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Introduction.

2 Page
Table of Contents.
Equivalent static load method. 12 Page
Lateral Loads (
)
Seismic
Steps of Calculating Seismic Load. 25 Page
Wind Loads. 37 Page
Systems resisting lateral loads. 48 Page
Design of Shear wall. 57 Page
Drift of structures due to seismic loads 66 Page
Examples. 70 Page
By: Eng. Ahmed Farghal.
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&Wind
Lateral Loads
Wind loads.
Seismic loads.
1. Seismic Loads:
( )
Seismic sources
4- Failure of roof of large cave
3- Volcanoes
2- Movements of faults
1- Movements of tectonic plates
5- Mankind effect (explosion, fill and in-fill of dams ..... etc.)
6- Undefined reasons
2-
1-
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Introduction.
Types of surface waves
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

m
o
t
i
o
n
Rayleigh wave Love wave
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

m
o
t
i
o
n
Love wave
Rayleigh wave
Classification of earthquakes
Focal depth > 300 km
1- Deep focus earthquakes
Epicentral
distance
H
y
p
o
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e 300 km > Focal depth > 70 km
2- Intermediate focus earthquakes
Focal depth < 70 km
3- Shallow focus earthquakes
Focus
or Hypocenter
Epicenter
Focal
depth
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Methods of measuring earthquakes magnitude
The Richter Scale
- The magnitude of most earthquakes is measured on richter scale.
- It was invented by Charles F. Richter in 1934.
- The richter magnitude is calculated from the amplitude of the
largest seismic wave recorded for the earthquake, no matter what
type of wave was the strongest.
The Mercalli Scale
- It is another way to measure the strength of an earthquake.
- It was invented by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902.
- This scale uses the observations of the people who experienced
the earthquake to estimate its intensity.
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3- Time History Analysis.
2- Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Method.
1- Equivalent Static Load (Simplified Modal Response Spectrum).
Methods of analysis of structures under seismic load
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Fundamental period
1
T < T
C 1
4 T <
1
2.0 and
= T
C
Response Spectrum Curve
where:
60 m H 1
H =
=
L
H
B
H
4.0
L
2
B
L
=
B
1- Equivalent Static Load (Simplified Modal Response Spectrum).
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Seconds
(T )
Solid Slab
Sec 3
Sec 1
Core
Sec 4
Flat Slab
Sec 2
Shear wall
Sec 1
Sec 2
Sec 3
Sec 4
H
Uniform shape 3
Uniform statical system 4
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(L / L )
x y
(e )
o
(x , y
e > 0.15 L
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H
> 0.15 H
1 3
L L
2
L
1
L
L
1
L
2
-
L
1
< 0.20
L
1
L
3
+
L
< 0.20
L
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H
< 0.15 H
1 3
L L
2
L
1
L
L L
2
-
L
< 0.30
L
1
L
3
+
L
< 0.50
L
L
L
1
L
2
-
L
1
< 0.10
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2- Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Method
Time (Sec)
S
d
(T)
Response Spectrum
Curve
Response Spectrum Curve
Displacement ( Rotation
3- Time History Analysis.
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(Simplified Modal Response Spectrum Method)
Equivalent static load method:
Plan
Side View Elevation
L
L
B
F
F
1 2
F
( More Critical )
B
X
Y
Z
F
1
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

M
o
r
e

b b
b
b
2
X ,Y
Manual
More Critical
E
Fx
E
Fy
X Y
0.3
0.3
E E
=
T
Fx
+
E
Fx
E
Fy
0.3 E
Fy
E E
=
T
Fx
+
0.3 E
Fy
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S
d
(T ) l
where:
F
b
= Ultimate base shear force
F
b
=
1
W
g
S
d
= (T )
1
(T )
1
Response Spectrum
g = Gravitational acceleration
Response Spectrum
Time (Sec)
S
d
(T)
2.5a S
g
g
1
a S
g
g
1
T
B
T
C
T
D
4.0
Response Spectrum Curve
Displacement ( Rotation
S
d
(T)
1
T
1
T
Response Spectrum
0 < T < T
B
< T < T
C
T
B
< T < T
D
T
C
< T < 4.0 : T
D
:
:
: S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
2
3
+
T
T
B
(
2.5
R
h
-
2
3
)
S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
2.5
R
h
S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
T
D
2
Curve
+
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Sec
Zone
Design acceleration
g
(a )
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 5A
Zone 5B
0.10
a g
=
= Periodic time of different mode shapes
T
B
T ,
C
T ,
D
S , a ,
g
T
where:
(Different mode shapes)
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g
0.125
g
0.15
g
0.20
g
0.25
g
0.30
g
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2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
6
3
7
2
5
3
7
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
Z
o
n
e

1
5
0
1
0
0
1
2
5
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
Z
o
n
e

2
Z
o
n
e

3
Z
o
n
e

4
Z
o
n
e

5
A
Z
o
n
e

5
B
PGA (cm/sec )
2
O
a
s
i
s
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
6
W
E
S
T

D
E
S
E
R
T
E
A
S
T

D
E
S
E
R
T
D
a
k
h
l
a
O
a
s
i
s
K
h
a
r
g
a
R
E
D

S
E
A
B
a
h
a
r
i
y
a
O
a
s
i
s
S
i
w
e
A
s
w
a
n
I
d
f
u
K
o
m

O
m
b
o
L
u
x
o
r
Q
e
n
a
S
o
h
a
g
A
s
y
u
t
E
l

M
i
n
y
a
M
E
D
I
T
E
R
R
I
A
N

S
E
A
Q
u
s
e
i
r
S
a
f
a
g
a
H
u
r
g
h
a
d
a
R
a
s

M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
M
a
r
s
a

A
l
a
mR
a
s

B
a
n
a
s
H
a
l
a
i
b
S
I
N
A
I
G
U
L
F

O
F

S
U
E
Z
G
U
L
F
O
F
A
U
A
B
A
B
e
n
i

S
u
e
f
A
l

F
a
y
u
m
G
i
z
a
C
a
i
r
o
I
s
m
a
i
l
i
a
E
l

M
a
n
s
u
r
a
T
a
n
t
a
D
a
m
a
n
h
u
r
D
a
m
i
e
t
t
a
A
l
a
m
e
i
n
A
l
e
x
a
n
d
r
i
a
M
a
t
r
u
h
S
a
l
u
m
P
o
r
t

S
a
i
d
E
l

A
r
i
s
h
B
a
h
a
r
i
y
a
K
o
s
e
t
t
a
Subsoil Class
A
B
C
D
S T
B
T
C
T
D
1.00 0.05 0.25 1.20
1.35 0.05 0.25 1.20
1.50 0.10 0.25 1.20
1.80 0.10 0.30 1.20
For Type (1)
Subsoil
Class
Soil Description
A
B
C
D
T
B
= T ,
C
T
D
=
elastic response spectrum
spectrum
S =
Soil Factor
B
T ,
C
T ,
D
S ,
T
Rock
Dense
Soil
Soil
Meduim
Loose
Soil
Type
Soil
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g
1
= Importance factor
Type of Structures
I
II
III
IV
Importance
Category
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
Importance
Factor
(g )
1
Subsoil Class
A
B
C
D
S T
B
T
C
T
D
1.00 0.15 0.40 2.00
1.20 0.15 0.50 2.00
1.25 0.20 0.60 2.00
1.35 0.20 0.80 2.00
For Type (2)
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( )
R
= Response modification factor
R
:
4.50
3.50
2.00
:
5.00
4.50
4.50
:
7.00
5.00
:
6.00
5.00
3.00
3.50
:
Response modification factor
5.00
(R)
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( )
R
=
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

m
o
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r
R
:
4
.
5
0
3
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
:
5
.
0
0
4
.
5
0
4
.
5
0
:
7
.
0
0
5
.
0
0
:
6
.
0
0
5
.
0
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
:
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

m
o
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r
5
.
0
0
(
R
)
R
R

=

4
.
5
R

=

5
.
0
F
r
a
m
e
s

w
i
t
h

B
r
a
c
i
n
g
R
.
C
.

S
h
e
a
r

W
a
l
l
s

o
r

C
o
r
e
s

N
O

R
.
C
.

S
h
e
a
r

W
a
l
l
s

D
u
c
t
i
l
e

F
r
a
m
e
s
N
o
n

D
u
c
t
i
l
e

F
r
a
m
e
s
R

=

7
.
0
R

=

5
.
0
F
r
a
m
e
s

w
i
t
h

B
r
a
c
i
n
g
R
.
C
.

S
h
e
a
r

W
a
l
l
s

o
r

C
o
r
e
s

o
r

C
o
r
e
s

o
r

B
r
a
c
i
n
g
O
R
+
D
u
c
t
i
l
e

F
r
a
m
e
s
N
o
n

D
u
c
t
i
l
e

F
r
a
m
e
s
R

=

6
.
0
R

=

5
.
0
h
= Damping factor corrected for horizontal response spectrum
Type of Structure
Steel with Welded Connections
Steel with Bolted Connections
Reinforced Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
h
1.20
1.05
1.00
1.05
Reinforced Masonry Walls 0.95
Damping factor 1.00 (h)
Prestressed Concrete
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C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
where:
C
t
= Factor depend on structural system and material
Structural System
Steel moment resisting frames
0.085
C
t
0.075
Reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
(Space frames)
All other buildings
0.050
= T
1
Fundamental period of the building
& frames
Combinations of (cores or shear walls)
Non-ductile frames (flat slabs)
Ductile frames (beams & columns)
Cores or Shear walls
where:
F
b
= Ultimate base shear force
S
d
= (T )
1
(T )
1
Response Spectrum
g = Gravitational acceleration
H = Height of the building from foundation level
H
F
b
Response Spectrum
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( )
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
Range T
1
Frames + Shear wall +
Shear wall Core 0.05 C = ) ( 0.05 C = ) (
Non-ductile frames (Flat Slab)
0.075 C = ) (
t t
t
Ductile frames (Beams + Slab)
0.075 C = ) (
t
S
d
(T )
1
Response Spectrum
B
T ,
C
T ,
D
S , a ,
g
T
Response modification factor 5.00 (R)
Damping factor 1.00 (h)
Prestressed Concrete
1
Importance factor (g )
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( )
T
0 < T < T
B
< T < T
C
T
B
< T < T
D
T
C
< T < 4.0 : T
D
:
:
: S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
2
3
+
T
T
B
(
2.5
R
h
-
2
3
)
S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
2.5
R
h
S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
T
D
2
Sec
W =
l = Correction factor
T < T
C 1
2 l = 0.85 If
T > T
C 1
2 l = 1.00 If
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+
Total weight of the structure above foundation level
i
i
S
(w )
( i )
w =
i
( ) Floor Area
+
=
s s
- D.L. ( g ) & L.L. ( P ) are working loads

( working loads )
w g +
a
P
+ i
( ) Floor Area
+
=
s s
NOTE
a
0.25
0.50
1.00
a
=
g t
s
=
g
+ F.C.
s c
+ walls
P L.L.
s
=
If given in kN/m
2
+ O.W. of beams and columns
+ O.W. of beams and columns
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( )
W =
NOTE
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( )
Steps of Calculating Seismic Load:
1 Calculate C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
2
3
B
T ,
C
T ,
D
S , a ,
g
T
1
,
g
,
h
,
R S
d
(T )
1
Subsoil Class
A
B
C
D
S T
B
T
C
T
D
1.00 0.15 0.40 2.00
1.20 0.15 0.50 2.00
1.25 0.20 0.60 2.00
1.35 0.20 0.80 2.00
For Type (2)
Subsoil Class
A
B
C
D
S T
B
T
C
T
D
1.00 0.05 0.25 1.20
1.35 0.05 0.25 1.20
1.50 0.10 0.25 1.20
1.80 0.10 0.30 1.20
For Type (1)
Zone
Design acceleration
g
(a )
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 5A
Zone 5B
0.10
Type of Structures
I
II
III
IV
Importance
Category
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
Importance
Factor
(g )
1
1.00 (h)
5.00 (R)
Structural System C
t
0.075
Reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
(Space frames)
All other buildings
0.050
& frames
Combinations of (cores or shear walls)
Non-ductile frames (flat slabs)
Ductile frames (beams & columns)
Cores or Shear walls
H
Subsoil
Class
Soil Description
A
B
C
D
Rock
Dense
Soil
Soil
Meduim
Loose
Soil
Type
Soil
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( )
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
g
0.125
g
0.15
g
0.20
g
0.25
g
0.30
g
Range T
1
S
d
(T )
1
4
T < T
C 1
2 l = 0.85
T > T
C 1
2 l = 1.00
i
S
W = (w )
s s
- D.L. ( g ) & L.L. ( P ) are working loads

