1

Transient Stability of Power Systems with

High Penetration of DFIG Based Wind Farms
Libao Shi, Member, IEEE, Shiqiang. Dai, Yixin Ni, Senior Member, IEEE, Liangzhong Yao, and Masoud Bazargan

Abstract In this paper, the Doubly-fed Induction Generator

(DFIG) for transient stability evaluations of power systems was
systematically discussed, and the impacts of grid-connected large
DFIG based wind farms on power system transient stability were
then studied in detail. In the modeling of DFIG, an equivalent
generator model was employed to reflect the combined behavior
of the DFIG and its rotor converter. Furthermore, the control
strategy of rotor-side converter, which was for the decoupled
controls of the stator active and reactive power, was considered.
The corresponding numerical simulations were carried out to
explore and exploit the influences and interactions between
synchronous generators and wind farm respectively on power
system transient stability. In particular, different synchronous
generator dynamic models and load models are considered
during the simulation comparisons. Finally, some meaningful
conclusions and comments are given in this paper.
Index Terms-- transient stability, Doubly-fed Induction
Generator (DFIG), generator dynamic models, load models

I. INTRODUCTION

ECENTLY, the increasing concerns to environmental

issues and utilization of fossil fuel fired based
conventional energy source to be exhausted in the future, lead
to rapid research and development for more sustainable and
alternative electrical sources. Wind power has been
considered as one of the most prominent renewable energy
sources in years to come. It is increasingly considered as not
only a means to reduce the CO2 emissions generated by
traditional fossil fuel fired utilities but also a promising
economic alternative in areas with appropriate wind speeds
[1-2]. Albeit wind energy currently supplies only a fraction of
the total power demand relative to the fossil fuel fired based
conventional energy source in most parts of the world,
statistical data show that in Northern Germany, Denmark or
on the Swedish Island of Gotland, wind energy supplies a
significant amount of the total energy demand [1].
Particularly it should be pointed out that in the future, many
countries around the world are likely to experience similar
penetration levels. However, due to the characteristics of
This work has also been supported in part by the Seed Foundation of
Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University (100400001)
Libao Shi, Shiqiang Dai and Yixin Ni are with National Key Laboratory of
Power System in Shenzhen, Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University.
518055 China (e-mail: shilb@sz.tsinghua.edu.cn).
Liangzhong Yao and Masoud Bazargan are with AREVA T&D Technology
Centre, Stafford, ST17 4LX, United Kingdom (e-mail: liangzhong.yao@arevatd.com).

978-1-4244-4241-6/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

intermittence and fluctuation of wind, power system engineers

will have to confront a series of challenges imposed by
integration of large wind power with the existing power
systems. One of important issues engineers have to face is the
impact of wind power penetration on dynamic behaviour of an
existing interconnected large-scale power system, e.g. the
concerns of system transient stability.
It is known that so far nearly all studies on the transient
stability analysis of the grid-connected generator under
various circumstances have been dominated by the
conventional synchronous generators., However, large gridconnected wind farms are often equipped with different types
of wind turbine generators, such as fixed speed induction
generator (FSIG), doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and
direct-drive synchronous generator [1] et al, dynamic
response characteristics of wind turbine generators are
different from the conventional synchronous generators. As a
result, impacts of wind turbine generators on power system
dynamic behaviour will be different from conventional
synchronous generators. It is therefore very important and
imperative to study these wind turbine models in power
system dynamic evaluations with large grid-connected wind
farms elaborately and systematically. Consider that the DFIG
based wind farm is currently the most popular one due to its
capability of controlling reactive power, its high energy
efficiency [1,2,3], this paper mainly focuses on studying the
dynamic performance of the DFIG based wind farm and
investigating the impacts of the DFIG based wind farm on
power system transient stability.
A lot of researches on transient stability analysis of gridconnected large DFIG based wind farms have been
conducted, and varying degree of achievements [4-10] have
been obtained. In Jenkins et al. [4] and Shi [5] et al, the
dynamic mathematical model of DFIG suitable for transient
stability analysis was studied. In Muyeen et al.[6], the detailed
analyses of windmill mechanical drive train models were
presented for transient stability analysis of wind power
generation system. Some works [7-9] studied the model of the
wind turbine with a DFIG for transient stability analysis to
demonstrate the capability of the DFIG to maintain system
stability following disturbances [7]; the more adequate
mathematical models of DFIG suitable for transient stability
studies [8] and the easier integration into the existing
commercial simulation tool [9] have been introduced. Usaola
et al. and Mota et al. [10] discussed the influence of wind
farms consisting of fixed speed wind turbines and variable-

