PART 1

INTRODUCTION
Common symptoms which are appears in the patients such as headache, fever, severe joint,
exhaustion, muscle pain, swollen glands (lymphadenopathy), and rash in the development of
DHF). There are three things that involved in the transmission of DHF, for example the dengue
virus, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and human as host. Moreover, there are three factors that are
influenced of the transmission of DHF, including biologic environmental, physical environment
and immunity by host.
1-2

DHF was found in Philiphines in 1953 and then spread to many countries. In Indonesia,
DHF cases was first reported in Surabaya in 1968 which accounted for 58 people and 24 of them
died (41.3%). Furthermore, since the time of DHF disease tends to spread to the
entire homeland of Indonesia and reached its peak in 1988 with the incidence rate until 13,45%
per 100.000 of peoples. This situation is closely related to the increasing mobility of people and
in line with the transportation links.
3



The biggest cases of DHF happened in 1998 with the Incidence Rate (IR) = 35,19 per
100.000 people, whereas Case Fatality Rate (CFR) = 2%. In 1999 IR fell dramatically by
10.17%. However, on the next decade IR tended to increase about 15,99% in 2000, 21.66% in
2011, 19.24% in 2002 and 23.87% in 2003 respectively.
4

From January to 5
th
of March in 2004, the total cases of dengue in all province in
indonesia has reached 26.015 of peoples, with as many as 389 of them died (CFR=1,53%). The
highest case contained in DKI Jakarta about 11. 534 peoples while the highest CFR occurred in
NTT province (3,96%).
3

Central Jakarta is the one area in Jakarta that known as endemic dengue. In January to
April 2009, there were 464 dengue patients who were hospitalized and four of them dead.
5
Based
on data from the Central Jakarta Health Office Tribe, nine villages including dengue red zone, 31
villages belonging to the yellow fever zone, and only four villages belonging to the green zone of
DBD.
6
Red zone is the area in three consecutive weeks there are more than nine patients
with DHF or anyone died from dengue.Yellow zone is the area that there are 1-8 cases
of DHF whereas, the green zone is the area that there are no cases of dengue in three consecutive
weeks.
The higher of dengue cases in the Rawasari region makes the third highest dengue
cases in Central Jakarta. Although small, this amount is relatively high in central Jakarta to the
year 2010. While in 2008 the number of dengue cases in the Rawasari region reached 152 cases
and in 2009 reached 108 cases.
5
Nowadays, the eradication of Aedes aegypti is the primary
way to fight of DHF, because a vaccine to prevent and cure by eradicating the viruses is still not
available.
The controlling of adult mosquitoes, carried out by spraying (fogging) with the
organosphosphate insecticide, synthetic pyrethroids and carbamates. The controlling of
Ae,aegypti larvae are usually known as a control of mosquito breeding (PSN), Chemical (i.e
larvacide temefos), biology (nurture larvae-eatingfish, such as fish heads and fish guppy tin) and
physical commonly known as 3M (Menguras, Menutup, Mengubur) for example drain bathubs,
lavatories, closed water reservoirs (jars and drums), and bury or destroy the junk (cans or tires).
However, the depletion of containers need to be done regularly at least once a week, thus
mosquitoes can not breed in these places.
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This way actually should be able to reduce the number of vector density and the number
of DHF patients, but in the reality, the number of DHF patients did not decline because of the
residents do not regularly do a 3M (Menguras, Menutup, Mengubur).
6
The reason
are, because people are busy and many do not have a maid and water
prices are expensive. Meanwhile, fogging can not be done continuously because it is expensive,
also causing pollution to the environment and can cause resistance. Therefore, other agents are
needed to eradicate dengue vectors are cheap, do not pollute the environment and does not
cause resistance. Some efforts are qualified to control the larvae by using biological control, such
as use fish or the Bacteria bacillus thuringiensis (Bti).
This way actually should be able to reduce the number of vector density and the number
of DHF patients
B. thuringiensis is a bacteria that produce endotoxins are insecticidal which can kill
the larvae of Anopheles mosquito, among others, and one strain of B. thuringiensis is bacteria
thuringiensis israelensis (BTi) has long been used to eradicate Anopheles larvae. BTI has
been used and gives good results in Cuba but has not been done in Indonesia.
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Nurliana et al
5
conducted a study in the Village Paseban to eradicate Ae. Aegypti using
the BTI with a concentration of 2 ml/m2. The results showed that the population density
of Ae. aegypti did not decline after being given the BTI with concentrations. This is attributed to
differences in strains of Aedes Aegypti Indonesia and Cuba so that the required higher
concentrations to kill Aedes Aegypti strains of Indonesia
.
Therefore it is necessary to do
furtherresearch on the use of BTI with higher concentrations. Increased the concentrations of
BTI can be done based on arithmetically or geometrically. For dangerous microbes used to
arithmetically and not harmless microbes that use geometrical progression.
10

Ae. aegypti breed in containers containing clear water both inside and outside the
home. Based on the results of several studies that have been done before, Aedes sp.have a
tendency to lay eggs outdoors than indoors.
11
Therefore, the BTI will be applied outside the
home in hopes of killing the larvae out ofthe house so it does not formed adult
mosquitoes. If adult mosquitoes are not formedthen the density of Ae. aegypti will decrease both
inside and outside the home.Therefore, BTI will be applied to the container located outside the
home.

1.2 Research questions:
How does a solution of Bti could control the Ae.aegypti larvae indoor and outdoor of water
containers (TPA) at Rawasari Village?
1.3 Hypothesis
There is an effect of a solution of Bti in controlling of Ae.aegypti larvae indoor and outdoor of
water containers (TPA) at Rawasari Village.

1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General Objectives
To know about the effectiveness of the Bti solutions in controlling of Aedes larvae in water
containers (TPA) at Rawasari Village.
1.4.2 Specific Objective

1.4.2.1 To know about the effect of Bti solutions to the presence of Ae.aegypti larvae after
applications indoor and outdoor containers at Rawasari Village.
1.4.2.2 To know about the distribution of Ae.aegypti larvae in each type of water
containers (TPA) before and after Bti applications at Rawasari Village.
1.5. Benefits
1.5.1. Benefits for researchers:
1. Self-training interaction and communication between peers;
2. Applying the medical knowledge gained from studying at Faculty of Medicine University
of Indonesia
3. Facilitates and studying of conducting research in the biomedical aspects
4. Improving the instincts, point of view, critical thinking, creativity, analytical and
systematical reasonings, and interest in the research for identification of the public health
problems
5. Gaining basic knowledge and experiences of conducting the research
6. Train the group teamwork.

1.5.2. Benefits for Institutions:
1. To applying the Tri Darma Perguruan Tinggi on executing the function in university as
the educational institute, research, and community service.
2. To actualized the mission of FMUI to become the research university which recognized
by other countries.
3. To create FMUI graduates accomplishing the Seven Star Doctor criteria.
4. To give primary data for other researcher that need it.

1.5.3 Benefits for community
The society will gain information about the effectiveness of Bti on solutions in
controlling of DHF vector in water containers.
The society will get information about which one of the water containers must be
considered to prevent of Ae.aegypti mosquitoes breeding.