Resource Allocation and Power Control Scheme for Cellular Network

Based D2D (Device-to-Device) Communication

1
Tae-Sub Kim,
2
Suk-Ho Yoon,
3
Seungwan Ryu,
4
Choong-Ho Cho
1, First Author
Department of Computer and Information Science, Korea University, Korea,
ree31206@korea.ac.kr
2,
Department of Computer and Information Science, Korea University, Korea,
bluepig5@korea.ac.kr
3,
Department of Information Systems, Chung-Aug University, Korea, ryu@cau.ac.kr
*4,Corresponding Author
Department of Computer and Information Science, Korea University, Korea,
chcho@korea.ac.kr

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a resource allocation and Tx power control scheme, called resource
allocation and power control (RAPC), in LTE Advanced device-to-device (D2D) network. In the
proposed scheme, the macro base station (mBS) and D2D senders (D2DSs) service macro user
equipments (mUEs) and D2D receivers (D2DRs) use the different frequency bands and Tx power
chosen as D2D links locations in inner and outer zones to reduce interference substantially.
Simulations show the proposed scheme outperforms D2D networks with soft frequency reuse (SFR)
systems in terms of the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) and system throughput for mUEs
and D2DRs.

Keywords: LTE-Advanced, Interference Mitigation, Device-to-Device Communication, Resource
Allocation, Power Control

1. Introduction

Recently, the amounts of traffic to be treated by cellular networks have increased as mobile
multimedia services have become popular. In particular, the macro base station (mBS) handles more
traffic than in the past years because of the fast-growing needs of high data rate services. However, the
radio resources in cellular networks are limited and the installation cost of mBS is high. In [1] it has
been proposed to handle the local peer-to-peer traffic in a reliable, scalable, and cost-efficient manner
by enabling direct device-to-device (D2D) communication as an underlay to the IMT Advanced
cellular network.
D2D communication is the technology enabling mUEs to directly communicate with each other
without the help of mBS. D2D communication can offload the traffic handled by mBS and reduce end-
to-end transmission delay since end users are able to directly exchange data without the intervention of
mBS. However, D2D links may generate high interference to mUEs located in their communication
areas if they use the same spectrumwith the mUEs for data transmission [2][3].
As shown in Figure 1, we initially conducted an experiment in order to examine the interference
effect between D2D communication and cellular system. The experiment environment was set as a
single-cell, and the experiment was conducted in the 200 D2D links environment with 20W for mBS'
Tx power, and 6.3mW and 251mW for D2DS's Tx power. Experiment results showed that the signal to
interference and noise ratio (SINR) value received by mUE decreased and that mUE of the cell edge
region receives almost no service. (outage ratio, below -6dB, [4])
To solve this problem, research on reducing interference between D2DRs and mUEs in cellular
network supporting D2D communication was conducted. When earlier studies are examined, in [2],
they suggested the technique of using D2D links' channels first if frequency bands were not already
being utilized in the mBS, and observing the D2DRs' channel status if all frequency bands are used and
getting assigned the best channel from mBS. Also, in [5], the technique of measuring one's own
channel gain and the channel gain till mUE that uses an applicable channel, and assigns the lowest
gaining channel to the D2D terminal, was suggested, but such studies focus on the cell center
interference control and do not improve the performance of mUEs for the cell edge. Also, they are not
designed to respond to strong signals that are received from the cell center for D2DRs. Lastly, in [6],
Resource Allocation and Power Control Scheme for Cellular Network Based D2D (Device-to-Device) Communication
Tae-Sub Kim, Suk-Ho Yoon, Seungwan Ryu, Choong-Ho Cho
Journal of Convergence Information Technology(JCIT)
Volume8, Number7,April 2013
doi:10.4156/jcit.vol8.issue7.7
47
resource allocation that considers the interference and power optimization technique was studied.
However, in this case, there was a high possibility of heavy collisions occurring between the two links
by due to random allocation of frequency resources regardless of the cellular link and D2D link.