speed wind turbines on the transient stability performance of

the system to which they are connected. It should be noticed
that in the study cases of DFIG, there is lack of this generator
model in the most common transient simulation software
packages, and the modelling of DFIG based wind turbine
mainly focuses on the machine itself in the most existing
publications. The corresponding modelling and transient
stability simulation considering integration of wind farms into
large scale power systems need to be elaborately explored and
exploited further.
In accordance with the systematic research and analysis on
the dynamic mathematical model of DFIG, this paper carries
out the corresponding numerical simulations on the WSCC 3generator-9-bus benchmark system to review and discuss the
influence and interaction of DFIG based wind farms on the
power system transient stability. Different synchronous
generator dynamic models and load models are also
considered during the simulation comparisons. Finally, some
meaningful conclusions and comments are given in this paper.
II. WIND TURBINE AERODYNAMIC MODEL AND CONTROL
A. Wind Turbine Model
In general, the relationship between wind speed and
mechanical power extracted from the wind can be described
as [1]

Pm =

Awt C p ( , )v w3

r = p m is the electrical speed (elec. rad/s); p is the

number of pole pairs of the machine; and m is the
mechanical speed of the rotor (mech. rad/s).
In this paper, the following approximate equation [11] is
used to describe the wind turbine performance coefficient Cp:

i =0 j =0

ij

r ,ref
_

K
K 1 + 2
s

ref

max

min

Fig. 1. Pitch angle controller

III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DFIG

In our work, the simplified DFIG model was adopted.
Furthermore, in order to investigate the effects of a large wind
farm on transient stability of existing power grid, the gridconnected whole wind farm is modeled as an aggregated wind
park model by one equivalent wind generator [2, 3]. In the
following sections, the aggregated wind farm model is applied
to the transient stability assessment.
A. Rotor Mechanical Model
In this paper, we use a two-mass shaft model [1,11] to
represent the drive train. The two-mass representation is
described by the following equations:

d wt
+ Ds (wt r ) + K s s = Twt
dt
d r
2H g
+ Ds (r wt ) K s s = Te
dt
d s
= s (wt r )
dt
2 H wt

(4)
(5)
(6)

where wt , r are the speed of wind turbine and the speed of

rotor, respectively; Twt , Te are the wind turbine torque and the
electromagnetic torque, respectively; Hwt , Hg are wind turbine
and generator inertia constants, respectively; Ks is the shaft
stiffness; Ds is the damping coefficient; s is the angular
displacement between the two ends of the shaft; s is the
synchronous speed. All values are in per unit, apart from Ks,
s and s ,which are in p.u./elec. rad., degrees, and elec. rad s1
, respectively.
B. DFIG Model
In accordance with generator convention [12], the reducedorder mathematical model of a DFIG in the d-q reference
frame rotating at the synchronous speed s with neglected
stator transients is derived finally in per unit as follows.

ds = Eq '+ X ' iqs Rsids

(3)

B. Pitch Angle Control Strategy

The pitch angle control aims to limit the aerodynamic
efficiency of the rotor and is active only in high wind speeds.
Eqs. (1) gives the impact of the pitch angle, , on the
performance of mechanical power extracted from the wind.
As described in [1], the pitch angle can not change
immediately, but only at a finite rate, which may be quite low
because of the size of the rotor blades of modern wind

(1)

2
where Pm is the power extracted from the wind in watts; is
the air density (kg/m3); Cp is the performance coefficient or
power coefficient; is the tip-speed ratio (vt/vw), vt (m/s) is
blade tip speed, and vw (m/s) is wind speed at hub height
upstream of the rotor; Awt=R2 is the area covered by the wind
turbine rotor (m2), R is the radius of the rotor; and is the
blade pitch angle (in degrees).
The tip-speed ratio is defined as
R r
=
(2)
vw

Cp (, ) =

turbines. The pitch angle control strategy using a PI regulator

[11] is depicted in Figure. 1.

qs = Ed ' X ' ids Rsiqs

dEq '

(7)
(8)

