Linux LDAP Directory Installation and Configuration

Try out your email client with our LDAP server.
(Fake address book with the Three Stooges. Don't bother e-mailing them, they are not real people.)

Try Mozilla email client with ldap server ldap.yo-linux.com:
1. Open the Address Book: "Window" + "Address Book"
2. Select from the tool bar: "File" + "New" + "LDAP Directory ..."
"General" Tab
Name: YoLinux Demo
Hostname: ldap.yo-linux.com
Base DN: o=stooges
Port number: 389
Bind DN: Leave blank
Press "OK" (No encryption)
"Advanced" tab will allow advanced queries.
3. Close the Address Book: "File" + "Close"
4. Mozilla must be restarted (bug) in order for the configuration to register. (Mozilla 1.2.1): "File" + "Quit" and relaunch Mozilla.
5. Open e-mail client: "Window" + "Mail and News Groups"
Select the "Compose".
Open the Address Selection Box: Select the icon "Address"
Look in: "YoLinux Demo"
Select from pull down menu.
for: @
Put in name of any of the three stooges i.e. moe. or last name anderson to list all three or "@" to get everyone with an email address
Select address to send e-mail to. Of course this is a demo and the e-mail addresses are bogus but I think you get the point.

Try Netscape 4.7x email client with ldap server ldap.yo-linux.com:
1. Open the Address Book: "Communicator" + "Address Book"
2. Enter Directory Info: "File" + "New Directory..."
Description: YoLinux Demo
LDAP Server: 208.188.34.109 or ldap.yo-linux.com Using the IP address reduces the number of errors because of the reduced network
latency.
Server Root: o=stooges
Port Number: 389
Press "OK" (Not secure and no login)
3. Close the Address Book: "File" + "Close"
4. Open e-mail client: "Communicator" + "Messenger"
Open Composer ("File" + "New" + "Message"): Select "New Msg" icon.
Open the Address Selection Box: Select the icon "Address"
Populate Address List with e-mail addresses from LDAP server:
Select from the "Directory" pull down menu "YoLinux Demo"
Show names containing: Howard (Don't press enter. Just wait or enter "Tab")
Select address to send e-mail to. Of course this is a demo and the e-mail addresses are bogus but I think you get the point.
Tips:
To select all those with email addresses out of a database where not all entries have them, search on "@".

Note on email clients:
For other e-mail clients such as Outlook, see the University of Alabama (UAB) LDAP client tutorial. Note that Outlook Express and Outlook 2000 are
configured differently than Outlook 2000 professional. For MS/Windows users I have found that the Qualcom Eudora mail client to be the most advanced at
supporting LDAP functionality and searches. Also see the Megawebhost.com LDAP E-Mail Client Configuration tutorial
More on LDAP: LDAP data entries are organized in a "Directory Information Tree" (DIT) which may be divided among servers defined by their
organizational association. When a request is made to an LDAP server and the information is not available locally, LDAP can use it's referral capability to
seek this data from the other servers in the tree structure. In this way a global network of LDAP servers appear as a single server. This tutorial covers the
use of a single LDAP server.
LDAP data can support more than address directory services. It can act as a DNS and propagate data to other servers. It supports a client server protocol to
supply data for authentication (passwords) in support of apache, squid, sendmail, NFS/NIS, PAM, POP, IMAP or any client written to support the LDAP
Try it out now. Connect to our LDAP server with your email client:
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protocol. In this way one database can hold all of the login/authentication information for a unified login across the enterprise. The OpenLDAP server
software includes two daemon server services:
slapd: A stand-alone LDAP server
slurpd: A stand-alone replication server (Used in hierarchical network of LDAP servers. Not covered in this tutorial.)
OpenLDAP also includes many command line tools, utilities and sample clients.