mBS
D2D link mUE
INTERFERENCE
5
0
0
m
0 100 200 300 400 500
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
X is SINR value less than -6dB
Received SINR of mUE(mBS power 15W)
mUE locations form mBS of a given cell (m)
A
v
g
.
S
I
N
R

(
d
B
)


w/oD2D
wD2D(#50/6.3mW)
wD2D(#200/6.3mW)
wD2D(#50/251mW)
wD2D(#200/251mW)

Figure 1. Received SINR of mUE

Therefore, we can consider the resource allocation and power control methods that reduce the
interference of the cellular link and D2D link by using the frequency reuse scheme, so that the
performance at the cell-edge of cellular links can be improved and the D2D link can respond to a
strong signal at the cell center.

(a) FRF1 (b) Reuse3
(d) SFR (c) FFR
F3
F2
F1
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
F3
F2
F1
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
F3
F2
F1
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
Inner
Outer
F3
F2
F1
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
F2
F1
F3
F2
F1
F3
F2
F1
F3
F2
F1
F3
Figure 2. Reuse 1 and other static partition based schemes (Omni-antenna)

As shown in Figure 2, several schemes of inter-cell interference mitigation are being considered in
OFDMA networks, such as fractional frequency reuse (FFR) [7] and soft frequency reuse (SFR) [8].
Partial reuse adopts different reuse factors for the cell center and cell edge. Thus, partial reuse schemes
can achieve a much higher network capacity compared to traditional frequency reuse schemes and can
simultaneously reduce inter-cell interference compared to a frequency reuse factor (FRF) of 1.
However, since the cell edges use a higher reuse factor, the cell edge spectral efficiency may be
significantly degraded compared to the cell center.
In this paper, we propose a resource allocation and Tx power control scheme, called resource
allocation and power control (RAPC), in LTE Advanced D2D network. Simulations show the proposed
Resource Allocation and Power Control Scheme for Cellular Network Based D2D (Device-to-Device) Communication
Tae-Sub Kim, Suk-Ho Yoon, Seungwan Ryu, Choong-Ho Cho
48
scheme outperforms D2D networks with soft frequency reuse (SFR) [8] systems in terms of the signal
to interference and noise ratio (SINR) and systemthroughput for mUEs and D2DRs.

6
7
2
1
5
4
3
site1
site3
site2
Inner zone
Outer zone
mBS
D2D link
mUE
mBS1
D2D Communication
Sender
(D2DS)
Receiver
(D2DR)

Figure 3. System topology

2. System Model

2.1. System Topology and Path Loss Model

As shown in Figure 3, we consider a system topology with 7 hexagonal macrocells and the inter-site
distance is B
Intcr
in meter (m) to analyze the performance. We assume that each mBS is located at the
center of each macrocell and has cell identification (ID). For example, an mBS with cell ID =i is
described as mBS
I
. mUEs and D2DSs are randomly deployed in the macrocell coverage and stationary.
In each cell, D2DSs are distributed in grid pattern with distance of 50m in each cell, and D2DRs are
apart from their corresponding D2DSs with distance q, where q is uniform random variable in [1 20] m.
The target cell is the center macrocell, mBS
1
, and interfering neighbor mBSs to mUEs and D2DSs in
each cell site of mBS
1
.
We consider a path loss model for mUE and D2DR [9] [10], PL
mUE
,m
is the link between the mBS
I

and the m-th mUE, m0E
I,m
, in the coverage of mBS
I
and PL
D2DR
,],h
is the link between the j-th D2DS
and the h-th D2DR, B2BR
I,j,h
, in the j-th D2DS coverage of mBS
I
, as shown in (1) and (2).
The path-loss is modeled according to micro-urban models ITU-R report [11]. We apply different
path-loss models to D2DRs and mUEs as given in Eqs. (1) and (2). The path-losses of the micro-urban
models for D2DRs (PL
D2DR
,],h
) and mUEs (PL
mUE
,m
) are expressed as

, ,
2 10 10
40log [ ] 30log [ ] 49
i j h
D DR c
PL d km f MHz = + +

(1)
,
10 10
36.7log [ ] 40.9 26log ( [ ]/5)
i m
mUE c
PL d m f GHz = + +

(2)

Where d represents distance between a sender and a receiver, and f
c
means carrier frequency of the
system. The azimuth antenna pattern, u
I,m
, between the mBS
I
and m0E
I,m
is as shown in (3).