( working loads )
NOTE
a
0.25
0.50
1.00
5 Get
6 Calculate W
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( )
T
0 < T < T
B
< T < T
C
T
B
< T < T
D
T
C
< T < 4.0 : T
D
:
:
: S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
2
3
+
T
T
B
(
2.5
R
h
-
2
3
)
S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
2.5
R
h
S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
S
d
(T) = a
g
g
1
S
T
C 2.5
R
h
>
a
g
g
1
0.20
T
D
2
Sec
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ i
( i )
w =
i
( ) Floor Area
+
=
w g +
a
P
+ i
( ) Floor Area
+
=
s s
+ O.W. of beams and columns
+ O.W. of beams and columns
F
b
F
3
F
1
2
F
F
5
F
4
F
1-3
F
1-1
1-2
F
F
1-5
F
1-4
F
2-3
F
2-1
2-2
F
F
2-5
F
2-4
F
3-3
F
3-1
3-2
F
F
3-5
F
3-4
s
w
1
s
w
2
s
w
3
s
w
4
( i )
F
( i )
In Plan ( )
F
=
i
i = 1
i = n
b
i
w
i
H
w H
i
i
In Elevation
( )
Distribution of lateral force on each floor
+
where:
F =
i
H =
i
s s
D.L. ( g ) & L.L. ( P ) are working loads
( working loads )
H
5
H
4
H
3
2
H
H
1
h
8
h
7
h
6
h
5
h
4
h
3
h
2
1
h
F =
b
Ultimate base shear force
F
4-3
F
4-1
4-2
F
F
4-5
F
4-4
sw
1
sw
2
sw
4
sw
3
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( )
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ i
( i )
w =
i
( ) Floor Area
+
=
w g +
a
P
+ i
( ) Floor Area
+
=
s s
+ O.W. of beams and columns
+ O.W. of beams and columns
Story Forces Total seismic load
i i
S
i
F = S F
1
2
M = M + Q h
base U.L.
1
2 3
M = M + Q h
2 2
3 4
M = M + Q h
3 3
4 5
M = M + Q h
4 4
5 6
M = M + Q h
5 5
6 7
M = M + Q h
6 6
7 7
M = M + Q h
8 7
8 8
M = Q h
8
1
Q = Q + F
2 1
2
Q = Q + F
3 2
3
Q = Q + F
4 3
4
Q = Q + F
5 4
5
Q = Q + F
6 5
6
Q = Q + F
7 6
7 8
Q = Q + F
7
8
Q = F
8
Overturning Moment Shear Diagram
Load Diagram
7
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
3
F
2
F
F
1
h
1
2
h
3
h
4
h
5
h
6
h
7
h
8
h
1
H
H
2
3
H
4
H
5
H
F
3
F
1
2
F
F
7
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
F
8
1 1 2 base U.L.
M M +Q
+
h =
F
+
H =
1 1
F
+
H = +
2 2
F
+
H +
3 3
F
+
H + ...............
8
F
b
b
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( )
i
S F
i
S Q
Q = F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Q (kN)
i i
F (kN) H (m)
Floor
i
2
H
H
1
H
3
H
4
H
5
H
6
H
7
H
8
F
1
2
F
3
F
4
F
5
F
6
F
7
F
8 8
7 8 7
Q = Q + F
Q = Q + F
6 7 6
Q = Q + F
5 6 5
Q = Q + F
4 5 4
Q = Q + F
3 4 3
Q = Q + F
2 3 2
Q = Q + F
1 2 1
i
M (kN.m)
8 8 8
M
7 8 7 7
6 6 7 6
5 5 6 5
4 4 5 4
3 3 4 3
2 2 3 2
1 1 2 base U.L.
w (kN)
i
No.
i i
8
w
w
7
w
6
w
5
w
4
w
3
w
2
w
1
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
w

( )
w & H
i i
base shear (F )
-
S H
i
+
H
w
+
H
w
+
H
w
+
H
w
+
H
w
+
H
w
+
H
w
+
H
=M + Q
+
h
M M + Q
+
h
M M + Q
+
h
M M + Q
+
h
M M + Q
+
h
M M + Q
+
h
=
=
=
=
=
M M +Q
+
h =
M =Q
+
h
i i
w
+
H
S
where:
Floor No. =
( i )
H =
i
H
5
H
4
H
3
2
H
H
1
h
8
h
7
h
6
h
5
h
4
h
3
h
2
1
h
i i
w
+
H =

i = 1
i = n
i
w
i
H
w H
i
i
=
i = 1
i = n
i
w
i
H
w H
i
i

i
i
w
+
H
&
i
w
=
i = 1
i = n
i
w
i
H
w H
i = 1
i = n
i
H
H
i
w
+
H
8
F
b
i i
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( )
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ i
( i )
w =
i
( ) Floor Area
+
=
w g +
a
P
+ i
( ) Floor Area
+
=
s s
+ O.W. of beams and columns
+ O.W. of beams and columns


Q M -
i i
i
2
3
. (w )
H
overturning (M ) -
< 1.5
B
2
W
overturning
M
B
Check Overturning
( i )
F =
i
i i
S
base U.L.
M F
+
H =
1 1
F
+
H = +
2 2
F
+
H +
3 3
F
+
H + ....................
Q =
i
M =
i
i i
S
base U.L.
M F
+
H
=
overturning
M =
stability
M = W
+

where:
W = Total weight of structure
Stability Moment
Overturning Moment
= Factor Of Safety
= F.O.S.
overturning
M
stability
M
7
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
3
F
2
F
F
1
F
( M
= base U.L.
)
b
2
3
+
H
F =
b
F F
= i
i = 1
i = n
b
i
w
i
H
w H
i i
+
8
F
F
b
1.40 1.40
base U.L.
M
overturning
M =
1.40
= Ultimate base shear force
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( )
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
m
Sliding Force =
Check Sliding
Resisting Force =
+
W

where:
W = Total weight of structure
= Coefficient of friction m
Resisting Force
Sliding Force
=
Factor Of Safety
< 1.5
W
F
b
b
m
+
W
F
1.40
NOTE
Ultimate loads
b
F &
base U.L.
M 1.40 Working loads
Check sliding and Check overturning
base U.L.
M
overturning
M =
1.40
F
b
F
1.40
=
sliding
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( )

4



1
0

=

4
0

m
40 m

2
0

m
Plan
Elevation
+
F.C.
A ten floor hospital located in Cairo with dimensions (20 x 40 m).
Height of each floor is 4.0 m. Soil below the building is very dense
2- Calculate the story shear and overturning moment at each floor
3- Find the bending moment and shearing forces acting at base
Given that :
level and draw its distribution on the height of the building.
level of the building and draw distribution of shear forces.
thickness equal 0.3 m. Due to Earthquake loads , it is required to :
Example.
sand and its coeff. of friction is 0.3. All floors are flat slab of average
4- Check The Stability of the building against silding and
2
= 2.0 kN/m
Walls
2
= 3.0 kN/m
L.L.
2
= 3.0 kN/m
0.30
1- Calculate the ultimate base shear force .
overturning.
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( )
Solution
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
C Shear wall
t
= 0.05
Table
0.05 40 T
1
=
3/4
+
= 0.795 sec.
According to Soil type and building location
Zone (3) Cairo
Map
a
g
= 0.15
Table
g
Soil type (B) Very dense sand
Table
S
Soil type (B)
Table
Response spectrum curve Type (1)
= 1.35
T = 0.05
T = 0.25
T = 1.20
B
C
D
1- Simplified Modal Response Spectrum
Page (9)
Page (7) Page (8)
Page (13)
Page (9)
Total Height of building (H) = 40 m
Check T < T
C 1
4
T <
1
2.0 sec.
( ) =1.0 sec. O.K.
O.K.
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( )
Response Spectrum
Time (Sec)
S
d
(T)
2.5a S
g
g
1
a S
g
g
1
T
B
T
C
T
D
4.0
S
d
(T)
1
T
1
Curve
< T < T
D
T
C
S
d
(T ) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
1
1
1
R
h
=
Table
g
1
1.40
=
=
5.00
1.00
S
d
(T ) = 0.15
0.25
0.795
2.5
5.00
0.20
1
g
+
1.40
+
1.35
+ +
1.00
= 0.0446 g
+
0.15 g
+
1.40 a
g
g
1
0.20 = 0.042 = g < S
d
(T )
1
O.K.
T > T
C 1
2 l = 1.00 = 0.50 sec
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
w t +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
Table
a
0.50
=
( g + F.C. )
s
c
+ Walls
w 0.30 + 0.50 3.0
+ s
=
( + 2.0 ) + 3.0 25
+
14.0
=
kN/m
2
w 14.0
Floor
=
20
+
w 11200
Total
=
10
+
40
+
11200
=
kN
112000
=
kN
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
0.0446 = g
+
1.0
112000
g
4995.2 = kN
Page (14)
Page (10)
Page (15)
+
F
b
NOTE
t
av
t
av
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( )
47227.35
3632.87
10535.33
139865.60
119884.80
100267.29
81376.35
63575.27
32695.85
i
M (kN.m)
20344.09
908.22
40.0
10 908.22
817.40
36.0
9 1725.62
4 +
40
36
8 +
+
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
b
i = n
i = 1
i
=
F F
m
90.82
181.64
272.47
363.29
454.11
544.93
635.75
726.57
220 =
i
H
H
i
i = n
i = 1
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
i = n
i = 1
=

No.
4995.20
4904.38
4722.74
4450.27
4086.98
3632.87
3087.94
32.0
28.0
24.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
4.0
8.0
i
Floor
H (m) F (kN)
i i
Q (kN)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2452.19
2- Distribution of lateral force on each floor
kN 4995.2
Shearing force at base =
12
4
8
24
16
20
12 +
28
32
i
H
36 + + + 28 + 32 + 20 + 24
)
F
( 4995.2
i
i = 1
i = 10
H
=
40
1
=
i
F 22.705
i
H
= i
220
16
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( )
Moment Diagram
3632.87
10535.33
81376.35
32695.85
20344.09
63575.27
47227.35
139865.60
119884.80
100267.29
33600 = 0.30
4- Check overturning
Safe
> 1.5
=
9.4
= =
Resisting Force
Sliding Force
Factor Of Safety
33600
3568
112000
+
=
kN =3568
1.40
4995.2
=
3- Check sliding
kN.m 99904 =
1.40
=
139865.6
M
base U.L.
1.40
= M
overturning
M
base U.L.
1.40
F
b
W
+
Resisting Force =
Sliding Force =
m
908.22
817.40
726.57
635.75
544.93
454.11
363.29
272.47
181.64
90.82
4995.20
4904.38
Safe
> 1.5
=
11.2
1120000 = kN.m
kN.m 139865.6
4450.27
4086.98
3632.87
3087.94
2452.19
1725.62
Load Diagram Shear Diagram
=
4722.74
112000
=
=
B
2
+
2
20
=
=
W
Resisting Moment
Over Turning Moment
Total
+
Factor Of Safety
Resisting Moment
1120000
99904
908.22
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( )
Elevation
(0.00)
Suction Pressure
(Suction)
e
C


=

+

0
.
8
e
C


=

-

0
.
5
e
C = - 0.8
e
C = - 0.7
C


=

-

0
.
5
e
C = - 0.7
e
C = 0.8 + 0.5 = 1.3
e

(Pressure)

e
C


=

+

0
.
8
2
P
e e
(0.00)
Plan
Wind load acting on the structure
2. Wind Loads.
q
C k
+ +
kN/m
P
where:
e

C
e
k = Factor of exposure
Ground Roughness Length
Zone (A): Open exposure
Zone (B): Suburban exposure
Zone (C): City center exposure
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( )
=
=
=
where:
0 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 50
50 - 80
80 - 120
Zone
Ground roughness
Height (m)
length
k
120 - 160
160 - 240
0.05 0.30 1.00
1.00
1.15
1.40
1.60
1.85
2.10
2.30
2.50 1.85 1.55
1.30
1.15
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00
1.00
1.05
1.30
1.50
1.70
A B C
NOTE
q
2
q
0.5 V C C
r
t s
kN/m
2
V (m/sec)
(kN/m )
2
(Open exposure or Suburban exposure or City center exposure)
(Ground roughness length = 0.05 or 0.30 or 1.00)
k (Zone A)
(Most critical case)
1000
(Most critical case)
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( )
=
V (m/sec)
42
39
36
33
30
r
C
t
C
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
t
1.80
1.00
1.80
:
NOTE
C
1.00
t
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( )
=
kg/m
3
1.25
= Factor of topography
C
s
Turbulence
1.00 :
(kN/m)
1.10
0.95
0.81
0.68
0.56
2
NOTE
C
C
1.00 s
& C
s t
V
2
q
0.5 V C C r
t s
1000
=
0.5
1000
+
1.25
+
1.00
+
1.00
2
V
=
2
V 6.25
+
10
-4
q
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( )
= Structural factor
=
q

.