1
[ Eq '+ ( X ' X s )ids ] (9)
dt
T'
dEd '
1
= ss Eq ' s Eqr + [ Ed '+ ( X s X ')iqs ] (10)
dt
T'
= s s Ed '+ s Edr +

where Ed, Eq are the q- and d-axis component of the transient

internal emf, respectively; Edr, Eqr are the q- and d-axis
component of the internal emf, respectively; ds, qs are the q-

and d-axis component of the stator voltage, respectively; ids,

iqs are the q- and d-axis component of the stator current,
respectively; X is the transient reactance; Xs=xs+xm, xs , xm
are the stator and mutual leakage inductances, respectively; Rs
is the stator resistance; s is the rotor slip; T is the open-circuit
transient time constant (in radians).
In our simulation, an equivalent model [11] is employed to
provide the interface between the wind turbine generator and
the network. Unlike conventional generator models described
above, all of the electrical/flux state variables in this
equivalent model have been modified to reflect to the
effective response to the higher level commands from the
converter. The net result is an algebraic, controlled-current
source that computes the required injected current into the
network in response to the flux and active current commands
from the converter model. For a given time step, the model
holds the in-phase (active power) component of current
constant and holds constant q-axis voltage behind the
subtransient reactance (X). This model is shown in Figure 2.

Eq "cmd

1
1 + s 0.02

Eq " V
te rm

X"
(

I Pcmd

1
1 + s 0.02

IP

V te rm

V term

P + jQ *
)
Vre + jVim

P
jX "

Fig. 2. Generator/Network interface model

C. Model of the DFIG Converters

The model of the frequency converter system is generally
represented with the rotor-side converter, grid-side converter,
the dc link and the corresponding converter control. At
present, a lot of literature have addressed the control
strategies of DFIG converters. In our work, the modelling of
rotor-side converter from [11] is employed to implement the
decoupled control for stator active and reactive power. The
corresponding block diagrams are shown in Figures 3 and 4,
respectively. In these Figures, Pord is the active power demand
determined by wind turbine; VT is terminal voltage
considering measurement block; Qord is reactive power
demand determined by the supervisory VAR controller [11].
For the grid-side converter model, it is assumed that the
converter is ideal and the dc link voltage between the
converters is constant.
1.11

Pord

1.0
1 + s0.02

0.9

VT
Fig. 3. Block diagram for active power control.

IP

Qord

1.0
1 + s0.05

0.432

Vterm + XIQ max

1.1

0.29

QT

0.00001
s
0.9

20.0
s

VT

1.0
1+ s0.02

Eq "

Vterm + XI Q min

Fig. 4. Block diagram for reactive power control.

IV. CASE STUDY

A. Transient Stability Evaluation Index
In our work, two kinds of indices [13, 14] are employed to
evaluate the system transient stability.
(i) Power angle-based stability margin or index [14]
This index is defined as follows for each island in the
system:

360 max
100
360 + max

-100 < < 100

(11)

where max is the maximum angle separation of any two

generators in the island at the same time in the post-fault
response. The transient stability index for the system is taken
as the smallest index among all islands. Thus, >0 and 0
correspond to stable and unstable conditions respectively.
(ii) Critical clearance time (CCT) of faults [14]
The critical clearance time of a fault is generally
considered as the best measurement of severity of a
contingency. By definition, CCT is the longest allowed fault
clearance time without losing stability. This is obtained, using
a binary search method [14], within a specified fault clearance
range with a set threshold. If the change of the system
operation can increase CCT, it is considered that such change
is favorable to improve power system transient stability.
B. Application example
The standard WSCC 3-gen-9-bus test system shown in
Figure 5 is used to carry out the transient stability analysis of
the system with grid-connected large DFIG based wind farm.
The numerical data and parameters for case studies can be
found from [15]. All simulations are conducted on the DSATSAT/UDM [13] simulation environment, developed by
Powerth Labs Inc., Canada.
In following simulations, 3 designed scenarios are utilized
by replacing the specified synchronous generator (SG) with
wind farm equipped with GE1.5MW [11] DFIGs.
Scenario 1: the synchronous generator Gen3 at Bus3
shown in Fig.5 is replaced with a wind farm that is with the
same installed generation capacity as the synchronous
generator Gen3. For the rest of generators in the system,
different synchronous generator dynamic models involving
the classical model, the 4th order practical model and the 6th
order model as well as the 6th order excitation system model
are considered in course of simulations. When the precision
does not have to be high, the classical model can be used.
When the effects of the excitation system dynamics and the qaxis rotor g windings of solid rotors have to be accounted for,

Bus2

Bus7

Bus9
Bus3

(a)Active power output curves

(b)Rotor speed curves

150

f(Hz)

P(MW)

70
100
50

65

60

0
0

t (s)

(c)Reactive power output curves

500

300

0.8

200
100
0

Bus6

Bus5
Bus4
Bus1
Gen1
Fig. 5. WSCC 3-gen-9-bus test system.