There are a plethora of Linux e-mail clients which claim to support LDAP. I have had my best luck with Netscape 4.7x. Microsoft Outlook will support LDAP
searches for an individual name or partial string. For the MS/Windows platform, Eudora seems to support LDAP the best by allowing very sophisticated
queries. The Linux "Balsa" e-mail client supports LDAP but it downloads the entire address book with no search filters. This can be cumbersome if the LDAP
address book has a large number of entries. (They obviously tested with a small address book). One can perform the same search in Netscape by entering
a "*" to download everything. Most email clients support a search for email address containing "@" to get all email addresses.
The e-mail client has to be configured to point to the LDAP server (i.e. ldap.your-domain.org) and must be given a "root" in the directory tree from which to
begin searches. From this information the e-mail client can search the LDAP server for e-mail addresses which can be pulled down to the local client.
Note that Microsoft Outlook Express and Outlook 2000 are configured differently than Outlook 2000 professional. For MS/Windows use the Qualcom Eudora
mail client as it seems to be the most advanced at supporting LDAP functionality and searches.
LDAP e-Mail Clients:
Megawebhost.com: Configuring LDAP e-mail clients - TUTORIAL
Using LDAP enabled eMail clients - Netscape, Pegasus, Outlook
Linux LDAP e-mail clients - YoLinux list of E-Mail clients
Netscape (4.5 and later): Communicator setup - [Steps in brief]
Pegasus
Microsoft Outlook: Configuration - Using - [Steps in brief]
MS/Outlook97/98/2000 LDAP Addons
Eudora
PALM:
Sync with Palm
YoLinux.com TUTORIAL: Mapping LDAP inetOrgPerson object attributes to Palm Pilot Desktop CSV exchange file
ABSync - sync Mozilla address book with Palm/Pilot
Sylpheed - V-Card, J-Pilot and LDAP Address Book Patch. Requires JPilot.org - Linux desktop organizer for PALM
Intellisync
The following steps will lead to an operational OpenLDAP 2.x server:
1. Install packages:
Red Hat / Fedora RPM packages openldap, openldap-clints, openldap-servers and openldap12: openldap, openldap-clients, openldap-
servers, openldap12
(rpm -ivh openldap-2.x...rpm openldap-clients-2.x...rpm openldap-servers-2.x...rpm openldap12-1.2...rpm)
Ubuntu (dapper 6.06)/Debian: slapd, ldap-utils, libldap2, libldap2-dev
S.u.S.e.: openldap2, openldap2-client
2. Edit configuration files:
slapd.conf - Holds configuration info, domain info, admin info and references "include files".
Red Hat / Fedora Core: /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
Ubuntu (dapper 6.06)/ Debian: /etc/ldap/slapd.conf
(See example: /usr/share/slapd.slapd.conf)
/etc/default/slapd - (Ubuntu) Defaults should be ok.
Create the include file for the Object definition. This defines the data to be held by the LDAP server. (Use include file or add it to end of
slapd.conf) It is easiest to use an existing LDAP object class that comes pre-defined with OpenLDAP. If this does not meet your requirements
define a new object which inherits basic attributes from an existing and defined object class.
3. Create an LDIF data file. This is the actual data you wish to store in the LDAP database. It follows an object model (data schema) defined in either a
pre-existing object definition or in an object model definition you have defined in a slapd.conf include file.
4. Start the LDAP database:
Red Hat / Fedora: service ldap start (or: /etc/init.d/ldap start)
Ubuntu (dapper 6.06)/ Debian: /etc/init.d/slapd start
(Option: Starting LDAP manually (as root): /usr/sbin/slapd -u ldap -h '"ldap:/// ldaps:///"')
5. Load the LDIF data file into the database:
ldapadd -f file-name.ldif -xv -D "CN-with-privileges" -h host-name-of-server -W
you will be prompted for a password. or
ldapadd -f file-name.ldif -xv -D "CN-with-privileges" -h host-name-of-server -w password
6. Test LDAP. Use an e-mail client such as Netscape or Outlook to access the data on the server.
7. View, query and make changes to the data using the web front-end aWebDap (new version 1.7) or an admin tool like "gq". (or use LDAP command
line interface) Try the online aWebDap demo.

(This will result in an operational LDAP server with data.)
LDAP e-Mail clients:
LDAP Tutorial: Installation, Configuration, Loading data, Usage Overview.
Quick Start Example and Test:
1. Configuration Files for slapd: This LDAP daemon (slapd) configuration files define the data schema for the data it contains as well as
system configurations (i.e. files and database type to use, etc...).
OpenLDAP 2.x (shipped with Red Hat 7.1-9.0, Fedora Core): download and use the following two sample files:
/etc/openldap/slapd.conf
stooges.ldif - LDAP data file
Note for Fedora Core 3: (OpenLDAP 2.2.13) Add the statement "allow bind_v2" after the schema "include" directives in the file /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
if you wish to allow the use of older clients.
Then execute the following commands as root:
1. cd /var/lib/ldap
2. mkdir stooges fraternity
3. Update or replace /etc/openldap/slapd.conf with file supplied for this demo.
4. chown ldap.ldap stooges fraternity /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
5. /etc/rc.d/init.d/ldap start
6. ldapadd -f stooges.ldif -xv -D "cn=StoogeAdmin,o=stooges" -h 127.0.0.1 -w secret1
(or use the flag "-W" and get prompted for the password)
Test with an email client:
Mozilla:
Configure: Open the Address Book: "Window" + "Address Book" + "File" + "New" + "LDAP Directory ..."
"General" Tab
Name: Stooges
Hostname: localhost
Base DN: o=stooges
Port Number: 389
Restart Mozilla, select "Window" + "Mail and News Groups" + "Compose".
Select icon "Address" + "Stooge" + Search for "&" to get all email addresses.
Netscape Messenger:
Configure: "Communicator" + "Address Book" + "File" + "New Directory..." +
Description: Stooges
LDAP Server: localhost
Server Root: o=stooges
Port Number: 389
Use: "Communicator" + "Messenger" + "New Msg" icon + "Address" icon + change pull-down menu from "Personal Address Book" to "Stooges".
For all enter "*". To search for Moe, enter "moe". (you don't even need to press enter, just wait.) Try the "Search for.." with Name "*" and
Department "MemberGroupA". Excellent!
Install the aWebDap CGI executable to provide a user web front-end for search and updates. [Demo]
If you wish to add a second domain try this file: fraternity.ldif
Use the command: ldapadd -f fraternity.ldif -xv -D "cn=DeanWormer,o=delta" -w secret2
Read the rest of this tutorial to see what it all means!
If this doesn't work check out the LDAP pitfall section.
To secure the LDAP database see the YoLinux LDAP Password Protection and Authentication Tutorial. (Note: This is authentication for the user to access
the LDAP database and not using LDAP to authenticate applications)
To run a more complex example with an extended schema to optimally support MS/Outlook and Netscape Communicator see the YoLinux GILSE tutorial
and example. If you are going to configure LDAP for your office, you will eventually want to follow this guide.
LDAP uses an object oriented approach to data and data modeling which includes object definitions (collection of data attributes and rules) and object
inheritance.
The data schema for LDAP is defined by the:
domain: (i.e. company name)
object classes
required attributes: Attributes which must be included to define the object. (i.e. person's last name)
allowed attributes: Additional attributes which may be included but are not requires. (i.e. fax number)
optional: "Superior" object (Defines a hierarchy by linking object to a parent object class)
attribute types
allowable comparison operation / filter
The statements which describe the object classes and attributes are different in Open LDAP versions 1.2 and 2.x. Unless you require a unique custom
configuration it is easiest to use the pre-defined object inetOrgPerson (RFC 2798) included with OpenLDAP 2.x or to define an new object which inherits the
inetOrgPerson object schema.
Each LDAP data entry has a "Distinguished Name" (DN) by which it is identified. Each component of the DN is called a "Relative Distinguished
Name" (RDN). Operations against the LDAP data include adding, deleting, modifying and querying based on a query filter.
LDAP Data Schema:
LDAP Configuration/Operation:

slapd.conf:
The main configuration file for the LDAP daemon is: /etc/openldap/slapd.conf (Ubuntu/Debian: /usr/share/slapd/slapd.conf)
Two versions of OpenLDAP have been released and each has its' own method of configuration, schema definition and configuration statements.
The file slapd.conf will reference other "include" files which will contain LDAP data schema definitions.
OpenLDAP Version 2.x slapd.conf configuration and LDIF example
OpenLDAP Version 1.2 slapd.conf configuration and LDIF example: (RH 6.x RPM: openldap-1.2.9-6) - YoLinux Tutorial
The main difference between OpenLDAP Versions 1.2 and 2.x is in the object and attribute definitions. OpenLDAP 2.x objects and attributes use
OID's while version 1.2 does not. The slapd and database directives are close to being the same with minor enhancements in version 2.x.
Password Encryption and Security: See the OpenLDAP password FAQ
To secure the LDAP database see the YoLinux LDAP Password Protection and Authentication Tutorial
To create a custom data object by extending the inetOrgPerson object see the new LDAP Object/Attribute definition tutorial
2. LDIF: Defining Data for the LDAP database
The input ascii data file format required by LDAP is the ldif format.
For a more complete example see: OpenLDAP Version 2.x slapd.conf configuration and LDIF example
To create a new custom object by extending the inetOrgPerson schema see the new LDAP object/attribute definition tutorial
The following LDIF example uses the inetOrgPerson object model:
For a full list of allowable attributes see:
objectClass definition: person - File: /etc/openldap/schema/core.schema
objectClass definition: organizationalPerson - File: /etc/openldap/schema/core.schema
objectClass definition: inetOrgPerson - File: /etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema
The LDIF example above corresponds to the following slapd.conf entries for OpenLDAP 2.x:
An alternate style for a base "dn":
Entry in file: /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
Examples:
suffix "dc=ldap,dc=domain-name,dc=org"
suffix "dc=domain-name,dc=org"
suffix "st=Texas,c=US"
suffix "o=CompanyXXX,st=Texas,c=US"
suffix "o=stooges,dc=domain-name,dc=org"
suffix "ou=accounting,dc=domain-name,dc=org"
dn: o=domain-name - Define the LDAP root
objectClass: top
objectClass: organization
o: domain-name
description: Full Company Name

dn: cn=AdminManager,o=domain-name - Data entries for the system administrator for the domain as defined in the file: slapd.conf
objectClass: organizationalRole
cn: AdminManager
description: LDAP Directory Administrator

dn: cn=Larry Fine,o=domain-name - Great for address book support. For LDAP login authentication server support only, you may want to use the attribute
cn: Larry Fine - Yes it is mentioned in the dn statement but it is repeated here
objectClass: top - These objectclass statements MUST go here for Open LDAP
objectClass: person
objectClass: organizationalPerson
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
mail: LFine@isp.com
givenname: Larry
sn: Fine
postalAddress: 14 Cherry St.
l: Dallas
st: TX
postalCode: 76888
telephoneNumber: (800)555-1212
seeAlso: dc=www,dc=domain-name,dc=org - Correct method: DN must be previously defined in order to reference it. i.e. dn: dc=www,dc=domain
XX Wrong Way! XX seeAlso: http://www.domain-name.org/~larry/ - OpenLDAP object inetOrgPerson expects a DN and this entry cannot be added directly so DO NOT ADD THIS LINE!!!
jpegPhoto: < file:///path/to/file.jpeg - JPEG photo from file.
OR
jpegPhoto: < http://domain/path/to/file.jpeg - It's in the documentation but I never got it to work.

...
..
database ldbm - Define the database to be used by LDAP. Each database definition begins with a database statement.
[Tutorial Update]: This tutorial defines ldbm to be the database. (RH 6-9 default) Many are now recomending
suffix "o=domain-name"
[Tutorial Update]: As of OpenLDAP 2.1.13, only one suffix is supported per database. Previously this example showed two suffixes defined.
rootdn "cn=AdminManager,o=domain-name"
rootpw super-secret-password
directory /var/lib/ldap/domain-directory
defaultaccess read
schemacheck on
lastmod on
index cn,sn,st pres,eq,sub

The suffix defines the base of the directory tree. In a distributed system, various nodes may represent the root of a branch of a larger tree. The root
shall be globally unique and static (does not change). Example tree:
LDIF data file: (Match base "dn" as defined in the suffix statement.)
Note: As of OpenLDAP 2.1.2.13, the default configuration will allow only one suffix to be defined for each bdb database. The C preprocessor directive
#define BDB_MULTIPLE_SUFFIXES (file: servers/slapd/back-bdb/init.c) may be used if you want to compile in multiple suffix support. If you use it,
subtree indexing will slow down by factor of 2. The use of suffixAlias is no longer supported by default in version 2.1.13.
For more inetOrgPerson data schema info see:
Object definition file: /etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema
RFC 2798 - Definition of the inetOrgPerson LDAP Object Class

inetOrgPerson object attributes:
dc=domain-name,dc=org
|
----------------------------------------
| |
c=us c=jp (Use suffix: c=jp,dc=domain-name,dc=org if placed on a separate server)
| |
------------------- ------------------
| | | | | |
ou=accounting ou=sales ou=research ou=accounting ou=sales ou=research
dn: dc=ldap,dc=domain-name,dc=org - First define the LDAP domain
objectClass: top
objectClass: dcObject
objectClass: organization
dc: domain-name
o: domain-name
description: Full Company Name Domain

