1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Resources
(Solar, Wind, Bio-mass, hydal)
Non-Renewable Energy Resources
(Natural Gas, Petroleum, Coal)
General Classification of Fuels
FUELS
Conventional Nuclear
Natural or Fossil Manufactured or Synthetic
238
U
92
;
238
U
92
;
239
Pu
93
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Wood , Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal Bed Methane(CBM)
Marsh Gas
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Coke , Charcoals
Alcohols
Coal gas
Coke oven gas
Producer gas
Water gas
Hydrogen , etc.
NATURAL GAS
Definition(in normal usage) :
Natural Gas in normal usage, is considered to be a
naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons
[C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
4
, C
5
, C
6+
] and non-hydrocarbons
[CO
2
, N
2
, He , H
2
O , H
2
S, RSH, COS, CS
2
,
etc.] associated with petroliferous geologic formations
(rocks in earths crust).
What is Natural Gas ?
Natural Gases as supplied by the utility gas companies,
usually
contain 80 to 95% CH
4
, with C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
, N
2
, etc. making up the remainder.
have heating or calorific value ranging from 900 to 1200 Btu/SCF.
have specific gravity (w.r.t. air = 1.0) varying from 0.58 to 0.79 .

What is Natural Gas ?
Methane (CH
4
) ( Some properties )
Auto- or Spontaneous-ignition Temperature : 1004
o
F (540
o
C)
Flammability Limits : 5% to 15% v
Critical Pressure : 673 psia (45.8 atm)
Critical Temp.: 116.3
o
F (343.7
o
R) OR 82.4
o
C (191
o
K)
( For other properties, see literature)
Generally,
1000 sft
3
( 1 MSCF ) of Natural Gasis equivalent to :
58 kg of Wood
52 kg of (indigenous) Coal
28 liters of Kerosene
0.168 barrel of Crude Oil (petroleum)
285 kwh of Electricity
0.024 tonne of Furnace Oil
21 kg of LPG
What is Natural Gas ?
Raw Gas
Water
Helium
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulphide
Methane
Ethane
Propane
N-Butane
i-Butane
Pentanes +
Gas
Processing
Product Slate
Water
Helium
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulphide
Pipeline gas(Methane)
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
i-Butane
Natural gasoline
Hydrocarbons
Non-hydrocarbons
Water H
2
O
Carbon dioxide CO
2
Nitrogen N
2
Helium He
Hydrogen sulphide H
2
S
Mercaptans RSH
Carbon oxysulphide COS
Carbon disulphide CS
2
Methane C
1
Ethane C
2
Propane C
3
n-Butane n-C
4
i-Butane i-C
4
Pentanes C
5
Hexanes+ C
6+
Natural Gas
Constituents
Hydrocarbons
Non-hydrocarbons
Water H
2
O
Carbon dioxide CO
2
Nitrogen N
2
Helium He
Hydrogen sulphide H
2
S
Mercaptans RSH
Carbon oxysulphide COS
Carbon disulphide CS
2
Methane C
1
Ethane C
2
Propane C
3
n-Butane n-C
4
i-Butane i-C
4
Pentanes C
5
Hexanes+ C
6+
Natural Gas
Constituents
Combustibles
Natural Gas
Constituents
Non-combustibles
H
2
O
CO
2
N
2
He
HCs
H
2
S
RSH
COS
CS
2
Combustibles
Natural Gas
Constituents
Non-combustibles
H
2
O
CO
2
N
2
He
HCs
H
2
S
RSH
COS
CS
2
Hydrocarbons
vs
Non-hydrocarbons
Combustibles
vs
Non- combustibles

Hi st ory of Nat ural Gas

Fi rst U.S. Nat ural Gas Wel l
In 1821, William Hart dug the first natural gas well in
Fredonia, NY.