Wind load (F)
+
area kN
e
q
C k
+ + =
e
+
area
where:
area = Area subjected to wind
kN
NOTE
Distribution of wind
2
P
( )
H
2
kN\m
1
P
( )
kN\m
2
2
2
kN\m
3
P
( )
( )
4
P
4
kN\m
=
e 2
2 +
C
P
q
+
k
=
k
k P
1
q k
e 1
C
+
2
=1.15
1
=1.00
+
=
k
=
k P
4
P
3
q
q
C
+
k 4
C
3
1.40 =
e 3
k
+
=1.60
e 4
+
+
Zone A
(Most critical case)
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( )
= P
2
P
e e
q
C k
+ +
kN/m
=
h
3
h
2
h
1
h
Wind load distribution
(0.00)
Storey forces due to seismic load

-
-
-

-
-
-
Seismic loads Wind loads
Difference between wind & seismic loads:
F
b
+
) (
+ 4
= h
4
4
P
h
kN
kN F
F
2
1
2
1
h
h
4
H
H
3
H
2
1
H
kN
kN
F
4
F
3
h
3
4
b
H
e
q
C k
+ + =
+
area
F
F
b
+
) (
+ 3
= h
3
3
P
F
b
+
) (
+ 2
= h
2
2
P
F
b
+
) (
+ 1
= h
1
1
P
i i
S
F
+
H Total Moment at base =
1 1
F
+
H = +
2 2
F
+
H +
3 3
F
+
H + ....................
overturning
M
Working loads
Check sliding and Check overturning
NOTE
- Ultimate loads - Working loads
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( )
S.L.
L.L.
D.L.
1.12 D.L. + L.L. + S.L.
0.8 [1.4 D.L. + 1.6 L.L. + 1.6 W.L.]
Factored loads of Ultimate Limit Design Method:
where:
a
W.L.
= Seismic load
= Live load
= Dead load
= Wind load
Ultimate Load (U)
:
U =
(U) 1.4 D.L. + 1.6 L.L.
a
0.25
0.50
1.00
a =
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( )
6.0
Plan
6.0
4
.
0
Sec . Elevation
3
.
5
3
.
5
4
.
0
3
.
0


1
6

=

4
8

m
+
The shown figure of a store house which lies at Cairo. The building
consist of a ground , mezzanine and 16 repeated floors and two
1- Calculate the wind load acting on the building .
Example.
basements. It is required to :
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
2- Check The Stability of the building against sliding and
overturning.
F.C.
Given that :
2
= 2.0 kN/m
Walls
2
= 3.0 kN/m
L.L.
2
= 3.0 kN/m
t = 0.20 m
s
average
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( )
1.635
0.884
1.238
1.414
371.4
1.017
0.68 = = 1.0 1.3
+
k
+
e
+
q
+
=
P C
=
e
P
2
kN/m
+
k
+
e
(
q
) C
+
kN
+
=
371.4
Total wind force +
2084.4
=
265.2 + = 305.1
kN
+
+
kN
kN
10 1.017
0.884
=
=
265.2
305.1
=
=
30
30
+
+
10
1.635
+
30
+
6 =
+
kN
kN
20
294.3
1.414
1.238
=
=
848.4
=
=
30
30
10
+
+
5
k
+
1
+
4
2
k
+
3
k
+
k
5
P
P
P
P
P
5
F
=
h
(
+
+
e
C
5
=
1
+
e
e
+
=
4
=
2
3
C
C
= +
e
C
b
)
1.85
+ +
0.68 =
q
=1.3
= 0.68
0.68 =
=
=
1.60 1.3
+
1.40
+
1.3
q
q
+
+
=
q
+
1.15 1.3
+
0.68 =
2
kN/m
5
6

m
10 m
10 m
10 m
6 m
20 m
2
2
2
2
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
+
4
P
4
F
=
h
(
+
b
)
+
3
P
3
F
=
h
(
+
b
)
+
2
P
2
F
=
h
(
+
b
)
+
1
P
1
F
=
h
(
+
b
)
C
=
e
1.3 = + 0.8 0.5
Solution
2
q =
0.5 V C C r
t s
1000
2
= 33
+
= 0.68 kN/m
2
Zone A ( More Critical )
305.1
kN
371.4
kN
2
kN/m
2
2
1.017
kN/m
0.884
kN/m
kN/m
2
1.238
1.414
kN/m
2
1.635
7

m
265.2
kN
848.4
kN
294.3
kN
848.4 + 294.3 +
6.25
+
10
-4
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( )
79312.2
22
+
=
+
60 + 294.3
265.2 12
+
305.1
+
=
+
H
2 + + =
H F F
2 1 1 +
kN.m
47
+ +
848.4 32
+
371.4
+
H
4 +
H
i
+
F H F
3 3 4
F
i
+
+
5
6

m
10 m
10 m
10 m
6 m
20 m
32
22
12
305.1
kN
371.4
kN
2
kN/m
47
2
2
1.017
kN/m
0.884
kN/m
kN/m
60
2
1.238
1.414
kN/m
2
1.635
7

m
265.2
kN
848.4
kN
294.3
kN
H
5 +
F
5
+
Check overturning
79312.2
3510000
Resisting Moment
Factor Of Safety
+
Total
Over Turning Moment
Resisting Moment
W
=
=
2
B
=
44.2
=
> 1.5
Safe
=
( Overturning Moment ) Total Moment at base
w t + L.L.
s
=
g + F.C.
av
c
+ Walls
w 0.20 + 3.0
s
=
+ 2.0 + 3.0 25
+
13.0
=
kN/m
2
w 13.0
Floor
=
30
+
w 11700
Total
=
20
+
30
+
11700
=
kN
234000
=
kN
Resisting Moment
=
30
2
+
234000
kN.m = 3510000
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( )
Check sliding
m
Sliding Force =
Resisting Force =
+
W
wind force 2084.4 = kN
=
+
234000
2084.4
70200
Factor Of Safety
Sliding Force
Resisting Force
= =
33.7
=
> 1.5
Safe
0.30 = 70200
Working loads
Check sliding and Check overturning
NOTE
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( )
Core
wall
Shear Frames
- Frames + Shear walls + Cores
- Core + Shear walls
- Frames + Core
- Frames + Shear walls
Core (Tube) Shear walls
4- Combination between different systems
3- Frames
1- Shear walls or cores
Systems resisting lateral loads.
2- Coupled shear walls
Ductile frames (Beams + Columns)

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( )
X
C.G. C.G.
x
1
2
x
C.M.
2
A
A
1
Columns - Core - Shear Walls
Columns - Core - Shear Walls
) (
Slabs - Beams
(
Stiffness ( )
(
)
C.M.
( (C.R.) )
)
Center of Mass (C.M.) & Center of Rigidity (C.R.)
-

