Theories on the origin of the Serbs

Serbs are a South Slavic people, living mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The ethnonym Serbs possibly has a different root. There are several theories
about the origin of the Serb name, which could be roughly divided into Slavic theory and non-
Slavic theories. Among the non-Slavic theories, most widely accepted is the Iranian theory,
since the first mention of a tribe called Serboi in history locates them in the northern Caucasus
among the Iranian peoples. Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox
Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate
peoples below (* many Serbs opted for Yugoslav ethnicity) Serbs (Serbian: Срби or
Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
and, to a lesser extent, in... Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples are a
linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they
constitute roughly a third of the population. ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ...
This article is about the country in Europe. ... An ethnonym (Gk. ... Language(s) Persian,
Kurdish, Pashto, Balouchi, Ossetian and various other Iranian languages. ...

Contents
• 1 Earliest historical records of names similar to "Serb"
• 2 The Slavic theory about the origin of the Serb name
• 3 The Iranian theory of the origin of the name 'Serb'
• 4 Alarodian theory
• 5 Traces and possible migrations of Serbs
• 6 Relation with Sorbs
• 7 Possible connection with names of Sarmatians and Sabars
o 7.1 Name of Sarmatians
o 7.2 Name of Sabar
• 8 Theory of modern-day Serbs origin
• 9 Literature
• 10 References on Ancient and Medieval Serbs
• 11 External links

• 12 See also
 Earliest historical records of names similar to "Serb"

Here are a few of the earliest quotations from well known ancient geographers and historians:

• Rig Veda - ancient religious sanskrit text (3000-1500 b.c.)in book VIII., 32., 2.:

"2 Strong God, he slew Anarsani, Srbinda, Pipru, and the fiend, Ahisuva, and loosed the
floods." From all the European peoples the Serbs are the only race from the construction of
the wording of their name, according to the Austrian sanskritologist Walter Wust who are
composed in the Vedic hymns as the characteristic SRBINDA, in which almost letter to letter
is identical to the modern form SRBENDA used by Balkan Serbs. The Rig Veda
ऋग्वेद (Sanskrit ṛc praise + veda
knowledge) is the earliest of the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas. ...

In the Vedic manuscripts, Wust interprets, SRBINDA as its own original to say patented
name with a predetermined meaning. Which is in complete harmony to thinking of today’s
SRBENDA expression in Serbs, because Srbenda is always the best, the most respected, most
brave, the greatest for respecting tradition: in short a man who is used and shown as an
example to others.

• Herodotus (11,6) (5th century BC), and Diodor from Sicily (1,30) mention the lake
named Serbonis (Σερβυνιδοζ) in lower Egypt. However taking the large distances into
the account it is highly unlikely that today's Serbs have anything to do with that
particular toponym.

• Strabo (63 - 19 BC): "the river Kanthos/Skamandros is called Sirbis (Sirbika) by the
natives." ( Strabonis rerum geographicarum libri septendicini, Basileza 1571 s. 763).

• Tacitus (ca. 50 AD): described the Serboi tribe near the Caucasus, close to the
hinterland into the Black Sea. Many consider this theory as a very probable one taking
some distant linguistic similarities with today's Caucausus people's such as Ingushi,
Chechens etc.

• Pliny (69-75 AD): "beside the Cimerians live Meotics, Valians, Serbs (Serboi),
Zingians, Psesians." (Historia naturalis, VI, c. 7 & 19 Leipzig 1975). It coincides with
the Tacitus's view on Serbian ancient homeland among the Iranian peoples of the
Caucasus.