Requires:
objectClass: person (Inherited from object organizationalPerson)
objectClass: top (Inherited from object person)
sn (Surename/Last Name - Inherited from object person)
cn (Common Name - Inherited from object person)
May have:
o (Organization Name)
displayName (RFC2798: Preferred name of a person to be used when displaying entries)
audio
businessCategory
carLicense
departmentNumber
employeeNumber
employeeType (i.e. "Contractor", "Employee", "Intern", "Temp", "External", "Unknown", etc...)
givenName
homePhone
homePostalAddress (After street number and name use line separator "$" in LDIF file: street$ st postalCode)
initials (MS/Outlook considers this to be the middle name)
jpegPhoto (See the OpenLDAP FAQ: Turn a jpeg into ldif format)
labeledURI
mail (e-Mail address)
manager (Specify dn entry of manager)
mobile
pager
photo
roomNumber
secretary (Specify dn entry of secretary)
uid
userCertificate
x500uniqueIdentifier
preferredLanguage
userSMIMECertificate (RFC2633: A PKCS#7 [RFC2315] SignedData)
userPKCS12 (PKCS #12 [PKCS12] provides a format for exchange of personal identity information.)
Attributes inherited from object organizationalPerson:
ou (Organization unit)
title
x121Address
registeredAddress
destinationIndicator
preferredDeliveryMethod
telexNumber
teletexTerminalIdentifier
telephoneNumber (MS/Outlook considers this to be the "Business Phone")
internationaliSDNNumber
facsimileTelephoneNumber
postOfficeBox
postalAddress (MS/Outlook and Netscape both use this for the business address.)
physicalDeliveryOfficeName (MS/Outlook considers this to be the field "Office")
street (Don't use "street" because Netscape can't use it. Use "postalAddress".)
l (Locality/City/Town)
st (State/Province)
Helpful LDIF links:
LDIF example for multiple databases and granular security. - YoLinux TUTORIAL
YoLinux LDAP Password Protection and Authentication Tutorial - Add more security to your data.
(Note: This is authentication for the user to access the LDAP database and not using LDAP to authenticate applications)
Create a new custom object by extending the inetOrgPerson schema - YoLinux TUTORIAL
OpenLDAP.org Access Control FAQ
Scripts and software tools to create LDIF files from ".csv" files. - (Some helpful tools I wrote)
Notes:
Note that the objectclass statement immediately follows the dn and cn definitions. By specification this should not be necessary but it is for Open
LDAP. Do not put it at the end as does the Netscape Communicator ldif file.
Each distinguished name (dn) definition in the ldif file must have one or more object classes. Resolve name collisions and duplicate entries by
appending an emplyee number or special character. You can also reference an LDAP attribute guarenteed to be unique such as an emplyee
number or email address in the "dn". Consider the "dn" to be a permanent value which is not updated as the other LDAP enties may be.
U of Michigan literature suggests that the dn statement should be normalized with no extra blank spaces (bad: a comma, then blank space, then
data). It also recommended against the use of alternate delimiters, use comma only. Database normalization to me means no duplicate data, but
this is what I read. It is true that an extra blank between parameters may break ldap URL's generated from it.
Trailing spaces are not trimmed from the values in an LDIF file, nor are internal spaces compressed. (from Open LDAP admin manual-7)
A line may be continued by starting the next line with a single space or tab. (from Open LDAP admin manual-7)
If a line begins with a space, colon, '< or the line contains a non-printable character, the attribute is followed by a double colon and the base64
encoded equivalent.
All parts of the dn except the organizational name, are each represented as an attribute entry. This is a requirement of LDAP.
Note that the administrator is listed in the database and the name matches that defined by the "rootdn" statement in the slapd.conf file.
It might be tempting to create a bunch of organizational units (ou) and place people under these in the dn statement. DON'T! It's a pain to
restructure later if people are moved. Best to assign as an attribute and leave it out of the dn statement.
Loading the ldif address book from Netscape Communicator:
(As described in ldap_db.cc of ldapconf)
Add the domain definition to the beginning of the file.
Add this definition to all dn statements.
Move/add objectclass statements to lines following dn line.
Add the the above attributes and class.
Note that some of the attribute names have changed:
For more LDIF info see:
RFC 2849 - The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) - Technical Specification
OpenLDAP 2.0 Admin Manual - 7.3 The LDIF text entry format
3. Starting and stopping LDAP:
LDAP interaction is with the slapd daemon. This can be invoked (on Redhat) by /etc/rc.d/init.d/ldap start. Upon startup the slapd daemon
will read the /etc/openldap/slapd.conf file.
To stop the slapd LDAP daemon: /etc/rc.d/init.d/ldap stop
Note: Edit configuration files first and then start the system.
4. Load LDAP with the following command:
OpenLDAP 2.x (RH 7.x/8.0/9.0):
Adding LDIF data to a running LDAP server:
ldapadd -f input-def.ldif -xv -D "cn=AdminManager,o=domain-name" -W

postalCode (Zip code)
Attributes inherited from object person:
userPassword
telephoneNumber (work phone)
seeAlso (URL for more info)
description
Communicator ldif attribute Mapping for Open LDAP
modifytimestamp
Drop this piece of data from ldif file.
Generated upon creation
xmozillanickname Added attribute nickname
xmozillausehtmlmail Added attribute usehtmlmail
givenname Added attribute givenname
streetaddress Used existing attribute "postalAddress" instead
countryname
Drop or use existing attribute "c" instead.
(Note: "c" not part of inetOrgPerson object. Schema must be extended to use it.)
xmozillauseconferenceserver Dropped this piece of data.
pagerphone Used existing attribute "pager" instead
cellphone Used existing attribute "mobile" instead
homeurl
Used existing attribute "seeAlso" instead.
Must first define as a DN and then refer to DN.
xmozillaanyphone Dropped this piece of redundant data.
x - Use simple authentication instead of SASL.
v - Verbose mode. Highly recommended for debugging purposes.
c - Continuous mode. Don't stop if one fails, skip it and keep going.
h - Host name of server (or IP address)
D - Use the given "dn" to bind to the database.
W - Prompts for simple authentication.
The program will prompt for the password specified by the "rootpw" statement in the slapd.conf file. (As defined by the option -W)
Generating an LDAP database from an LDIF file:
slapadd -l input-def.ldif -cv