Center of mass (C.M.):
Center of rigidity (C.R.):
of ( F ).
It is the center of gravity of area and it is the point of application
It is the point where the force ( F ) is resisted.
w w
+
+
2
1
where:
i i
x = Distance between C.G. of A & datum
X = Distance between C.M. & datum
X =
i
w
i
x
A
i
+
X =
1 1
A
+
x +
2 2
A
+
x
1
w
+
2
w
+
1
A +
2
A
1
w
+
2
w
+
i
A
+
i
w
+
i i
w = Weight of floor at this part of floor A
NOTE
C.M.
C.M.
b
b
Datum
C.M.
C.M.
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( )
(C.M.) ) (C.R.
Torsion ( ( C.R. ) )
C.M. (
Shear wall (
)
)
(
( ) Core
C.R. )
(Torsion)
C.R. C.M. C.R. C.M.
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( )
F
b
F
b
( Inertia ) Bending Moment Shear force
Case (b): Unsymmetrical shear walls in one direction (C.M. = C.R.)
Case (a): Symmetrical shear walls (C.M. = C.R.)
L
C.M.
4
sw
i = n
i = 1
i
=
M M
+
I
i
I
+
F
=
i
I
F
i = 1
i = n i
I
To Get C.R.
C.M.
C.R.
2
x
1
2
x x
1
x
sw
2
sw
1 2
1
sw
I
i
C.R.
x I
X
= 1
i i
2
x
M sw
C.R.
e
x
1
C.R.
1
T
x
x
3
x
sw
2
4
3
sw
sw
1- Shear walls or cores
base
&
where:
F = Force acting at the base
F = Force acting on the shear wall no. ( i )
I = Moment of inertia of the shear wall no. ( i )
M = Bending Moment acting at the base
M = Bending Moment acting on the shear wall no. ( i )
i i
i
i
base
+
F
=
1
I
F
1
1
I +
2
I 2 2
+
F
=
2
I
F
2
1
I +
2
I 2 2
x
C.M.
X =
+
2 2
I
+
x
C.R.
+
3 3
I
+
x +
4 4
I
+
x
1 1
I
+
x
+
2
I +
3
I +
4
I
1
I
C.R.
X
2
=
e
C.M.
X
where:
Distance between C.M. & C.R.
i
b
b
b
b
b
F
b
F
b
Datum
I
2
I
2
I
1
I
1
I
2
I
1
I
3
I
4
C.R. C.M.
C.R. C.M.
Lateral Force (F )
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( )
e
=
( F )
e
+
C.M.
x
2
x
x
I
i = n
i = 1
F
i
=
1
M
i
I
i
x
i = n
T
x
2
I
i = 1
i i
i
+
I
F
+
+
e
0.05
3
=
e
sw
2
M F
T
=
1
sw
C.R.
e
M
T
x
4
sw
3
3
sw
4
*
*
i
i
x = (C.R.)
where:
=
1
I
F
1
1
I +
2
I
1
I
1
x
x
2
I
1 1
-
+
3
I +
4
I
+ x I
2 2
x I
3 3
x I
4 4
+ +
( )
( )
2
( )
2
( )
2
( )
+ +
F
M
T
=
2
I
F
2
1
I +
2
I
2
I
2
x
x
2
I
1 1
-
+
3
I +
4
I
+ x I
2 2
x I
3 3
x I
4 4
+ +
( )
2
( )
2
( )
2
( )
+ +
F
M
T
=
3
I
F
3
1
I +
2
I
3
I
3
x
x
2
I
1 1
+
+
3
I +
4
I
+ x I
2 2
x I
3 3
x I
4 4
+ +
( )
2
( )
2
( )
2
( )
+ +
F
M
T
=
4
I
F
4
1
I +
2
I
4
I
4
x
x
2
I
1 1
+
+
3
I +
4
I
+ x I
2 2
x I
3 3
x I
4 4
+ +
( )
2
( )
2
( )
2
( )
+ +
F
I
i = n
i = 1
i
+
I
F
i
M
T +
i
I
i
x
i = n
x
2
I
i = 1
i i
( )
M
T +
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
F
b
I
2
I
1
I
3
I
4
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( )
L
.C.R. Zone ( 1 ) & Zone ( 2 ) -
(Shear wall) ( F = 1 kN ) -
.Zone ( 2 ) - ve
C.M. Zone ( 1 ) + ve -
I ( )
4
2
y
F
by
C.R.
*
y
1
y
e
C.R.
x
+ bx
y
e 1
x
F
bx
sw
F
2
sw
sw
4
3
sw
x
L
y
3
e
x
C.M.
C.R.
x
y
x
L
y
&
(
e
x y
)
&
)
y
) (
I
e
( )
)
(
x
(
I
( )
Eccentricity
C.R.
NOTE
C.M.
sw
2
1
sw
C.R.
M
T
sw
3
sw
4
Zone ( 1 ) Zone ( 2 )
I
i = n
i = 1
% of each Shear Wall
=
i
I
i
x
i = n
x
2
I
i = 1
i i
i
+
I
1
+
i
( )
1
+
( e
+
*
)
M
=
% of each Shear Wall M
+ i base
Case (c): Unsymmetrical shear walls in both direction
*
+ by
x
e
F
C.M.
x
C.M.
y
b
F
b
(+ ve) (- ve)
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( )
(
(
C.M.
3
e
) )
1
(sw ) & sw (
4
(F
by
)
C.M.
C.M.
(
(
Shear wall
Shear wall
(
( )
)
)
C.R.
y
e
x
y
2
x
y
1
1
x
4
y
)
)
+
x
I
i
C.R.
x I
X
= 1
i i
-
C.R.
X
2
=
e
C.M.
X
=
+
4 4
I
+
x
1 1
I
+
x
+
4
I
1
I
e
+
+
e
0.05 L 3
=
e M F
T
=
*
*
x
x
x
y
by
) )
2
(sw ) & sw (
3
(F
bx
C.R.
Y
= 1
-
C.R.
Y
2
=
e
C.M.
Y
e
+
+
e 0.05 L 3
=
e M F
T
=
*
*
y
y
y
x
bx
x
y
I
i = n
i = 1
F
y
=
i
I x
i = n
i = 1
+
I
F
+
M
T +
i = n
x
2
I
i = 1
i i
( )
=
x
2
I
1 1
x I
4 4
+ ( )
2
( )
x x x
i = n
y
2
I
i = 1
i i
( )
=
y
2
I
2 2
y I
3 3
+ ( )
2
( )
y y x
i
x
i
x
i
by
y
x
2
I
i i
( )
x
[ + y
2
I
i i
( )
y
x
i
I
i = n
i = 1
F
x
=
i
I y
i = n
i = 1
+
I
F
+
M
T +
i
y
i
y
i
bx
x
x
2
I
i i
( )
x
[ + y
2
I
i i
( )
y
y
i
1
sw
2
sw
sw
4
3
sw
x
L
L
y
x
x x x
x x
I
i
y I
i i
=
+
3 3
I
+
y
2 2
I
+
y
+
3
I
2
I y
y
y y
y y
F
by
F
bx
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( )
NOTE
Symmetric e = 0.05L
min
( F )
e
+
I
i = n
i = 1
F
i
=
i
I
i
x
i = n
x
2
I
i = 1
i i
i
+
I
F +
0.05 L
=
e
M F
T
=
*
*
i
i
x = (C.R.)
where:
( )
M
T +
b
b
b
e
min
More Critical
0.05 L =
1
I
F
1
1
I
1
x
x
2
I
1 1
+
+ x I
2 2
( )
2
( )
+ +
F
0.05 L =
2
I
F
2
1
I +
2
I
2
I
2
x
+
+ +
F
b
b
( ) 2
1
I +
2
I ( ) 2
[ ] 2
x
2
I
1 1
+ x I
2 2
( )
2
( )
[ ] 2
+
F
+
F
b
b
(
(
)
)
sw
C.R.
1
x
sw
2
sw
1 2
1
sw
F
b
2
x
2
x
min
e
1
x
C.M.
I
2
I
1
I
2
I
1
sw
C.R.
1
x
sw
2
sw
1 2
1
sw
C.M.
2
x
2
x
1
x
min
e
F
b
I
2
I
1
I
2
I
1
= 0.05L = 0.05L
OR
D.L. T.L.
sw
sw
2 sw
1 2
1
sw
I
2
I
1
I
2
I
1
T.L. D.L.
sw
sw
2 sw
1 2
1
sw
I
2
I
1
I
2
I
1
C.M. T.L. C.M. T.L.
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( )
sw sw
m
=
0.8932
15
1
sw
=
I +
12
sw (
) (
Inertia
I
2.4478
13.3 %
0.20 %
=
=
I
sw
2
=
i = 1
i = 1
I
i = 6
I
sw
3
=
i = 1
i = 6
I
2.4478
0.3255
2.4478
0.0052
0.3255
0.0052
36.50 %
2 ( 0.8932 + 0.3255 + 0.0052 )
=
)
0.25
3
=
=
=
2
sw
I
4.0
=
3
sw
I =
I
i = 6
i = 1
i = 6
1
sw
I
=
0.8932
12
(
12
+
m
4
=
2.4478
m
4
4
m
)
3
2.5
10.0 m
3.5
2 1
sw
4.0
3
sw
4.0 3
2 1
sw sw
) (
3.5
3
0.25
4
2.5 3.5
Illustrative Example
For the shown figure , if the thickness of all shear walls = 25 cm .
It is required to :
1- Calculate the percentage of force ( P ) acting on each wall
Solution
+
) (
2.5
3
0.25
F
b
NOTE
Shear wall
F
b
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( )
N ( ) due to own weight ,weight of walls and floors .
sw
Shear Wall
F
= F
sw
i
sw
+
2
i
i = 1
i = n
i
I
sw
4
Plan
5
sw
I
sw
3
1
sw
Elevation
sw
6
2
Shear walls solved as a cantilever totally fixed in foundation and
subjected to moment ( ) due to lateral force and normal force M
Design of Shear wall.
i
sw
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( )
2
F
F
6
-
2
1
F
4
s
w
F
s
w
3
6
F
F
5
3
F
4
2
1
F
F
s
w
5
s
w
3
2
s
w
s
w
1
6
4
5
6
F
F
F
F
F
5
-
2
F
4
-
2
F
3
-
2
F
2
-
2
F
1
-
2
i
F
+ The Normal Force Due to Seismic or Wind Loads O.W of shear wall
+ The part from the floor which it carry number of floors
=
S.L.
load
M
N =
+
1.12 N + N + N
0.8 [1.4 N + 1.6 N + 1.6 N ]
a
D.L. L.L. W.L.
D.L. L.L. S.L.
1.12 M + M + M
0.8 [1.4 M + 1.6 M + 1.6 M ]
a
D.L. L.L. W.L.
D.L. L.L. S.L.
a
0.25
0.50
1.00
a
=
Base Seismic U.L.
M
Cases of Load Combinations
Case (1)
Case (2)
Case (3)
N =
M =
N =
M =
1.4 N + 1.6 N
D.L. L.L.
1.4 M + 1.6 M
D.L. L.L.
N =
M =
where:
F H
i = i
% of each Shear Wall
+
% of each Shear Wall
+
=
W.L.
M
Base Wind Working
M F H
i = i
% of each Shear Wall
+
% of each Shear Wall
+
D.L.+L.L.
D.L.+L.L.+W.L.
D.L.+L.L.+S.L.
Page No.
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( )
NOTE
Wind & Seismic Manual
L.L. & D.L. Moments
Ultimate M
S.L.
Working M
W.L.
SAP
Zero
W.L.
N =
Zero
S.L.
N =
and
Frames Flat Slabs
A = A
Get
s
)
b
Using interaction diagram
10
cu
= \
s s
A = A
(
F
min
s
A
100
0.6
c
A
=
=
t
<
e
s
N
u.l. +
e
s
=
M
su
e
N
u.l.
M
u.l.
0.5
1
e=
+
e
c
t
-
t
<
F
take = 0.9
Get
2
=
s
-4
=
2
N
u.l.
M
u.l.
F
cu
b
cu
t b
t
e
2
0.5
t
100
req
b d
0.25
s
s
min
A =
1.3A
b d
cu
F
y
F
0.225 b d
1.1
y
F
>
100
b d
0.15
240/350
360/520
st.
st.
s
y
us
M
A =
M
1
us
d = C
+
F
+
d J
+
cu
b F
J C
1
-
(
u.l.
/
N
y
F
s
)
x \
Design of Shear wall under M & N
1.12 N + N
0.8 [1.4 N + 1.6 N ]
a
D.L. L.L.
D.L. L.L.
M
0.8 [1.6 M ]
W.L.
S.L.
Cases of Load Combinations
Case (1)
N = M =
N = M =
1.4 N + 1.6 N
D.L. L.L.
N =
Case (2)
Case (3)
&
&
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( )
s
A
t
b
s
A
2- Rigid frames
frames
. (rigid frames)
R
i
g
i
d

F
r
a
m
e
s
Plan
Rigid Frames B.M.D due to Hz. loads
point of
zero
moment
frames
F
b
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( )
NOTE
(L = 60 )
d
.
(point of zero moment)
(rigid frames)

L = 60
d
d
L = 60
L = 60
d
Details of RFT of a rigid joint
Stiffness ( K ) M
Base shear ( F ) Rigid frames
base
base
Base shear ( F ) Core & Shear walls
Inertia ( I ) M
b
b

L = 60
d
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( )
For typical story
int.
K K
ext. ext.
K
h =
(
h
b1
I
b
1
(
(Stiffness of each frame) (Frames) ( F )
ext. int.
K = SK + SK
Fi
K =
3
h
c2
12EI
ext.
1
2I
c2
1 +
h
h
I
c1
c1
I
I
c2
c2
I I
c2
I
b2
c2
I
b1
I
2
b
1
b
2
F F
2
F
1 1
F
b2
I
b
2 1
b
I
b1
1 +
h
c1
2I
1
int.
12EI
c1
h
3
K =
Case (a): Symmetrical rigid frames (C.M. = C.R.)
To get stiffness of each frame:
.
E = 4400 F
cu
(stiffness of each frame) (Frames) Bending momen Shear force
+
)
)
C.M.
C.R.
where:
K = 2K + K ( stiffness for frame F )
F1
int. ext.
1
K = 2K + 2K ( stiffness for frame F )
F2
int. ext.
2
b
i = n
i = 1
i
=
M M
+
K
Fi
K
+
F
=
Fi
K
F
i = 1
i = n i
K
base
&
Fi Fi
b
F
b
K
1
K
2
K
2
K
1
b
C.R. C.M. Lateral Force (F )
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( )
2
F
Case (b): Unsymmetrical rigid frames in one direction (C.M. = C.R.)
L
C.M.
4
2
x
M
C.R.
e x
1
C.R.
T
x
x
3
x
x
C.M.
Datum
To Get C.R.
K
Fi
C.R.
x K
X
= 1
Fi i
X =
+
2 F2
K
+
x
C.R.
+
3 F3
K
+
x +
4 F4
K
+
x
1 F1
K
+
x
+
F2
K +
F3
K +
F4
K
F1
K
-
C.R.
X
2
=
e
C.M.
X
where:
e = Distance between C.M. & C.R.
1
F
3
F
4
F
+
F
b
( Frames ) ( F )
e
+
K
i = n
i = 1
F
i
=
i
K
Fi
x
i = n
x
2
K
i = 1
i Fi
Fi
+
K
F
+
+
e
0.05 L
3
=
e
M F
T
=
*
*
Fi
( )
M
T +
b
b
b
+
i
where:
x = (C.R.) (frames)
NOTE
C.M.
C.R.
M
T
Zone ( 1 ) Zone ( 2 )
F
b
4
F
3
F
2
F
1
F
.Zone ( 2 ) frame - ve
C.M. Zone ( 1 ) frame + ve -
.C.R. Zone ( 1 ) & Zone ( 2 ) -
K
1
(+ ve) (- ve)
K
2
K
3
K
4
C.R. C.M.
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( )
(Frame) (F = 1kN) -
b
% of each Frame
=
+
1
+
1
+
( e
+
*
)
M
=
% of each Frame M
+ i base
K
i = n
i = 1
i
K
Fi
x
i = n
x
2
K
i = 1
i Fi
Fi
K
Fi
( )
+
stiffness (K) -
stiffness (K)
For top story

.(typical story)
h
c1
I c2
I I
c2
I
b2 b1
I
2
b
1
b
(
h
b1
I
b
1
(
K =
3
h
c2
24EI
ext.
1
3I
c2
2 +
b2
I
b
2 1
b
I
b1
2 +
h
c1
3I
1
int.
24EI
c1
h
3
K =
+
)
)
(
h
b1
I
b
1
(
K =
3
h
c2
24EI
ext.
1
3I
c2
2 +
b2
I
b
2 1
b
I
b1
2 +
h
c1
3I
1
int.
24EI
c1
h
3
K =
+
)
)
h
h
I
c1
c1
I
I
c2
c2
I I
c2
I
b2
c2
I
b1
I
2
b
1
b
- If I >>> I The column considered as a fixed column
b
c
K =
3
h
c
12EI
For bottom story

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( )
e
min
More Critical
( frames ) ( F )
K
i = n
i = 1
F
i
=
i
K
Fi
x
i = n
x
2
K
i = 1
i Fi
Fi
+
K
F
+
Fi
( )
M
T +
b
b
+
i
where:
x = (C.R.) (frames)
0.05 L =
1
K
F
1
1
K
1
x
x
2
K
1 1
+
+ x K
2 2
( )
2
( )
+ +
F
0.05 L =
2
K
F
2
2
K
2
x
+
+ +
F
b
b
1
K +
2
K ( ) 2
[ ] 2
+
F
+
F
b
b
(
(
)
)
1
K +
2
K ( ) 2
x
2
K
1 1
+ x K
2 2
( )
2
( )
[ ] 2
NOTE
Symmetric e = 0.05L
min
e
+
0.05 L
=
e
M F
T
=
*
*
b
F
b
F
b
OR
T.L. D.L.
C.M. T.L. C.M. T.L.
1
x
2
x
2
x
min
e
1
x
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
F
C.R.
C.M.
K
1
K
2
K
2
K
1
= 0.05L
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
F
K
1
K
2
K
2
K
1
D.L. T.L.
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
F
K
1
K
2
K
2
K
1
1
x
2
x
2
x
1
x
min
e
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
F
C.R.
C.M.
K
1
K
2
K
2
K
1
= 0.05L
K
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( )
+
3
Q
4
Q
5
Q
6
Q
Q
7
8
Q
1
Q
2
Q
Shear diagram
D
1
Load diagram
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
D
6
D
7
D
8
D
web drift
Drift of structures due to seismic loads
Total Drift = Web Drift + Chord Drift
1- Web drift
Drift diagram
Q % of each frame
i
i
Total web drift for each frame ( ) =
where:
Web drift for each frame ( ) =
= Story drift of each frame
Q = Shear force acting on the story
i
Importance of drift:
Is to satisfy serviceability requirements.
The drift should be limited to fulfill the safety requirements for
non-structural elements.
................) - -
Shear

