )uilt-up ross-setion is given )!:
,here the area on either side of the Foint is used to alulate D0
1hear flo, and disrete fastener strength are related )!: &3 - fs: ,here &3 is the
net shearing strength of the Foint fasteners on a single ross-setion of the )eam
and s is the distane along the )eam )et,een ross-setions ontaining fasteners0
0 'om)ined 1tresses in 5eams0
In general an! ross-setion of the
)eam ,ill have )oth shear and )ending
ating on it0 *his results in a general
stress element as sho,n:
,here )ending - G and shear - 0
&ailure is most li6el! to our on a
ross-setion ,here 3 or ( are ma$imum0 Hn the ross-setion failure due to
pure )ending ma! our at the top or )ottom of the ross-setion: and due to pure
shear ma! our at the neutral a$is0 ;ide-flange or other non-uniform ross-
setions ma! have prinipal stresses or ma$imum shearing stresses at the ,e)-
flange intersetion or other points of hange in ross setion ,idth that e$eed
other stresses on the ross-setion0
d0 1upporting 5eam *opis0
(a$imum shear and )ending moment values are found most easil! and relia)l!
using the 1hear and 5ending (oment 4iagrams developed in 1tatis0
*he entroidal loation an )e determined )! first moments a)out an! a$is
parallel to the )ending moment a$is0
,here 2 is the entire area of the ross-setion and
the 2i are the areas of su)figures ma6ing up the
ross-setion0 ! and the !i@s are the perpendiular
distane from the referene a$is to the entroid of
the assoiated area0
If the ross-setion an )e divided into ommon shaped areas for ,hih the
loation of the entroid and the area moment of inertia (Ii) a)out the entroid are
6no,n then the area moment of inertia (IN2) for the ross-setion an )e
determined from:
,here the Ii are the area moments of inertia
of the individual areas a)out their o,n
/7//4/14
( ) m N or in lb

%&
f flow $hear
NA
/ 0 /

i
i i
" A " A
( )

+
i
i i i NA
d A
8
I
entrodial a$is and d is the perpendiular distane )et,een the area entrodial
a$is and the neutral a$is of the ross-setion0
e0 5eam 4efletions
*,o Integration (ethod
*he defletion of straight )eams is determined from the e+uation:
Cere !($) is the lateral displaement of the )eam from its original position as
a funtion of position along the )eam: the primes denote derivatives ,ith
respet to $: and (($) is the )ending moment as a funtion of position along
the )eam0 Integration of this e+uation one !ields the e+uation of the slope
as a funtion of position along the )eam:
2 seond integration !ields the defletion or elasti urve e+uation:
*he t,o integration onstants '1 and '8 are evaluated using the )oundar!
onditions imposed on the slope and defletion )! the supports0
*he maForit! of )eam loading re+uires that the )ending moment )e defined
using more than one anal!ti funtion0 Eah funtion is valid over its o,n
portion of the )eam length and results in its o,n set of slope and defletion
e+uations that are valid in that portion of the )eam0 Eah set of e+uations has
its o,n pair of integration onstants0 *he additional )oundar! onditions
ome from re+uiring that the slope and defletion given )! the e+uations on
)oth sides of a )oundar! )et,een hanges in )ending moment funtions give
the same value ,hen evaluated at the )oundar!0
1uperposition (ethod
*he solutions for these e+uations for man! different t!pes of supports and
loads are given in man! of the ommon engineering hand)oo6s0 *he
prinipal of superposition allo,s the solutions of different loads to )e added
together to give the solution for the om)ined loads0 *he limitations of this
method depend on ho, e$tensive the availa)le )eam ta)les are0 It must )e
6ept in mind that the ta)le entr! must )e a)le to e$atl! math the portion of
the load )eing represented using onl! a saling fator and/or mirror imaging0
9oads in the ta)les ma! have either positive or negative values0
/7//4/14
( ) ( ) x ! x " E
( ) ( )
1
' dx x ! x " E +

( ) ( ) [ ]
8 1
' x ' dx dx x ! x E" + +

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) bo#ndar" at " bo#ndar" at "
bo#ndar" at " bo#ndar" at "
( L
( L