I like to use this method for debugging an LDIF file as it generated good error messages. The LDAP server (slapd) MUST NOT be running
when using this command.
OpenLDAP 1.2 (RH 6.x):
ldapadd -cv -D "cn=AdminManager, o=domain-name.org" -W < input-def.ldif

c - Continuous mode. Don't stop if one fails, skip it and keep going.
v - Verbose mode. Highly recommended for debugging purposes.
D - Use the given "dn" to bind to the database.
W - Prompts for simple authentication.
The program will prompt for the password specified by the "rootpw" statement in the slapd.conf file. (As defined by the option -W)
5. Test LDAP with the following command: OpenLDAP 2.x
ldapsearch -vLx -b "o=domain-name" "(objectclass=*)"
or
ldapsearch -vLx -h 127.0.0.1 -b "o=domain-name" "(objectclass=*)"

Stooges example: ldapsearch -vLx -h 127.0.0.1 -b "o=stooges" "(sn=Fine)"
The addition of the "-x" argument enables simple authentication (you are asked for the password specified as rootpw defined in the
file /etc/openldap/slapd.conf) instead of SASL.
The expression "-h 127.0.0.1" will specify localhost explicitly. (It's the only way I can get it to work.)
OpenLDAP 1.2
ldapsearch -L -b "cn=AdminManager, o=domain-name" "(objectclass=*)"
or
ldapsearch -h "ldap.domain-name" -L -b "o=domain-name" "(sn=Fine)"

Test LDAP with Your Netscape Browser: Use an LDAP enabled browser with an appropriate URL:
ldap://ldap.yo-linux.com/cn=Larry Fine,ou=MemberGroupA,o=stooges
This method will display directory information in the Netscape browser. MS/Windows Explorer will defer the information to the MS/Outlook address book
for display and data transfer.
For more on LDAP URL's see RFC 2255: The LDAP URL Format.

Test LDAP with an E-mail client: The true test is of course is with an e-mail client. See the list of clients and links to configuration notes at the top
of this page.

Netscape Messenger 4.5+:
Adding custom search boxes: File: $HOME/.netscape/preferences.js
(MS/Windows clients: C:\ProgramFiles\Netscape\Users\user-name\prefs.js)
(This step is not required, it just makes for a more intuitive presentation within the client)
If your organization has an attribute you wish employees to use as a searchable item, you can configure Netscape Messenger to display an
advanced search box with the appropriate label by using the Javascript configuration statements above. The display changes will only apply to the
domain specified. Substitute the bold italic entries with the appropriate data for your application. (i.e. LDAP-Object-Schema-Name could be
inetOrgPerson and the LDAP-Database-Attribute could be any of that objects' attributes you wish to search such as "carLicense") By default
Netscape 4.7x only displays the search items "Name", "Email", "Organization" and "Department".
Example - Allow a search by State:
Note:
Terminate the Netscape program before editing the file, then edit the file and then re-start Netscape.
The domain is specified without the "." and is the same as the "Description" name.
user_pref("ldap_2.servers.domain-name.attributes.ou", "Attribute-Display-Name:LDAP-Database-Attribute");
user_pref("ldap_2.servers.domain-name.filter1", "(&(objectclass=LDAP-Object-Schema-Name)(LDAP-Database-Attribute=%s))");
pref("ldap_2.servers.domain-name.maxHits", 400);
user_pref("ldap_2.servers.Stooges.attributes.ou", "State:st");
user_pref("ldap_2.servers.Stooges.filter1", "(&(objectclass=inetOrgPerson)(st=%s))");
Index:
For large LDAP databases one should index the searchable item. This will create an additional index file but will greatly enhance the speed of a search.
This will not be effective unless the index is defined before data is entered into the database. Applying an index to a field after the database is created is
useless.
Add an index to an LDAP data field by defining it in the file: /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
OpenLDAP 2.x
Note that OpenLDAP 2.x requires that you mention the type of comparison filter used for the index.

OpenLDAP 1.2
This will increase the speed of searches for entries based on surname and postalcode.
To apply an index after a database has been created, dump the data and reload the data with LDAP restarted with the index defined.
Also see the command slapindex which can re-generate an LDAP database index. (Must stop the slapd server first as it acts directly against the
database.)
LDBM Cache:
Add a cache definition in the file: /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
The following cache directives apply only to LDBM (default database) and must follow the "database ldbm" statement.
It is recommended that the dbcachesize be set to the size of the largest index files.
Also see the OpenLDAP.org Performance Tuning FAQ