(
D
i
SD
K
Fi
+
Q % of each frame
i
S
K
Fi
i
D
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( )
% of each Frame =
Case (a): Web drift for symmetrical rigid frames
D D D D
1 2 2 1
(For Symmetrical Rigid Frames)
K
i = n
i = 1
Fi
K
Fi
% of each Frame =
+
1
+
1
+
( e
+
*
)
K
i = n
i = 1
i
K
Fi
x
i = n
x
2
K
i = 1
i Fi
Fi
K
Fi
( )
+
For Unsymmetrical
Rigid Frames
( )
+
Q % of each frame
i
i
Web drift for each frame ( ) =
D
K
Fi
+
Q
i
=
K
Fi
K
i = n
i = 1
Fi
K
Fi Q
i
= i = n
i = 1
K
Fi
as K = where K Story stiffness =
s
i = n
i = 1
K
Fi
s
Q
i
i
Total web drift ( ) =
Web drift ( ) =
D
i
SD
K
s
Q
i
S
K
s
frames
2
F F
2
F
1 1
F
C.M.
C.R.
F
b
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( )
y (x) = ( x H - )
s
h K
w x
2
2
x
y(x)
w



K
N
/
m
H
wind load ( w ) ( uniform load )
( web drift )
2
D
3
D
4
D
straight line
D
1
Case (b): Web drift for unsymmetrical rigid frames
frames

h
+
Q % of each frame
i
i
Total web drift for each frame ( ) =
where:
Web drift for each frame ( ) =
D
i
SD
K
Fi
+
Q % of each frame
i
S
K
Fi
% of each Frame =
+
1
+
1
+
( e
+
*
)
K
i = n
i = 1
i
K
Fi
x
i = n
x
2
K
i = 1
i Fi
Fi
K
Fi
( )
+
For Unsymmetrical
rigid frames
( )
2
F
C.M.
M
C.R.
T
1
F
3
F
4
F
F
b
NOTE
w
w
w
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( )
+
+ +
H
Drift diagram
Chord drift
B
2- Chord drift
Chord drift ( ) =
w H
e
4
8EI
M
base
where:
I = Composite moment of inertia of columns at C.G.
e
I = 2 [ I + A ( L ) ] + 2 [ I + A ( L ) ]
e
A
1
1
L
L
2
2
A
I
2 1
I
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2
C.G
Bending
Moment Diagram
H
500 600
Serviceability Requirements
base
get w
Fi
w H
M = % of each frame M =
2
2


web drift chord drift
c
D
NOTE
D = D + D > D
Total web chord allowable
=
w



K
N
/
m
e
e
e
e
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( )

4



8
=
3
2

m
7 3 = 21 m
+
+

7



3

=

2
1

m
Plan
Elevation
+
All columns = 25 80
All beams = 25 60
For the shown figure of a residential building lies at Aswan . The
building consist of ( 8 ) repeated floors . L. L. = 2.0 kN/m &
1- Calculate the story shear at each floor level and draw its
2- Find the bending moment and shearing forces acting at base
Given that :
distribution on the height of the building.
level of the R.C. columns and draw distribution of shear force
Due to Earthquake loads , it is required to :
Example.
2
F.C. = 1.5 kN/m and the soil is loose sand.
2
3- Check Stability of the building against over turning
+
+
and bending moment.
Slab thickness = 160 mm
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( )
Solution
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
C R.C. Frames
t
= 0.075
0.075 32 T
1
=
3/4
+
= 1.01sec.
According to Soil type and building location
Zone (2) Aswan
Fig. (8-1)
a
g
= 0.125
Table (8-2)
g
Soil type (D) Loose sand
S
Soil type (D)
Response spectrum curve Type (1)
= 1.80
T = 0.10
T = 0.30
T = 1.20
B
C
D
Time (Sec)
S
d
(T)
T
B
T
C
T
D
4.0
S
d
(T )
1
T
1
1- Simplified Modal Response Spectrum
P. (2/5 code) P. (1/5 code)
P. (5/5 code)
Total Height of building (H) = 32 m
Check T < T
C 1
4
T <
1
2.0 sec.
( ) =1.2 sec. O.K.
O.K.
Table (8-1)
P. (2/5 code)
Table (8-3)
P. (3/5 code)
Beams + Columns
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( )
< T < T
D
T
C
S
d
(T ) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
1
1
1
R
h
=
g
1
1.00
=
=
5.00
1.00
S
d
(T ) = 0.125
0.30
1.01
2.5
5.00
0.20
1
g
+
1.00
+
1.80
+ +
1.00
= 0.0334 g
+
0.125g
+
1.00 a
g
g
1
0.20 = 0.025 = g < S
d
(T )
1
O.K.
T > T
C 1
2 l = 1.00 = 0.60 sec
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
w t +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
a
0.25
=
( g + F.C. )
s
c
+ Walls
w 0.16 + 0.25 2.0
+ s
=
( + 1.5 ) 25
+
6.0
=
kN/m
2
w 6.0
Floor
=
21
+
w 3596
Total
=
8
+
21
+
28768
=
kN
NOTE
t
s
Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
Table (8-9)
P. (4/5 code)
kN 3596
0.25
slab
+
beams
+ 8
+ +
) (
+
25 21 0.6
+
columns
25
+ +
4 (
+
) 16 0.25
+
0.8
Table (8-7)
P. (5/5 code)
=
t
av
P. (5/5 code)
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( )
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
0.0334 = g
+
1.0
28768
g
960.85 = kN
+
F
b
4697.49
21779.27
17935.87
14199.23
10676.11
7473.28
2455.51
i
M (kN.m)
854.09
4 + 8 +
+
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
b
i = n
i = 1
i
=
F F
m
26.69
53.38
80.07
106.76
133.45
160.14
186.83
213.52
144 =
i
H
H
i
i = n
i = 1
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
i = n
i = 1
=

No.
960.85
934.16
880.78
800.71
693.95
560.50
400.35
32.0
28.0
24.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
4.0
8.0
i
Floor
H (m) F (kN)
i i
Q (kN)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
213.52
2- Distribution of lateral force on each floor
12
4
8
24
16
20
12 +
28
32
i
H
+ 28 + 32 + 20 + 24
)
F
( 960.85
i
i = 1
i = 8
H
=
1
=
i
F 6.6726
i
H
= i
144
16
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( )
Moment Diagram
854.09
2455.51
17935.87
7473.28
4697.49
14199.23
10676.11
21779.27
3- Check overturning
kN.m 15556.62 =
1.40
=
21779.27
M
base U.L.
1.40
= M
overturning
M
base U.L.
213.52
186.83
160.14
133.45
106.76
80.07
53.38
26.69
Safe
> 1.5
=
19.4
302064 = kN.m
kN.m 21779.27
934.16
880.78
800.71
693.95
560.50
400.35
Load Diagram
kN 960.85
Shear Diagram
=
Shearing force at base =
960.85
28768
=
=
B
2
+
2
21
=
=
W
Resisting Moment
Over Turning Moment
Total
+
Factor Of Safety
Resisting Moment
302064
15556.62
213.52
kN.m 21779.27
Bending moment at base =
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( )
2.0 = L.L
2
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
Sec . Elev
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.0 = L.L
Void
Plan
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
8.0
8.0
10.0
= L.L
= L.L
= L.L
4.0 = L.L
4.0 = L.L
4.0
4.0
4.0
= L.L
= L.L
= L.L
4.0 = L.L
4.0 = L.L
3
.
0


8

=

2
4

m
4
.
0
4
.
0
3
.
5
3
.
5 2
2
2
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
The shown figure of a building which lies at Cairo. The building
consist of two basements, ground floor and mezzanine used as
1- Calculate the equivalent seismic load acting on the building .
Due to Earthquake loads , it is required to :
Example.
hospital and 8 repeated floors used as residential building.Live load
2- Draw lateral load ,shear and over turning moment diagram over
is 215 mm and Floor cover + walls = 2.5 kN/m . The soil is weak.
the height of the structure.
and floor heights are shown in elevation, the average slab thickness
2
kN/m 10.0 = L.L
2
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( )
Solution
1- Simplified Modal Response Spectrum
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
According to Soil type and building location
Zone (3) Cairo
Fig. (8-1)
a
g
= 0.15
Table (8-2)
g
Soil type (D) Weak soil
S
Soil type (D)
Response spectrum curve Type (1)
= 1.80
T = 0.10
T = 0.30
T = 1.20
B
C
D
P. (2/5 code) P. (1/5 code)
Table (8-1)
P. (2/5 code)
Table (8-3)
P. (3/5 code)
C
t
= 0.05
0.05 39 T
1
=
3/4
+
= 0.78sec.
P. (5/5 code)
Total Height of building (H) = 39 m
Check T < T
C 1
4
T <
1
2.0 sec.
( ) =1.2 sec. O.K.
O.K.
Cores
< T < T
D
T
C
S
d
(T ) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
1
1
1
R
h
=
=
5.00
1.00
Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
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( )
=
g
1
1.00
S
d
(T ) = 0.15
0.30
0.78
2.5
5.00
0.20
1
g
+
1.40
+
1.80
+ +
1.00 = 0.0727 g
+
0.15 g
+
1.40 a
g
g
1
0.20 = 0.042 = g < S
d
(T )
1
O.K.
T > T
C 1
2 l = 1.00 = 0.60 sec
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
w t +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
a
0.25
=
( g + F.C. )
s
c
+ Walls
Table (8-9)
P. (4/5 code)
Table (8-7)
P. (5/5 code)
P. (5/5 code)
=
g
1
1.40
Table (8-9)
P. (4/5 code)
=
g
1
1.40
NOTE
More critical
g
1
a
0.50
=
Table (8-7)
P. (5/5 code)
30 Area =
864
+ +
6.0
-
30 6.0
=
2
m
void
D.L.
= 0.215 ( + 2.5) 25
+
7.875
=
kN/m
2
t
g
+ F.C.
s
c
+ Walls
=
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ floor
=
( )
+
area
&
Floor 4
Floor 2
Floor 1
11
3
w 7.875+ 10.0
+ floor
=
( )
+
864 0.50
w 7.875+ 8.0
+ floor
=
( )
+
864 0.50
11124
=
10260
=
w 7.875+ 4.0
+ floor
=
( )
+
864 0.25 7668
=
Floor 12 w 7.875+ 2.0
+ floor
=
( )
+
864 0.25 7236
=
W
Total
= +
1 11124
(
+
+
2 10260 +
+
8 7668 +
+
1 6912
)
=
100224
kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
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( )
NOTE
L.L.
~
a
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
0.0727 = g
+
1.0
100224
g
7286.28 = kN
+
F
b
+
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
b
i = n
i = 1
i
=
F F
2- Distribution of lateral force on each floor
12 39.0 7236 282204 993.30 993.30 2979.90
11 36.0 7668 276048 971.63 1964.93 8874.68
10 33.0 7668 253044 890.66 2855.59 17441.46
9 30.0 7668 230040 809.69 3665.28 28437.30
8 27.0 7668 207036 728.72 4394.01 41619.32
7 24.0 7668 184032 647.75 5041.76 56744.60
6 21.0 7668 161028 566.78 5608.54 73570.24
5 18.0 7668 138024 485.82 6094.36 91853.31
4 15.0 7668 115020 404.85 6499.21 117850.14
3 11.0 10260 112860 397.24 6896.45 145435.94
2 7.0 10260 71820 252.79 7149.24 170458.28
1 3.5 11124 38934 137.04 7286.28 195960.26
= 2070090
No.
Floor
i
M (kN.m)
i
H (m) F (kN)
i i
Q (kN)
i
w (kN)
i
w H
i
i
i
H w
i = n
i = 1 i
F
i = n
i = 1
= 7286.28
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Load Diagram
Moment Diagram
Shear Diagram
2
1
3
10
6
5
9
7
8
4
12
11
993.30
971.63
890.66
809.69
728.72
647.75
566.78
485.82
404.85
397.24
252.79
137.04
993.30
1964.93
2855.59
3665.28
4394.01
5041.76
5608.54
6094.36
6499.21
6896.45
7149.24
7286.28
2979.90
8874.68
17441.46
28437.30
41619.32
56744.60
73570.24
91853.31
117850.14
145435.94
170458.28
195960.26
2
1
3
10
6
5
9
7
8
4
12
11
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F.C.
12.0
4.0
6.0
6.0 6.0
1 2 3
Walls 1.5 kN/m
=
2
6.0
6.0 6.0
4.0
6.0
4 5 6
2
=
1.5 kN/m
The shown figure of a student house which lies at Alexandria. The
building consist of 15 repeated floors & Floor height = 3 m. The
shear walls 300 mm thickness .The soil is medium dense sand.
Example.
building consist of flat slab with average thickness 200 mm and
4- Design the cross-section at the base of the Shear wall on axis 3
and draw its details of reinforcement .
Given that :
L.L.
2
=
4.0 kN/m
Plan
1- Calculate the static wind load acting on the building in
2- Calculate the equivalent seismic load acting in Y- direction.
Y - direction and show its distribution over the height .
3- Draw lateral load ,shear and over turning moment diagram over
the height of the structure due to the critical lateral load .
It is required to :
Y
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( )
46518.375
15
+
1.053
1.474
1.685
442.20
1.211
=
0.81 = = 1.00 1.3
+
k
+
e
+
q
+
=
P C
=
e
P
2
kN/m
+
k
+
e
(
q
) C
+
kN
+
=
442.20
Total wind force
315.90 5
+
363.30
+
=
+
H
2 + + =
H F F
2 1 1 +
+
751.86
=
315.90 + = 363.30
kN
+
+
kN
kN
10 1.211
1.053
=
=
315.90
363.30
=
=
30
30
+
+
10
+
kN 15 1.685
1.474
=
758.25
=
=
30
30
10
+
1
+
4
2
k
+
3
k
+
k
P
P
P
1
+
e
e
+
=
4
=
2
3
C
C
= +
e
C
= 0.81
0.81 =
=
=
1.60 1.3
+
1.40
+
1.3
q
q
+
+
=
q
+
1.15 1.3
+
0.81 =
kN.m
2
kN/m
4
5

