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ISSN 1822-6760. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business

and Infrastructure Development. 2013. Vol. 35. No. 1. Scientific Journal.

LEAN MANUFACTURING IMPLEMENTATION: THE MAIN CHALENGES
AND BARRIERS

Ramun iarnien, Milita Vienaindien
Kaunas University of Technology

Lean manufacturing, lean enterprise, lean production, or often simply "Lean", is a practice
that considers the expenditure of resources for any goal other than the creation of value for the end
customer to be wasteful, and thus a target for elimination. Lean can be described at different levels
of abstraction: it can be defined as a philosophy, as a set of principles and as bundles of practices.
The paper reveals to the challenges and barriers to be faced and overcome while implementing lean
concept. Research method is the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, logical, comparative
and graphic representation. On the base of analysis, authors of this paper present major implementa-
tion barriers.
Keywords: barriers, implementation, lean manufacturing, principles.
JEL classification: M11, L23, M54.

Introduction

The term "Lean" was coined by a research team working on international auto
production and it reflects the waste reduction nature of the Toyota production system
and contrasts it with the craft and mass forms of production (Womack, 1991). Later
Lean was defined by G. Howell (2001) as Give customers what they want, deliver
it instantly with no waste.
Manufacturing companies have been faced with increasing amounts of pressure
from customers and competitors in the past couple of decades. Customers have higher
expectations from their purchases, and manufacturers can meet these expectations by
increasing a products quality, reducing delivery time, and minimising product costs
or a combination of the three (George, 2002). This has forced the manufacturing
industry to implement new production strategies to enhance their competitiveness in
the global market place (Chena, 2010).
More than 20 years foreign scientists are discusing about lean manufacturing,
lean principles implementation, and tools and techniques. Results of its retrospective
analysis draw attention to such names as: J. P. Womack (1991, 1996), M. Imai
(1997), G. Howell (2001), M. George (2002), P. Hines et al. (2004), Z. Radnor and
R. Boaden (2008), S. P. Vendan and K. Sakthidhasan (2010), J. C. Chena et al.
(2010). The main barriers to lean implementation have been researched by: N. Bhatia
and J. Drew (2007), Z. Radnor and P. Walley (2008), L. Brando de Souza (2009),
H. M. Alinaitwe (2009), L. Brando de Souza and M. Pidd (2011), R. iarnien and
M. Vienaindien (2012), M. F. Bollbach (2012) and the others.
Though lean manufacturing has been widely recognised for its effectiveness in
continuously improving productivity, product quality, and on-time delivery to cus-
tomers; although a lot of companies started implementing lean concept, according to
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S. Bhasin and P. Burcher (2006), only 10 percent or less of the companies succeed in
implementing lean manufacturing practices.
Despite significant studies and works on Lean manufacturing, this field has
struggled with a lack of clarity about why Lean implementation is not so successful
and what main barriers it faces with.
The problem is what are the main challenges and barriers for lean manufactur-
ing implementation and what measures could be taken to facilitate it.
The purpose of this paper is to identify the main challenges and barriers to
Lean implementation.
Research methodology. The analysis of scientific literature enabled to dis-
close the essence and importance of Lean concept. Synthesis of scientific literature
allowed finding out the core principles of Lean manufacturing. Scientific literature
was systemized and summarized by applying the logical, comparative and graphic
representation. On the base of conducted analysis and synthesis, two groups people
related barriers and organizational barriers were identified and reccomendations
how to overcome them presented.
The results of this research can be useful for scientists analizing this topic from
theoretical and empirical perspective, and for practicians implementing lean concept
in business.