,
3
min 12 , , 180 180
i m
dB
G G
u
q u
u
( | |
= s s
( |
\ .
(3)

where, u

= 4uBi is the maximum antenna gain,

3dB
= 7u

is the 3dB bandwidth, and = 2uuB is

the maximum attenuation.

2.2. Physical Frame Structure and Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) Model
Resource Allocation and Power Control Scheme for Cellular Network Based D2D (Device-to-Device) Communication
Tae-Sub Kim, Suk-Ho Yoon, Seungwan Ryu, Choong-Ho Cho
49

The physical frame structure in our D2D network is orthogonal frequency division multiple access
(OFDMA)-frequency division duplex (FDD). The length of each frame is 10ms and a frame consists of
10 sub-frames. Also, each sub-frame has two slots (a slot is 0.5ms) and each sub channel per slot is the
unit of resource block (RB) [12] but we name a sub-channel per symbols RB is this paper. The
numbers of sub-channels and symbols are S and Z, respectively.
The SINR model is defined as the ratio of a signal power to the interference power for the b-th RB
in the a-th sub-channel, RB
a,b
. We assume that X mBSs are placed in a given area and Y D2DSs are
deployed in each macrocells coverage. Also, L mUEs are serviced by each mBS and F D2DRs are
serviced by each D2DS.
Under these assumptions, let R
mBS
,m
RB
a,b
and R
D2DS
,],h
RB
a,b
be strengths of received signal for the b-th RB
(1 b Z) in the a-th sub-channel (1 a S) from the i-th mBS (1 i X) to the m-th mUE
(1 m L) in the i-th macrocell coverage and from the j-th D2DS (1 j Y) to the h-th D2DR
(1 h F) in the j-th D2DS coverage in the i-th macrocell coverage, respectively. The SINR of the
m0E
I,m
for the RB
a,b
,
mUE
,m
RB
a,b
, can be expressed as (4). N
0
is the white noise power. I
mBS
x,m
RB
a,b
and
I
D2DS
x,y,m
RB
a,b
are the strengths of interfering signal from the x-th mBS and from the y-th D2DS in the x-th
macrocell coverage to the m0E
I,m
for the RB
a,b
.
x,m
and
a,b
which are binary values are 1 else 0 if
mBS
x
is in the group of interfering neighbor mBSs for the m-th mUE and the RB
a,b
is used by the
neighbor mBSs or D2DSs, respectively. The SINR of the B2BR
I,j,h
for the RB
a,b
,
D2DR
,],h
RB
a,b
, can be
expressed as (5).

,
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
0 , , 2 ,
1, 1 1
a b
i m a b
i m
a b a b
x m x y m
RB
mBS RB
mUE X X Y
RB RB
mBS x m a b D DS a b
x x i x y
R
N I I

e
= = = =
=
+ +

(4)
,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
2
2
0 , 2 ,
1 1 1
1,
a b
i j h
a b
i j h
a b a b
x h x y h
RB
D DS
RB
D DR X X Y
RB RB
mBS a b D DS a b
y x x
x y j
R
N I I

= = = | |
|
= =
\ .
=
+ +

(5)

3. Proposed Resource Allocation and Power Control Scheme

As shown in Figure 4, D2DSs allocate randomly RBs in DL subframe (RB
Inncr
and RB
outcr
) for
D2DRs in conventional D2DS networks with SFR system. Thus, D2DSs cause substantial interference
for mUEs in the outer zone and D2DRs in the inner zone are affected by substantial interference from
the mBS.
In the proposed scheme, mBSs and D2DSs service mUEs and D2DRs using different RBs in
RB
outcr
to reduce strong interference of outer zone, as shown in Figure 5 D2DSs in the outer zone
service their D2DRs using RBs in RB
outcr
, except the same sub-channel group for mUEs in the same
site, because D2DRs in the outer zone are affected by substantial interference from the mBS. In
addition mBSs and D2DSss powers are controlled. We increase powers of mBS and D2DS for mUE
and D2DR in the outer zone, and increase D2Ds power for D2D resource used in inner zone and mUE
resource used outer zone which has interference.

