MS ISO/IEC TR 10037 : 1995

1
STANDARDS & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA
MS 1228 : 1991
ICS 91.140.80
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
MALAYSIAN
STANDARD
Copyright
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SIRIM. No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced
without the prior permission in writing of SIRIM
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MS 1228 1991
This Malaysian Standard, which had been approved by the Building and Ci il Engineering
Industry Standards Committee and endorsed by the Council of the Standards and Industrial
Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) was published under the authorit\ of the SIRIM Coun~ii
in July, 1991.
S1RIM wishes to draw attention to the fact that this Malaysian Standard does not purport to
include all the necessary provisions of a contract.
The Malaysian Standards are subject to periodical review to Leep abreast of progress in the
industries concerned. Suggestions for improvements will be recorded and in due course brought to
the. notice of the Committees charged with the revision of the standards to which they refer.
The following references relate to the work on this standard:
Committee reference : SIRIM 491/1 1 I
Draft for comment : Dl 13 (ISC D)
Amendments issued since publication
Arnd. No. Date of issue Text affected
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MS 1228 : 1991
CONTENTS
Page
Committee representation 3
Foreword 4
1 General 5
2 Materials 10
3 Design flow and organic loadings 12
4 Sewer and appurtenances 14
5 Sewage pumping stations 21
6 Treatment works 27
7 Disposal of sewage and treated effluent 52
8 Treatment and disposal of sludge 5 5
Tables
1 Equivalent populations 13
2 Design criteria for aerated lagoons 43
3 Common parameters and operating characteristics of single-stage activated
sludge system 47
4 Sludge Loading Rate 62
Appendx A List of references 66
Figures
Typical diagram for manhole and inspection chamber 67-74
2 Typical installation of automatic connecting type submersible pump 75
3 Typical diagrams for septic tank 76-77
4 Typical view of a sedimentation tank 78
5 Fixed film media 79
6 Suspended film media 80
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MS 1228 1991
Committee representation
The Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee under whose supervision this Malaysian Standard was
prepared, comprises representatives from the following Government Ministries, trade, commerce and manufacturer
associations and scientific and professional bodies.
Master Builders Association
Malaysian Institute ofArchitects
Ministry of Works and Utilities (Public Works Department)
Ministry ofHousing and Local Government (Housing Division)
Institution of Engineers, Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Association of Consulting Engineers (Malaysia)
Chartered Institute of Building (Malaysia)
The Technical Committee on Building Services which prepared this Malaysian Standard consists of the following
representatives:
Ir Sugunan Pillay Bhg. Perkhidmatan }Cejuruteraan Kementerian Kesihotan
(Chairman)
Ir. Tan Boo Bhg. Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan Kementerian Kesihatan
Ir. K. Rishyakaran
Ir. Kazal Sinha Bhg. Kerajaan Tempatan Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Ir. Zulkifli Yahya
Ir. Ong Soon Haw
Ii. Omar Mohd Yusof/ Jabatan Perumahan Negara
Ir. Shamsinar Samad/
Ir. Hasnan Hassan
Encik Mohsin Ali Rahman .labatan Bangunan, Institut Tekno}ogi MARA
Encik Ahmad Najuib/ Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Puan Mariana Mohd Nor
Ir. Tee TongKher Persatuan Jurutera Perunding Malaysia
Ir. S. Sivarajah Majlis Perbandaran lpoh (MPI)
Ir. CD. Ponniah MINCONSULTANT Bhd.
Encik Eric Baxendale PAM
Ir. Mahesan Kandiah/ Bahagian Perparitan dan Pembentungan Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur
lr. C. Balasundran
Encik Ali Maidin/ Standards and Industrial Research Institute ofMalaysia
Puan Mariani Mohammad
(Secretary)
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MS 1228 : 1991
FOREWORD
This Malaysian Standard Code of Practice was prepared by the Technical Committee on Building
Serices under the authority of the Building and Civil Engineering industry Standards Committee.