Backup LDAP database with the following command: OpenLDAP 2.x
Newer Fedora, RHEL4 or Ubuntu 6.06 using "bdb":
/usr/sbin/slapcat -v -n 1 -l /opt/BACKUP/ldap.ldif
Red Hat 9 using "ldbm":
/usr/sbin/ldbmcat -n /var/lib/ldap/id2entry.gdbm > /opt/BACKUP/ldap.ldif
OpenLDAP 1.2
/usr/sbin/ldbmcat -n /var/lib/ldap/id2entry.dbb > /opt/BACKUP/ldap.ldif
Note that this backup may not be suitable for re-loading. The order is random if it has been modified. The object definition for the domain itself must be the first
definition. If it is not then move it there manually so that it can reload successfully.
Using LDAP slapd slapcat method: slapcat -v -n 2 -l delta.ldif
-v: Verbose mode.
-n 2: The second database definition listed in the /etc/openldap/slapd.conf file.
-l: Name of LDIF output file.
Performance considerations:
index sn,postalcode pres,eq,sub
LDAP
Qualifier
Description
pres
Is the search attribute present as any value in the LDAP directory. Return all that have an entry. i.e. (st=*) returns all entries with a
state entry regardless of the entry
eq Does the search string exactly match the attribute in the LDAP directory.
sub Does the search string match a substring of the attribute in the LDAP directory. i.e. (sn=*nderso*) or (sn=*anderson*)
none No index generated. Items like JPEG photo are not searchable items anyway.
approx Is the search string approximately equal to attribute based on a "metaphonic" algorithm. Not permitted in OpenLDAP.
index sn,postalcode
cachesize 5000 - Size of in-memory cache used by LDBM
dbcachesize 1000000 - Cache size in bytes associated with index file opened by the system
Backup LDAP database:
This method is no better or worse than using ldbmcat. The LDIF files generated by ldbmcat and slapcat are identical.
Also see: Scripts and software tools to convert LDIF files to the useful ".csv" backup form. - (Some helpful tools I wrote)

File: schemp.ldif
Command: ldapadd -f schemp.ldif -h 127.0.0.1 -xv -D "cn=StoogeAdmin,o=stooges" -W

[Potential Pitfall]: Fedora Core 3: (OpenLDAP 2.2.13) Add the statement "allow bind_v2" after the schema "include" directives in the
file /etc/openldap/slapd.conf if you wish to allow the use of older clients.
[Potential Pitfall]: Red Hat 9.0 introduced a database change from 7.3. I had to dump the database and reload.
[Potential Pitfall]: The OpenLDAP version shipped with Red Hat 9.0 introduced a change! When using the command "ldapadd" you MUST use the
argument "-h 127.0.0.1" as it is no longer implied.
During investigation and development I would:
Shut down LDAP: /etc/rc.d/init.d/ldap stop
Remove the old database: rm /var/lib/ldap/*
DO NOT DO THIS WITH slapd RUNNING!!!!
If you do, the system will hang so bad, you will not be able to kill the process or shutdown the system cleanly! (RH6.2 kernel 2.2.14-12)
Edit the /etc/openldap/slapd.conf and my ldif file
Restart LDAP: /etc/rc.d/init.d/ldap start
Create and load new LDAP database: ldapadd -cv -D "cn=AdminManager, o=...
If you are supporting only one group or organization, you can specify a default base for client programs in /etc/openldap/ldap.conf: BASE dc=place-
dc-here. This is stated in the literature but I did not check if this affected the slapd process.
Then I would test with Netscape Communicator or gq in browse mode.
slapd and ldapsearch both include a "debugging" option:
/usr/sbin/slapd -d 3 -f /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
or
add options to init script: /etc/rc.d/init.d/ldap.
Note:
RH 6.x default configuration runs straight with defaults. (no command line options)
RH 7.1 default configuration:
Runs under the user id "ldap". Slapd command line option: -u ldap
Specifies a URL: -h '"ldap:/// ldaps:///"'

To add options, create the file /etc/sysconfig/ldap
i.e.:
SLAPD_OPTIONS="-d 3" (RH 6.x OpenLDAP 1.2)

SLAPD_OPTIONS="-d 32 -d 64 -d 256" Extreme level of debugging. Leave blank for defaults. Default is 256. (RH 7.1 OpenLDAP 2.0)

OpenLDAP 1.2:
Migration tools located in /usr/share/openldap/migration/
See notes in local file: /usr/doc/openldap-1.2.9/TOOLS.migration

Adding an entry to an existing LDAP directory:
dn: cn=Schemp Anderson,ou=MemberGroupB,o=stooges
ou: MemberGroupB
o: stooges
cn: Schemp Anderson
objectClass: top
objectClass: person
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
givenName: Schemp
sn: Anderson
uid: schemp
homePostalAddress: 20 Cherry Ln.$Plano TX 78888
pager: 800-555-1320
title: Development Engineer
facsimileTelephoneNumber: 800-555-3320
mail: SAnderson@isp.com
homePhone: 800-555-1320
telephoneNumber: (800)555-1220
mobile: 800-555-1320
postalAddress: 20 Fitzhugh Ave.
l: Dallas
st: TX
postalCode: 76888
Notes: LDAP on Red Hat/Fedora Core distribution:
[Potential Pitfall]: PAM misconfiguration:
File (default): /etc/hosts.deny
ALL:ALL
This set-up will deny everyone including localhost!!!
Remove this line which is often default.
Be sure to at least add the following to: /etc/hosts.allow
ALL:127.0.0.1
[Potential Pitfall]: Ipchains/Iptables misconfiguration:
The Red Hat 7.1-9.0 and Fedora Core installations will have you configure firewall rules which may conflict with access to the LDAP server. To flush all
firewall rules:
iptables -F
OR
ipchains -F
[Potential Pitfall]: LDAP won't start
Check log file /var/log/messages
If the config files /etc/openldap/ldap.conf or /etc/openldap/slapd.conf are owned by root it will cause this error.
Fix: chown ldap.ldap /etc/openldap/ldap.conf /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
[Potential Pitfall]: Directory access
The Red Hat 7.1-9.0 and Fedora Core versions of Open LDAP runs the LDAP server "slapd" under the user id "ldap". Thus all directories and files that
the LDAP server must access must be accessible by the user "ldap". (preferably owned by user "ldap"). This is a configuration change between Red Hat
6.x, which used root, and Red Hat 7.1.
[Potential Pitfall]: Can't access LDAP server with client
Note for Fedora Core 3: (OpenLDAP 2.2.13) Add the statement "allow bind_v2" after the schema "include" directives in the file /etc/openldap/slapd.conf if
you wish to allow the use of older clients.
Debugging tips: To take a peak inside the database:
strings /var/lib/ldap/id2entry.gdbm | more

