Chapter 05 - Electricity For Lighting

ELECTRICITY FOR
ELECTRICITY FOR
LIGHTING
LIGHTING
by
by
Engr
Engr
. Alexis T.
. Alexis T.
Belonio
Belonio
Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Environmental Management
Environmental Management
College of Agriculture
College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City
Iloilo City
atbelonio@yahoo.com
atbelonio@yahoo.com
Introduction
Introduction
Good lighting is the

Good lighting is the
right amount of the
right amount of the
right kind of light in the
right kind of light in the
right places.
right places.
Good lighting is vital to

Good lighting is vital to
our health, comfort,
our health, comfort,
and convenience.
and convenience.
Definition and Principles
Definition and Principles
Light
Light
It is a visually evaluated radiant energy.

It is a visually evaluated radiant energy.
Lumen is a unit measure of light source output.

Lumen is a unit measure of light source output.
It is used when the lighted area is measured in
It is used when the lighted area is measured in
square feet and the intensity is measured in
square feet and the intensity is measured in
foot
foot
-
-
candles.
candles.
Light intensity is measured in units known as

Light intensity is measured in units known as
foot candles.
foot candles.
One foot
One foot
-
-
candle of intensity is a quantity of one
candle of intensity is a quantity of one
lumen per square foot area.
lumen per square foot area.
The foot candle ft

The foot candle ft
-
-
c has been accepted in
c has been accepted in
illumination engineering as the unit use
illumination engineering as the unit use
when specifying the intensity of light
when specifying the intensity of light
needed for the various seeing task.
needed for the various seeing task.
A foot
A foot
-
-
candle meter is used for measuring
candle meter is used for measuring
the light intensity of various location.
the light intensity of various location.
Suggested Foot
Suggested Foot
-
-
Candles for
Candles for
Farmstead Areas
Farmstead Areas
Machine Shop Machine Shop 10 10- -40 40 Animal Bedding Area Animal Bedding Area 2 2
Hay and Grain Storage Hay and Grain Storage 2 2 Poultry Laying Lights Poultry Laying Lights 3 3- -4 4
General Storage General Storage 3 3- -5 5 Animal Feeding Areas Animal Feeding Areas 3 3- -5 5
Stairways Stairways 5 5 Feed Grinding Feed Grinding 10 10
General Work Areas General Work Areas 9 9- -11 11 Egg Handling Egg Handling 10 10
Vegetable Packing and Vegetable Packing and
Grading Grading
30 30 General Illumination for General Illumination for
Residence Residence
5 5- -7 7
Tobacco Grading Tobacco Grading 100 100 Cold Storage Room Cold Storage Room 5 5
Service Service- -Drive Alley Drive Alley 4 4- -5 5 Attic Attic- -Storage Storage 4 4- -5 5
Service Walk Alley Service Walk Alley 9 9- -11 11 Loading Platform Loading Platform 3 3- -5 5
Milk House Milk House 30 30- -40 40 Kitchen Kitchen 10 10
Pump House Pump House 5 5 Reading Area Reading Area 30 30
Yard Lighting Yard Lighting 1 1- -5 5 Seed Cleaning Seed Cleaning 20 20
Lighting Broiler Farm
Lighting Swine Farm
Quality of Light
Quality of Light
Quality and quantity are essentials in good

Quality and quantity are essentials in good
lighting.
lighting.
Good quality lighting means the area is

Good quality lighting means the area is
free from glare, well
free from glare, well
-
-
diffused, and well
diffused, and well
distributed.
distributed.
Good quality lighting means there is

Good quality lighting means there is
absence of discomfort, eye fatigue,
absence of discomfort, eye fatigue,
annoyance, and contrasting shadows.
annoyance, and contrasting shadows.
Luminaire
Luminaire
It is the most important

It is the most important
lighting fixture accessory
lighting fixture accessory
Luminaire
Luminaire
conceals the
conceals the
light source or to redirect
light source or to redirect
the light or to break up
the light or to break up
and distribute the light,
and distribute the light,
and for decoration.
and for decoration.
Types of
Types of
Luminaire
Luminaire
Direct Type
Direct Type
suited for general purpose

suited for general purpose
farm use. It the most efficient among the
farm use. It the most efficient among the
different types of
different types of
luminaire
luminaire
.
.
Shallow Dome Shallow Dome
Standard Dome Standard Dome
Deep Bowl Deep Bowl
Shallow Dome
Standard Dome
Deep
Bowl
Semi or indirect Type suited for
residential applications. It eliminate glare
and provide excellent quality but gives less
intensity per watt.
Semi-direct type
Indirect type
Semi-Direct Indirect
Light Sources
Light Sources
Incandescent Lamp
Incandescent Lamp
Light is produced by this type when an electric