In the past, pit privies. conservancy systems and septic tank system were considered satisfactory
methods for the disposal of excreta. However, numerous studies have indicated thai these
methods. without further treatment of the effluents and sludge can be an environmental health
hazard. A number of epidemics of cholera, typhoid. gastroenteritis. infectious hepatitis and the
like have been closely linked with water supply and contaminated with excreta. Furthermore
these systems were not designed to receive sullage which were discharged to surface drains with
no treatment and were the only practicable means for disposal of sewage in rural areas where the
density of population is low.
The provision of a sewerage system to collect and convey all wastewater to a convenient point
where the wastewater can be treated prior to disposal is very necessary to protect the environment
and the health of the people in general. This code of practice deals with planning, design.
installation and testing, which includes the appurtenances, sewage pumping stations. sewage
treatment works, sludge treatment and disposal of effluent. It is intended for use by the design
engineer in the planning and the design of sewerage systems, and by the relevant approving
authority for the vetting and evaluation of designs, plans and specifications for such works. While
this code provides standards/specifications for those experienced in design. it is also recognised
that not all sewerage works are designed by such persons. It is, therefore, strongly recommended
that specialist advice be sought where appropriate, particularly in the design of the sewage
treatment works.
In the preparation of this code, references have been made to various internationally accepted
codes of practice and standards, adapting them to local conditions. Considerable assistance and
valuable advice have also been derived from a panel of experts and such assistance is hereby
acknowledged.
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MS 1228: 1991
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SECTION 1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope. This code of practice deals with the planning design, construction and
installation and testing, of sewerage system, which includes the sewers and sewer appurtenances,
sewage pumping stations, sewage treatment works, and all the other works necessary to collect.
convey, treat, and finally dispose domestic sewage and permitted amount of industrial
wastewater. This code does not deal with the treatment of industrial effluents (those not
permitted to be discharged into the sewerage system) and operation and maintenance.
This code is intended to indicate what is considered to be the minimum requirements for the
design of sewerage systems and good practices, under normal conditions. However, it is also
realised that in certain localities and/or circumstances, there may be special conditions which may
require modification to the minimum requirements laid down in this code.
This Codes recommendations should be supplemented as required by skilled engineering advice
based on knowledge of sewerage work practices and of local conditions.
1 .2 Fundamental considerations
1.2.11 Legislations. The existing legislations that affect the provisions under this Code, and
that affect the rights and duties of the Local Authorities, who are the final approving authorities
of all plans pertaining to sewerage systems, include the following:
(a) Local Government Act, 1976.
(b) Streets, Drainage and Building Act, 1974:
(i) Uniform Building By-laws, 1984.
(ii) Drainage, Sanitation and Sanitary Plumbing By-laws, 1976.
(c) Environmental Quality Act, 1974.
(i) Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents)
Regulations, 1979 - PU. (A) 12/79
(ii) Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations, 1978.-PU. (A) 28078
(iii) Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities)
(Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987.
(d) Town and Country Planning Act, 1976.
(e) Factories and Machinery Act. 1967.
(I) Electrical Inspectorate Act, 1984.
)
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MS 1228 :1991
1. 2. 2 Safely. F u l l consideration sh al l b e given to th e safety of th e pu b l ic and operators of
sewerage systems in th e pl anning, design and constru ction of su ch system. Th e treatment works.
pu mping station, sewer and sewer appu rtenances sh al l b e adequ atel y protected and l ocated wh ere
necessary against u nau th orised interference and potential accidents.
Attention is al so drawn to th e provisions of th e F actories and Mach inery Act. 1967, with regards
to th e safety requ irements for operators in sewers and sewage works. Reference can b e made to
th e Heal th and Safety Gu idel ines No. 2 Safe National Joint Health and Safety Committee for the
Water Service, National Water Cou ncil . Engl and - 1969 and occu pational h eal th and ph ysical
safety in th e Wastewater Treatment Pl ant Design b y a j oint committee of th e Water Pollution
Control F ederation and American Society of Civil Engineers.
