ChE 350 ChE 350 ChE 350 ChE 350

Process Heat Transfer Process Heat Transfer Process Heat Transfer Process Heat Transfer
1
Darrell Velegol
Penn State University
www.velegol.org
velegol@psu.edu
notes 06jan2009
01 Introduction 01 Introduction 01 Introduction 01 Introduction
today. Conduction, convection, radiation. q = UA T
lm
F
Syllabus
Story CENTER. owNership
Cost of heating a home in winter?
HW / quiz HW 01. Coming on Thursday
2
quiz 01. Pre-test (due Thursday before class)
announce.No class on inauguration day, 20jan2009.
Next week. MLK Jr. week.
pre-read. Ch 1 of Pitts & Sissom (P&S)
Wikipedia Heat Transfer
Heat transfer and sweat Heat transfer and sweat Heat transfer and sweat Heat transfer and sweat
What factors go into how much you sweat
during exercise?
3
Conduction at the Marine Corps Marathon Conduction at the Marine Corps Marathon Conduction at the Marine Corps Marathon Conduction at the Marine Corps Marathon
Mechanism
insulators phonons
metals electrons
4
Convection at the Marine Corps Marathon Convection at the Marine Corps Marathon Convection at the Marine Corps Marathon Convection at the Marine Corps Marathon
5
Mechanism
fluid movement
Radiation at the Marine Corps Marathon Radiation at the Marine Corps Marathon Radiation at the Marine Corps Marathon Radiation at the Marine Corps Marathon
6
Mechanism
electromagnetic radiation
The most important equation in heat transfer The most important equation in heat transfer The most important equation in heat transfer The most important equation in heat transfer
TF UA q =
q = heat transfer rate [=] W or BTU/h
7
q = heat transfer rate [=] W or BTU/h
q = q
conduction
+ q
convection
+ q
radiation
U = overall heat transfer coefficient [=] W/m
2
-K
A = area [=] m
2
T = T
out
T
in
F = geometric factor, often near to 1.000
( )

=
f
t
dt t q Q
0
Example: Body heat lost by heat transfer Example: Body heat lost by heat transfer Example: Body heat lost by heat transfer Example: Body heat lost by heat transfer
How many Cal/day must you eat to keep a
constant body T?
Typical value for U? (P&S p 271)
What is the surface area of a person?
8
now what causes sweat?
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9
Story CENTER: owNership Story CENTER: owNership Story CENTER: owNership Story CENTER: owNership
Where do you imagine yourself
in 5 years? 20 years?
How many books do you read a
year?
Think of your 5 best friends and
list their names. Are you leading
each other in excellence?
Character
Excellence
Ownership
10
each other in excellence?
Name a person who you look up
to. A hero? President of the
United States? Movie star?
Teacher? Your dad or mom?
Ownership
Tenacity
Entrepreneurship
Relationship
Goal: Comfortable, competent talking with experts Goal: Comfortable, competent talking with experts Goal: Comfortable, competent talking with experts Goal: Comfortable, competent talking with experts
1 solve the most essential standard problems.
11
2 apply standard problems to processes and devices.
Lean Pocket and
sleeve (susceptor)
Find me in my office Find me in my office Find me in my office Find me in my office
Instructor: Dr. Darrell Velegol
108 Fenske Lab, (814) 865-8739
velegol@psu.edu, www.velegol.org
Location: 307 Hammond Building, overflow 327 Sackett
Time: Tuesday/Thursday 11:15-12:30
12
Time: Tuesday/Thursday 11:15-12:30
Pre-reqs: ChE 220, 330
Web: ANGEL, take notes!
Our TAs Our TAs Our TAs Our TAs
TAs: Neetu Chaturvedi (175 Fenske + virtual)
Laura Ramirez (175 Fenske + virtual)
Office Hours: 3:30-4:30 Mon for Velegol.
Survey?
13
Course grading Course grading Course grading Course grading
A = 90%, B = 80%, C = 70%, D = 60%.
homework 10%
weekly quiz 30%
midterm exam 30%
final exam (date to be determined) 30%
14
Tentative schedule of topics Tentative schedule of topics Tentative schedule of topics Tentative schedule of topics
Conduction. 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, fins.
Convection. Boundary layers, Sieder-Tate.
Radiation. Blackbodies, gray bodies.
Heat exchangers. F factor, design equation.
Questions.
Size of HX? Cost? Increase capacity enough with flow?
15
Size of HX? Cost? Increase capacity enough with flow?
Will applying radio waves to metal nanoparticles increase T?
Is adding insulation cost effective?
Can a microcomputer be cooled enough?
References. Most are on reserve in Engr Library. References. Most are on reserve in Engr Library. References. Most are on reserve in Engr Library. References. Most are on reserve in Engr Library.
P&S BSL
16
01 Introduction 01 Introduction 01 Introduction 01 Introduction
today. Conduction, convection, radiation. q = UA T
lm
F
Syllabus
Story CENTER. owNership
Cost of heating a home in winter?
HW / quiz HW 01. Coming on Thursday
17
quiz 01. Pre-test (due Thursday before class)
announce.No class on inauguration day, 20jan2009.
Next week. MLK Jr. week.
pre-read. Ch 1 of Pitts & Sissom (P&S)
Wikipedia Heat Transfer
Example: Home heating cost Example: Home heating cost Example: Home heating cost Example: Home heating cost what do you need? what do you need? what do you need? what do you need?
For Velegols home a
typical home estimate
the yearly heating bill
($200, $2k, $20k)? What
do you need to know?
18
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Blank for writing Blank for writing Blank for writing Blank for writing
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Summary Summary Summary Summary
TF UA q =
Character
21
Character
Excellence
Ownership
Tenacity
Entrepreneurship
Relationship
List of symbols for Lecture 01 List of symbols for Lecture 01 List of symbols for Lecture 01 List of symbols for Lecture 01
q = heat transfer rate [=] W or BTU/h
q = q
conduction
+ q
convection
+ q
radiation
U = overall heat transfer coefficient [=] W/m
2
-K
A = area [=] m
2
T = T
out
T
in
F = geometric factor, often near to 1.000
22
F = geometric factor, often near to 1.000
( )

