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COCONUT FIBERED GREEN ASPHALT

BY

BARCENAS, RYAN N.
FANGON, MATTHEW THEODORE V.
INOCENCIO, NESTY PAUL C.
VENTILACION, RYAN JOHN T.



AN UNDERGRADUATE TECHNICAL RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO
THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
PUERTO PRINCESA CITY



AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEER
Table of contents

Chapter I Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problems
1.3 Objective of study
1.4 Significance of study
1.5 Scope and delimitation
1.6 Assumption of study
Chapter II Review of related literature
2.1 Coconut fiber
2.2 Green asphalt
2.3 Natural sand
Chapter III Conceptual / Theoretical Framework
3.1 Dependent variables and Independent variables
3.2 Definition of terms



Chapter IV Materials and methodology
4.1 Materials
4.2 Procedures for project implementation
4.2.1 Preparation for Mangifera indica (Indian mango) pigment
4.2.2 Preparation for clean container
4.2.3 Preparation for coconut fiber
4.3 Asphalt Making











Chapter I
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Puerto Princesa is a popular tourist city with many beach resorts and seafood
restaurants. It has been acclaimed several times as the cleanest and greenest city in
the Philippines. There are More than 800 plant species, including almost 300 trees,
195 bird species, 30 mammals, 19 reptiles, and eight bat species call this area home.
(Itsmorefuninthephilippines, 2012) .There are too many mineral resources that can be
seen in Palawan such as nickel, copper ,manganese and also bitumen. Bitumen is a
term applied to native substances; petroleum, native asphalt, mineral, waxes, and
asphaltites of variable colors, hardness and volatility. As time goes by the number of
tourist have increased and the transportation of the local people and the foreign
people have been hindered by the roads and the highways due to some cracks or some
deformations of the public highways. By extending the service life of the asphalt the
use of some innovation are needed.
The Philippines are surrounded with different kinds of plants which can be used
as organic components to improve the current quality of the asphalt. Coconut fibers
can be used as a mixture to the asphalt to lessen the cracking; the fibers will lessen
the void spaces which are the primary cause of the cracking. A study shows that green
asphalt can make the heat less. The leaves from the Indian mango can be extracted to
get the color green pigment which will be used to color the asphalt. These innovations
will improve the quality of the asphalt that is used here in Puerto Princesa City.
The researchers would like to provide a study regarding the use of Indian mango
leaves and coconut fibers as organic materials as components for green asphalt
innovation which may be the solution for the cracking. Also these organic materials
can easily be found and its cheaper than the other chemical which can also be used as
coloring.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
General: Will the mixing of bitumen and other organic component provide a good
quality of asphalt?
Specific:
Does the use of coconut fiber lessen the possible cracking of asphalt?
Will the use of the extracted Mangifera indica (Indian mango) leaves reduce the
heat of the asphalt?
Do the use of organic component increase or decrease the possible cost of the
asphalt?

1.3 Objective of the Study
General: To provide a good quality of green asphalt
Specific:
To lessen the possibility of cracking of the asphalt
To lessen the heat absorption by the asphalt
To lessen the CO
2
that release from the asphalt
To reduce the probable cost of the asphalt mixtures

1.4 Significance of the Study
This experiment aims to enhance the quality of cold mix asphalt by making it an
ecofriendly green asphalt, It reduces the chemical volume that is being release by the
asphalt and it will be good for the health of the community, it also strengthens the
quality of the asphalt by the use of other aggregates.

1.5 Scope and Delimitation
The experiment will be conducted in three different clean container, one with the
CMA(Cold Mix Asphalt), second is the asphalt with coconut fiber and the third is the
green asphalt with the green pigment of Mangifera indica (Indian mango) and coconut
fiber. The researchers will differentiate the three asphalts and it will be checked by the
PEO after 29 days for the measurement of temperature and strength of the asphalt. This
experiment does not cover the durability of the asphalt.
1:6 Assumption of the Study
The researchers assumption of the study is to obtain the objectives that is been
proposed. First is to lessen the heat applied in the asphalt and to obtain a higher strength
and also to reduce the possibility of cracking through the use of coconut fibers and
mango leaves.


Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
2.1 Coconut fiber
Coconut fiber is added to asphalt heated to a certain temperature so as to avoid
burning the coconut fiber. The asphalt-fiber characteristics are tested to determine such
characteristics as the penetration, softening point, burning point, ductility, density, and
Marshall immersion. At high temperatures, the asphalt binder tends to flow more easily
due to the natural decrease in viscosity associated with higher temperatures. This
condition creates a softer asphalt mixture, which is prone to rutting (Fontes et al, 2010)
Fiber size affects the ease of mixing between the asphalt and fiber: the smaller the
fiber, the easier the mixing process. Coconut fiber will burn before the flash point of
asphalt; thus, the mixing of the fibers and asphalt must be performed below the burning
temperature of the coconut fibers. At the end of the test, the fibers were extracted from
the bitumen to verify that the coconut fibers did not burn during the hot asphalt concrete
mixing process. The results show that 96% coconut fiber mixed with bitumen remained
after mixing. (Civil and Environmental Research, 2012)
The results had shown that for mixtures of type SMA (Stone Mastic Asphalt) the
incorporated percentage of coconut staple fibers, to a temperature of 70C, varied
between 0.5 and 0.7%. The coconut fiber presented good efficiency with regard to the
flow parameter, being also, satisfactory the results of the mechanical assays (tensile
strength, module of resilience and fatigue). (Vale et al., 2006)

2.2 Green asphalt
Some say that dark-colored surfaces absorb solar radiation instead of reflecting it.
It has been shown, however, that the UHI (Urban Heat Island) effect is not a black and
white issue. Density, heat capacity, thickness, porosity, and a myriad of other factors
affect pavement surface temperature as well. (LEED and Construction Building, 2009).
2.3 Natural sand
Excessive natural sand contents can increase the susceptibility of asphalt concrete
to permanent deformation-type distresses. For this reason, pavement construction
specifications usually include a limit for the proportion of natural sand that can be
included in an aggregate blend. Although proportions of natural sand are controlled
during the development of asphalt mixture designs, direct methods for monitoring natural
sand contents are typically not included as part of construction quality control plans.(
Reed B. Freeman and Chun-Yi Kuo,1999)







Chapter III
Conceptual Framework

This study aims to provide innovation ways to lessen the heat emitted in the
asphalt by adding another material in the mixture, green pigment of Mangifera indica
(Indian mango) and coconut fiber to strengthen its property.

Independent variables: Dependent variables:



3.1Dependent and Independent Variables

3.2Defination of term
1. Mangifera indica(Indian mango) - a species of mango that is commonly found in
tropical countries such as Philippines
2. Coconut fiber - is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut, this is the fibrous
material found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut.

Total cost
Mixing ratio of the materials
Time that will be consume

Ductility
Density
Heat
3. Asphalt - also known as bitumen, solid or semi-solid form of petroleum product.
4. Mortar and Pestle - The mortar is a bowl, typically made of hard wood, ceramic or
stone. The pestle is a heavy club-shaped object, the end of which is used for crushing and
grinding. The substance to be ground is placed in the mortar and ground, crushed or
mixed with the pestle.
5. Ductility - This test represents the capacity of the bituminous material for elongating
and Stretching.
6. Viscosity - is a measure of the consistency of liquid asphaltic materials, determining
their fluidity or resistance to flow.
7. Heat- is the temperature of the asphalt or the heat absorbed by the asphalt.
8. Density - This data is important in the determination of the degree of compaction of a
newly constructed asphalt pavement.
9. Marshall immersion a form of test that determines the stability of the asphalt.













Cleaning the leaves
Extracting the leaves
Pulverizing the leaves
Chapter IV


Material and Methods
4.1 Material
Coconut fiber
Mangifera indica (Indian mango)
Natural sand
Mortar and Pestel
Container
Aggregates
Bitumen
Admixture
4.2 Procedures for project implementation
4.2.1 Preparation for Mangifera indica (Indian mango) leaves pigment
Gathering the materials








Buying a container
Steaming the container
Drying and cleaning the container
Buying the coconut fiber
Drying the coconut fiber
Cutting the coconut fiber to 1mm
4.2.2 Preparation for clean container






4.2.3 Preparation for coconut fiber






4.3 Asphalt making

Buying the materials

Loading the materials at batch plant

Mixing the asphalt mixtures

Putting the asphalt in a clean container

Checking the materials after 29 days

Chapter V
Reference
Vale, A. C.; I. C. Pinto; J.B. Soares e S. A. Dantas Neto (2006) Estudo Laboratorial da
Viabilidade do Uso de Fibras de Coco em Misturas Asflticas do Tipo SMA. In: Anais do
18 Encontro de Asfalto, artigo IBP0049_06. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (January27,
2014)(03:35PM).
LEED and Construction Building (2009) Asphalt Pavements and the LEED Green
Building System (January27, 2014) (03:50PM).
Fontes et al, (2010) Evaluation of the addition of short coconut fibers on the
characteristics of asphalt mixtures (January28, 2014) (03:00PM).
Civil and Environmental Research, (2012) Evaluation of the addition of short coconut
fibers on the characteristics of asphalt mixtures (February 12, 2014) (10:30PM)
http://itsmorefuninthephilippines.com/puerto-princesa/ (February 12, 2014) (11:01PM)
Freeman, R. and Kuo, C. (1999). Quality Control for Natural Sand Content of Asphalt
Concrete. J. Transp. Eng., 125(6), 539546. (February 12, 2014) (11:17PM)

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