7
1etion .: *hin-;alled Pressure 3essels
*hin-,alled pressure vessels are defined as having the ratio t/r J /01: ,here t is the
,all thi6ness and r is the internal radius of either the sphere or !linder0 *he
pressure: p: is the gage pressure and the anal!sis is onl! safe for positive internal
pressures0 *he anal!sis assumes that the in-plane stresses are uniform aross the
thi6ness of the ,all0 *he radial stress is Aero on the e$terior surfae and e+ual to =p
on the interior surfae0
a0 1phere
- G (at an! point and in an! diretion)
1 - 8 -
Hn the inside surfae
> - -p
Hn the outside surfae
&or an! $-! oordinate s!stem in the
plane of the surfae
'!linder
a - a$ialG h - hoop diretions
1 - h - 8 - a -
Hn the inside surfae
> - -p
Hn the outside surfae
&or an! $-! oordinate s!stem in the
plane of the surfae: usuall! the a$ial
and hoop diretions0
/7//4/14
8
8
p
t
pr
!A)
+

( )
1
]
1

1
8
1
t
pr
E
" x
( )
" x r

1
1
]
1

,
_

8
1
1

t
pr
E
h
( )
1
]
1

8 1
8
1
t
pr
E
a
8
p
t
pr
!A)
+

( )
" x r

1
1/
1etion B: 'olumn 5u6ling
'olumns are long slender mem)ers under ompressive a$ial loading0 'olumn
)u6ling is a sta)ilit! pro)lem: ,hih means failure an our ,ithout the material
reahing the !ield or ultimate stress0 'olumns are divided into three lassesG slender:
intermediate: and short )ased on )oth material and slenderness ratio (9@/r)0
*he ritial )u6ling load or stress for
slender olumns (9@/r K 1// for steel) are
given )! Euler@s 5u6ling E+uation:
9@ is the effetive length of the olumn and
depends on the t!pe of supports at the ends0 *he four ommon support om)inations
are:
9 is the atual length of the olumn and r is the radius of g!ration for the ross
setion r - (I/2)
1/8
*he ritial load for intermediate olumns an )e
found in various ode hand)oo6s0 *hese also give
the range of slenderness ratios for ,hih the! are
valid0
1hort olumns are treated using the ordinar! a$ial
loading theor!0
1etion E: Plane *ransformations
a0 1tresses
*ransformation E+uations
It is assumed that all the stresses in one diretion are Aero0 *he oordinate
a$es are orientated to plae the A-a$is in that diretion0 *his situation is
ommon in engineering appliations0 2 free surfae is the lassi e$ample0
*he stresses representing the state of stress at a point are different ,hen
measured ,ith respet to t,o different oordinate s!stems that are rotated
,ith respet to eah other0 If the first s!stem is la)eled $! then the $@!@ is
rotated ounter-lo6,ise )! an angle 0
*he primed stresses ma! )e determined from the unprimed )! the e+uations:
!@ - $@( < 7/%)
/7//4/14
( )
8
8
8
8

,
_

r
L
E
L
E
P
cr cr

L L pinned fixed
L L free fixed
L
L fixed fixed
L L pinned pinned
E 0 /
8
8




( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )





8 8
8
8 8
8 8
'os $in
$in 'os
x"
" x
" x
x"
" x " x
x
+

+
+

11
Prinipal 1tress and (a$imum 1hearing 1tress
*here ,ill al,a!s )e a ma$imum and minimum stress value: referred to as
the prinipal stresses: ourring at some orientation0 *here ,ill also )e a
ma$imum shearing stress that ours on t,o different planes0
*he values of the prinipal stresses are given )!:
*he plus sign is used for the larger 1 and the minus sign for the smaller 80
*he value of the ma$imum shearing stress is given )!:
*he orientation of the 1 plane relative to the $ plane is given )!:
P is the ounter-lo6,ise angle from the $ plane to the 1 plane0
*he t,o prinipal planes at perpendiular to eah other and the t,o
ma$imum shearing stress planes are at 4.% to either of the prinipal planes0
(ohr@s 'irle for Plane 1tress
/7//4/14
( )
8
8
8 : 1
8 8
x"
" x " x