• Ptolemy (150 AD): "between the Keraunian mountains and the river Pa, live the
Orineians, Valians and Serbs." (Geographia V, s. 9). Ptolemy also mention the city in
Pannonia named Serbinum (present day Gradiška in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and
Herzegovina). This well known ancient scientist one more time points out to the
Caucasus placing Serbs close to Black Sea riviera.
Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: Hērodotos Halikarn�sseus) was a Greek historian
from Ionia who lived in the 5th century BC (ca. ... Diodorus Siculus (c. ... The Greek
geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving. ... In Greek mythology, Scamander
(Skamandros) was an Oceanid, son of Oceanus and Tethys. ... The Geographika is an
extensive work by Strabo, spanning 17 volumes, and can be regarded as an encyclopedia of
the geographical knowledge of his time; except for parts of Book 7, it has come down to us
complete. ... For other uses, see Tacitus (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this
article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... For other uses, see Black Sea
(disambiguation). ... Ingush may refer to: The Ingush language The Ingush people, an ethnic
group of the North Caucasus Category: ... This article covers the Chechen people as an ethnic
group, not Chechen meaning citizens of Chechnya. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th
Century portrait. ... The Cimmerians (Greek: , Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads
who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the
Black Sea, in what is now Russia and Ukraine, in the 8th and 7th century BC. Assyrian
records, however, first place them in the region of Azerbaijan in... Languages Serbian
Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic
peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below (* many Serbs opted for
Yugoslav ethnicity) [27] Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who
live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in... Naturalis
Historia, 1669 edition, title page. ... For other uses, see Tacitus (disambiguation). ... This
article is about the geographer, mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. ... Look up Pa, PA,
pa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian
Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See
Cognate peoples below (* many Serbs opted for Yugoslav ethnicity) [27] Serbs (Serbian:
Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in... The Geographia is Ptolemys main work
besides the Almagest. ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient
country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and
upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... Serbinum (also known as
Servitium) was an ancient Roman city in the Pannonia province. ... City area Bosanska
Gradiška (Cyrillic: Бо�ан�ка Градишка), is a town and
municipality in northwestern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Not to be
confused with Serbia. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... Aureus of
Licinius, celebrating his tenth year of reign and the fifth year of his son Licinius (on the
obverse). ... Satellite image of the Carpathians. ...

The Slavic theory about the origin of the Serb name

There is a theory that the name Serbs was a designation for all Slavic peoples in history. The
earliest possible association of Serbi with Slavs is from Procopius (6th century), who says that
Antae and Sclavenes (Slavs) originally had the common name Sporoi, which has been claimed
as a corruption of Srbi (Serbs). The Serbs came from the north from what is now the Czech
Republic region. Serb may trace back to the Altai root word Ser-dust, sand. [1]
The Iranian theory of the origin of the name 'Serb'
The original Serboi were probably Sarmatian (Iranian) tribe, who lived in Eastern Europe
(Sarmatia Asiatica), to the north of the Caucasus. The earliest historical records about these
Sarmatian Serbs dates from the 1st century, in the works of the historian Tacitus (ca. 50 AD)
and geographer Pliny (Plinius) (69-75 AD). Image File history File links Download high
resolution version (1254x760, 218 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file,
(del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File
links Download high resolution version (1254x760, 218 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this
is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Sarmatian horseman Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae (the second form is mostly used by
the earlier Greek writers, the other by the later Greeks and the Romans) were a people whom
Herodotus (4. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange)
superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the
former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former
Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... It has been suggested that
this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... For other uses, see Tacitus
(disambiguation). ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ...

In the fourth century, these Sarmatian Serbs, together with Huns and Alans, moved to Central
Europe, and were found dwelling near the Elbe, in a region designated as White Serbia, in
what is now Saxony (eastern Germany) and western Poland. The Sarmatian Serbs, it is
argued, intermarried with the indigenous Slavs of the region, adopted their language, and
transferred their name to the Slavs. Since the white colour was designation for the west, name
White Serbia actually could mean 'Western Serbia'. For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation).
... The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian
people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language
and to a large extent shared a common culture. ... Central Europe The Alpine Countries and
the Visegrád Group (Political map, 2004) Central Europe is the region lying between the
variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... This article is about a
river in Central Europe. ... White Serbia is the area of modern-day eastern Germany and
western Poland inhabited by White Serbs in the early medieval ages. ... Location Time zone
CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden
Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat
4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 18,416 km² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)
[1] - Density 231 /km... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body
of peoples in Europe. ... White Serbia is the area of modern-day eastern Germany and western
Poland inhabited by White Serbs in the early medieval ages. ...

Byzantine sources report that part of the Serbs (already a Slavic people by that time) then
migrated southward in the seventh century and eventually settled in the lands that now make
up southern Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. In this region, Serbs mixed with
other Slavic tribes (which settled there in the sixth century) and with descendants of
indigenous peoples of the Balkans. Byzantine redirects here. ... Not to be confused with
Republika Srpska. ... This article is about the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... This
article is about the geographic area of Herzegovina. ...
Rival chiefs, or župani, vied for control of the Serbs for five centuries after the migration.
Župan Vlastimir formed a Serbian principality under the Byzantines around 850, and the
Serbs soon converted to Christianity. The Serbs had two political centers in the eleventh
century: Zeta, in the mountains of present-day Montenegro, and Raška, located in modern
southwestern Serbia. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions
Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art ·
Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius ·
Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of
Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch
Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is... Zeta was one of the first Montenegrin states
in the Middle Ages. ... Raška (Raschka, Rascia, Rassa) was the central and most successful
medieval Serbian state (or župa, area ruled by a župan) that unified neighboring Serbian
tribes into the main medieval Serbian state in Balkans. ...