=
f
t
dt t q Q
0
Opinion Box Opinion Box Opinion Box Opinion Box
Take out a sheet of paper.
Keep your paper anonymous, without your name.
Let me know
What made sense?
What was confusing?
23
What was confusing?
Questions? Technical? Center? Personal? Fun?
Suggestions?
Comments?
02 The Conduction Equation 02 The Conduction Equation 02 The Conduction Equation 02 The Conduction Equation
today. demo: the magic conducting spoon!
four important conservation laws
general conduction equation
HW / quiz. HW 01. Would you hire yourself? Ch 01 Problems.
quiz 02. Chs 01 and part of 02
24
quiz 02. Chs 01 and part of 02
announce.No class on 20jan2009.
Next week. MLK Jr. week.
pre-read. P&S chs 01 and 02
Opinion Box Opinion Box Opinion Box Opinion Box
What made sense?
What was confusing?
Questions? Technical? Center? Personal? Fun?
Suggestions?
Comments?
25
A demonstration of conduction A demonstration of conduction A demonstration of conduction A demonstration of conduction
What factors go into how quickly a spoon
gets hot or cold by conduction?
26
Quantifying conduction Quantifying conduction Quantifying conduction Quantifying conduction
dx
dT
kA q =
Fouriers Law
27
q
cond
= conductive heat flow [=] W or BTU/h
k = thermal conductivity [=] W/m-K or BTU/h-ft-F
A = area of transfer [=] m
2
dT/dx = temperature gradient [=] K/m or F/ft
Fouriers Law
Example: P&S 1.1 about conduction Example: P&S 1.1 about conduction Example: P&S 1.1 about conduction Example: P&S 1.1 about conduction
Find heat per area
through 4.0 cm slab,
with T
1
= 38 C, T
2
= 21
C, k = 0.19 W/m-K.
28
blank blank blank blank
29
For more complex problems, need conduction eq For more complex problems, need conduction eq For more complex problems, need conduction eq For more complex problems, need conduction eq
P&S p 18-19
30
The mass balance The mass balance The mass balance The mass balance
m out in
r m m
dt
dm
+ =
reactions, ChE 430
e.g., r
m
= kC
A
C
B
flow (ChE 330)
macroscopic mass balance (ChE 210)
31
e.g., r
m
= kC
A
C
B
flow (ChE 330)
diffusion (ChE 410)
Antoine Lavoisier
( )
0
0

= +

v
v

t
microscopic mass balance (various forms)
The momentum balance (Newtons law) The momentum balance (Newtons law) The momentum balance (Newtons law) The momentum balance (Newtons law)
b v v v
v
+ =
|

\
|
+

=
p
t
F ma
2

32
Fluid flow, ChE 330
Isaac Newton George Gabriel Stokes
1643-1727 1819-1903
The energy balance (1 The energy balance (1 The energy balance (1 The energy balance (1
st st st st
law of thermo) law of thermo) law of thermo) law of thermo)
w q h m h m gx
v
u m
dt
d
out out in in
& & & + + =
(