m
10 m
37.5
+
+
758.25 25
+
442.20
+
H
4 +
H
i
+
F H F
3 3 4
F
i
+
+
10 m
15 m
2
2
2
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
+
4
P
4
F
=
h
(
+
b
)
+
3
P
3
F
=
h
(
+
b
)
+
2
P
2
F
=
h
(
+
b
)
+
1
P
1
F
=
h
(
+
b
)
C
=
e
1.3 = + 0.8 0.5
Solution
2
q =
0.5 V C C r
t s
1000
2
= 36
+
= 0.81 kN/m
2
Zone A ( More Critical )
363.30
kN
442.20
kN
2
kN/m
2
2
1.211
kN/m
1.053
kN/m
2
1.474
1.685
kN/m
315.90
kN
758.25 kN
15
5
758.25 +
6.25
+
10
-4
=
( Overturning Moment ) Total Moment at base
V Alexandria = 36 m/sec
10 m
25
37.5
1- The static wind load
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( )
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
C
t
= 0.05
0.05 45 T
1
=
3/4
+
= 0.87sec.
According to Soil type and building location
Zone (2) Alexandria
Fig. (8-1)
a
g
= 0.125
Table (8-2)
g
Soil type (C) Medium dense sand
S
Soil type (C)
Response spectrum curve Type (2)
= 1.25
T = 0.20
T = 0.60
T = 2.00
B
C
D
< T < T
D
T
C
S
d
(T ) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
1
1
1
R
h
=
g
1
1.00
=
=
5.00
1.00
2- Simplified Modal Response Spectrum
P. (2/5 code) P. (1/5 code)
P. (5/5 code)
Total Height of building (H) = 45 m
Check T < T
C 1
4
T <
1
2.0 sec.
( ) = 2.4 sec. O.K.
O.K.
Table (8-1)
P. (2/5 code)
Table (8-3)
P. (3/5 code)
Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
Table (8-9)
P. (4/5 code)
Shear walls
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( )
S
d
(T ) = 0.125
0.60
0.87
2.5
5.00
0.20
1
g
+
1.00
+
1.25
+ +
1.00
= 0.0539 g
+
0.125g
+
1.00 a
g
g
1
0.20 = 0.025 = g < S
d
(T )
1
O.K.
T < T
C 1
2 l = 0.85 = 1.20 sec
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
w t +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
a
0.25
=
(
g
+ F.C. )
s
c
+ Walls
Table (8-7)
P. (5/5 code)
P. (5/5 code)
w 0.20 + 0.25 4.0
+ s
=
( + 1.5 ) + 1.5 25
+
9.0
=
kN/m
2
w 9.0
Floor
=
12
+
w 3240
Total
=
15
+
30
+
3240
=
kN
48600
=
kN
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
0.0539 = g
+
0.85
48600
g
2226.61 = kN
+
F
b
24 + 27 +
+
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
b
i = n
i = 1
i
=
F F
m 360 =
i
H
H
i
i = n
i = 1
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
i = n
i = 1
=

3- Distribution of lateral force on each floor
30 + + 42 + 45 + 36 + 39
i
i = 1
i = 15
H
=
33 21 + 18 + 15 + 12 + 9 + 6 +
3 +
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( )
i
M (kN.m)
No.
i
Floor
H (m) F (kN)
i i
Q (kN)
i
H )
F
( 2226.61
1
=
i
F 6.185
i
H
= i
360
15 45.0 278.33 278.33 834.98
14 42.0 259.77 538.10 2449.27
13 39.0 241.22 779.31 4787.21
12 36.0 222.66 1001.97 7793.14
11 33.0 204.11 1206.08 11411.38
10 30.0 185.55 1391.63 15586.27
9 27.0 167.00 1558.63 20262.15
8 24.0 148.44 1707.07 25383.35
7 21.0 129.89 1836.95 30894.21
6 18.0 111.33 1948.28 36739.07
5 15.0 92.78 2041.06 42862.24
4 12.0 74.22 2115.28 49208.08
3 9.0 55.67 2170.94 55720.92
2 6.0 37.11 2208.05 62345.08
1 3.0 18.56 2226.61 69024.91
kN.m 49303.51 =
1.40
=
69024.91
1.40
= M
overturning
M
base U.L.
Overturning Moment ( wind )
The case of seismic load is the critical one
46518.375
=
kN.m
Overturning Moment ( Seismic ) 49303.51
=
kN.m
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( )
Load Diagram
Moment Diagram
Shear Diagram
2
1
3
10
6
5
9
7
8
4
12
11
13
14
15
2
1
3
10
6
5
9
7
8
4
12
11
13
14
15
278.33
259.77
241.22
222.66
204.11
185.55
167.00
148.44
129.89
111.33
92.78
74.22
55.67
37.11
18.56
278.33
538.10
779.31
1001.97
1206.08
1391.63
1558.63
1707.07
1836.95
1948.28
2041.06
2115.28
2170.94
2208.05
2226.61
834.98
2449.27
4787.21
7793.14
11411.38
15586.27
20262.15
25383.35
30894.21
36739.07
42862.24
49208.08
55720.92
62345.08
69024.91
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( )
=
+
=
i = 1
M
For Shear Walls on Axis
+
+
By Area Method get the Normal force
+
=
3
M
sw
8.0
N
s
g
=
D.L.
Area
+
+
69024.91
4.0 ( + 0.3
+
)
No of floors
(
+
6.0
o.w
8.0
+
3
=
1.6
3
)
12
I =
+ 5.4
( 2
0.30
0.30
2
=
=
3
+
12
(
6.0
)
3
+
4.0
(
I
I
i = 4
sw
sw
m
4
=
4
sw
I
5
sw
I
4
= =
=
)
m 5.40
1.60
14.0
4
m
4.0
6.0
8.0
3
kN.m 8438.56
15
+
) 3.0
+
25
2
sw
4- Design of shear wall 2 3 4 5 6 1
3
sw
4
sw
5
sw
C.R.
C.M.
0.05 L
=
e
min
+
=
0.05 30
=
1.5 m
e
min
1.6
=
+
1.6
1 +
+
+ 5.4 2 ( ) +
1.6 3.0 +
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
1.6 + 5.4 2 ( ) + 3.0
+
2
9.0
+
2
=
0.1223 =
I
i = n
i = 1
% of each Shear Wall
=
i
I
i
x
i = n
x
2
I
i = 1
i i
i
+
I
1
+
i
( )
1
+
( e
+
min
)
+
1.5 1
12.23 %
% of Sw
3
% of Sw
3
0.01223
base
=
0.20
=
( + 1.5 ) + 1.5 25
+
g t
s
=
( g + F.C. )
s
c
+ Walls
8.0
=
kN/m
2
N
D.L.
= 7110 kN
N
s
P
=
L.L
Area
+
No of floors
+
=
+
4.0 ) (
+
6.0 8.0 15
+
= 2880 kN
+
N
s
g
=
D.L.
Area
+
No of floors o.w
+
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( )
5 16 / m
\
5 10 / m
12 28
5 8 / m
\
4.0
0.3
28 12
M
cu
2
2
0.289 +
10 8683.2
= =
Nu
+
300
(
F
10
- 4
100
+
+
= 0.9
t
+
25
F
cu
b
s
\
=
2.0 25
A
c
0.6
100
=
0.6
+ +
s
=
A
s
min
A = A
=
2.0
=
F
t
b
=
mm 6000
=
7200mm
4000
Get
cu
300
( 300
+
+
10
)
4000
-4
) 4000
+
3
8438.56
=
+
10
=
u
0.0703
300
+
25
+
4000
2
t b
2
28 12
6
x
1.12 N + N + N a
D.L. L.L. S.L.
1.12 M + M + M a
D.L. L.L. S.L.
N =
M =
ult
ult
= 1.12
+
+ 0.25 2880 + 0 = 8683.2 7110
+
kN
= 8438.56 + 0 = kN.m 8438.56
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( )
All columns are (300 800)
St. = 360/520
1
F
7.0 7.0 7.0
4
.
0
8
.
0
8
.
0
2
L.L. = 2.0 kN/m
8
.
0
6
.
0
4
.
0
4
.
0
4
.
0
4
.
0
8.0 8.0
The stiffness of exterior frames is twice the stiffness of interior
F
2
F
3
F
4
1
frames
L.L. = 2.0 kN/m
2
2
2
L.L. = 7.0 kN/m
2
L.L. = 7.0 kN/m
2
F.C.
2
=
3.0 kN/m
For the given plan of a residential building, located in Hurghada
(Seismic Zone 5A). The building consists of ground floor and
Example.
5 typical floors. The building is constructed on a weak soil.
Given that :
1- Calculate the shear base at ground floor level
2- Draw the lateral load & shear distribution diagrams
3- Calculate the seismic loads acting on the frame (F )
It is required to :
F
2
=
25
cu
N/mm
+Partitions
+
t
=
250
s
av
mm
L.L. = 2.0 kN/m
L.L. = 2.0 kN/m
Plan
Sec . Elev
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( )
Solution
1- Simplified Modal Response Spectrum
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
According to Soil type and building location
(Zone 5A) Hurghada a
g
= 0.25
Table (8-2)
g
Soil type (D) Weak soil
S
Soil type (D)
Response spectrum curve Type (1)
= 1.80
T = 0.10
T = 0.30
T = 1.20
B
C
D
P. (2/5 code)
Table (8-1)
P. (2/5 code)
Table (8-3)
P. (3/5 code)
0.075 30 T
1
=
3/4
+
= 0.96 sec.
Total Height of building (H) = 30 m
Check T < T
C 1
4
T <
1
2.0 sec.
( ) =1.2 sec. O.K.
O.K.
< T < T
D
T
C
S
d
(T ) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
1
1
1
R
h
=
=
5.00
1.00
Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
C R.C. Frames
t
= 0.075
P. (5/5 code)
Beams + Columns
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( )
=
g
1
1.00
S
d
(T ) = 0.25
0.30
0.96
2.5
5.00
0.20
1
g
+
1.00
+
1.80
+ +
1.00
= 0.0703 g
+
0.25 g
+
1.00 a
g
g
1
0.20 = 0.050 = g < S
d
(T )
1
O.K.
T > T
C 1
2 l = 1.00 = 0.60 sec
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
w t +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
a
0.25
=
(
g
+ F.C. )
s
c
+ Walls
Table (8-9)
P. (4/5 code)
Table (8-7)
P. (5/5 code)
P. (5/5 code)
16 Area =
308
+ +
4.0
-
21 7.0
=
2
m
void
D.L.
= 0.25 ( + 3.0) 25
+
9.25
=
kN/m
2
t
g
+ F.C.
s
c
+ Walls
=
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ floor
=
( )
+
area
&
Floor 3
Floor 1
6
2 w 9.25+ 7.0
+ floor
=
( )
+
308 0.25 3388
=
w 9.25+ 2.0
+ floor
=
( )
+
308 0.25 3003
=
W
Total
= +
2 3388 (
+
+
4 10260 )
=
18788
kN
kN
kN
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
0.0703 = g
+
1.0
18788
g
1320.80 = kN
+
F
b
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( )
+
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
b
i = n
i = 1
i
=
F F
2- Distribution of lateral force on each floor
= 362824
No.
Floor
i
H (m) F (kN)
i i
Q (kN)
i
w (kN)
i
w H
i
i
i
H w
i = 6
i = 1
6 30.0 3003 90090 327.96 327.96
5 26.0 3003 78078 284.23 612.19
4 22.0 3003 66066 240.50 852.69
3 18.0 3003 54054 196.77 1049.46
2 14.0 3388 47432 172.67 1222.13
1 8.0 3388 27104 98.67 1320.80
Load Diagram
Shear Diagram
2
1
3
6
5
4
327.96
284.23
240.50
196.77
172.67
98.67
327.96
612.19
852.69
1049.46
1222.13
1320.80
3- Seismic loads acting on frame (F )
1
Plan is unsymmetric as C.M. = C.R.
- As the stiffness of exterior frames is twice the stiffness of interior
C.R.
X =
- C.R. is at the center of the plan as K is symmetric for frames
( K = K & K = K )
F1 F4 F2 F3
= 10.5 m
2
21
frames ( K = K = 2 K = 2 K )
F1 F4 F2 F3
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( )
1
2
.
0
4
.
0
X
C.M.
14.0 7.0
C.M.
14.0
3.5
X =
i
w
i
x
A
i
+ i
A
+
i
w
+
C.M.
Datum
C.G.
C.G.
A
1
2
A
NOTE
w
=
i
x
A
i
i
A
+
i
D.L. & L.L.
X =
7.0
+
12.0
C.M.
+
3.5 14.0
+
16.0
+
14.0 +
= 11.14 m
-
C.R.
X
=
e
C.M.
X - 10.5
=
11.14 m
=
0.64
+
e
0.05 L
=
e
*
+
0.64
0.05
= +
21.0 m 1.69
=
% of each Frame
=
+
1
+
1
+
( e
+
*
)
K
i = n
i = 1
i
K
Fi
x
i = n
x
2
K
i = 1
i Fi
Fi
K
Fi
( )
+
K = 2 K
F1 F2
7.0
+
12.0 14.0
+
16.0 +
i = n
i = 1
K
Fi =
K
F1
K
F2 + = =
2 2 K
F2
K
F2 +
2 2 2
+
K = K & K = K
F1 F4 F2 F3
K
F2
6
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( )
for F1
F
i
Zone (1) Zone (2)
8
.
0
8
.
0
7.0 7.0 7.0
10.5
3.5
T
M
C.M.
0.64
C.R.
F
1
=
+
1 +
+
10.5 +
+ 2 ( )
+ 10.5
+
2
3.5
+
2 +
1.69 1 % of F
1
K
F2
6
K
F1
K
F1
K
F1
K
F2
=
+
1 +
+
10.5 +
+ 2 ( ) + 10.5
+
2
3.5
+
2 +
1.69 1
K
F2
6
K K
F2
K
F2
2 K
F2
2
F2
2
=
0.4096
=
40.96 %
frame zone (1)
= % F
+
1
F
i
= 0.4096
+
F
i
Load Diagram
134.33
116.42
98.51
80.60
70.72
40.41
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( )
E
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
A
B
C
D
2 1 3 4
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6 5
F.C. Walls 1.5 kN/m
=
2 2
=
1.5 kN/m
The figure shows a residential building which lies at Aswan. It
consist of 15 repeated floors & Floor height = 3 m. The building
1- Calculate the equivalent static load acting on the building at
shear walls and cores 250 mm thickness .The soil is weak.
Example.
consist of prestressed slab with average thickness 200 mm and
3- Compute the torsion moment at the ground level.
Given that :
2- Determine the center of rigidity of the structure .
L.L.
2
=
6.0 kN/m
each floor and show its distribution over the height .
4- Calculate the percentage of lateral load acting on each shear
wall and core.
It is required to :
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( )
Solution
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
0.05 45 T
1
=
3/4
+
= 0.87sec.
According to Soil type and building location
Zone (2) Aswan
Fig. (8-1)
a
g
= 0.125
Table (8-2)
g
Soil type (D) Weak soil
S
Soil type (D)
Response spectrum curve Type (1)
= 1.80
T = 0.10
T = 0.30
T = 1.20
B
C
D
1- Simplified Modal Response Spectrum
P. (2/5 code) P. (1/5 code)
Total Height of building (H) = 45 m
Check T < T
C 1
4
T <
1
2.0 sec.
( ) =1.2 sec. O.K.
O.K.
Table (8-1)
P. (2/5 code)
Table (8-3)
P. (3/5 code)
C
t
= 0.05
P. (5/5 code)
Cores + Shear walls
< T < T
D
T
C
S
d
(T ) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
1
1
1
R
h
=
=
5.00
1.05
Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
Table (8-4)
P. (3/5 code)
Prestressed concrete
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( )
=
g
1
1.00
S
d
(T ) = 0.125
0.30
0.87
2.5
5.00
0.20
1
g
+
1.00
+
1.80
+ +
1.05
= 0.0407 g
+
0.125g
+
1.00 a
g
g
1
0.20 = 0.025 = g < S
d
(T )
1
O.K.
T > T
C 1
2 l = 1.00 = 0.60 sec
Table (8-9)
P. (4/5 code)
P. (5/5 code)
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
w t +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
a
0.25
=
(
g
+ F.C. )
s
c
+ Walls
Table (8-7)
P. (5/5 code)
w 9.5
Floor
=
20
+
w 5700
Total
=
15
+
30
+
5700
=
kN
85500
=
kN
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
0.0407 = g
+
1.0
85500
g
3479.85 = kN
+
F
b
+
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
b
i = n
i = 1
i
=
F F
i
H
H
i
i = n
i = 1
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
i = n
i = 1
=