Another part of the Serbs did not migrate southwards, but remained in the Elbe region.
Descendants of these Serbs are the present day Lusatian Serbs/Sorbs, who still live in the
Lusatia (Lužica, Lausitz) region of eastern Germany. This article is about a river in Central
Europe. ... The Sorbs are a Slavic minority indigenous to the region known as Lusatia in the
current German states of Saxony and Brandenburg (in former GDR territory). ... Lusatia
(German Lausitz, Upper Sorbian �užica, Lower Sorbian �užyca, Polish
�użyce, Czech Lužice) is a historical region between the Bóbr and Kwisa rivers and
the Elbe river in the eastern German states of Saxony and Brandenburg, south-western Poland
(Lower Silesian Voivodeship) and the northern...

It is possible that the proto-Serbs in Sarmatia were similar to other Sarmatian/Iranian peoples
on the northern Caucasus, such as the Alans, and spoke an Indo-European Iranian language
similar to present-day Ossetian. At some point in the history of the Serbs, this Old Serb
language stood side by side with the Slavic language in White Serbia (mentioned by the
Byzantine emperor, Constantine Porphyrogenitus), and likely even in the first 300 years
leading up to the formation of the Serb state in the Balkans in the 9th century. Even to this
day, the Serbian language has at least a third as many words in its vocabulary than other
Slavic languages. This is because of the influence of Old Serb and Illyrian as well as Turkish
on the Slavic language spoken by the Serbs today. The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were
an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied
backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and to a large extent shared a common
culture. ... Map of Ossetia Ossetia is a region in the northern Caucasus Mountains, inhabited
by the Ossetians. ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) comprise the
languages of the Slavic peoples. ... Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos (the Purple-born) (905 -
November 9, 959) was the son of Byzantine emperor Leo VI and nephew of Alexander III. He
earned his nickname as the legitimate (or more accurately legitimized) son of Leo, as opposed
to the others who claimed the throne during his lifetime. ... Balkan redirects here. ... Serbian (;
) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs in the Serbian diaspora. ... Countries
where a West Slavic language is the national language Countries where an East Slavic
language is the national language Countries where a South Slavic language is the national
language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related
languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-
European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in pre-Roman
times. ...

One of the possible routes of the dispersal of the word "Serb". Note the similarities to the
Croatian dispersal paths

What was the origin of the Sarmatian Serbs? Since the modern Ossetian language derived
from ancient Sarmatian, we can search for the origin of Sarmatians if we compare
relationships between languages of Iranian stock. The Ossetian language is a member of
Eastern Iranian branch of Iranian languages, along with Pashtun, Yaghnobi and languages of
the Pamir. The original homeland of the Sarmatians was probably in the region where these
eastern Iranian languages are spoken today, somewhere between Afghanistan, Tajikistan and
Pakistan. Image File history File links map showing the hipotetic migration of Serbs File
history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to
this old version. ... Image File history File links map showing the hipotetic migration of Serbs
File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) =
revert to this old version. ... Ossetic or Ossetian is an Iranian language spoken on the slopes of
the Caucasus mountains on the borders of Russia and Georgia. ... Sarmatian Cataphract
Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae (the second form is mostly used by the earlier Greek
writers, the other by the later Greeks and the Romans) were a people whom Herodotus (4. ...
The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... The Pashtuns
(also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting
mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the
North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan
provinces of Pakistan. ... Yaghnobi language - one of two living Northeastern Iranian
languages, spoken in high valley of the Yaghnob river in Zarafshan area of Tajikistan,
considered to be direct descendant of Sogdian by many linguists. ... The Pamir languages are
a subgroup of the Iranian languages, spoken in the Pamir Mountains, primarily along the Panj
River and its tributaries in the southern Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan around the
administrative center Khorog ( ), and the neighboring Badakhshan province and is in Pamir
Area Afghanistan. ...