\
|
+ +
2
2
Heat Transfer, ChE 350
33
Thermo, ChE 220, 320
F T UA q
lm
=
James Joule
1818-1889
The entropy balance (2 The entropy balance (2 The entropy balance (2 The entropy balance (2
nd nd nd nd
law of thermo) law of thermo) law of thermo) law of thermo)
Thermo, ChE 320
( )
T
q
s m s m
dt
ms d
out out in in
+ = & &
34
Rudolph Clausius
1822-1888
How does entropy matter? $ / MM BTUs
higher pressure steam costs more
than lower pressure steam
for the same energy content.
The conduction equation from a control volume The conduction equation from a control volume The conduction equation from a control volume The conduction equation from a control volume
P&S p 16
35
Conduction equation from a control volume Conduction equation from a control volume Conduction equation from a control volume Conduction equation from a control volume
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
T zc y x
T zc y x T Vc T mc U
V q q q q q q q
t
U
gen out in acc
v v v
z z z y y y x x x
= = =

+ + + =
+ =
+ + +

rate of heat generated per volume
(e.g., reaction, electrical, nuclear)
36
( ) ( ) ( )
W ] [
dx
dT
z y k
dx
dT
kA q
z y x q q q q q q q
t
T zc y x
x
z z z y y y x x x
v
= = =

+ + + =
+ + +

blank blank blank blank
37
Complete form of the conduction equation Complete form of the conduction equation Complete form of the conduction equation Complete form of the conduction equation
v
q
z
T
k
z y
T
k
y x
T
k
x t
T
c
k
. V

+
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

v
c

0 as limit take and Substitute
38
v v
c
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
c
k
t
T


+
|
|

\
|

2
2
2
2
2
2

... k uniform constant, Assume
v v
c
q
T
c
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
t
T

+ =

+
|
|

\
|

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
P&S p 16, eq 2.2
blank blank blank blank
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Story CENTER: Entrepreneurship Story CENTER: Entrepreneurship Story CENTER: Entrepreneurship Story CENTER: Entrepreneurship
Character
Excellence
Ownership
Tenacity
40
Tenacity
Entrepreneurship
Relationship
http://www.mlk.psu.edu
The conduction equation for several cases The conduction equation for several cases The conduction equation for several cases The conduction equation for several cases
0 . conversion energy with state, Steady .
. 0 ), conversion energy internal No .
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2


=
|
|

\
|

=

q T T T
. t /
z
T
y
T
x
T
t
T
q
equation Poisson
equation Fourier

41
0
. 0 0 .
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

= =

=

+

z
T
y
T
x
T
t / , q
k
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
equation Laplace
The conduction equation in various coordinates The conduction equation in various coordinates The conduction equation in various coordinates The conduction equation in various coordinates
v
v
c
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
t
T
c
q
T
t
T

+
|
|

\
|

+ =

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
: Cartesian
42
v
c
q
z
T T
r r
T
r r
T
t
T

+
|

\
|

2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1 1
: l Cylindrica
The conduction equation in various coordinates The conduction equation in various coordinates The conduction equation in various coordinates The conduction equation in various coordinates
( )
v
c
q
T
sin r
T
sin
sin r
rT
r r
t
T

+
|
|
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

2
2
2 2
2 2
2
1
1 1
: Spherical
43
In P&S they use for .
Example: P&S 1.1 for T profile Example: P&S 1.1 for T profile Example: P&S 1.1 for T profile Example: P&S 1.1 for T profile
Find the temperature
profile for a 4.0 cm
slab, with T
1
= 38 C, T
2
= 21 C, k = 0.19 W/m-K.
44
blank blank blank blank
45
List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02
A = area for heat transfer [=] m
2
b = body force [=] N/m
3
c
v
= constant volume heat capacity [=] J/kg-K; c = c
v
c
p
for solid
g = gravitational acceleration [=] 9.8 m/s
2
h = enthalpy per mass [=] J/kg; later used as heat transfer coef
k = thermal conductivity [=] W/m-K or BTU / h-ft-F
m = mass [=] kg or lb
m
(note to use g
c
conversion with lb
m
)
46
m = mass [=] kg or lb
m
(note to use g
c
conversion with lb
m
)
m = mass flowrate [=] kg/s when m has an overdot
p = pressure [=] Pa
List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02
q = heat transfer rate [=] W or BTU/h
q = heat generation rate per volume [=] W/m
3
s = entropy per mass [=] J/kg-K
T = temperature [=] C or K or F or R
u = internal energy per mass [=] J/kg
U = internal energy [=] J; usually used in HT for overall HT coef
v = velocity, v = speed [=] m/s
47
v = velocity, v = speed [=] m/s
V = volume [=] m
3
w = rate of work [=] W
x, y, z, r = distances in various coordinates [=] m
( )

=
f
t
dt t q Q
0
List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02
= k/c = thermal diffusivity [=] m
2
/s
= change in, as in x.
( in P&S), = angles in various coordinates [=] none
= viscosity [=] kg/m-s or Pa-s; 1 cP = 0.001 Pa-s.
= mass density [=] kg/m
3
= i
x
/x + i
y
/y + i
z
/z