Format i on
Oi l and gas are found on l and and under
wat er
Sedi ment ary Rock and Pet rol eum Traps
Exploration Production Shipping Refining
Chemical
Manufacturing
Uses
Oi l and Gas Process
Sei smi c Technol ogy
Land Water
Seabed Sei smi c
Core Sampl es
3/30/2010 The NEED Project: 29 Years of Energy Education 19
Dri l l i ng
Dri l l i ng Process
Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole.
Attach the kelly and turntable and begin drilling.
As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe and
out of the bit to float the rock cuttings out of the hole.
Add new sections(joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets
deeper.
Remove(trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit when the pre-
set depth(anywhere from a few hundred to a couple
thousand feet) is reached.
Part s of an Oi l Wel l
Product i on
Christmas Tree Horse Head Pump
SUI GAS
Composition of Raw & Purified Typical Natural Gas from Sui Gas Field
Major Constituents Commercial Units Raw Gas Purified Gas
CH
4
% volume 88.52 94.42
C
2
H
6
0.89 1.05
C
3
H
8
0.26 0.28
C
4+
0.37 0.17
N
2
2.46 3.89
H
2
S Grains / 100 SCF 92.2 Traces
RSH Grains / 100 SCF 3.8 Traces
CO
2
% volume 7.35 0.02
Gross Heating Value Btu / SCF 933 975
7000 grains = 1 avoirdupois pound ; 1 grain = 0.065 gm. ;
635 grains/100 SCF 1% by volume
GAS COMPOSITIONS OF FIELDS RELATING SNGPL NETWORK
GAS HYDRATES
Gas Hydrate Value of X
Methane CH
4
. XH
2
O 6 to 7
Ethane C
2
H
6
. XH
2
O 6 to 8
Propane C
3
H
8
. XH
2
O 7 to 18
Carbon dioxide CO
2
. XH
2
O 6 to 7
Natural gas NG . XH
2
O 9
1 ft
3
of liquid methane@260
o
F 630 ft
3
of gaseous methane
Temperatures >260
o
F can be used if the liquid state is maintained at 325 psigand
155
o
F.
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
LNG
1 Gallon of LNG@263
o
F
weighs 3.46 lbs
has a specific gravityof 0.42
has a heating valueof approximately86,000 Btu
Heat of Vaporizationof LNG at 1 atm 10 Btu/SCF
It requires 6575 Btuto vaporise 1 cu ft of liquid methane.
METHANE
Carbon Black
Acetylene
Hydrogen Cyanide
Ammonia
Hydrogen
H
2
+CO
(Synthesis Gas)
Methanol Formaldehyde
Urea
Steam or Oxygen
Nitrogen
from air
Pyrolysis (minor source)
Partial Combustion (major source)
Oxygen
Air
CHEMICALS FROM METHANE
MAJOR CHEMICALS DERIVED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY FROM METHANE
A General Scheme
Gas Meter
( HC liquids of
45 -65 API Gravity)
Customer
I
II
III
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Concept of Natural Gas System
Gas Processing
VOLUMETRIC GAS COMMERCIAL UNITS
CF CFD CFH
SCF SCFD SCFH
Hundred : 10
2
: CSCF CSCFD CSCFH
Thousand: 10
3
: MSCF MSCFD
Million : 10
6
: MMSCF MMSCFD
Billion :10
9
: BCF
Trillion : 10
12
: TCF
BSm
3
:Billion Standard m
3
TSm
3
:Trillion Standard m
3
1 Hecto cubic meter =1 Hm
3
=100 m
3
3531 SCF
1000 cubic feet =1 MCF = 28.32 m
3
Standard Units of Defined Calorific Values
Barrel of Oil Equivalent (b.o.e.):a hypothetical barrel of oil
with an average heat content of 5.8 x 10
6
Btu gross.
Ton of Oil Equivalent (t.o.e.): a hypothetical ton of oil with
an average heat content of 43 x 10
6
Btu gross.