The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, in his Book Of Ceremonies, calls
the Croats and Serbs "Krevatas and Sarban"[citation needed], who were located between Alania and
Tsanaria. Ṣārbān is also the name of a Pashtun tribe in Afghanistan, who are believed to be -
at least in part - of Scythian descent. Languages Croatian Religions Predominantly Roman
Catholic Related ethnic groups Slavs South Slavs Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic
people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ... Languages
Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other
Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below (* many Serbs opted for
Yugoslav ethnicity) [27] Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who
live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in... ALania
can refer to: Yhe feudal state of Alans. ... Tzanaria (alternative spellings: Tsanaria, Canaria,
Sanaria, Sanaryia) was a historic district in the early medieval Caucasus, chiefly laying in
what is now the northwestern corner of Georgia’s Mtskheta-Mtianeti region. ... Sarbans
are a tribal group of Pashtuns in Afghanistan and Pakistan. ... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun,
Pakhtun, or ethnic Afghan; in referring to the period of the British Raj or earlier, sometimes
Pathan) are an ethnic/religious group of people, living primarily in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and
India who follow Pashtunwali, their indigenous religion. ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia
inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ...

Today it is suggested that the modern Serbs and Croats were Slavs living in modern Poland
who assimilated the upper-class of the migrating Sarmatian tribes, who subsequently lent their
names (Hrvat/Croat and Srb/Serb).[citation needed] Early in Polish history, the Polish nobility
claimed to be direct descendants of the historic Sarmatian people. White Serbia and White
Croatia, the original homelands of the Serb and Croat peoples before their migration to the
Balkans, were located, respectively, in the territories of modern Poland, Bohemia, and eastern
Germany (see Sorbs). This suggests an immediate link between the two Sarmatian-origin
theories, but fails to provide a confirmation. Sarmatian horseman Sarmatians, Sarmatae or
Sauromatae (the second form is mostly used by the earlier Greek writers, the other by the later
Greeks and the Romans) were a people whom Herodotus (4. ... Sarmatian Cataphract
Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae (the second form is mostly used by the earlier Greek
writers, the other by the later Greeks and the Romans) were a people whom Herodotus (4. ...
White Serbia is the area of modern-day eastern Germany and western Poland inhabited by
White Serbs in the early medieval ages. ... White Croatia is the area of modern-day Poland,
Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Slovakia from which the White Croats migrated in the 7th
century into Dalmatia, Croatia. ... Balkan redirects here. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech:
; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds
of the Czech Republic. ... The Sorbs are a Slavic minority indigenous to the region known as
Lusatia in the current German states of Saxony and Brandenburg (in former GDR territory). ...

Alarodian theory
In his book "Hrvati i Srbi, dva stara različita naroda" Dr. Dominik Mandić disputes the theory
that the Serbs are of Iranian origin and claims that they were actually an Alarodian people. He
dismisses the Iranian theory because it is based solely on the fact that the area where the
Serboi ethnonym is first mentioned (near the Sea of Azov) was home to the Iranian
Sarmatians, and this led historians to falsely jump to the conclusion that the Serboi
themselves were also Iranian. Mandić notes that Pliny himself does not state that the Serboi
are of Iranian stock. If the Serbs were an Indo-Iranian people, Pliny probably would have said
so. Furthermore, the non-Slavic substrate in modern Serbian is not Iranian. Dominik
Mandić ( December 2, 1889 - August 23, 1973) was a Bosnian Croat historian and
politician, a member of the Franciscan Order. ... The Alarodian languages are a proposed
language family that encompasses two language families of the Caucasus: Northeast or
Dagestan (sometimes called Avar or Lezgian which are also the names of its most major
members) and North-central or Vaynakh (which includes Chechen and Ingush), as well as the
extinct Hurro_Urartian... Sarmatia Europea in Scythia map 1697 AD Sarmatia Europæa
separated from Sarmatia Asiatica by the Tanais (the River Don), based on Greek literary
sources, in a map printed in London, ca 1770 Great steppe in early spring. ...

In the Balkans during Roman rule, there was a city called Gordoserbon, which was assumed
to derive from "city of the Serbs", gord being the Slavic word for city. However, it seems
unlikely the Latin-speaking Romans would use the Slavic word for city to name one of their
cities. Mandić proposes that Gordoserbon actually gets its name from the city of Gordium, the
capital of Phrygia, which he claims is the ancient homeland of the Serbs. Gordium was
situated near the ancient Lydian city of Sardis. Sardis was the capital of Lydia, an ancient
empire located in present day Turkey. The Lydians spoke an Anatolian language. Gordium
was the capital of ancient Phrygia, modern Yassihüyük. ... In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was
a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolia. ... A recent view of the ceremonial court of
the thermae–gymnasium complex in Sardis, dated to 211—212 AD Sardis, also Sardes
(Lydian: Sfard, Greek: Σά�δεις, Persian: Sparda), modern Sart in the Manisa province
of Turkey, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, the seat of a proconsul under...
Lydia (Greek ) is a historic region of western Anatolia, congruent with Turkeys modern
provinces of Ä°zmir and Manisa. ...