Resource Allocation and Power Control Scheme for Cellular Network Based D2D (Device-to-Device) Communication
Tae-Sub Kim, Suk-Ho Yoon, Seungwan Ryu, Choong-Ho Cho
50
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
15W 15W
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
Low
power
Low
power
6
7
2
1
5
4
3
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
15W
15W 15W 15W
15W 15W 15W
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
D2D Communication
site1
site3
site2
Inner zone
Outer zone
F1,F2,F3
F3
F1
F2
Site3
Site2
Site1
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
22W
22W
22W
mUE( ) D2DR( ) mUE( ) D2DR( )

Figure 4. Random resource allocation (RRA) scheme for mUEs and D2DRs

p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
15W 15W
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
251
mW
251
mW
mUE( ) D2DR( )
6
7
2
1
5
4
3
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
22W
mUE( )
15W
15W 15W 15W
15W 15W 15W
p
o
w
e
r
Frequency
D2DR( )
D2D Communication
22W
22W
site1
site3
site2
Inner zone
Outer zone
F1,F2,F3
F3
F1
F2
Site3
Site2
Site1
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
Low
power
251
mW
251
mW
251
mW
251
mW
251
mW
251
mW
251
mW

Figure 5. Proposed resource allocation and power control scheme (RAPC) for mUEs and D2DRs

We analyze the throughputs for m0E
I,m
and B2BR
I,j,h
, T
mUE
,m
and T
D2DR
,],h
, using the Shannon
theorem as expressed in (6) and (7).

Resource Allocation and Power Control Scheme for Cellular Network Based D2D (Device-to-Device) Communication
Tae-Sub Kim, Suk-Ho Yoon, Seungwan Ryu, Choong-Ho Cho
51
,
, ,
, , 2
1 1
( ) log (1 )
s z
i m i m
S Z
RB
mUE s z s z mUE
s z
T RB
= =
= +

(6)
,
, , , ,
2 , , 2 2
1 1
( ) log (1 )
s z
i j h i j h
S Z
RB
D DR s z s z D DR
s z
T RB
= =
= +

(7)

Where,
s,z
is a binary value and
s,z
= 1 else
s,z
= u if the RB
s,z
is used by the muE
,m
and
2R
,],h
. The system throughputs for mBS and all D2DS, I
mBS,
and I
2S,
, in the i-th macrocell are
calculated by (8) and (9).
,
,
1
i l
L
mBS i mUE
l
T T
=
=

(8)
, ,
2 , 2
1 1
i y f
Y F
D DS i D DR
y f
T T
= =
=

(9)

4. Performance Evaluation

We investigated the DL performance of the proposed frequency planning and power management
scheme in terms of the systemthroughput and outage probability of mUEs and D2DRs for D2D
networks using a Monte Carlo simulation. We performed 30,000 independent simulations and
evaluated system performance according to the number of D2DSs in the analysis. The values of X, S, Z,
Y, L, and F are 7, 5, 10, 200(dense distribution), 30, and 1, respectively. We assume that the mBS and
D2DSs allocate only one RB for each mUE and D2DR, respectively. The mBS does not allocate the
same RBs to mUEs in the same cell but D2DSs allocate randomly an RB in allocated channel groups
for each D2DR. Log-normal shadow fading is considered with zero mean and standard deviations of
8dB for the link between the mBS and mUEs, and 9dB for the link between the D2DS and D2DRs but
multi-path fading is not considered. Table 1 gives the key parameters.