Open LDAP UNIX commands:
ldapmodify - connects to an LDAP server, binds, and modifies entries
ldapadd - connects to an LDAP server, binds, and adds entries
ldapdelete - Deletes an LDAP entry
ldapmodrdn - modifies the Relative Distinguished Name (RDN) of an entry (i.e. change cn of an entry)
ldappasswd - change the password of an LDAP entry
slappasswd - OpenLDAP password utility
ldapsearch - ldap search tool
ud - interactive LDAP Directory Server query program
Configuration files:
ldap.conf - slapd configuration file which set system wide defaults to be applied when running ldap clients
ldapfilter.conf - configuration file for LDAP get filter routines
ldapfriendly - data file for LDAP friendly routines
ldapsearchprefs.conf - configuration file for LDAP search preference routines
ldaptemplates.conf - configuration file for LDAP display template routines
ldif (5) - LDAP Data Interchange Format
slapd.conf - configuration file for slapd, the stand-alone LDAP daemon
slapd.replog - slapd replication log format
ud.conf - ud configuration file
centipede - an LDAP centroid generation and maintenance program
Support programs/conversions:
chlog2replog - convert an X.500 DSA-style changelog to an LDAP-style replication log
edb2ldif - QUIPU EDB file to LDIF conversion tool
fax500 - X.500 capable fax delivery agent
mail500 - X.500 capable mailer
rcpt500 - mail to X.500 gateway program and program replies with result of query.
go500 - Local Gopher index search to X.500 search gateway
slaptest: sql_select option missing
slaptest: auxpropfunc error no mechanism available
ldap: succeeded
slapd[4200]: sql_select option missing
slapd[4200]: auxpropfunc error no mechanism available
OpenLDAP Man Pages:
Page 10 of 13 Linux LDAP Tutorial: Deploying OpenLDAP - LDAP Directory Installation and confi...
go500gw - General Gopher to X.500 gateway for browsing and searching
in.xfingerd - Finger to LDAP/X.500 gateway daemon
ldbmcat - LDBM to LDIF database format conversion utility
ldif (8) - convert arbitrary data to LDIF format
ldif2id2children / ldif2id2entry / ldif2index / ldif2ldbm - LDIF to LDBM database format conversion utilities
slapindex - Regenerate SLAPD index to LDIF utility
LDAP processes/daemons:
slapd - a stand-alone LDAP directory server
Also see Zytrax slapd.conf guide
slurpd - a stand-alone LDAP replication server
ldapd - an LDAP-to-X.500 gateway server
LDAP Software development SDK man pages and RFC's

The back-bdb is now the new preferred database format and the old back-ldbm code has been removed from OpenLDAP.
The Berkely database software tools have names which are Linux distribution dependant:
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4: db41_archive, db41_checkpoint, db41_deadlock, db41_dump, db41_load, db41_printlog, db41_recover, db41_stat,
db41_upgrade, db41_verify
Part of compat-db-4.1.25-9 RPM package. (No man pages)
Ubuntu: db4.3_archive, db4.3_checkpoint, db4.3_deadlock, db4.3_dump, db4.3_load, db4.3_printlog, db4.3_recover, db4.3_stat,
db4.3_upgrade, db4.3_verify
(Has man pages!)
Also: db4.2_archive, db4.2_checkpoint, db4.2_deadlock, ...
Example database recovery:
Test database: /usr/sbin/slaptest -d 255
Recover database:
Go to the directory in which the database files are located: cd /var/lib/ldap
Run db recovery: db4.2_recover
[Potential Pitfall]: If the db4.2_recover returns the following errors:
try removing the log file(s) rm log.0000000001 and then try to perform the recovery again.
Links:
Oracle/SleepyCat Berkely BDB database manual
Man Pages:
db4.3_archive - Find unused log files for archiving purposes
db4.3_checkpoint - Periodically checkpoint (write and sync) transactions.
db4.3_deadlock - Detect and abort deadlocks
db4.3_dump - Write database to flat-text format
db4.3_load - Load data from standard in
db4.3_printlog - Dumps Berkeley DB log files in a human-readable format
db4.3_recover - Restore the database to a consistent state
db4.3_stat - Display statistics for Berkeley DB environments
db4.3_upgrade - Upgrade the Berkeley DB version to the current release version.
db4.3_verify - Verifies the structure databases