The Alarodian languages include two long extinct languages, the Hurrian language and the
Urartian language. The Hurrian language is believed to have had a strong influence on some
of the Anatolian languages, notably the Hittite language, and it is believed that Hurrians were
actually not indigenous there, but were new arrivals who assimilated an earlier people who
called themselves the Subar-tu. The language of these Subar-tu, whose name is not recorded,
is called Subarian by linguists today, and it is believed that there was a Subarian substratum in
the Hurrian language. Sumerian records mention the Subartu. Much later, Persian records
mention the Sabarda, and the ancient Greek historian Herodotus mentions the Sabir in the
same area, although it is not clear what, if any, connection the Sabir/Sabarda have to the
Subar-tu, or if the similar-sounding names are just coincidental. According to Mandić, the
Serbs get their name from those ancient Subartu. The Alarodian languages are a proposed
language family that encompasses two language families of the Caucasus: Northeast or
Dagestan (sometimes called Avar or Lezgian which are also the names of its most major
members) and North-central or Vaynakh (which includes Chechen and Ingush), as well as the
extinct Hurro_Urartian... Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians
(Khurrites), a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly
vanished by 1000 BC. Hurrian was the language of the Mitanni kingdom in northern
Mesopotamia, and was likely spoken at least initially in Hurrian settlements in... Urartian
(also called Vannic, in older literature also (Turanian, is Iranian) Chaldean) is the
conventional name for the language spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of
Urartu in the region of Lake Van in modern-day Turkey in the highlands of Armenia. ... The
Anatolian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages, which were spoken in
Asia Minor, the best attested of them being the Hittite language. ... For the history of the
kingdom of Mitanni (1500–1300 BC), see Mitanni. ... Subarian is the term used by certain
scholars (such as I. J. Gelb & E. A. Speiser) to describe the aboriginal language and
inhabitants of Subar-Tu an ancient kingdom in Ararat mentioned in Sumerian records. ...
Sumer (or Shumer, Sumeria, Shinar, native ki-en-gir) formed the southern part of
Mesopotamia from the time of settlement by the Sumerians until the time of Babylonia. ...
Persia redirects here. ... Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: Hērodotos Halikarn�sseus)
was a Greek historian from Ionia who lived in the 5th century BC (ca. ... For other uses, see
Mirza Alakbar Sabir. ...

Traces and possible migrations of Serbs

Serb lands in the 9th century, mostly according to De Administrando Imperio

The Serbs were mentioned as Serboi by Pliny the Younger in his Geographica in the first
century AD (69-75) as living on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. In the 5th century,
Herodotus writes in his Persian Wars that Serbs (Serboi, Sirboi) live behind the Caucasus,
near the hinterland of the Black Sea. In the fourth century the Carpathians are mentioned as
Montes Serrorum (Serb mountains?) by the Roman emperor Licinius. Image File history File
links Serb_lands04. ... Image File history File links Serb_lands04. ... De Administrando
Imperio is the commonly used Latin title of a scholarly work written in Greek by the 10th-
century Byzantine emperor Constantine VII. Constantine was a scholar-emperor, who sought
to revive learning and education in the Byzantine Empire. ... Gayus Plinius Colonoscopy
Caecilius Secundus (63 - ca. ...

In the Caucasus, the homeland of the Sarmatian Serbs, they left their traces around the river
Volga (Araxes in Greek). In modern Georgian, that river is called "Rashki". This name was
used by Balkan Serbs as a name for their first state and is found wherever the name Serb is
found in clusters indicating settlements. It is often used to designate hydronyms and likely
meant 'river' or 'water' in Old Serb.

The Serbs possibly migrated in two directions from the Caucasus, northwest and northeast.
Those who went northwest became overlords of the Slavs. There they established a mighty
empire and became slavicized. Konstantine Porfirogenitus called this "White Serbia". Their
descendants are known as Lusatian Serbs today and despite Germanization, a few thousand
still remain on the territory of former East Germany. These we can also call 'White Serbs'.
White Serbia is the area of modern-day eastern Germany and western Poland inhabited by
White Serbs in the early medieval ages. ... For other uses, see Sorbs (disambiguation). ... This
article is about the state which existed from 1949 to 1990. ... White Serbs were a Slavic tribe,
which lived in the region around river Elbe (today in eastern Germany and western Poland) in
the early medieval ages. ...