Light is produced by this type when an electric
current passes through the tungsten filament
current passes through the tungsten filament
inside the bulb.
inside the bulb.
Average life is from 750 to 1000 hrs

Average life is from 750 to 1000 hrs
Types of Incandescent Bulbs

Types of Incandescent Bulbs
Inside frosted bulbs

Inside frosted bulbs
for general use

for general use
Clear glass bulbs

Clear glass bulbs
Silver
Silver
-
-
bowl bulbs
bowl bulbs
reflects the light back

reflects the light back
toward the screw base
toward the screw base
Blue bulbs
Blue bulbs
reduces glare but also reduces

reduces glare but also reduces
output
output
Milky white bulbs

Milky white bulbs
gives off a soft white light

gives off a soft white light
Lumen per output per watt is higher for the

Lumen per output per watt is higher for the
larger wattage ratings.
larger wattage ratings.
Larger bulbs are more efficient.

Larger bulbs are more efficient.
Fluorescent Lamp
Fluorescent Lamp
Light is produced when the enclosed gas is

Light is produced when the enclosed gas is
made to react with the fluorescent material
made to react with the fluorescent material
on the inside surface of the gas tube.
on the inside surface of the gas tube.
Average life is from 2,500 to 6,000 hrs

Average life is from 2,500 to 6,000 hrs
Recent types of fluorescent bulbs

Recent types of fluorescent bulbs
Fluorescent lamp produces about three

Fluorescent lamp produces about three
times more light per watt than
times more light per watt than
incandescent bulb.
incandescent bulb.
Fluorescent lamp is favorably cost

Fluorescent lamp is favorably cost
effective as compared with incandescent
effective as compared with incandescent
lamp.
lamp.
It is frequently employ when a person is

It is frequently employ when a person is
working close to the bulb since it is more
working close to the bulb since it is more
cooler than the incandescent bulb. It
cooler than the incandescent bulb. It
produces less amount of infrared energy
produces less amount of infrared energy
and lower wattage rating for the same
and lower wattage rating for the same
amount of light.
amount of light.
Lighting Arrangement
Lighting Arrangement
Local Lighting
Local Lighting
arranging the light source relatively

arranging the light source relatively
close to work, such as desk lamp or a lamp over
close to work, such as desk lamp or a lamp over
workbench. The plan is to provide light for certain
workbench. The plan is to provide light for certain
limited areas and not to be concerned with lighting in
limited areas and not to be concerned with lighting in
large space.
large space.
General Lighting
General Lighting
A light source arrangement which

A light source arrangement which
are designed to supply a fairly uniform light intensity
are designed to supply a fairly uniform light intensity
over large areas. It generally supplies light of low
over large areas. It generally supplies light of low
intensity.
intensity.
Combination of Local and General Lighting

Combination of Local and General Lighting
In this
In this
arrangement, the entire space is lighted generally and
arrangement, the entire space is lighted generally and
then supplemental lighting is employed for a special
then supplemental lighting is employed for a special
local area within the space. The general lighting
local area within the space. The general lighting
should be 1/3 of the light at those areas which are to
should be 1/3 of the light at those areas which are to
receive the highest intensity.
receive the highest intensity.
Room Index
Room Index
Refers to the proportion of room dimension in

Refers to the proportion of room dimension in
terms of the amount of light received in a given
terms of the amount of light received in a given
specific area.
specific area.
It is the walls wastes light.

It is the walls wastes light.
The walls and ceiling absorb some of the light

The walls and ceiling absorb some of the light
and much of the light reflected by the walls does
and much of the light reflected by the walls does
not reach the useful places.
not reach the useful places.
Large rooms having lower ratio of wall area to

Large rooms having lower ratio of wall area to
floor area use light more efficiently than small
floor area use light more efficiently than small
rooms.
rooms.
Coefficient of Utilization
Coefficient of Utilization
It is the ratio of the quantity of light on the working place

It is the ratio of the quantity of light on the working place
to the quantity of light output from the source.
to the quantity of light output from the source.
It is the expression of the efficiency of the lighting