Metric Tonne Coal Equivalent (m.t.c.e.): a hypothetical metric
tonne of coal with an average heat content of 27.337 x 10
6
Btu
gross, i.e.(12,400 Btu/lbx 2204.62).
Std. Fuel Units ft
3
Natural Gas m
3
Natural Gas
1 b.o.e. 5,800 155.50
1 t.o.e. 43,000 1152.82
1 m.t.c.e. 27,337 732.90
1 ton fuel oil equiv. 41,400 1109.92
Natural Gas Equivalents of Various Fuels
2
ENERGY SCENARIO
NOTE : TOE Ton of Oil Equivalent = Avg.Heating Value of 43 x 10
6
Btu gross
PAKISTAN
OIL & GAS PRODUCTION SCENARIO
REFERENCE : Press Release dated 5-3-2007
100 wells to be drilled per year
Success Ratio to be enhanced from 1:25 to 1:10
Units
Present
Production
Future Production
Target
OIL bbl/day 66,000 1,00,000
GAS BCFD 3.8 5.0
bbl/day barrels per day ; BCFD Billion Cubic Feet per Day
3.8 billion = 3.8 x 10
9
= 3 arb 80 crore ; 5.0 billion = 5 x 10
9
= 5 arb
GAS COMPOSITIONS OF FIELDS RELATING SNGPL NETWORK
Distribution of proved natural gas reserves (%) in 2004
Middle East
Russian Federation
Natural gas production (billion cubic metres ), 1970-2004
3
ORIGIN OF NATURAL GAS
&
EXPLORATION/PROSPECTING
Petroleum Geology
Reservoirs
Etc.
The Milky Way Galaxy
The SUN
150 miles/sec
The Sun
Cross-sectional view of Earths interior
Crust
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Surface
Est. Age of Universe : 14 1 eon
[ 1 Eon =1000 million years =10
9
yrs ]
Key Features related to Earth
Average:
Orbital Speed : 67,000 mph
Rotational Speed : 1037.5 mph
Distance from Sun : 93 million miles
Diameter : 7926 miles (12,756 km)
Est. Total Age : 4600 100 my
Est. Age as Solid Body : 2000 100 my
Approx. Thicknesses of Sections
Crust : 5 -10 km (Avg. : 7 km)
( <0.08% of Earths radius )
Mantle : 2900 km
Upper : 40 -200 km
Middle : 200 -1000 km
Lower : 1000 -2900 km
Core : 3400 km ( 53.3% of radius )
Inner Core : 1260 km
Outer Core : 1140 km
Sand
Mud & Silt
Limestone
Ocean/Sea
River
Beds are also formed as the shoreline recedes.
Geologic Time Scale 1 Eon =1000 million years
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
6
5
Representation of Actual Years in terms
of Equivalent Human Years
OIL/GAS
COAL
16 18 21
EHY
Present Day
300
my
500 my
1 EHY =100 million years ( my )
where
EHY Equivalent Human Year
1 Eon =1000 my
Carbon-Dating Method
C-14
Fossils Buried in Rocks
G
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
T
i
m
e
S
p
i
r
a
l
History of Earth
with Life Forms
FOSSILS
Porphrin molecule
Porphyrin molecule
Porphyrin metal complex
Metal atom/ion
e.g. Fe , Mg , Cu
etc.