The Essence of Lean Concept

Lean manufacturing was first implemented by Toyota Corporation in response
to the mass-production model. When engineers at Toyota researched mass-production
systems, they discovered that their mass-production model, which eliminated
changeover time by using one machine for each part, was not optimally efficient
(Toyota Production System).
They discovered that machines downstream were sitting idle until the specific
part the machine made was required for production. These idle machines contributed
to waste in the process. Therefore, the engineers from Toyota created a lean manufac-
turing system. This system focused on the continuous identification and elimination
of waste. As a result, the Toyota Production System (TPS) used fewer resources than
mass production. Organisations have found that, by identifying and removing waste,
as well as implementing key lean tools, they can continuously improve their produc-
tivity, increase quality, and become more cost effective (Imai, 1997).
Long production runs, big backlogs and long lead times are fast becoming op-
erating styles of the past. Flexibility and quick response must become the norm. The
driving force behind this need is customers who increasingly expect short lead times
for products configured exactly as specified and delivered on time, every time. The
trend of quick-response, no excuses delivery has put many manufacturers in the un-
comfortable position of having to conform or lose business to a competitor who has
developed short cycle time capabilities. To meet competitive requirements and reduce
costs, many manufacturers are turning to lean manufacturing techniques to drastically
cut cycle time and increase their competitive edge (Vendan, 2010).
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Lean production can be described at different levels of abstraction: it can be
defined as a philosophy, as a set of principles and as bundles of practices (see fig-
ure 1). For instance, Womack et al. (1996) define Lean production as a business and
production philosophy that shortens the time between order placement and product
delivery by eliminating waste from a products value stream.

Figure 1. Different levels of Lean concept

There are many views of what constitutes Lean thinking. Although most peo-
ple recognize its roots in the Toyota production system, there has been considerable
development of the concept over time, with J. P. Womack and D. T. Jones (1996) re-
garded by most as the originators of the term. According to J. P. Womack (2002), the
five core principles of Lean, based on an underlying assumption that organizations
are made up of processes, are:
specify the value desired by the customer;
identify the value stream for each product providing that value and challenge
all of the wasted steps;
make the product flow continuously;
introduce pull between all steps where continuous flow is impossible;
manage towards perfection so that the number of steps and the amount of
time and information needed to serve the customer continually falls (see figure 2).
1.













Figure 2. The five core principles of Lean
LEAN
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Subsequent development of the approach (Hines, 2004) differentiates between
Lean at a strategic level focusing on the principles, and at an operational level focus-
ing on the tools and techniques (Radnor, 2008).

Challenges and Barriers in Lean Implementation

There are some challenges which still face the implementation of Lean and
which to date still have not been fully addressed. Z. Radnor et al. (2006) depict the
following three issues that organizations face with:
the people issue understanding the effect and gaining buy-in of the indi-
vidual particularly when there is a dilemma that persuading people to embark on the
lean journey, where the last stop may be their own removal or reassignment isnt
easy;
the process issue understanding which processes are applicable for lean
tools and techniques;
the sustainability issue how to ensure that lean becomes more than another
set of tools but becomes an inherent way of working.
Slightly different classification presents M. F. Bollbach (2012); he discloses
the social and the technical barriers to Lean implementation: high employee turnover,
weak supplier performance, market conditions, lack of Lean knowledge, intercultural
communication, and work styles.
Summarizing N. Bhatia and J. Drew (2007), Z. Radnor and R. Boaden (2008),
Z. Radnor and P. Walley (2008), L. Brando de Souza (2009), H. M. Alinaitwe
(2009), L. Brando de Souza and M. Pidd (2011), R. iarnien and M. Vienaindien
(2012) and M. F. Bollbach (2012), authors of this paper maintain that classification of
barriers into social and technical is more acceptable. But technical barriers mostly
depend on the organization. Thus, authors highlight two types of barriers: people re-
lated barriers and organizational barriers. The list of main barriers to successful Lean
implementation is presented in table.
Presented classification of barriers to Lean implementation is very overall.
Barriers can differ depending on the sector of economy and specific company. It can
be said that every case of lean concept implementation is more or less unic. And
companies face with some variety of barriers. According to the authors of this paper
possition, some general recommendations could be suggested.
Firstly, one of the major mistakes and reasons of unsuccessful implementing of
lean concept is focusing on tools and techniques instead of sufficient consideration to
personally related issues. It is very important to ensure eficient trust, human motiva-
tion and commitment at the organization among all the levels of employees.