It is the expression of the efficiency of the lighting
arrangement and it is influenced by the room index, the
arrangement and it is influenced by the room index, the
luminaire
luminaire
, and condition of the walls.
, and condition of the walls.
Formula for Lamp Lumen Required
Formula for Lamp Lumen Required
Foot Candles x Floor Area
Lamp Lumen Rqd = ---------------------------------------------
Coeff of Utilization x Service Factor
Service factor is taken as 0.7 which allows for a decrease in lumen
output as the total hours of lamp use increase and as the surface of
the lamp and luminaire become dusty and spotted with use
Steps for the Calculations of Lighting
Steps for the Calculations of Lighting
Requirement
Requirement
Select the
Select the
luminaire
luminaire
Select the intensity

Select the intensity
Determine the room index

Determine the room index
Select the coefficient of utilization

Select the coefficient of utilization
Calculate the floor area

Calculate the floor area
Substitute in the lumen formula

Substitute in the lumen formula
Determine the lumens per fixture by selecting a practical

Determine the lumens per fixture by selecting a practical
number of
number of
luminaires
luminaires
to install
to install
Select the necessary lamp wattage from the table

Select the necessary lamp wattage from the table
Calculate for maximum spacing

Calculate for maximum spacing
Recommended Lighting Intensity
Recommended Lighting Intensity
for Swine Housing
for Swine Housing
Area
Area
Lighting Intensity
Lighting Intensity
Lux
Lux
(Lumen/m
(Lumen/m
2 2
)
)
Breeding, gestation,
Breeding, gestation,
and
and
farrowing
farrowing
150
150
Nurseries
Nurseries
100
100
Growing and finishing
Growing and finishing
50
50
Inspection areas
Inspection areas
200
200
Based on PAES 401:2001
Recommended Lighting
Recommended Lighting
Intensity for Poultry Farm
Intensity for Poultry Farm
Type
Type
Lighting Intensity
Lighting Intensity
Lux
Lux
(Lumen/m
(Lumen/m
2 2
)
)
Broiler House
Broiler House
200
200
Layer House
Layer House
200
200
Source: PAES 402:2001 and PAES 403:2001
Room Index According to Space
Proportion (Room Width: 9.5 to 10.5)
Proportion (Room Width: 9.5 to 10.5)
Room Room
Length Length
8 8- -8.5 ft* 8.5 ft* 9 9- -9.5 ft* 9.5 ft* 10 10- -11.5 ft* 11.5 ft* 12 12- -13.5 ft* 13.5 ft* 14 14- -16.5 ft* 16.5 ft*
10 10- -14 14 H H I I J J J J - -
14 14- -20 20 H H I I J J J J J J
20 20- -30 30 G G H H I I J J J J
30 30- -42 42 G G G G H H I I J J
42 42- -60 60 F F G G H H I I J J
*Height of Light source above floor
Proportion (Room Width: 13 to 15.5)
Room Room
Length Length
14 14- -20 20 G G H H H H I I J J
20 20- -30 30 F F G G H H I I J J
30 30- -42 42 F F F F G G H H I I
42 42- -60 60 E E F F F F H H I I
60 60- -90 90 E E E E F F G G H H
Proportion (Room Width: 16 to18.5)
Proportion (Room Width: 16 to18.5)
Room Room
Length Length
14 14- -20 20 F F G G H H I I J J
20 20- -30 30 F F F F G G H H I I
30 30- -42 42 E E F F G G H H H H
42 42- -60 60 E E E E F F G G G G
60 60- -110 110 E E E E F F G G G G
Room Room
Length Length
20 20- -30 30 E E F F G G H H I I
30 30- -42 42 E E E E F F G G H H
42 42- -60 60 D D E E E E F F G G
60 60- -90 90 D D E E E E F F G G
90 90- -140 140 D D D D E E F F F F
Proportion (Room Width: 22 to 26)
Room Room
Length Length
20 20- -30 30 E E E E F F G G H H
30 30- -42 42 D D E E F F G G G G
42 42- -60 60 D D D D E E F F G G
60 60- -90 90 D D D D E E F F F F
90 90- -140 140 C C D D E E E E F F
Room Room
Length Length
30 30- -42 42 D D D D E E F F G G
42 42- -60 60 C C D D D D F F F F
60 60- -90 90 C C C C D D E E F F
90 90- -140 140 C C C C D D E E E E
Coefficient of Utilization for Direct and Semi
-
-
Direct Incandescent Lamp
Room Index Room Index Light Interiors Light Interiors Dark Interiors Dark Interiors
A A 0.69 0.69 0.65 0.65
B B 0.67 0.67 0.63 0.63
C C 0.64 0.64 0.60 0.60
D D 0.62 0.62 0.58 0.58
E E 0.58 0.58 0.53 0.53
F F 0.53 0.53 0.48 0.48
G G 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.45
H H 0.46 0.46 0.42 0.42
I I 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.37
J J 0.34 0.34 0.28 0.28
Type of Luminaire: RLM Standard dome Frosted lamp
MS = 1.0 x MH
-
-
A A 0.61 0.61 0.57 0.57
B B 0.60 0.60 0.56 0.56
C C 0.59 0.59 0.55 0.55
D D 0.57 0.57 0.53 0.53
E E 0.54 0.54 0.51 0.51
F F 0.51 0.51 0.47 0.47
G G 0.48 0.48 0.45 0.45
H H 0.45 0.45 0.42 0.42
I I 0.42 0.42 0.38 0.38
J J 0.34 0.34 0.31 0.31
Type of Luminaire: RLM Standard dome Silvered-Bowl
MS = 0.90 x MH
-
-
A A - - 0.42 0.42
B B - - 0.40 0.40
C C - - 0.36 0.36
D D - - 0.32 0.32
E E - - 0.30 0.30
F F - - 0.24 0.24
G G - - 0.21 0.21
H H - - 0.18 0.18
I I - - 0.15 0.15
J J - - 0.1 0.1
Type of Luminaire: No Reflector, Bare Frosted Lamp
-
-
Direct Fluorescent Lamp