OpenLdap 2.x - SLAPD and LDIF configuration
OpenLdap 1.2 - SLAPD and LDIF configuration
Client Login Authentication using LDAP - Linux, MS/Windows 2000/pGina, SGI/IRIX
LDAP Authentication and user passwords - Adding password protection to LDAP directory.
(Note: This is authentication for the user to access the LDAP database and not using LDAP to authenticate applications)
OpenLdap 1.2 Group security example - SLAPD and LDIF configuration
Create a new custom object by extending the inetOrgPerson schema
OpenLDAP 2.x Schema Extension to support MS/Outlook, Netscape 4.5+, PAM,.. (GILSE)
LDAP admin support scripts and code snipets
LDAP Software development SDK man pages, RFC's and Links
Mapping LDAP inetOrgPerson object attributes to Palm Pilot Desktop CSV exchange file
aWebDap - A simple, flexible web front end supporting multiple domains designed for the non-technical user. My favorite, but hey, I wrote it!!
The Berkely BDB database:
bdb(o=megacorp.com): PANIC: fatal region error detected; run recovery
bdb_db_open: dbenv_open failed: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery (-30978)
backend_startup: bi_db_open failed! (-30978)
db_recover: PANIC: fatal region error detected; run recovery
db_recover: PANIC: fatal region error detected; run recovery
db_recover: DB_ENV->open: DB_RUNRECOVERY: Fatal error, run database recovery

YoLinux.com LDAP Tutorials:
Public LDAP Servers on the Internet: Check out and try out other LDAP installations.
List of Public LDAP servers - by country
LDAP Directories
LDAP Desktop Admin tools and Clients:
SourceForge: gq - Home Page - Written with gtk for Gnome environment (Excellent! My favorite LDAP administration tool!!!) - Part of the base Red Hat
Linux distribution (RH7.1). (Older releases look on the Powertools CD.) Red Hat 8.0/9.0 does not ship with gq. I installed the gq rpm from the Red Hat
7.3 distribution.
LDAP Browser/Editor - JAVA browser/editor
Frood - Desktop client/management tool (GTK/PERL)
tclLdap - [Download]
Ldapconf - configuration module for Linuxconf.
Scripts and software tools to handle/manipulate/import/export LDIF files. - (Some helpful tools I wrote)
LDAP Web Clients:
aWebDAP - [Demo] - A simple, flexible web front end supporting multiple domains designed for the non-technical user. My favorite, but hey, I wrote it!!
Web500gw - RPM downloads and logrotate
Extending X500 searches
LDAP abook - Perl CGI address book
Rolodap: PHP LDAP web front-end
web2ldap - (Python) Download and demo (good!)
Requires ldapmodule:
Python-LDAP
web2ldap / ldapmodule RPM downloads
LANL phone book: [Demo] - [source] Python based. Requires ldapmodule above. (Simple interface.)
PHP based address book
LDAP Clients: (authentication)
Apache: Web site login/authentication with LDAP
Apache LDAP module - auth_ldap module
Apache mod_auth_ldap web server module for authentication with Netscape or OpenLDAP servers (Good HowTo)
Apache LDAP module - mod_ldap module
Apache LDAP UserDir query
Squid proxy server:
squid_auth_ldap (Novell Forge)
Postfix and LDAP
QMail and LDAP - patch to QMail
Using OpenLDAP v2.x with Qmail and CourierImap - Todd Lyons (Piece in work)
Sympa - Mail list manager which extracts e-mail addresses from LDAP queries.
PAM:
LDAP and PAM
HowTo LDAP for DNS/NIS
/usr/share/doc/samba-2.2.7/LDAP/ - local files and documentation - SAMBA LDAP authentication schemas and use with smbpasswd
OpenLDAP.org web site:
Open LDAP home page
OpenLDAP Version 2.X (LDAP V3)
OpenLDAP 2.2 Administrator's Guide
OpenLDAP Version 1.2 (LDAP V2)
Open LDAP: slapd configuration, adding info
The OpenLDAP Quick Start Guide
OpenLDAP Software FAQ
LDAP - Information links:
LDAP: General description
Perot Systems presentation on Directory Trees - General
Red Hat Linux 7.1 Reference Guide: LDAP - OpenLDAP 2.0
LDAP Howto - by Luiz Ernesto Pinheiro Malere (2.0)
University of Michigan LDAP Info / Configuration / Development - The original code and docs. - Openldap 1.2 compatible information.
LDAP: Running on Redhat 6.1 info (OpenLDAP 1.2)
A most excellent and complete LDAP Presentation: LDAP V3 101 (pdf) - 102 - 103 - 104 - 105 - 106 - 107 - Adam Williams
[Old Html version May 30, 2000]
Jeff Hodge's Roadmap: Lots of Links
LDAP as data store for zone info for Bind 9.1.x
LDAP with OpenSSL, SASL, and Kerberos
Mapping OpenLDAP schema to MS/Outlook - Also see What LDAP Attributes Are Recognised
MS/Exchange Server Directory Schema Contents
Using OpenLDAP with PostgreSQL
Netscape Roaming:
Configuring Netscape client for roaming
Configuring OpenLDAP v2.x for use with Netscape: Update by Todd Lyons
LDAP Links:
LDAP - Schema links:
Object Classes
Attributes
Object ID's
Also see RFC 2256 (User Schema for use with LDAPv3).
LDAP - Developer resources:
YoLinux: LDAP Software development SDK man pages, RFC's and Links
IBM: Using LDAP and DB2 - by S. S. B. Shi, E. Stokes, D. Byrne, C. F. Corn, D. Bachmann, and T. Jones
Internet Assignment Number Authority (IANA) - OID assignment
A Layman's Guide to a Subset of OSI's Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), Basic Encoding Rules (BER), and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)
Linux Directory Project - Secure LDAP w/ ssl
LDAP - Commercial Products:
Red Hat Directory Server (Was Netscape Directory Server)
Free download: Fedora Directory Server
Sun One Directory Server
Novell LDAP eDirectory
Qualcom/Eudora Worldmail server - PC based work group software
Gracion Software - Apple Mac OS LDAP clients and servers.
Admin guide for ClickMail LDAP server (.pdf)
MacWorld Presentation and links
Innosoft LDAP servers and XML/Java LDAP servlet - announcement
IBM: Tivoli Management Environment (TME) - User administration of IBM LDAP server (for cn,userPassword,uid)

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