7
1
Photographs : Outcrops of Sedimentary Rocks
7
4
Types of Rock Fold
Anticline Fold
7
6
Rock Folds
Surface
Impervious Caprock
Water
Oil
Gas
Limestone
ANTICLINE : Structural
SHEET STRATIGRAPIC
LITHOLOGICAL SCREENED
:Stratigraphic
SALT DOME: Structural
FAULT:
Structural
Anticline
Main Types of TRAPSwith Oil & Gas Deposits
Oil
Surface
Gas Water Clays Limestone Salt
Salt Dome
Sheet
Stratigraphic
Surface
Surface
Surface
Lithological
Screened
Limestone
T
R
A
P
S
T
R
A
P
S
8
0
Structural Traps
Stratigraphic Traps
Simple Anticline
Faulted Anticline
Shoe-string Sand type
Reef Deposit type
8
2
Salt Dome / Salt Plug
type
Unconformity Trap
Interconnected Traps
Stages of Migration of
Water, Oil & Gas from Traps
Gravity : 1.7
2.2
2.4
2.6
3.1
Distribution of Gravity
over a buried Anticline
Gas-cap Drive Reservoir
Combination Water & Gas-cap Drives Reservoir
Water-Drive Reservoir
GEOLOGICAL PROSPECTING & EXPLORATION
Hunt for OIL / GAS
METHODS
GEOPHYSICAL GEOCHEMICAL
Gravimetric Seismic Electrical Magnetic Soil Testing
Chemical
Microbial
Seepage Geologist
Direct Indication Geological Survey
1. Type of Rock
2. Age of Rock
3. History of Rock
gives conducts
Recording Truck
Battery
Receiver Cable
CSU (Control Station Unit)
SU (Station Unit)
Stock of Cables
at the site
Field
An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on, or related
to, the same individual geological structural feature or stratigraphic condition. The field
name refers to the surface area, although it may refer to both the surface and the
underground productive formations.
Reservoir
A porous, permeable sedimentary rock containing commercial quantities of oil and gas.
Discovery Well
The first oil or gas well drilled in a new field. The discovery well is the well that is drilled
to reveal the actual presence of a petroleum-bearing reservoir, Subsequent wells are
development wells.
Few Definitions
Formation
A separate layer of rock or group of intermingled beds.
Wildcat well
A well drilled in an area where no current oil or gas production exists. Also called a
rank wildcat.
Exploratory well
A hole drilled:
a) to find and produce oil or gas in an area previously considered unproductive
area;
b) to find a new reservoir in a known field, i.e., one previously producing oil and gas
from another reservoir, or
c) to extend the limit of a known oil or gas reservoir.
Development well
A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a
stratigraphic horizon known to be productive; a well drilled in a proven field for the
purpose of completing the desired spacing pattern of production.
Gas Well
Any well:
(A) which produces natural gas not associated or blended with crude
petroleum oil at the time of production;
(B) which produces more than 100,000 cubic feet of natural gas for each
barrel of crude petroleum oil from the same producing horizon; or
(C) which produces natural gas from a formation or producing horizon
productive of gas only encountered in a wellbore through which crude
petroleum oil also is produced through the inside of another string of casing
or tubing. A well which produces hydrocarbon liquids, a part of which is
formed by a condensation from a gas phase and a part of which is crude
petroleum oil, shall be classified as a gas well unless there is produced one
barrel or more of crude petroleum oil per 100,000 cubic feet of natural gas;
and that the term "crude petroleum oil" shall not be construed to mean any
liquid hydrocarbon mixture or portion thereof which is not in the liquid phase
in the reservoir, removed from the reservoir in such liquid phase, and
obtained at the surface as such.
Oil Well
Any well which produces one barrel or more crude petroleum oil to each 100,000 cubic
feet of natural gas.
Structural Traps
The traps formed by deformation of the earths
crust by either folding or faulting.
Stratigraphic Traps
The traps formed by changes in lithology,
generally a disappearance of the containing bed
or porosity zone.
These types of traps are more difficult to locate
at depth with remote sensing.
TYPES OF TRAPS
The part of the trap that is actually occupied by the oil and
gas is called the petroleum RESERVOIR.
Note :
Tectonics :
Study of earths large-scale structural features.
Natural Gas Flowpath
from the Well
to Customers Burner
Next . . . .
Gas Meter
( HC liquids of
45 -65 API Gravity)
Customer
I
II
III
Concept of Natural Gas System
Low-Temperature Extraction ( LTX ) System