A A 0.72 0.72 0.69 0.69
B B 0.70 0.70 0.68 0.68
C C 0.67 0.67 0.65 0.65
D D 0.65 0.65 0.63 0.63
E E 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.58
F F 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.52
G G 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.49
H H 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46
I I 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.41
J J 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31
Type of Luminaire: Fluorescent Fixture % lumen up, 0
% lumen down, 80 Direct RLM, 2-40 watts
MS = 1.0 x MH
-
-
A A 0.58 0.58 0.56 0.56
B B 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.55
C C 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.53
D D 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.52
E E 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.48
F F 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.45
G G 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.42
H H 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39
I I 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.35
J J 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
Type of Luminaire: Fluorescent Fixture % lumen up, 0
% lumen down, 64 Direct RLM with louvers
MS = 0.9 x MH
-
-
A A 0.41 0.41 0.16 0.16
B B 0.39 0.39 0.15 0.15
C C 0.34 0.34 0.13 0.13
D D 0.31 0.31 0.12 0.12
E E 0.28 0.28 0.11 0.11
F F 0.24 0.24 0.09 0.09
G G 0.22 0.22 0.08 0.08
H H 0.19 0.19 0.07 0.07
I I 0.15 0.15 0.06 0.06
J J 0.11 0.11 0.04 0.04
Type of Luminaire: Fluorescent Fixture % lumen up,
80 % lumen down, 0 Indirect-glass, plastic, or metal
MS = 1.2 x MH
Lumen Ratings for Inside
Lumen Ratings for Inside
-
-
Frosted
Frosted
Incandescent Lamp
Incandescent Lamp
Watts Watts Initial Lumen Initial Lumen Lumen at 70% Lumen at 70%
Rated Life Rated Life
Rated Average Rated Average
Laboratory Life, hr Laboratory Life, hr
6 6 40 40 . . . . . . 1,500 1,500
10 10 79 79 72 72 1,500 1,500
15 15 140 140 121 121 1,200 1,200
25 25 260 260 217 217 1,000 1,000
40 40 468 468 428 428 1,000 1,000
50 50 660 660 625 625 1,000 1,000
60 60 828 828 786 786 1,000 1,000
75 75 1,110 1,110 987 987 750 750
100 100 1,620 1,620 1,530 1,530 750 750
150 150 2,580 2,580 2,340 2,340 750 750
200 200 3,640 3,640 3,240 3,240 750 750
300 300 5,820 5,820 5,160 5,160 750 750
Lumen Ratings for Preheat Starting
Lumen Ratings for Preheat Starting
Fluorescent Lamp
Fluorescent Lamp
Watts Watts Tube Tube
Length, in. Length, in.
3,500 3,500
White White
Daylight Daylight Soft White Soft White 2500 2500
White White
6 6 9 9 210 210 186 186 . . . . . . 198 198
8 8 12 12 330 330 295 295 . . . . . . 310 310
13 13 21 21 585 585 520 520 . . . . . . 545 545
14 14 15 15 490 490 435 435 380 380 460 460
15 15 18 18 615 615 585 585 480 480 600 600
20 20 24 24 920 920 800 800 700 700 860 860
30 30 36 36 1,470 1,470 1,250 1,250 1,170 1,170 1,380 1,380
40 40 48 48 2,300 2,300 1,920 1,920 1,720 1,720 2,100 2,100
100 100 60 60 4,200 4,200 3,900 3,900 3,300 3,300 4,000 4,000
Required Number of Incandescent
Required Number of Incandescent
Bulbs for Different Lighting Intensity
Bulbs for Different Lighting Intensity
Lighting Lighting
Intensity Intensity
25W 25W 40W 40W 60W 60W 100W 100W 150W 150W 200W 200W
500 500 3.935 3.935 1.989 1.989 1.052 1.052 0.520 0.520 0.314 0.314 0.226 0.226
400 400 3.148 3.148 1.591 1.591 0.842 0.842 0.416 0.416 0.251 0.251 0.181 0.181
300 300 2.361 2.361 1.193 1.193 0.631 0.631 0.312 0.312 0.189 0.189 0.136 0.136
200 200 1.574 1.574 0.796 0.796 0.421 0.421 0.208 0.208 0.126 0.126 0.090 0.090
150 150 1.180 1.180 0.597 0.597 0.316 0.316 0.156 0.156 0.094 0.094 0.068 0.068
100 100 0.787 0.787 0.398 0.398 0.210 0.210 0.104 0.104 0.063 0.063 0.045 0.045
50 50 0.393 0.393 0.199 0.199 0.105 0.105 0.052 0.052 0.031 0.031 0.023 0.023
10 10 0.079 0.079 0.040 0.040 0.021 0.021 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005
Required Number of Fluorescent Bulbs
Required Number of Fluorescent Bulbs
for Different Lighting Intensity
for Different Lighting Intensity
Lighting Lighting
Intensity Intensity
25W 25W 40W 40W
500 500 0.682 0.682 0.266 0.266
400 400 0.546 0.546 0.213 0.213
300 300 0.409 0.409 0.160 0.160
200 200 0.273 0.273 0.107 0.107
150 150 0.205 0.205 0.080 0.080
100 100 0.136 0.136 0.053 0.053
50 50 0.068 0.068 0.027 0.027
10 10 0.014 0.014 0.005 0.005
References
References
Brown, R. 1956. Farm electrification. McGraw Brown, R. 1956. Farm electrification. McGraw- -Hill Book Hill Book
Company. New York. 367pp. Company. New York. 367pp.
PAES. 2001. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAES. 2001. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards
Volume II. AMTEC, CEAT, UPLB, College, Laguna. Volume II. AMTEC, CEAT, UPLB, College, Laguna.