Table 1. System parameters
Parameter Value
Carrier Frequency 2GHz
Bandwidth for DL 10MHz
B
Intcr
866m / 500m(radius)
B
Inncr
300m
mBS Tx power (P
mBS
)
Inner zone 41.76dBm(15W)
Outer zone 43.42dBm(22W)
D2DS Tx power (P
2S
)
High Power 24dBm(251mW)
Low Power 10, 15, 20dBm (10,32,100mW)
Noise power density (N
0
) -174dBm/Hz

Figure 6 illustrates SINR CDF of mUEs. As shown in Figure 6, the SINR of mUEs in network
without D2D network is higher than the others because the mUEs are not interfered by D2DSs. In the
network supporting D2D communication, SINR of mUEs is degraded due to interference from D2D
communication. The mUEs in the proposed scheme achieve higher SINR than those in SFR scheme.
This is because mUEs in cell outer region use different radio resource, and increase mBSs power for
mUEs in outer zone.
Figure 7 shows the SINR CDF of the D2DRs. SINR of D2DRs in the proposed scheme is higher
than the other scheme. This is because two reasons as follows. First, D2DSs in cell outer region use
different radio resource. Second, BSs and D2DSss powers are controlled. We increase powers of mBS
Resource Allocation and Power Control Scheme for Cellular Network Based D2D (Device-to-Device) Communication
Tae-Sub Kim, Suk-Ho Yoon, Seungwan Ryu, Choong-Ho Cho
52
and D2DS for mUE and D2DR in the outer zone, and increase D2Ds power for D2D resource used in
inner zone and mUE resource used outer zone which has interference.
Figure 8 shows the systemthroughput using other D2D power. RAPC schemes performance in
outer zone (edge) is higher than SFR schemes when increase D2DSs power. This is because we
allocate to mUE and D2D different radio frequency in outer zone, and we control each power. The
results of the proposed scheme with mUEs in outer zone are approximately increased by 5%, 6%, and
11% compared to those of the SFR systemwhen the P
D2DS
are 10, 15, and 20dBm, respectively.
Figure 9 describes the results of C
D2DS,I
that increase linearly, as the P
D2DS
increases. RAPC scheme
has approximately same performance in outer zone than SFR scheme. The results of the proposed
scheme with D2DSs in outer zone are approximately increased by 24%, 9% compared to those of the
SFR system when P
D2DS
are 10, 15dBm, respectively.

-40 -20 0 20 40 60
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
SINR (dB)
C
D
F

w/oD2D
SFR(10dBm)
SFR(15dBm)
SFR(20dBm)
RAPC(10dBm)
RAPC(15dBm)
RAPC(20dBm)
10 12 14
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57


Figure 6. Outage probability for mUEs.
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
SINR (dB)
C
D
F

SFR(10dBm)
SFR(15dBm)
SFR(20dBm)
RAPC(10dBm)
RAPC(15dBm)
RAPC(20dBm)
30 35 40
0.58
0.6
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68


Figure 7. Outage probability for D2DRs.

Figure 8. Systemthroughput for mUEs. Figure 9. Systemthroughput for D2DRs.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we proposed a novel resource allocation and Tx power control scheme to enhance the
DL system performance for D2D networks. In the proposed scheme, the mBS and D2DSs service
mUEs and D2DRs in the inner and outer zones in different frequency bands and Tx power, to reduce
substantial interference. Simulations showed the proposed scheme outperforms D2D networks with
SFR systems in terms of system throughput and SINR for mUEs and D2DRs. We know that P
D2DS
is
one of the key parameters for D2D networks. Thus, we plan to study the improved resource allocation
scheme considering Tx power control of D2DSs to enhance system performance in future work.
w/oD2D SFR(10) SFR(15) SFR(20) RAPC(10) RAPC(15) RAPC(20)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
M
b
p
s
)

f
o
r

m
U
E
s


Edge
Center
SFR(10) SFR(15) SFR(20) RAPC(10) RAPC(15) RAPC(20)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
M
b
p
s
)

f
o
r

D
2
D
R
s


Edge
Center
Resource Allocation and Power Control Scheme for Cellular Network Based D2D (Device-to-Device) Communication
Tae-Sub Kim, Suk-Ho Yoon, Seungwan Ryu, Choong-Ho Cho
53
6. Acknowledgement

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-
0025125)

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