,
_

t
+

( )
8
8
ma$
8
x"
" x

,
_

,
_

,
_

8
8
1
1
" x
x"
P
Tan

18
(ohr@s 'irle is a mapping of the normal and shear stress ating on a plane at
a point in real spae to the oordinates of a point in the - plane0 2ll the
points assoiated ,ith the stresses on planes at a single point lie on a irle
entered at avg - and - /0 *he radius of the irle is e+ual to the
ma$imum in-plane shearing stress0
(ohr@s 'irle an )est )e used as a road map relating various planes and their
stresses at the point0 Lotation in real spae from one plane to another results
in a orresponding movement around the irle in the same diretion: )ut
t,ie as far0 *he oordinates of the ne, point represent the stresses ating on
the ne, plane0 *he t,o points at ,hih the irle rosses the horiAontal a$is
represent the t,o prinipal stress planes and the points at the top and )ottom
of the irle the t,o ma$imum in-plane shearing stress planes0 *he prinipal
stress are then given )! 1:8 - avg M L: ,here L - P0
1ign onvention for the normal stress is the usual positive to the right and
negative to the left0 1hear stresses are )est treated )! onsidering ,hih ,a!
the shear stress on a given plane is tr!ing to t,ist the element: lo6,ise
t,ist is plotted in the upper half of the - plane and ounter-lo6,ise in the
lo,er half of the - plane0 *he sign information ,or6s )oth ,a!s sine
there is a uni+ue one-to-one mapping0
)0 1trains
*ransformation E+uations
*he anal!sis is )ased on a plane strain state in ,hih all strains in the A-
diretion are Aero0 *he anal!sis an also )e used for a plane stress state ,ith
one minor modifiation0 2 material an not have )oth plane stress and plane
strain states at the same time0
*he relationship )et,een the strains at a point measured relative to a set of
a$es $-! and a set $@-!@ ,hih have the same origin )ut are rotated ounter-
lo6,ise from the original a$es )! an angle are given )!
for the normal strains and )!
for the shearing strain0 Note the similarit! of form )et,een these e+uations
and the stress transformation e+uations0
/7//4/14
8
8
8
x"
" x
P
(

+

,
_

( ) ( )

8
8
8
8 8
'os $in
x" " x " x
( ) ( )

+

+
+


8
8
8
8 8
$in 'os
x" " x " x
x
1>
Prinipal 1trains and (a$imum 1hearing 1train
2s ,ith the stresses there are ma$imum and minimum (prinipal) values of
the normal strains for partiular orientations at the point and ma$imum
shearing strains0 *he prinipal strains are given )!
and the ma$imum shearing strain is given )!
*he orientation of the larger prinipal strain to the positive $-diretion is
given )!
*he diretion of the smaller prinipal strain is perpendiular to the first0 *he
diretions involved ,ith the ma$imum shearing strain are the t,o diretions
at 4.% to )oth of the prinipal diretions0
(ohr@s 'irle for 1train
2 (ohr@s 'irle mapping )et,een the strains ating ,ith respet to a set of $-
! a$es at a point and a point in the strain plane an )e made0 *he same rules
appl! as for the stress irle ,ith replaing and replaing 0 *his ma6es
the radius of the irle e+ual to half the in-plane ma$imum shearing strain0
/7//4/14
8 8
8 : 1
8 8 8
1
]
1

,
_

t
+

x" " x " x
8 8
ma$
8 8 8
1
]
1

,
_

x" " x
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

8
8
8
1
1
" x
x"
P
Tan
14
1ign onvention for the shear strain is )ased on ,hih ,a! that a$is has to
t,ist to have the right angle lose for a positive shear strain and open for a
negative shear strain0
*he irle is entered at avg - and - /: ,ith a radius L - 0
2s ,ith the stresses: the prinipal strains are loated ,here the irle rosses
the horiAontal a$is0 (a$imum shearing strains are loated at the top and
)ottom of the irle0
1train Losettes
4etermination of the strain state on
a surfae ,hih is assumed to )e in
a state of plane stress involves
measuring three independent strain
gages and solving the set of three
e+uations for the un6no,ns: $: !:
and $!0
/7//4/14
c c x" c " c x c
b b x" b " b x b
a a x" a " a x a
$in 'os $in 'os
$in 'os $in 'os
$in 'os $in 'os
+ +
+ +
+ +
8 8
8 8
8 8
1.
*,o ommon rosette onfigurations simplif! the e+uation set onsidera)l!0
1etion I: (aterial Properties
a0 Poisson@s Latio
;hen a material is strethed in one diretion it ontrats in the lateral diretions0
*he resulting longitudinal and lateral strains our in a fi$ed ratio 6no,n as
Poisson@s ratio0 *he value of Poisson@s ratio for a given material ma! )e
determined from a simple tension test as - - 0 *he minus sign reogniAes that
the t,o strains al,a!s have opposite signs0 *his simple definition an )e used to
alulate the value of Poisson#s ratio onl! for a unia$ial stress state ,ith the
material still in the linear region ,here - E0 In multidimensional stress states
)oth strains are effeted )! stress indued strains in the other diretion0
/7//4/14
( )
7/ / 4.
7/
/
8