2- Distribution of lateral force on each floor
w 0.20 + 0.25 6.0
+ s
=
( + 1.5 ) 25
+
9.5
=
kN/m
2
+ 1.5
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( )
15 45.0
14 42.0
13 39.0
12 36.0
11 33.0
10 30.0
9 27.0
8 24.0
7 21.0
6 18.0
5 15.0
4 12.0
3 9.0
2 6.0
1 3.0
24 +
27 +
m 360 =
30 + + 42 + 45 + 36 + 39
i
i = 1
i = 15
H
=
33
21 + 18 + 15 + 12 + 9 + 6 +
i
H )
F
( 3479.85
1
=
i
F 9.666
i
H
= i
360
No.
i
Floor
H (m) F (kN)
i
3 +
3- Center of rigidity and torsional moment
e
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
a
b
c
d
2 1 3 4
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6 5
C.M.
C.R.
For Shear walls
x x
10.0
0.25
I
0.25
+
10.0
= 20.83 m
=
12
x
3
4
434.98
405.98
376.98
347.99
318.99
289.99
260.99
231.99
202.99
173.99
144.99
116.00
87.00
58.00
29.00
Load Diagram
434.98
405.98
376.98
347.99
318.99
289.99
260.99
231.99
202.99
173.99
144.99
116.00
87.00
58.00
29.00
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( )
x x
y
5.0
0.25
6.0
y
4.75
+
0.25
+
2 6.0
+
0.25
+
0.125 +
= 1.66 m
=
+
2.625
4.75
+
0.25
+
2 6.0
+
0.25 +
For Core
I
0.25
+
4.75
=
12
x
3
+ 0.25
+
4.75
+
(
2.625- 1.66
)
2
+
2
6.0
+
0.25
12
3
+ 0.25
+
6.0
+
(
1.66 - 0.125
)
2
+
= 10.22 m
4
X =
i
I
i
x
+
i
I
C.R.
X =
20.83
+
0
C.M.
20.83
+
6 +
= 13.26 m =
20.83
+
30 + 10.22
+
21 +
20.83
+
3 10.22 +
L
2
30
2
= =15.0m
-
C.R.
X
=
e
C.M.
X - 13.26
=
15.0 m
=
1.74
+
e
0.05 L
=
e
*
+
1.74
0.05
= +
30.0 m 3.24
=
4- Percentage of lateral load carried by shear walls & cores
I
i = n
i = 1
% of each Shear Wall
=
i
I
i
x
i = n
x
2
I
i = 1
i i
i
+
I
1
+
i
( )
1
+
( e
+
*
)
e
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
a
b
c
d
2 1 3 4
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6 5
C.M.
C.R.
Zone (1)
(+ ve)
Zone (2)
(- ve)
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( )
20.66
For Shear Walls on Axis 1
=
%
For Core
24.28
20.83
20.83
For Shear Walls on Axis
2
= F
20.83
- )
3.24
3
1 1
+
(
+
2
+
=
)
+
2 2
(
+
2
13.26 + 16.74 7.26 +
7.26 20.83
%
+ 10.22
2
+7.74
38.73
For Shear Walls on Axis 6
=
%
16.34
=
%
+ 10.22
20.83
20.83
1
= F
20.83
- )
3.24
3
1 1
+
(
+
+
)
+
2 2
(
+
2
13.26 + 16.74 7.26 +
13.26 20.83
+ 10.22
2
+7.74
+ 10.22
20.83
20.83
3
= F
20.83
+
)
3.24
3
1 1
+
(
+
+
)
+
2 2
(
+
2
13.26 + 16.74 7.26 +
16.74 20.83
+ 10.22
2
+7.74
+ 10.22
20.83
10.22
4
= F
20.83
+
)
3.24
3
1 1
+
(
+
+
)
+
2 2
(
+
2
13.26 + 16.74 7.26 +
7.74 10.22
+ 10.22
2
+7.74
+ 10.22
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( )
Example.
The shown figure of a residential building which lies at Cairo . It
consist of a ground, mezzanine and 8 repeated floors and two
1- Calculate the story shear at each floor level .
Due to Earthquake loads , it is required to :
basements. Live load and floor heights are shown in elevation.
2- Calculate the total lateral drift .
The soil below the building is weak.
2
4.0 = kN/m
2
2
2.0
4.0
=
=
kN/m
kN/m
2
2
2
4.0
4.0
4.0
=
=
= kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
4.0 = kN/m
2
2
L.L
L.L
L.L
L.L
L.L
L.L
L.L
+
5 6 m =30m
+
2
2
2
8.0
8.0
4.0
=
=
=
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
2
2
10.0 = kN/m
10.0 = kN/m
L.L
L.L
L.L
L.L
L.L
+
4



