Lecture 19

Hydrogen-Like Atoms
Atoms with all but one electrons stripped
Energy level:

E
n
= !
13.6eV
n
2
Z
2
Bohr radius:

r
n
=
n
2
a
0
Z
Bohrs theory can be adapted to other hydrogen-like systems.
Lecture 19
Many-Electron Systems
Bohrs shell hypothesis:
Electrons in an atom are arranged in shells.
Each shell is associated with each of the principle quantum
numbers n, with its radius increasing as n
2
and its energy
decreasing as n
-2
.

There can be no more than 2n
2
electrons in each shell.
Electrons fill the innermost shell first and then outer shells.
Lecture 19
Shells have letter names:
K shell for n = 1
L shell for n = 2

Energy Diagram and X-rays
The atom is most stable in its ground state.
When it occurs in a heavy atom, the
radiation emitted is an x-ray. It has the
energy E (x-ray) = E
u
! E
"
.
If there is a vacancy in an inner shell, an
electron from higher shells will fill the
vacancy at lower energy.
Lecture 19
X-ray Lines
K
a

K
b

Vacancies may be created by collisional
or photo ionization.
The x-rays have names:
L shell to K shell: K
!
x-ray
M shell to K shell: K
"
x-ray
Moseley found this relation
holds for the K
#
x-ray:

f
1/2
= A
n
(Z ! b
n
)
K series: due to transitions from n>1 to n=1, b
1
=1
L series: due to transitions from n>2 to n=2, b
2
=7.4
Lecture 19
Moseley Plot

Lecture 19
Wave and Particle Duality
de Broglies hypothesis:
A photon, quantum of light, has all the properties of a particle
of normal matter. This is the wave-particle duality of light.
The wave properties and particle properties of light are related
in the following way:
p
h
h
E
f = = ! ,
The relation above is a perfectly general one, applying
to radiation and matter alike.
Lecture 19
Plane Waves
For a wave that propagates along x-axis, we have
Wave equation:
2
2
2 2
2
1
t v x !
!
=
!
! " "
!
"
#
$
%
&
+
'
(
)
*
+
,
= -
.
/ 0
T
t x
A t x 2 sin ) , (
Solutions:
Definitions:
period: T
initial phase: !
wavelength: "=vT
frequency: f=1/T
wave number: k=2#/"
angular frequency: $=2#/T
Lecture 19
Phase Velocity
Alternative expression for the plane wave:
[ ] ! " # + + = t kx A t x sin ) , (
in the negative x direction:
[ ] ! " # + $ = t kx A t x sin ) , ( in the positive x direction:
more definitions:
phase of the wave:
! " + = # t kx
phase velocity: the velocity of a point that moves with a
wave at constant phase.
k T
v v
phase
! "
= = #
Lecture 19
Wave Description of a Particle
Consider a particle of rest mass m
0
that moves with a velocity v.
according to de Broglies hypothesis, there is a characteristic
frequency (or wavelength) f
0
(or "
0
) associated with the particle,
and, in the reference frame of the particle, we have
2
0 0
c m E hf = =
Then, in the same reference frame, it is possible to write the
equation of a stationary vibration associated with the particle
(internal vibration), e.g.,
0 0
2 sin t f ! " =
Lecture 19
Wave in the Laboratory Frame
Using Lorentz transformation to convert the internal vibration
to a reference frame at rest (with respect to which the particle
travels), i.e.,
!
"
#
$
%
&
' =
2
0
c
vx
t t (
we have
!
"
#
$
%
&
' (
!
"
#
$
%
&
' = =
w
x
t f
c
vx
t f t f
)
* ) ) +
2 sin
2 sin 2 sin
2
0 0 0
where
v
c
w
f f
2
0
=
= !
Lecture 19
De Broglies Hypothesis Recovered
v m
h
c m
v
hc
hf v
hc
f v
c
f
w
0
2
0
2 2
0
2 2
0
2 2
1
1 1
!
"
" "
#
=
$
=
$
=
$
= =
p
h
= !"
h
mv
v
c
h
p
v
c w
f
2 2
= = =
!
h
E
f = !
Lecture 19
An Alternative Approach
From the point of view of an observer (at rest), however, we have
the following scenarios:
The mass of the particle m is greater than its rest mass, so
the characteristic frequency is now given by
2
2
0
1 ! "
=
c m
hf 0
2
0
1
f
f
f !
"
=
#
=
Decrease of the frequency of the internal vibration, due to
time dilation:
0
0
1
T
f =
2
0
2
0
1
1
1 /
1
!
!
" =
"
= f
T
f
Lecture 19
de Broglies Solution
In the observers frame of reference, a wave is described by
t f
w
v
ft
w
vt
t f
w
x
t f
1
2 sin
1 2 sin
2 sin
2 sin
!
!
!
! "
#
$
%
&
'
(
)
* =
+
,
-
.
/
0
$
%
&
'
(
)
* =
$
%
&
'
(
)
* = ( )
2
2
2
2
1
1 1
c
v
w
v
f f
w
v
f
= =
! = =
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
(
(
2
c vw= !