+

x"
"
x
( )
>
8
>
8 8
18/ B/
/ B/ 18/
/

x"
"
x
1B
)0 "eneraliAed Coo6e@s 9a,
*hree dimensional stress state0
*hese relationships are valid ,ithin the linear region of the materials stress-strain
response0
" is the modulus of rigidit! (shearing modulus of elastiit!)
": E: and are related )! the formula: " -
Plane stress state: A - $A - !A - /
/7//4/14
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
"* "*
"*
"*
x* x*
x*
x*
x" x"
x"
x"
" x * * " x * *
* x " " * x " "
* " x x * " x x
G
G
G
G
G
G
E
E
E
E
E
E

+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
1
8 1 1
1
1
8 1 1
1
1
8 1 1
1
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
x" x"
x"
x"
" x
* " x *
x " " x " "
" x x " x x
G
G
E
E
E
E
E

+
+

1
/
1
1
1
1
8
8
LE3IE; PLH59E(1
10 2n aluminum )ar having a onstant ross setional area of /08. in
8
arries the a$ial
loads applied at the positions sho,n0 &ind the deformation of the )ar0
a0 NNNN /0/178 in0
)0 NNNN /08II/ in0
0 NNNN /0>8B4 in0
d0 NNNN /0>I4/ in0
e0 NNNN None of these0
80 2 steel rod ,ith a ross setional area of /0. in
8
is strethed )et,een t,o rigid ,alls0
*he temperature oeffiient of strain is B0.1/
-B
in0/in0/% and E is >/1/
B
psi0 If the
tensile load is 8/// l)0 at I/%&: find the tensile load at /%&0
a0 NNNN .I// l)0
)0 NNNN EI// l)0
0 NNNN II// l)0
d0 NNNN 7I// l)0
e0 NNNN 17:B// l)0
>0 *he omposite )ar sho,n is firml! attahed to un!ielding supports at the ends and is
su)Feted to the a$ial load P sho,n0 If the aluminum is stressed to 1/:/// psi: find the
stress in the steel0
a0 NNNN 1/// psi
)0 NNNN 8/// psi
0 NNNN ./// psi
d0 NNNN 1/:/// psi
e0 NNNN 8/:/// psi
40 &ind the length 9 neessar! to ma6e the total angle of t,ist )et,een the ends of the
shaft e+ual Aero0
a0 NNNN > ft0
)0 NNNN 4 ft0
0 NNNN B ft0
d0 NNNN 7 ft0
e0 NNNN 18 ft0
.0 4etermine the shearing stress at points 2
and 5 ,hih are at the inside and outside
surfaes of the hollo, shaft0 2ssume
elasti )ehavior0
B0 2 hollo, aluminum shaft and a solid steel
shaft are rigidl! onneted at eah end0
*his ompound shaft is then loaded as
sho,n0 4etermine the ma$imum shearing
stress in eah material and the angle of
t,ist of the free end0 2ssume elasti
)ehavior0
"aluminum - 41/
B
psi
"steel - 181/
B
psi
E0 4etermine the ma$imum )ending moment in the )eam0
a0 NNNN >B// ft-l)0
)0 NNNN .4// ft-l)0
0 NNNN E8// ft-l)0
d0 NNNN I1// ft-l)0
e0 NNNN 4/./ ft-l)0
I0 &ind the ma$imum transverse shearing fore in the )eam sho,n0
a0 NNNN 4./ l)0
)0 NNNN 1I// l)0
0 NNNN 88./ l)0
d0 NNNN >B// l)0
e0 NNNN 4/./ l)0
70 5! means of strain gages: the fle$ural stresses are found to )e =18:/// psi at 2 and
<4/// psi at 50 2ssuming the elasti limit of the material has not )een e$eededG
find the fle$ural stress at the )ottom of the )eam0
a0 NNNN B/// psi0
)0 NNNN I/// psi0
0 NNNN 7/// psi0
d0 NNNN 1/:/// psi0
e0 NNNN 18:/// psi0
1/0 &or the ast iron )eam sho,n: the ma$imum permissi)le ompressive stress is