6
m

=
2
4

m
3
.
0


1
2

=

3
6

m
4.0 L.L = kN/m
3- Draw the distribution of web drift along the height of the building .
F.C.
=
mm 160
2
=
1.5 kN/m
Given that :
Slab thickness
+
+
700
)
2
600)
(
(
All Column are
All Beams are
22100
=
E
N/mm
300
300
Sec . Elev
Plan
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( )
Solution
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
C R.C. Frames
t
= 0.075
0.075 36 T
1
=
3/4
+
= 1.10sec.
According to Soil type and building location
Zone (2) Aswan
Fig. (8-1)
a
g
= 0.125
Table (8-2)
g
Soil type (D) Loose sand
S
Soil type (D)
Response spectrum curve Type (1)
= 1.80
T = 0.10
T = 0.30
T = 1.20
B
C
D
1- Simplified Modal Response Spectrum
P. (2/5 code) P. (1/5 code)
P. (5/5 code)
Total Height of building (H) = 36 m
Check T < T
C 1
4
T <
1
2.0 sec.
( ) =1.2 sec. O.K.
O.K.
Table (8-1)
P. (2/5 code)
Table (8-3)
P. (3/5 code)
Beams + Columns
< T < T
D
T
C
S
d
(T ) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
1
1
1
R
h
=
=
5.00
1.00
Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
=
g
1
1.00
Table (8-9)
P. (4/5 code)
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( )
S
d
(T ) = 0.125
0.30
1.10
2.5
5.00
0.20
1
g
+
1.00
+
1.80
+ +
1.00
= 0.0307 g
+
0.125 g
+
1.00 a
g
g
1
0.20 = 0.025 = g < S
d
(T )
1
O.K.
T > T
C 1
2 l = 1.00 = 0.60 sec
P. (5/5 code)
w D.L. +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
w t +
a
L.L.
+ s
=
a
0.25
=
(
g
+ F.C. )
s
c
+ Walls
Table (8-7)
P. (5/5 code)
Floor 1
w (
Floor
=
24
+
30
+
0.3
slab
+
beams
+
6
+ +
) (
+
25 24 0.6
+
columns
25
+ +
4.5
+
30 0.3
+
0.7
w 0.16
s
=
( + 1.5 ) 25
+
5.5
=
kN/m
2
0.25 + 10.0
+
= 7116.75 kN
& Floor 2 3
Floor 4 11
Floor 12
5.5 )
w (
Floor
=
24
+
30
+
0.3 +
+
6
+ +
) (
+
25 24 0.6
+
25
+ +
3.0
+
30 0.3
+
0.7
0.25 + 8.0
+
= 6520.50 kN
5.5 )
w (
Floor
=
24
+
30
+
0.3 +
+
6
+ +
) (
+
25 24 0.6
+
25
+ +
3.0
+
30 0.3
+
0.7
0.25 + 4.0
+
= 5800.5 kN
5.5 )
w (
Floor
=
24
+
30
+
0.3 +
+
6
+ +
) (
+
25 24 0.6
+
25
+ +
1.5
+
30 0.3
+
0.7
0.25 + 2.0
+
= 5204.25 kN
5.5 )
C.L.-C.L.
NOTE
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( )
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
0.307 = g
+
1.0
71766
g
2203.22 = kN
+
F
b
W
Total
= +
1 7116.75
( +
+
2 6520.50 +
+
8
5800.50
+
+
1 5204.25
)
=
71766 kN
+
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
b
i = n
i = 1
i
=
F F
2- Distribution of lateral force on each floor
36.0 5204.25
33.0 5800.50
30.0 5800.50
27.0 5800.50
24.0 5800.50
21.0 5800.50
18.0 5800.50
15.0 5800.50
12.0 5800.50
9.0 6520.50
6.0 6520.50
3.0 7116.75
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
= 1350600.75
No.
Floor
i
H (m) F (kN)
i i
w (kN)
i
w H
i
i i
H w
i = 12
i = 1
187353.00 305.63
191416.50 312.26
174015.00 283.87
156613.50 255.48
139212.00 227.09
121810.50 198.71
104409.00 170.32
87007.50 141.93
69606.00 113.55
58684.50 95.73
39123.00 63.82
21350.25 34.83
11002.57
10304.44
8516.06
6898.01
5450.28
4172.87
3065.78
2129.02
1362.57
861.58
382.93
104.49
= 54250.59
i i
H F
i = 12
i = 1
i i
H F (kN.m)
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( )
Assume ( K ) constant for all floors
20183.4 =
0.0086
6.0
0.0054
+
)
1
2
+
3
1
+
(
3
) (
3.0
0.0086 10
+
7
2.21
+
+
6.0
0.0054
kN/m
+
12
Typical Story
3- Total drift
Chord Drift
w
=
83.72
36
2
+
12
2
c
+
I
+
2
+
0.3
+
0.7
+
2
6
A
)
(
)
i
w
=
2
i
=
=
w
=
H
2
= =
0.7
3
+
0.3
=
over turning
2
54250.59
0.0086
I
+
2
+
A
+
6
2
(0.0086
c c
I
+
2
+
6
+
0.0086
12
(
+
)
+
54250.59
c
I
e
I
M
=
F M H kN.m
m
4
6.0
12.0
[ ]
6
=
[
+
0.3
+
0.7
2
12 )
+
2 (0.0086
+
+
]
453.86
=
m
4
Chord drift ( ) =
wH
e
4
8EI
c
D =
83.72
8
kN/m
+
+
36
4
2.21
+
10
7
+
453.86
= 0.00175 m
= 1.75mm
Web Drift
(
b2
I
b
2 1
b
I
b1
1 +
h
c1
2I
1
int.
12EI
c1
h
3
K =
+
)
= =
0.7
3
+
0.3
0.0086
12
c
I m
4
= =
0.6
3
+
0.3
0.0054
12
b
I m
4
1
=
b
I
2
int.
K =
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37.86
=
mm.
+
Chord Drift
= +
36.11
Total Drift
Web Drift
=
1.75
(
h
b1
I
b
1
K =
3
h
c2
12EI
ext.
1
2I
c2
1 +
)
11460.9
=
0.0086
)
1
2
+
3
1
+
(
3
) (
3.0
0.0086 10
+
7
2.21
+
+
6.0
0.0054
kN/m
+
12
=
ext. int.
K = SK + SK
F1
i = 6
i = 1
K
Fi =
K
F1 = =
6 6 83472
+
kN/m 500832 K =
s
= K
int.
K
ext.
+ 3 2
= = +
3 2 20183.4
+
kN/m 83472 11460.9
+
36.0
33.0
30.0
27.0
24.0
21.0
18.0
15.0
12.0
9.0
6.0
3.0
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
No.
Floor
i
H (m) F (kN)
i
305.63
312.26
283.87
255.48
227.09
198.71
170.32
141.93
113.55
95.73
63.82
34.83
i
Q (kN)
305.63 18083.53 36.11
617.88 17777.90 35.50
901.75 17160.02 34.26
1157.23 16258.27 32.46
1384.33 15101.03 30.15
1583.04 13716.71 27.39
1753.36 12133.67 24.23
1895.29 10380.31 20.73
2008.84 8485.02 16.94
2104.57 6476.18 12.93
2168.39 4371.61 8.73
2203.22 2203.22 4.40
= 18083.53
i
Q
i = 12
i = 1
i
Q
i
D
Q
i
S
K
s
= (mm)
Total web drift ( ) =
i
SD
Q
i
S
K
s
=
18083.53
0.03611
500832
m
=
36.11mm
=
36.11
35.50
34.26
32.46
30.15
27.39
24.23
20.73
16.94
12.93
8.73
4.40
Web Drift
Diagram
Page No.
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( )
The given figures show sectional elevation and cross sections
of a minaret of 51.4 meters height constructed in Sharm El Sheikh
1- Calculate the equivalent base shear acting on the minaret.
Example.
above loose soil. The thickness of minaret walls is 400 mm up to
It is required to :
level 33.4 m supporting 8 circular posts of 300 mm diameter.
The rest of the minaret is a cylindrical wall of 300 mm thickness
covered by a cone of 3.0 height. The minaret is supported on
= + +
r
L
Surface Area L r
Cone
h
shallow foundation,where top of footing is at 2.0 meter depth
3- Calculate the breadth of the minaret footing to ensure proper
safety against over turning.
Given that :
- No. L.L. or F.C. will be considered in calculations
- A steel stair is used inside the minaret, its weight will be neglected.
- Surface area of the cone is as follows
- Foundation depth is 1.0 m. (Take foundation weight into
consideration in stability calculations).
h/3
C.G.
2- Determine the overturning moment of the minaret.
below ground.
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4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
1.66
1.66
15.00
10.00
1.66 A A
B B
C C
SEC. (A-A)
SEC. (B-B)
2.49
1.08
1.08
D D
E E
0
.
4
0
8.00
4.00
8.00
3.00
0
.
4
0
0
.
4
0
0.40
0.40
1.76
1.76
1.76 2.49 1.76
0.91
0.91
1.90
1.90
SEC. (C-C)
SEC. (D-D)
SEC. (E-E)
0
.
4
0
0
.
4
0
1.08
1.08
0.30
2.60
Circular Posts
300mm
0
.
3
0
3.00
6.00
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( )
Solution
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
C
t
H T
1
=
3/4
0.05 50.4 T
1
=
3/4
+
= 0.946 sec.
According to Soil type and building location
Zone (5B) Sharm El Sheikh
Fig. (8-1)
a
g
= 0.30
Table (8-2)
g
Soil type (D) Loose soil
S
Soil type (D)
Response spectrum curve Type (1)
= 1.80
T = 0.10
T = 0.30
T = 1.20
B
C
D
1- Simplified Modal Response Spectrum
P. (2/5 code) P. (1/5 code)
Total height of minaret from foundation (H) = 50.4 m
Check T < T
C 1
4
T <
1
2.0 sec.
( ) =1.2 sec. O.K.
O.K.
Table (8-1)
P. (2/5 code)
Table (8-3)
P. (3/5 code)
C
t
= 0.05
P. (5/5 code)
R.C. Core
< T < T
D
T
C
S
d
(T ) = a
g
g
1
S
T
T
C 2.5
R
h
> a
g
g
1
0.20
1
1
1
R = 3.50
Eq. (8-13)
P. (3/5 code)
51.4
48.4
2.0
50.4
Table (A)
P. (4/5 code)
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h
=
g
1
1.20
= 1.00
S
d
(T ) = 0.30
0.30
0.946
2.5
3.50
0.20
1
g
+
1.20
+
1.80
+ +
1.00
= 0.1468 g
+
0.30g
+
1.20 a
g
g
1
0.20 = 0.072 = g < S
d
(T )
1
O.K.
T > T
C 1
2 l = 1.00 = 0.60 sec
Table (8-9)
P. (4/5 code)
P. (5/5 code)
Table (8-4)
P. (3/5 code)
Reinforced concrete
Calculation of Minaret weight
17.0
2.0
50.4
9.80
0.39
7.84
3.92
7.84
2.94
Part (1)
Part (2)
Part (3)
Part (4)
Part (5)
Part (6)
Part (7)
Part (1)
Weight Volume
+
= Density
Surface Area
+
= Density
+
Thickness ( )
Perimeter
+
= Density
+
Thickness ( )
+
h
Perimeter
+
=
+
t ( )
+
h
w
g
c
17.0
4.0
4.0
0
.
4
0
4
+
= 4.0
+
17.0
+
0.40
+
25
2720 = kN
3.92
3.92
SEC. (A-A)
0
.
3
9
0.40
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( )
Part (2)
Perimeter
+
=
+
t ( )
+
h
w
g
c
8
+
= 1.66
+
10.0
+
0.40
+
25
1328 = kN
Weight
3.92
3.92
1.62
1.62
SEC. (B-B)
0
.
3
9
0.40
h
=
( ) 10.0 m
Part (3)
Area
+
=
+
t ( )
s
g
c
8
+
=
0.91
+
2.49
+
1.9
+
25
258.4 = kN
Weight
Horizontal slab (
2.44
1.72 2.44 1.72
0.89
0.89
1.86
1.86
SEC. (C-C)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
t
=
) 0.40 m
s
2.0
+
0.40
(
)
Part (4)
Perimeter
+
=
+
t ( )
+
h
w
g
c
8
+
= 1.08
+
8.0
+
0.40
+
25
691.2 = kN
Weight
h
=
( ) 8.0 m
SEC. (D-D)
0
.
3
9
1.06
1.06
Part (5)
Area
+
=
+
No. of posts ( )
+
h
g
c
+
=
0.3
+
4.0
+
8.0
+
25
226.2 = kN
Weight
h
=
( ) 4.0 m
SEC. (D-D)
0.29
Circular Posts
300mm
2
4
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( )
Part (6)
Perimeter
+
=
+
t ( )
+
h
w
g
c
+
= 2.60
+
8.0
+
0.30
+
25
490.1 = kN
Weight
h
=
( ) 8.0 m
SEC. (E-E)
2.60
0
.
3
0
Part (7)
Weight Volume
+
= Density
Surface Area
+
= Density
+
Thickness ( )
+
= Density
+
Thickness ( )
=
+
= 3.354
+
1.50
+
0.30
+
25
118.5 = kN
=
+ +
r
L
Surface Area L r
Cone
h
(Given)
+ +
L r
+
Density
+
Thickness)
+ +
L r
3.0
3.0
3.354
W
=
Total
W
Parts
W
=
Total
2720 + 1328 + 258.4 + 691.2 + 226.2 + 490.1 + 118.5
W
=
Total
5832.4 kN
S
d
(T ) l F
b
=
1
W
g
+
0.1468 = g
+
1.0
5832.4
g
856.2 = kN
+
F
b
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( )
17.0
2.0
50.4
9.80
0.39
7.84
3.92
7.84
2.94
+
i
i
H w
H
i
w
i
b
i = n
i = 1
i
=
F F
2- Distribution of lateral force on each part
48.4 118.5
43.4 490.1
37.4 226.2
31.4 691.2
27.2 258.4
22.0 1328
8.5 2720
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
= 116533.78
No.
Part
i
H (m) F (kN)
i i
w (kN)
i
w H
i
i i
H w
i = 7
i = 1
5735.4 42.14
21270.34 156.28
8459.88 62.16
21703.68 159.46
7028.48 51.64
29216 214.66
23120 169.87
2081.68
6938.74
2386.82
5166.56
1456.24
4937.10
1613.74
= 24580.89
base i
H F
i = 7
i = 1
i i
H F (kN.m)
Part (1)
Part (2)
Part (3)
Part (4)
Part (5)
Part (6)
Part (7)
8.5
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
W7
22.0
27.2
31.4
37.4
43.4
48.4
49.4
44.4
38.4
32.4
28.2
23.0
9.5
base
H (m)
Overturning Point
Check Overturning
Overturning Moment
1.0 (Given)
B
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( )
3- Check overturning
kN.m 17557.78 =
1.40
=
24580.89
M
base U.L.
1.40
= M
overturning
M
base U.L.
kN.m 24580.89
=
=
B
2
=
=
W
Resisting Moment
Over Turning Moment
Total
+
Factor Of Safety
Resisting Moment
24580.89
4.00
4.00
0
.
4
0
0.40
B
B
Footing Dimensions
= B
+
B
Footing Weight
= B
+
B
+
1.0
+
25
= B
2
25
W
Total
= B
2
25 5832.4 +
B
2
25 5832.4 +
( )
=
B
2
+
B
3
12.5 2916.2 +
=
B
1.50
B
3
12.5 2916.2 + B
9.25 m B =
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( )
Overturning Moment
Soil Stresses
Counter Weight
OR
Piles
Filling Material
(Plain Concrete)
as counter weight
NOTE
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