Chapter 05 - Electricity For Lighting

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 05 - Electricity For Lighting

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

ELECTRICITY FOR

Good lighting is the

Good lighting is vital to

It is a visually evaluated radiant energy.

Lumen is a unit measure of light source output.

Light intensity is measured in units known as

The foot candle ft

Quality and quantity are essentials in good

Good quality lighting means the area is

Good quality lighting means there is

It is the most important

suited for general purpose

Light is produced by this type when an electric

Average life is from 750 to 1000 hrs

Types of Incandescent Bulbs

Inside frosted bulbs

for general use

Clear glass bulbs

reflects the light back

reduces glare but also reduces

Milky white bulbs

gives off a soft white light

Lumen per output per watt is higher for the

Larger bulbs are more efficient.

Light is produced when the enclosed gas is

Average life is from 2,500 to 6,000 hrs

Recent types of fluorescent bulbs

Fluorescent lamp produces about three

Fluorescent lamp is favorably cost

It is frequently employ when a person is

arranging the light source relatively

A light source arrangement which

Combination of Local and General Lighting

Refers to the proportion of room dimension in

It is the walls wastes light.

The walls and ceiling absorb some of the light

Large rooms having lower ratio of wall area to

It is the ratio of the quantity of light on the working place

It is the expression of the efficiency of the lighting

Select the intensity

Determine the room index

Select the coefficient of utilization

Calculate the floor area

Substitute in the lumen formula

Determine the lumens per fixture by selecting a practical

Select the necessary lamp wattage from the table

Calculate for maximum spacing

S-ar putea să vă placă și