1. 2. 3 Location of facilities. Al l sewer and sewer appurtenances, pumping stations and sewage
treatment works shall be located as far from the public right-of-way and habitable buildings as
economically practicable. The direction of prevailing winds shall be considered when siting the
sewage treatment works. Generally, unless required otherwise by the prevailing~local conditions,
the sewage treatment works and pumping station shall be at least 20 m away from any habitable
building. For works where noise, odour, aerosols, etc. is a factor the distance should be increased.
Location of the final discharge point for treated effluent from sewerage treatment works shall
also consider beneficial users of the receiving water course.
1 .2.4 Access. Good all weather access roads shall be provided to the sewer appurtenances,
pumping stations and sewage treatment works.
1 .2.5 Industrial wassewarer. Industrial wastewaters require pretreatment prior to discharge into
the sewerage system. Pretreatment is necessary to reduce toxic substances and other materials that
may interfere with the normal operation of the sewerage system or may pose a risk to sewage
system workers.
Th e stipu l ation of th e pretreatment standard for th e disch arge of I ndu strial effl u ent into th e
sewerage system is th e responsibility of the respective local authority. The Sixth Schedule of the
Environmental Qu al ity (Sewage and indu strial Effluents) Regulations, 1979 - P. U. (A) 12/79,
may b e u sed as a guide for discharge of pretreated industrial wastewater into sewerage systems.
In addition to this, industrial wastewaters shall not contain any of the following:
(a) Any liquid, solid or gases, which by itself or in combination with other substances, and
which by reason of its quantity is likely or is sufficient to cause fire, explosion or to cause
damage to any component of the sewerage system, or be a health hazard or otherwise
objectionable, or prevents the entry into the system by the maintenance/repair workers;
(b) Any radioactive substances; and
(c) Any substances liable to form a viscous or solid coating or deposition on any part of the
sewerage system, thereby affecting the performance of the system.
1.3 References. The titles of publications referred to and other standards of interest in this
field is given in appendix A.
1 .4 Definitions. For the purpose of this code of practice the following definitions apply:-
1 .4.1 Activated sludge. A flocculent microbial mass, produced when sewage is continuosly
aerated.
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MS 1228 : 1991
(g) particulars of potential outfall location, e.g. tidal or inland waters, rivers, streams, ditches or
soakage, also the proximity, highest known flood level and minimum flow of any stream or other
watercourse to which discharge of the effluent is possible;
(h) conditions under which the works will be normally operate and be maintained;
(j) possibility of the need for future extension of the works or of their elimination by a
comprehensive scheme;
(k) availability of electric power and mains water;
(m) facilities for eventual disposal of sludge and screenings.
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MS 1228 : 1991
SECTION 2. MATERIALS
2.] General. All materials used in the construction of any of the works described in this
code should comply with the relevant Malaysian Standards.
\Vh ere no Mal aysian Standard ex ists, material s sh ou l d b e su itab l e and adequ ate for th e pu rpose
for wh ich th ey are u sed and compl y with any acceptab l e international standard.
2. 2 Aggregates. Al l aggregates shall comply to MS 29* and MS 3 0**. Th e grading of th e
aggregates shall comply to the requirements stated in MS 522:Part it
2.3 Cement. Cement used for works included in this code should comply with the
requirements of MS 522:Part l~and MS l037~.
Other type of cement can be used with the prior approval by the relevant authorities.
2.4 Cement mortar. Cement mortar selection of the correct cement and aggregate for the
use in mortars should follow the recommendations of 2.2 and 2.3. A mortar mix having a 1:3
cement/sand ratio is su itab l e for the following purposes:
(i) b rickwork pl astering;
(ii) j ointing cl ay or concrete pipes wh ere fl ex ib l e j oints cannot b e u sed;
(iii) rendering of inverts and benchings;
(iv) bedding and haunching manhole covers and frames.