18:/// psi and the ma$imum permissi)le tensile stress is ./// psi0 &ind the
ma$imum safe load P that an )e applied to the )eam as sho,n0
a0 NNNN 88/ l)0
)0 NNNN >>> l)0
0 NNNN 18./ l)0
d0 NNNN >/// l)0
e0 NNNN E.// l)0
110 2 18-inh: >.-l) I-)eam >/ ft0 long is supported at . ft0 from eah end and arries a
uniform distri)uted load of 1B// l)s per ft0 (,hih inludes its o,n ,eight)0
4etermine the ma$imum fle$ural stress in the )eam0
180 &ind the ma$imum vertial shearing fore ,hih ma! )e applied to a )o$ )eam
having the ross setion sho,n ,ithout e$eeding a horiAontal shearing stress of
.// psi0
a0 NNNN >/B. l)0
)0 NNNN 4/// l)0
0 NNNN B/// l)0
d0 NNNN B1>/ l)0
e0 NNNN B>// l)0
1>0 &ind the reation at the right end of the )eam sho,n0
a0 NNNN ,9/I
)0 NNNN ,9/4
0 NNNN >,9/I
140 *,o )eams: simpl! supported at their ends: Fointl! support a load P - >.// l)0
applied to the upper B-ft0 )eam at its midpoint0 *he )eams are idential e$ept for
length and ross at their midpoints0 find the load arried )! the lo,er 7-ft0 )eam0
a0 NNNN E// l)0
)0 NNNN I// l)0
0 NNNN 1/// l)0
d0 NNNN 1E./ l)0
e0 NNNN 8E// l)0
1.0 4etermine the defletion at the end
of this )eam0
1B0 *he ritial Euler load for the pin-ended slender
olumn restrained at the midpoint as sho,n in
&ig0 2 is 1/// l)0 ;hat is the ritial Euler load
for the same olumn ,ith the midpoint restraint
removed as sho,n in &ig0 50
a0 NNNN 8./ l)0
)0 NNNN .// l)0
0 NNNN E./ l)0
d0 NNNN 1/// l)0
e0 NNNN 4/// l)0
1E0 2 retangular )ar is loaded as sho,n0 &ind the ma$imum tensile stress developed
over setion 2-20
1I0 &or stress onditions on the element sho,n: find the
prinipal stresses and the plane on ,hih the
ma$imum prinipal stress ats0
170 2 irular shaft of )rittle material su)Feted to torsion fratures along a 4.% angle0
&ailure is due to ,hat 6ind of stressO
a0 NNNN 1hearing stress0
)0 NNNN 'ompressive stress0
0 NNNN *ensile stress0
d0 NNNN 'om)ined stress0
e0 NNNN None of these0
8/0 ;hih has the higher shear stress for a given elasti tor+ueO
a0 a one-inh diameter rod: or )0 a t,o-inh diameter rod0
810 Idential rods of aluminum and steel are eah su)Feted to the same elasti tor+ue0
;hih rod ,ill have the higher shear stressO
a0 steel )0 aluminum 0 )oth have the same stress
880 If " represents the modulus of rigidit! (or shear modulus of elastiit!): E is the
modulus of elastiit!: and is Poisson#s ratio: ,hih of the follo,ing statements is
true for an! homogeneous materialO
a0 NNNN " is independent of E0
)0 NNNN " is /04E0
0 NNNN " is /0.E
d0 NNNN " depends upon )oth E and 0
e0 NNNN None of these0
2N1;EL1 EI* LE3IE;
(E'C2NI'1 H& (2*ELI291
10
80 d
>0 e
40 d
.0 5 - .:>>>0> psi 2 - 8:BBB psi
B0 1 - I1:.8I psi2 - .4:>.8 psi - 10/IB rad
E0 e
I0
70 )
1/0 d
110 ma$ - 17:1// psi
180 d
1>0
140 )
1.0 170I in0
1B0 a
1E0 I:/// psi
1I0 ma$ - B/. psi nmin - -BB/B psi
170
8/0 a
810
880 d