2
=
2
/x
2
+
2
/y
2
+
2
/z
2
48

2
=
2
/x
2
+
2
/y
2
+
2
/z
2
title title title title
49
03 1 03 1 03 1 03 1- -- -D Conduction Problems D Conduction Problems D Conduction Problems D Conduction Problems
today. resistances in series (like Ohms law)
heat generation
story CENTER. Entrepreneurship
convective boundary condition
HW / quiz. HW 01. Would you hire yourself? Ch 01 Problems.
50
HW / quiz. HW 01. Would you hire yourself? Ch 01 Problems.
quiz 02. Chs 01 and 02
announce.Mid-term Exam.
pre-read. P&S ch 02
title title title title
51
title title title title
52
title title title title
53
title title title title
54
Blank for writing Blank for writing Blank for writing Blank for writing
55
Heat transfer in context: the 4 conservation laws Heat transfer in context: the 4 conservation laws Heat transfer in context: the 4 conservation laws Heat transfer in context: the 4 conservation laws
general idea: acc = in out + gen
MB. mass balance
MoB. momentum balance, also Newtons law
EB. energy balance, also 1
st
law of thermodynamics
EnB. entropy balance, also 2
nd
law of thermodynamics
56
EnB. entropy balance, also 2 law of thermodynamics
Blank for writing Blank for writing Blank for writing Blank for writing
57
title title title title
58
List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02
A = area for heat transfer [=] m
2
b = body force [=] N/m
3
c
v
= constant volume heat capacity [=] J/kg-K; c = c
v
c
p
for solid
g = gravitational acceleration [=] 9.8 m/s
2
h = enthalpy per mass [=] J/kg; later used as heat transfer coef
k = thermal conductivity [=] W/m-K or BTU / h-ft-F
m = mass [=] kg or lb
m
(note to use g
c
conversion with lb
m
)
59
m = mass [=] kg or lb
m
(note to use g
c
conversion with lb
m
)
m = mass flowrate [=] kg/s when m has an overdot
p = pressure [=] Pa
List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02
q = heat transfer rate [=] W or BTU/h
q = heat generation rate per volume [=] W/m
3
s = entropy per mass [=] J/kg-K
T = temperature [=] C or K or F or R
u = internal energy per mass [=] J/kg
U = internal energy [=] J; usually used in HT for overall HT coef
v = velocity, v = speed [=] m/s
60
v = velocity, v = speed [=] m/s
V = volume [=] m
3
w = rate of work [=] W
x, y, z, r = distances in various coordinates [=] m
( )

=
f
t
dt t q Q
0
List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02 List of symbols for Lecture 02
= k/c = thermal diffusivity [=] m
2
/s
= change in, as in x.
( in P&S), = angles in various coordinates [=] none
= viscosity [=] kg/m-s or Pa-s; 1 cP = 0.001 Pa-s.
= mass density [=] kg/m
3
= i
x
/x + i
y
/y + i
z
/z

2
=
2
/x
2
+
2
/y
2
+
2
/z
2
61

2
=
2
/x
2
+
2
/y
2
+
2
/z
2
Opinion Box Opinion Box Opinion Box Opinion Box
Take out a sheet of paper.
Keep your paper anonymous, without your name.
Let me know
What made sense?
What was confusing?
62
What was confusing?
Questions? Technical? Center? Personal? Fun?
Suggestions?
Comments?
04 Fins 04 Fins 04 Fins 04 Fins
today. rectangular fins
annular fins
story CENTER. Entrepreneurship
fin efficiency
HW / quiz. HW 01. Would you hire yourself? Ch 01 Problems.
63
HW / quiz. HW 01. Would you hire yourself? Ch 01 Problems.
quiz 02. Chs 01 and 02
announce.Mid-term Exam.
pre-read. P&S ch 02
Opinion Box Opinion Box Opinion Box Opinion Box
What made sense?
What was confusing?
Questions? Technical? Center? Personal? Fun?
Suggestions?
Comments?
64
Thank you! Thank you! Thank you! Thank you!
65
title title title title
66
Quantifying Convection Quantifying Convection Quantifying Convection Quantifying Convection
q
conv
= convective heat flow [=] W
A = area of transfer [=] m
2
h = heat transfer coefficient [=] W/m
2
-K
T
s
= surface temperature [=] K
( )

= T T hA q
s conv
67
T
s
= surface temperature [=] K
T

= ambient temperature [=] K
Example: Cost to heat Empire State Building Example: Cost to heat Empire State Building Example: Cost to heat Empire State Building Example: Cost to heat Empire State Building
How much does it cost to
heat the Empire State
Building?
$380,000
$3,800,000
68
$3,800,000
$38,000,000?