Calcium chloride should not be added to mortars.
2.5 Bricks. All bricks shall comply to MS 76~and MS 327ss.
2.6 Concrete
2.6.1 General. Concrete works sh ou l d b e in accordance with MS 1 l95:Part l.# All concrete
su rfaces su b j ected to acid attack and corrosion sh ou l d b e treated and l ined with epox y or other
treatments or constructed with su l ph ateresisting cement. .
2.6.2 Adniixiures. Admixtures for promoting workability, for improving strength , for
entraining air or for any oth er pu rpose sh ou l d b e u sed onl y with the prior approval of the
relevant authority. Admixtures shall comply with MS 922:Pari 1
MS 29 - Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources.
MS 30 - Methods for sampling and Testing of Mineral Aggregates (Sands and Fillers).
MS 522:Part 1 - Specification of Portland Cement (Ordinary and Rapid-Hardening)
+ MS 1037 - Specification for Sulphate-Resisting Portland Cement.
MS 76 - Specification for bricks and blocks offire brickearth or shale.
MS ~27 - Specification for refractory bricks
MS 1195:Part 1 - Malaysian Standard Structural Use of Concrete. Part 1:Code ofPractice for design and
construction.
MS 922:Part 1 - Specification of Concrete Admixtures. Part 1:Accelerating Admixtures and Water-reducing
Admixtures.
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\lS 1228: 1991
Calcium chloride as a admixture should not be used in reinforced concrete. prestressed concrete
or any concrete made from sulphate-resisting Portland cement. For guidance, reference should be
made to MSll95.
2.6.3 Workmanship. Concrete should be mixed in a mechanical mixer until there is a uniform
distribution of the materials and the mix is uniform in colour. It should be transported to the
point of placing as rapidly as practicable by methods that will prevent segregation or the loss of
any of the ingredients, placed as soon as possible and thoroughly compacted by rodding, tamping
or vib ration so as to form a void free mass arou nd any reinforcement and into th e corners of th e
formwork or excavation. Exposed concrete should be cured by keeping it in a damp condition for
at least four days.
2.7 Plastics. All pipes and fittings should comply with the relevant Malaysian Standards
and where practicable should have flexible joints. New plastic products can be used with the
prior approval by the relevant authorities.
2.8 Others. Other materials which are not mention in this code can be used with the prior
approval by the relevant authorities and where possible it should comply with all the Malaysian
Standard.
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MS 1228 : 1991
SECTION 3. DESIGN FLOW AND ORGANIC LOADINGS
3:1 General. Sewerage systems shall be designed for the estimated ultimate contributary
population, except when considering parts of the system that can be readily increased in capacity.
The design flow and organic loading shall be estimated on the basis of the estimated contributary
population and shall include infiltration flows allowances.
3.2 Average design flow. The average daily design flow shall be based on 225 litre per
person.
3.3 Design organic loadings. The organic loading from domestic sewage shall be normally
based on 55 g of BOD (5 days at 20C) per person per day, and 68 g of su spended sol ids per
person per day. When existing system is being upgraded, the design of the new facilities shall be
based on actual strength of the wastewater flow.
Where industrial wastewater is permitted into the sewerage systems. the loadings shall be based on
the permissible levels described under the Environmental Quality (Sewage and lndustrial
Effluents) Regulations,1979 - P.U.(A) 12/79.
3.4 Estimation of sewage flows and organic loading from various premises. The average design
daily flow may be estimated from a given premises can be determined by multiplying the
estimated equivalent population for that premise by the average daily flow per capita given in
3.2. The equivalent population for the various types of premises given in table I can be used as
the minimum, for the purpose of computing the average design daily flows.
3.5 Industrial wastewater. Where industrial wastewater is permitted into a sewerage system,
the design flows shall be based on the minimum requirements given in table 2.
