These terms did not change in the fourteenth century.

Pavii cites a fourteenth-

century reference to a minor nobleman in the village of Trpinja who
was called a Slav (Sclavus).17


In November 1289 a citizen of Zadar sold some land
in the region of St. Elia to a certain Bratoslav Croatin. Later in the text he is
called Crevatin.117 It is unknown why this individual was identiAed as a
Croat, unlike his many contemporaries who called themselves or were labeled
Slavs, even though they came from territory under the Ban of Croatia.

Another Byzantine dux was known as Roger Sclavone. We
have a Latin text (published by the seventeenth-century historian Lucius) of
a letter, certainly written in Greek, by Emperor Manuel to his deputy in
Dalmatia,
which addresses him as Rogerius Sclavoni. He was certainly a Norman,
so the nickname probably arose from his appointment rather than
place of origin.157

Putanec cites a
nicknamed individual from each region, the Franciscan Matheus Dalmatinus
de Ossero (from Venetian-controlled Osor) and a printer active ca. 1500,
Gregory
(Grgur) Dalmatinus from Senj.255

The problem of the signiAcance of the word Croatian arises also in the
cases of two Agures found by Foreti in two documents from 1473 and 1474.
The Arst document, a grant of trading privileges from 1473, which was written
in Slavic and Cyrillic, states, We Croatian Damjan (Hrvat Damjan) of Litva
Ban of the states (rusagov) of Dalmatia, Croatia, and the Slavonian land. In
the second text Ban of Croatia Damjan Hrvat was simply passing on a
document
for the King of Hungary through a subordinate who was similarly identiAed
as Djura Hrvat, the Castellan of Klis.331 Not too long thereafter, in a November
1486 excerpt from a register from Senj, among the people involved in
a dispute over land was a certain Martinus Croata from Rakovica.332 The chief
of the garrison defending the city of Krk in 1480 on behalf of Ivan Frankapan
was called Petar the Croat (Crovachiani) or Petar the Krbavian.333 Petars two
nicknames are clearly based on his geographical origin, one fairly broad and
the other more speciAc. The same is very likely the case with the other
individuals
mentioned in the paragraph as well.
331. V. Foreti, Povijest Dubrovnika I, pp. 29495.
332. V. Klai (ed.), Dubrovaka vlastela unjevii u Senju i Vinodolu od god.
14771502,
Vjestnik Kr. hrvatsko-slavonsko-dalmatinskog zemaljskog arkiva 3, nos. 34,
1901, p. 238.
333. V. Klai, Krki knezovi Frankapani, p. 281.

Another writer, Koriolan
Cipiko (Cippico: 142593), who was born in Trogir, used the term Illyrian
for all the Slavic people, in particular for those from Dalmatia. Antoljak cites
Cipiko saying that in his own time people seen as Illyrians were Slavs (possibly
in the sense of Slavonians), Bosnians, Dalmatians, Croats (Croaci), Istrians,
and Carniolians.363 According to Gligo, however, Cipikos favorite term
was Dalmatian, with Illyrian deAnitely in second place.364

Janus Pannonius was not the only Slavonian referred to as a Dalmatian.
A certain Martin from Krievci in Slavonia studied at a Husite school in Prague
in 1402. He worked with Hus himself, who stated that Martin was from
Dalmatia,
which had a direct border with the Turks.403 Whether the source for the
label was Hus, who may have had a misunderstanding of geography, or Martin
himself, who for some reason may have had a broad concept of Dalmatia, is
unknown.
It is not impossible that Martin had had his origins on the coast and
subsequently moved to Krievci, and, despite the move, retained an attachment
to Dalmatia.

Maruli also exhibited strong patriotism for his city, Split; his region,
whether Dalmatia (referred to on occasion as our Dalmatia) or Croatia; and
his people, whether Croatians, Illyrians, or Slavs, all of which terms he used.
He was strongly opposed to the Turks, whom he describes as ravaging Illyria
and hammering the cities of Croatia. In his Prayer against the Turks he lists
those warring against them by name: Croats, Bosnians, Greeks, Latins, Serbs,
and Poles.32 He reacted strongly to the claim of an Italian, Jacob Philip from
Bergamo, that St. Jerome was an Italian and insisted that he was an Illyrian.33

Nicholas Koluni was the military Captain of Senj in 149596 and in
1502 was Master of the [Hungarian] Royal Cavalry. Documents refer to him
both by his name and also as Nicholas the Croat (Nicolaus Horvath/Horwath
or Nikolao Crovato/Croato).117 We do not know what this identity label
meant to him. However, it is worth noting that Senj, where he served and
where he may well have grown up, was a center in which Croat identity was
expressed.