There is a theory that the other branch of Sarmatian Serbs maybe moved northeast to the
southern base of the Urals, and settled there for a time. We can call them 'Volga Serbs'. They
possibly moved eastwards, deep into Siberia, leaving traces in the names towns along the
coast of the Sea of Japan. They faded out with the onslaught from the Mongols. These we can
call 'Siberian Serbs'. It is even possible that Siberia was named after this Old Serb tribe. For
other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ...

The White Serbs were probably completely Slavicized by the 6th century. Their Slavicized
descendants are today's Lusatian Sorbs. One branch of these White Serbs have left White
Serbia, and according to Porfirogenitus, came to the Balkans (7th century), invited by
Heracleus, defeated the Avars and were given Macedonia to inhabit. There they took the
already settled Slavs (who began arriving in the 5th and 6th centuries) under their control and
mixed with them to form the modern Serb nation.

These Slavs, who came before the Serbs, had already assimilated the Illyrians, who were an
Indo-European people. Many historians agree that the old Serbs were not Slavs, but a non-
Slavic caste that ruled over the Slavs, though the Serbs who entered the Balkans in the 7th
century, were mainly Slavs who had adopted the Serbian name.

Relation with Sorbs

While Ukrainians and krajischniks (their names coming from Slavic word for "borderland")
or Slovaks and Slovenes (obvious variations of "Slavs") need not be related, Serbs and Sorbs
may well be. Some have taken this to the extreme, creating theories that link Serbs with
Sarmatians, Sirmium, Serbona, Siberia and so on. Such theories do, however, tend to
represent something of a fringe view. The Sorbs are a Slavic minority indigenous to the
region known as Lusatia in the current German states of Saxony and Brandenburg (in former
GDR territory). ... Sarmatia Europea in Scythia map 1697 AD Sarmatia Europæa separated
from Sarmatia Asiatica by the Tanais (the River Don), based on Greek literary sources, in a
map printed in London, ca 1770 Great steppe in early spring. ... Ruins of Sirmium Julian
solidus, ca. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ...

The obvious similarities in their names leads some to conclude that Serbs and Sorbs are
related peoples. Indeed, in the Serbian language Sorbs are called Lužički Srbi (Serbs of
Lusatia) some historians call Sorbs White Serbs (if dichotomy exists Serbs are called "Red
Serbs"; during The Great Migration Croats had a similar white-red dichotomy). The Sorbs are
a Slavic minority indigenous to the region known as Lusatia in the current German states of
Saxony and Brandenburg (in former GDR territory). ... Lusatia (German Lausitz, Upper
Sorbian �užica, Lower Sorbian �užyca, Polish �użyce, Czech Lužice) is a
historical region between the Bóbr and Kwisa rivers and the Elbe river in the eastern
German states of Saxony and Brandenburg, south-western Poland (Lower Silesian
Voivodeship) and the northern... White Serbs were a Slavic tribe, which lived in the region
around river Elbe (today in eastern Germany and western Poland) in the early medieval
ages. ... The German term Völkerwanderung (lit. ...

Exactly what the relations are between Serbs and Sorbs is not certain:

1. Some believe that Serbs came to the Balkans from Sorbia.

2. Some believe that Serbs came to the Balkans and Sorbs to Sorbia from a joint ancient
fatherland. Where this fatherland might be is also uncertain.
3. Some believe that Serbs and Sorbs were one people at sometime but had separated
before they moved to Serbia/Sorbia.
4. If we accept the claim that all Slavs have called themselves Serbs, then Serbs and
Sorbs may not have anything more in common than any other two Slavic peoples.

Regardless of which is correct, the Serbs and Sorbs of today are very different peoples, with
different customs, traditions and religions. Lusatia (German Lausitz, Upper Sorbian
Łužica, Lower Sorbian Łužyca, Polish Łużyce, Czech
and Serbian Lužice), sometimes called Sorbia comprises a region in the southern parts
of Brandenburg and eastern parts of Saxony, Germany. ...

Possible connection with names of Sarmatians and Sabars

Some historians suggest the connection between the name of Serbs and names of Sarmatians
and Sabars, though these theories are controversial.

Name of Sarmatians

Some suggest that the name "Serb" is derived from the ancient homeland of Serbs, Sarmatia,
an ancient country between the Vistula River and the Caspian Sea, occupied by the
Sarmatians [Lat. Sarmatae] from the 3d cent. B.C. through to the 2d cent. A.D. The term is
vague and is also used to refer to the territory along the Danube and across the Carpathians
where the Sarmatians were later driven by the Huns. The Sarmatians, who until c.200 B.C.
lived East of the Don River, spoke an Iranian language and were a nomadic pastoral people
related to the Scythians (see Scythia), whom they displaced in the Don region. The main
divisions were the Rhoxolani, the Iazyges, and the Alans or Alani. They came into conflict
with the Romans but later allied themselves with Rome, acting as buffers against the
Germans. They were scattered or assimilated with the Germans by the 3d cent. A.D.
Sarmatian horseman Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae (the second form is mostly used by
the earlier Greek writers, the other by the later Greeks and the Romans) were a people whom
Herodotus (4. ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the
orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-
Sarmatian). ...