3.6 Peak flows. The peak hourly flow, which will required in the design of sewers,
pumping stations and components of the treatment plant, shall be determined from the following
formula:
Peak flow factor =4.7 x
where p is estimated equivalent population, in thousand.
3.7 Infiltration. While the sewerage systemshall be designed cater for unavoidable amount
of infiltration, which arises from faulty joints, cracked sewer pipes and manholes, it is absolutely
important th at th e infil tration into th e sewerage system b e minimised th rou gh proper selection of
construction technology and materials, proper supervision of Construction and field testing of the
components of system for water tightness.
F or gu idance, the sewerage system may be designed to cater for a maximum infiltration rate of
5 0 l itre per mm. diameter per km of sewer per day.
3.8 The industrial wastewater flow for light industries including flatted factories
shall be 20 m
3
per hectare/day. Other category of industry will be gauge by case basis.
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MS 1228: 1991
Residential
Commercial:
(includes entertainment/recreational
centres, restaurants, cafeteria, theatres)
Schools/Educational Institutions:
- Day schools/institutions
Fully residential
- Partial residential
Hospital s
Hotel s (with dining and l au ndry
facil ities)
F actories (ex cl u ding process wastes)
Market (wet type)
Petrol kiosks/Service stations
Bus terminal
0.2 per student
I per stu dent
0. 2 per stu dent for non-residential
stu dent and 1 per stu dent for
residential student
4 per bed
4 per room
0.3 per staff
3 per stall
18 per service bay
4 per bus bay
Table 1. Equivalent population
No. Type of Premise/Establishment Population equivalent
(recommended)
5 per unit*
3 per 100 m gross area
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8
9
1 peak flowis equivalent to 225 I/cap
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MS 1228 : 1991
SECTION 4. SEWER AND APPURTENANCES
4.1 General. Sanitary sewers shall be designed and installed to collect and convey all waste
flows - both domestic(municipal) wastes and industrial wastes (should be approved by the
approving au th ority) as wel l as an u navoidab l e amou nt of th e grou nd water infil tration to a point
of acceptab l e treatment and u l timate discharge. Rain water from roofs, streets, and other areas
and ground water from foundation drains shall be excluded.
4.2 Pipe Materials for gravity sewers
4.2.1 Choice of materials. Various pipe materials are available and selection should be based
on evaluation of the following factors:-
(a) Life expectancy
(b) Previous local experience
(c) Resistance to internal and external corrosion and abrasion
(d) Roughness coefficient
(e) Structural strength
(f) Cost of supply, transport and ease of installation
(g) Local availability
4.2.2 Tipes of pipe material. Common material suitable for sanitary sewers are:-
(a) Vitrified clay pipe (1/C?). Available locally and are manufactured with flexible joints in
lengths of 0.6 m to 1.0 m or more and diameter of 100 mm to 300 mm.
(b) Reinforced concrete pipe. Available locally in sizes ranging from 150 mm to 3000 mm in
diameter. Standard length are 1.83 m for pipe diameter less than 375 mm and lengths of 3.05 in
for pipe diameter greater than 375 mm. Several pipe joints are available including the spigot and
socket type with rubber rings.
(c) Fabricated steel with suiphates resistance cement lining. Available in a wide range of
diameter (100 mm to 1500 mm) and lengths up to 9.0 m. Several pipe joints are available such as
spigot and socket, flange and mechanical which are commonly used for small diameters up to
750 mm whilst welded joints are used for larger diameter pipes.
(d) Cast iron. Available in a variety of diameters and the standard length of 3.66 m. Pipe joints
commonly used include both the flanged and the spigot and socket types.
(e) Asbestos cement pipe. The available pipe diameters range from 100 mm to 600 mm and the
standard l ength is 4 . 0 rn. Pressu re pipes are manu factu red in variou s cl asses su itab l e for certain
limits of working pressure. Gravity sewers (autociaved only) are manufactured to Suit various
loading conditions and required crushing strengths.