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Table. The main barriers of Lean implementation
Type of Barriers Evidence
People related
Resistance to change
Implementing lean production often demands a sig-
nificant change in an organization's attitude, which
can be very challenging if an organization is not
well slated to deal with the changes.
Perception and lack of
knowledge
Lack of understanding of lean knowledge, principles
and techniques among managers and employees.
Identity of improvement
team members
Often made up of those willing to get involved, ra-
ther than those who should do so.
Poor communication
The over-use of jargon and the lack of a clear mes-
sage to staff.
Organizational
Compartmentalization
The fragmentation into functional and professional
silos imposes a major and functional barrier to the
flow of customers, goods and information.
Hierarchy and Cultural
issues
Based on the hierarchy of staff and the way man-
agement roles are allocated, it typically become a
barrier for any improvement but this is care and also
frequent roles especially important when lean is in-
troduced.
High Cost of Implemen-
tation and lack of re-
sources
Implementing lean often means completely disman-
tling previous physical plant setups and systems.
The purchase of efficient machinery and training
employees can add considerably to companies pay-
roll expenses.
Weak link between im-
provement programmes
and strategy
Lean improvement programs are not incorporated
into companys strategy.
Data collection and per-
formance measurement
It is necessary to show progress and to assess the ef-
fectiveness of the different changes, tools and tech-
niques that are implemented.

Secondly, despite the fact that some authors describe lean in different levels of
abstraction philosophy, set of principles and bundles of practices there should be
very close interaction between them. Lean as a philosophy must be clearly under-
stood and rated at the top managerial level, maintained through the main principles
and implemented using different tools and techniques.
Thirdly, one more recommendation is that lean improvement programs have to
be incorporated into the companys strategy.

Conclusions

1. Summarizing scientific literature, Lean manufacturing can be described at
different levels of abstraction: it can be defined as a philosophy, as a set of principles
and as bundles of practices.
2. According to the conducted analysis the following five core principles of
Lean can be identified:
specific value to the customer;
value stream mapping wastes elimination;
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continuous improvement;
continuous flow;
and pull driven systems.
3. The analysis of scientific literature revealed that various authors emphasize
slightly different barriers and challenges to lean manufacturing implementation. Part
of them depict social and the technical barriers, while the others highlight barriers re-
lated with people issue, process issue, and sustainability issue.
4. Authors of this paper suggest classification of barriers into two groups:
people related barriers and organizational barriers.
5. General recommendations to facilitate lean manufacturing implementation
process could be suggested: focusing on people and personally related issues; close
interaction between lean as a philosophy, set of principles and bundles of practices;
incorporation of lean improvement programs into the overall companys strategy.

References

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PAGRINDINIAI TAUPIOS GAMYBOS DIEGIMO IKIAI IR BARJERAI

Ramun iarnien, Milita Vienaindien
Kauno Technologijos Universitetas

Santrauka

Taupi gamyba (angl. Lean) ar taupi mon yra taupios vadybos filosofija ir praktika, utikri-
nanti produkt gamyb ir paslaug teikim minimaliomis snaudomis, nuostoli mainim, lanks-
tum bei nuolatin tobuljim. Tai didesn vert vartotojui, naudojant maiau resurs ir taip gyjant
didesn konkurencin pranaum. Lean gali bti traktuojama iais abstrakcijos lygiais: kaip filoso-
fija, kaip princip rinkinys ir praktik bei ranki visuma. Straipsnio tikslas ianalizavus mokslin
literatr, identifikuoti pagrindinius ikius ir klitis diegiant Lean koncepcij. Tyrimo metodo-
logija paremta mokslins literatros lyginamja analize ir sinteze bei grafiniu vaizdavimu. Remian-
tis atlikta analize straipsnio autoriai pateikia pagrindinius Lean koncepcijos gyvendinimo prakti-
koje barjerus ir rekomendacijas kaip sumainti j neigiam poveik.
Raktiniai odiai: barjerai, diegimas, principai, taupi gamyba.
JEL kodai: M11, L23, M54.

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