TABLE I
TRANSIENT STABILITY INDICES CONSIDERING DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF
GENERATOR AND LOAD MODELS WITH RESPECT TO SCENARIO 1
SG
CCT(s)
CCT(s)

C+Z
79.50
0.4156
77.65
0.2469
C+ZIP
79.98
0.3719
77.43
0.2219
4th+Z
64.06
0.2719
61.83
0.1906
4th+ZIP
63.81
0.2406
61.55
0.1719
6th+Z
63.89
0.3031
60.51
0.1906
6th+ZIP
64.26
0.2559
60.38
0.1656
6th+E+Z
65.57
0.3719
62.66
0.2219
6th+E+ZIP
65.82
0.3219
62.02
0.2031
Note: C, 4th, 6th and E denote the classical generator model, the 4th generator
model, the 6th generator model and the excitation system model, respectively; Z and
ZIP denote the constant impedance load model and nonlinear load model mentioned
above respectively.
Model

DFIG

From Table I, it can be seen that under the current

occurred fault condition and with consideration of different
synchronous generator and load models, the studied power
system transient stability can be improved to some extent
when the specified synchronous generator is replaced by a
wind farm of DFIG type.
Figures 6(a), 6(b), 6(c) and 6(d) give the active power
output, rotor speed, reactive power output and terminal
voltage curves of the wind farm and the replaced synchronous
generator Gen3 considering the 6th generator model and the
constant impedance load model, respectively. The solid line
corresponds to the DFIG and the dashed line to synchronous

0.4
0.2

t (s)
Gen3

Gen3

0.6

t (s)

Gen2

(d)Terminal voltage curves

400

-100

t (s)

U(p.u.)

Bus8

generator Gen3.

Q(MVar)

the 4th order model can be used. When considering the effects
of equivalent damping windings further based on the 4th order
model, the 6th order model must be used. The wind farm
consists of 85 GE1.5MW wind turbines equipped with DFIGs.
Furthermore, the constant impedance load model and the
nonlinear ZIP load model which is a combination of 30%
constant impedance (Z), 40% constant current (I) and 30%
constant power (P) are considered as well. A three phase
temporary fault occurs on Bus9 at time t=0.4s, and it is
cleared at time t=0.5s. The corresponding calculated transient
stability indices considering different combination of
generator model and load model are given in Table I.

DFIG

Fig. 6. Transient behaviour curves of the wind farm and the replaced
synchronous generator Gen3 with respect to Scenario 1.

These figures shows that the introduction of the wind farm

equipped with DFIGs does not significantly affect the time
constant of the damping of the oscillations that occur after the
fault. Although the oscillation amplitudes and shapes are
different, the system remains stable and can return to steady
state finally. For DFIG, with the control strategies of DFIG
converter mentioned before and due to the soft connection
between the mechanical and the electrical side of DFIG, the
active power oscillations of DFIG during fault is relatively
smooth, which is helpful for improving the transient stability.
Scenario 2: the synchronous generator Gen2 at Bus2 is
replaced with a wind farm that is with same installed
generation capacity as the synchronous generator Gen2. The
6th order generator model is considered in course of
simulations. The wind farm consists of 128 GE1.5MW wind
turbines equipped with DFIG. The penetration level of wind
generation in the whole system has been increased further
compared with the case study Scenario 1. Furthermore, the
nonlinear ZIP load model which is a combination of 30%
constant impedance (Z), 40% constant current (I) and 30%
constant power (P) is considered as well. It is assumed that a
three phase temporary fault occurs on Bus9 at time t=0.4s,
and it is cleared at time t=0.5s. The corresponding simulation
results are given in Table II.
TABLE II
TRANSIENT STABILITY INDICES WITH RESPECT TO SCENARIO 2
SG
CCT(s)
CCT(s)

6th+ZIP
64.26
0.2559
60.38
0.1656
Note: 6th denotes the 6th generator model; ZIP denotes the nonlinear load model
mentioned above.
Model

DFIG

In accordance with the simulation results shown in Table II,

the transient stability of the test system is improved with the
increased penetration of grid-connected wind farm based on

the given fault condition.

From Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, it can be seen that under
the specified fault condition, replacing different synchronous
generators in the test power system by the wind farm
equipped with DFIGs with same generation capacity can
improve transient stability of the test power system. However,
the next case study gives the different conclusion.
Scenario 3: the synchronous generator Gen3 at Bus3 is
replaced with a wind farm. The 6th order generator model is
considered in course of simulations. The wind farm consists
of 85 GE1.5MW wind turbines equipped with DFIG.
Furthermore, the nonlinear ZIP load model which is a
combination of 30% constant impedance (Z), 40% constant
current (I) and 30% constant power (P) is considered as well.
A three phase temporary fault occurs on Bus5 (instead of on
Bus9 in Scenario1) at time t=0.4s, and it is cleared at time
t=0.5s. The corresponding simulation results are given in
Table II.
TABLE III
TRANSIENT STABILITY INDICES WITH RESPECT TO SCENARIO 3
DFIG

SG
CCT(s)
CCT(s)

6th+ZIP
64.10
0.2344
65.08
0.2656
Note: 6th denotes the 6th generator model; ZIP denotes the nonlinear load model
mentioned above.
Model

Figures 7(a), 7(b), 7(c) and 7(d) give dynamic responses of

active power, rotor speed, reactive power and terminal voltage
of both the wind farm and the replaced synchronous generator
Gen3 respectively. The solid line corresponds to the DFIG
and the dashed line to synchronous generator Gen3.
(a)Active power output curves

(b)Rotor speed curves

70

80

f (Hz)

P (MW)

100

60

t (s)

t (s)

(c)Reactive power output curves

(d)Terminal voltage curves

[1]
[2]
[3]

150

U (p.u.)

Q (MVar)

With increased penetration of wind power on power

systems, the impacts of wind power penetration on an existing
interconnected large power system dynamic behaviour,
especially the transient stability analysis, must be considered
carefully. In this paper, dynamic mathematical models of
DFIG and its converters are discussed. Studied models
consider the dynamic characteristics of large grid-connected
wind farms. The corresponding simulations are carried out to
provide a quantitative illustration and analysis for the impacts
of wind power on transient stability behaviour of a test power
system. Different synchronous generator dynamic models and
load models are considered during the simulation
comparisons. The analysis and simulation results show that
under the specified fault condition, the increased penetration
level, i.e. replacing synchronous generators with the DFIG
based wind farm in the case studies, tends to improve the
transient stability for a specific test power system. However in
contrast it should also be noticed that in some fault conditions
the transient stability of the test power system is decreased to
some extent with the increased wind power penetration. All in
all, the conclusions presented in this paper should be
considered preliminary and be used prudently, as the results
are still very limited. The impact of wind power on the
transient stability of power systems needs to be elaborately
studied further.
VI. REFERENCES

200

100
50
0
-50

V. CONCLUSIONS

65
60

40

Although some conclusions including that replacing

synchronous generators with wind turbines can be expected to
improve the transient stability, have been drawn based on
such test system, we are not sure if such conclusions are
universal sense. Just as we mentioned before, the impact of
wind power on the transient stability of power systems is a
rather recent research subject, some results and conclusions
are still limited and preliminary.

0.8

[4]
0.6

t (s)

5
Gen3

1
DFIG

t (s)

[5]

Fig. 7. Dynamic responses of both wind farm and the replaced synchronous
generator Gen3 with respect to Scenario 3.

[6]

From the simulation results, especially the CCT given in

Table III, with the specified fault condition (which is different
from Scenario1), the transient stability of the test power
system is decreased to some extent with the high penetration
of the grid-connected wind farm.

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VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Libao Shi (M04) received the Ph.D degree in Electrical Engineering from
Chongqing University, China, in 2000. He is currently an Associate Professor of
the National key laboratory of power systems in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University.
His research interests include power system stability analysis, wind power
application in power systems, computational intelligence, power system optimal
operation and control, EMS/DMS.
Shiqiang Dai was born in 1985, China. He received B.S. degree in Electrical
Engineering from Tsinghua University, China, in 2007. He is a M.S. candidate
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China. His
research interests include wind power in power systems.
Yixin Ni (SM94) received her B. Eng., M. Eng., and Ph. D all from Tsinghua
University, China. She was a former Professor and Director of National Power
System Lab, Tsinghua University and now is Professor with the Graduate School
at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University. Her research interests are power system
stability and control, FACTS, AI applications in power systems and power
markets.
Liangzhong Yao received the MSc degree in 1989 and PhD degree in 1993 all
in electrical power system engineering from Tsinghua University, China. He is
currently a Programmer Manager for Networks, Renewables and Emerging
Technologies and also a Technology Consultant and Senior Expert working in
the areas of network consulting and renewable energy solutions including large
wind farm grid connections at the AREVA T&D Technology Centre, Stafford,
UK.
Masoud Bazargan obtained his B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering in 1983 and
M.Sc. in Systems Engineering in 1985 from The City University, London. Since
joining the industry, he has been mainly working in the area of power system
modelling and simulation. During his career, he has worked for manufacturing as
well as utility and consultancy industries. He is currently the General Manager
at AREVA T&D Technology Centre in Stafford, UK.