Lecture 8

Summary: Mass, Momentum, Energy

Mass:
Energy:
Momentum:

!
p = m
!
v = !
v
m
0
!
v
E = mc
2
= !
v
m
0
c
2
m = !
v
m
0
, !
v
=
1
1" v
2
/ c
2
Lecture 8
Energy, Momentum, and Velocity
Energy:
2 2
0
2 2
4 2
0
2 2
2 2 2
0
2 2
4 2
0
2
) ( ) (
1 1
c m pc E
c m
c v
c v m
c v
c m
E
+ =
+
!
=
!
=
Velocity:
E
c p
c
v
c
v
c
E
c
v
c m v m p
v v
! !
! !
! !
=
!
"
#
$
%
&
=
!
"
#
$
%
&
= =
2
2
0 0
' '
Lecture 8
Total Energy, Kinetic Energy, Rest Energy
T T E
E T T E E
E T E
E E pc
) 2 (
2
) (
) (
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2 2
+ =
! + + =
! + =
! =
T T E pc ) 2 (
0
+ =
E: total energy
E
0
: rest energy
T: kinetic energy
Lecture 8
Non-relativistic Regime
Non-relativistic regime: v << c, where Newtonian
mechanics applies
2
0
0
0
2
1
v m T
v m p
m m
!
!
!
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
2
0
0
<<
!
"
#
$
%
&
= '
c
v
c m
v m
E
T
0
E T <<
T c m c p
T E pc
2
0
2 2
0
2
2 ) (
!
!
0
2
2m
p
T !
Lecture 8
Extreme Relativistic Regime
Extreme relativistic regime: v ~ c, where Newtonian
mechanics fails completely.
E T
c
E
p
m m
!
!
>>
0
In other words, the rest energy is
negligible, compared to the kinetic
energy.
Objects that travel at the speed of light must have zero rest
mass or rest energy and thus E = pc.
Lecture 8
Rest Energy
In a many-body system, the rest energy of the system
includes all forms of energy except for the kinetic energy
of the system. In other words, it is not a simple summation
of m
0
c
2
.
Example: A system of two moving particles.
T c m +
2
0
T c m +
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
2 2
c m c M
T c m c M
>
+ =
The rest energy of the system is
given by:
Lecture 8
Lorentz Transformation of p and E
z u z
y u y
x u x
u
u m p
u m p
u m p
c m E
0
0
0
2
0
!
!
!
!
=
=
=
=
In S: In S:
z u z
y u y
x u x
u
u m p
u m p
u m p
c m E
!
=
!
!
=
!
!
=
!
=
!
!
!
!
!
0
0
0
2
0
"
"
"
"
where
2 2 2 2
1
1
,
1
1
c u c u
u u
!
"
=
"
=
!
# #
Lecture 8
Energy-Momentum Transformation
[ ]
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
=
(
)
*
+
,
-
!
"
#
$
%
&
' ' ' ' + + '
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
=
(
)
*
+
,
-
!
"
#
$
%
&
' +
!
"
#
$
%
&
' + '
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
' =
.
+
.
+
.
' =
.
'
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
1
1
1
1 2 2
1
1 1
1 1 ) (
1
1 1
1
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
) (
1
c
u
c
v u
c
v
c
v
u
c
v
u v v u
c
v
u v u c
c
v u
c
c
v
u
c
v
u v u
c
v u
c
u u u
c c
u
x
x x x x
x
z y x
x
z y x
!
"
#
$
%
&
' =
(
2
1
c
v u
x
u u
) ) )
Lecture 8
E and p Transformation-Contd
( ) v u m c m
c
v u
c m c m E
x u u
x
u u
! " =
#
$
%
&
'
(
" = =
)
)
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
1
* * *
** *
) (
x
vp E ! ="
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
' ( =
!
"
#
$
%
&
(
(
!
"
#
$
%
&
( =
)
=
)
)
2
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
1
1
c
c m
v u m
c
v u
v u
m
c
v u
u m p
u
x u
x
x
x
u
x u x
*
* *
**
*
!
"
#
$
%
&
' =
2
c
vE
p
x
(
Lecture 8
E and p Transformation-Contd
y u
x
y
x
u
y u y
u m
c
v u
u
m
c
v u
u m p
0
2
0
2
0
1
1
!
!
!!
!
=
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
"
#
$
%
&
'
( =
)
=
)
)
y y
p p =
!
Similarly, we have
z z
p p =
!
Lecture 8
Summary
) (
2
x
z z
y y
x x
vp E E
p p
p p
c
vE
p p
! =
"
=
"
=
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
! =
"
)
)
) (
2
x
z z
y y
x x
p v E E
p p
p p
c
E v
p p
!
+
!
=
!
=
!
=
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
+
!
=
(
(
ct
c
E
r p
!
!
! !
momentum-energy four vector:
!
"
#
$
%
&
c
E
p,
!
Lecture 8
Lorentz Invariant Mass
As we have shown, the spacetime interval is Lorentz invariant:
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) (
] ) ( ) ( ) [( ) ( ) (
r t c
z y x t c s
! " ! =
! + ! + ! " ! = !
By analogy, the magnitude of momentum-energy four vector is
also Lorentz invariant:

2
2
p
c
E
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
REST MASS!
2
0
) ( c m =