The common Indo-European phonetic mutation possible allowed -m > -mb > -b from Sarmoi
> Serboi. The name of Sarmatians may be derived from PIE Root / lemma: ker-6 and ker- ̂ :
̥
'dark colour; dirt, etc'. ahd. horo, Gen. horawes, mhd. hor, hurwe `ordure, smut' (*kr-u-); ags.
̥ ̯
horh, Gen. horwes, ahd. horg `dirty, filthy' (*kr-k-u-o); aisl. horr m. ` nasal mucus, snot,
smut'; ags. hrot m. ` snot ', ahd. hroz ds., asächs. hrottag `snotty'; ahd. ruoz, rouz, mhd. ruoz,
ruost, asächs. hrot `smut'; ags. hrum m. `smut', asächs. hrum, mhd. PN Rum-olt; In linguistics,
and particularly in morphology, a lemma or citation form is the canonical form of a lexeme. ...

Maybe Sarmoi > Serboi, Srb from lit. sarma `gray, white weasel' [common PIE b > w
mutation]. Both root names Hrv (Croat) and Srb (Serb) are interchangeable: s > h, b > v
phonetic mutations. Srb (Serb) could be the origin of the latter Hrv (Croat).

̥̂ ̯
lit. šir̃vas `gray, greyish-blue' (*kr-uo-s), ̥̂
šir̃mas ds. (*kr-mo-s), lett. sirms `gray' (compare ai.
śyā-má- `black, dark' besides śyā-vá- ds.); lit. šir̃vis `hare'; in addition lit. šarmà f. ` hoarfrost',
lett. sarma, serma ds., lit. šarmuõ, šermuõ `ermine' (:ahd. harmo, ven.-illyr. carmō);
šarmuonỹs m. `weasel', with ablaut ostlit. širmuonė̃lis ds., lett. sermulis m. `ermine'; The
Indo-European root/lemma Root / lemma: ker-6 and ker- ̂ : 'dark colour; dirt, etc' could be a
collective name for Sarmatea 'dark people'.

The origin of the name Sarmat could be also an Indo-European interpretation of Sabar (Sabat)
common PIE b > mb > m phonetic mutation].

Serbs and Croats would retain their sumptuous Iranian names. Bosnia was populated by an
Illyrian tribe called Besoi. Montenegro would be called by Serbs as Crna Gora 'black
mountain'.

The origin of the name Serb from an Indo-European root seems most probable. Serbian
toponyms in their homeland in the Caucasus are often remote to Slavic tongues, but close to
Iranian.

Both names Serboi (Serb) and Hrvat (Croat) seem to have originated in ancient Iran. Even
today, there is a Pashtun tribe in Afghanistan named Sarbans. They could be ancestors of the
old Sarmatian Serbs.

Most probably, the origin of Serbs and Croats is Indo-European. Although they adopted the
language of the Slavs and mixed with them, they preserved their original Iranian names.
Franks, a Germanic tribe who had conquered Gaul also lost its ancient language against a
numerically superior native population.
Name of Sabar

Some suggest that the names of the Turkic Asian tribes Sabar and Kavar (*Havar) - Avar
derived from the same root [common shift b > v, also allophones s/ h]. Thus, Sabars and
Avars could be also descendants of Iranian Serbs (*Sabar) and Croats (Hrvat). The word
Avars can mean: The nomadic people that conquered the Hungarian Steppe in the early
Middle Ages, the Eurasian Avars. ...

The remnant of Sabar, Avar excellent horsemanship in Turkish language was stamped in the
cognate: tr. süvari ' cavalier, cavalry, cavalryman, chevalier, mounted troops, man'.

In the mid 5th C., Priskos Rhetor was the first to deal with the Sabar tribe which existed in the
Western Siberian region. This supports the theory of the Sabar origin from the Balkhash
region which is further supported by Chinese records concerning the related Hua tribes.
According to Priscos's account, the Avar-Huns forced the Sabirs out of this land and over the
Volga around 461-463CE because "a fog rose from the sea scaring people" and this was
followed by countless "vultures descending upon the people". Then in 550, Zakharias Rhetor
the church historian mentioned an "Avar" community in the west. Also in the mid 6th century,
Menandros wrote about Avars. At the same time Procopius made a distinction in his History
of the Wars, Books I and II, between White Huns and European Huns which Simokattes in
the early half of the 7thC. defines as the real- and pseudo- avars respectively. Uar, Chinese: ;
pinyin: Huá (for Chinese etymology see Huá (滑)), was the self designation used by the
dominant ethnicity in a confederation known to the Chinese as the Yanda (åšˆå™ ) and to the
west as the Hephthalites. ... The Sabir people inhabited the Caspian depression prior to the
arrival of the Avars. ... The word Avars can mean: The nomadic people that conquered the
Hungarian Steppe in the early Middle Ages, the Eurasian Avars. ... The Eurasian Avars were
a nomadic people of Eurasia who established a state in the Danube River area of Europe in the
early 6th century. ... Procopius of Caesarea (in Greek Π�οκόπιος, c. ... The
Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern
China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ... Theophylact
Simocatta (Theophylaktos Simokates, also Simokattes) was an early 7th century Byzantine
historiographer, arguably ranking as the last historian of Antiquity. ...

Based upon Simokattes's and other information, the Avars who entered Europe are thought to
have been a combination of a Uyghur people called Hund[citation needed] and (because of the
anthropological evidence as well as etymology on Avar Khagaan names like Bayan meaning
"prosperous" in Mongol but meaning female in most western Altaic tongues) a Mongolian
people called Var[citation needed] who united around Balk sometime between 410-470CE. For the
language spoken by this ethnic group, see Uyghur language. ...

It has been determined through the unorganized information in various foreign resources that
the Sabar Turkish community had played an important role in the Western Siberia and the
northern region of the Caucasus in the 5th-6th centuries BC. This Turkish community were
named as Sabar, Sabir, and Savir in the Byzantine resources and as Savır, Sabr, S(a)bir, Sibir,
etc. in the Armenian, Syrian Christian, and Islamic resources.

There are allegations, which state that the Sabar people were of Slav or Mongolian or Finno-
Ugrian origin. Recently, it has been suggested that they were Turks in origin in respect of the
names that they hold and the historical and cultural characteristics. As a result of the labial
attraction in various languages, the word of Sabar has been observed in various forms.

However, it is not very likely that the name of the Sabars come from the names of Sarbans or
Serbs, which have Indo-European roots. The word of Sabar can be identified with Turkish
language, and it was formulated as the addition of the suffix of +ar to the verb of "sab+ar"
(=sap-ar= sapmak/ violate, deviate) (Some other examples are: Khazar, Bulgar, Kabar, etc). It
has the meaning of "deviationist, defector, uncontrolled, free" and it is in compliance with the
naming procedures among the Turks. Furthermore, the personal names pertaining to Sabar
people are also Turkish. Balak, İlig-er, Bo-arık =Buğ-arık, etc.

Theory of modern-day Serbs origin

According to the theory based on the history, anthropology, and genetics, modern-day Serbs
are an ethnic mix of three major different "peoples" and "races":

• Sarmatians (Serboi - Old Serbs, who mixed with Slavs in Lusatia, and who gave their
name to the Slavs).
• Slavic peoples, including Slavic tribes which settled in the Balkans during the Avar
invasion in the 6th century
• White Serbs (Sorbs of Lusatia), who settled in the Balkans in the 7th century, and who
gave their name to the present-day Serbs.

Sarmatia Europea in Scythia map 1697 AD Sarmatia Europæa separated from Sarmatia
Asiatica by the Tanais (the River Don), based on Greek literary sources, in a map printed in
London, ca 1770 Great steppe in early spring. ... Serbi (Serboi) located near the mouth of the
Volga, based on Greek literary sources, in a map printed in London, ca 1770 Serboi is the
name of the ancient Sarmatian tribe that could be the possible predecessors of the present-day
Slavic Serbs and Sorbs. ... The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-
European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they constitute about one third of the
population. ... White Serbs were a Slavic tribe, which lived in the region around river Elbe
(today in eastern Germany and western Poland) in the early medieval ages. ... The Sorbs are a
Slavic minority indigenous to the region known as Lusatia in the current German states of
Saxony and Brandenburg (in former GDR territory). ...
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— analiza izvora i osvrt na jedan dio istoriografije, Cape Town, 2004

Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan (born September 3, 1922, Moscow; died May 29, 1997,
Washington, D.C.; Russian: ) was the one of the foremost Byzantinists of the late 20th
century. ...