(f) Plastic pipes. Available in variety of pl astics material s su ch as UPVC. HDPE, PE and PP
and with th e nominal range from 110 mm u p to 63 0 mm and of pipe l ength of 6 m. Pipe j oints
are avail ab l e incl u ding spigot end and socket type with ru b b er seal s as wel l as j ointing b y fl anges.
welding and solvent cementing.
(g) Other material. As approved and permitted for their use by the appropriate local authority.
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MS 1228 : 1991
4.3 Design of sewers
4.3.1 Economy in the design. While sewers should generally be kept as short as possible, and
u nprodu ctive l ength s avoided, care sh ou l d b e taken not to restrict potential development. The
route and depth of a new sewer should always take account of land where there is the possibility
of future development.
Where sewers are laid at considerable depths or under highways having expensive foundations
and surfaces, it may be cheaper or more convenient to l ay sh al l ow rider sewers to receive th e
local house connections, and to connect the riders at convenient points into the main sewers.
4.3.2 Location of sewers. Adequate access to a sewer for maintenance should be allowed. The
following factors should also be considered:-
(a) Location of sewers within streets or alleys right-of-way.
(b) if topography dictates, the sewer to be located within the private properties, then adequate
access should be provided for maintenance purposes.
(c) The position of other exsisting or proposed services, building foundation, etc.
(d) In relation to water mains, a minimum at 3 m horizontal and 1 m vertical separation
respectively to be provided. No sewer line should be above water main unless the pipe is
adequately protected.
(e) The impact of the construction of the sewer and subsequent maintenance activities upon road
users.
4.3.3 Hydraulic design. The most economical design for sewer gradients is obtained when they
follow the natural falls of the ground. Sewers should, however, be laid at such gradients as will
produce velocities sufficiently high to prevent the deposition of solid matter in the invert. The
minimum gradient to be adopted should normally be such that the velocity of flow does not fall
b el ow 0. 8 rn/sec at fu l l b ore. Th e max imu m gradient to b e adopted sh ou l d b e su ch th at th e
velocity of flow is not greater than 4.0 m/sec when flowing half or full bore in order to prevent
scouring of sewer b y erosive action of su spended matter.
4.3.4 Structural design
4.3.4.1 Depths of sewers. Sewers should be laid at depths which will accommodate not only all
existing properties but also any future properties likely to be erected within the area which the
sewers are designed to serve; in certain cases, the depth of basements may need to be considered.
The depth of a sewer will have a significant effect on the cost of its construction. The depth, in
conjunction with other factors such as the nature of the ground, presence of groundwater and the
proximity of foundations, services etc, may influence the form and method of construction to
justify the adoption of alternative layouts with longer routes of sewers.
The minimum depth of invert to be adopted shall be 1 .2 m.
4.3.4.2 Size of sewers. The minimum size of a gravity sewer conveying raw sewage shall be
200 mm in diameter.
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4.3.4.3 Sewer alignment. Sewers of 600 mm or less in internal diameter shall be laid on a
straight alignment and uniform gradient between consecutive manholes. Sewers of larger than 600
mm internal diameters can be laid on curves. In such cases, the curve shall be made by angling
the joints by not exceeding 80/o of the manufacturers recommended deflection angle and the
radius of curvature shall not be less than 60 m. The designer shall provide information such as
vertical and horizontal alignment for proper construction.
4.3.4.4 Joints. Joints between sewers, sewer-manhole or other appurtenance structures shall be
of flexible type and watertight to prevent infiltration and breakages due to differential
settlement.
4.3.4.5 Foundation. Foundation is needed to maintain the pipe in proper alignment and sustain
the weight of soil above the sewer and any superimposed load.
Bedding for rigid pipes with flexible joints can be classified under two types:-
(a) Class ~Abedding. Where the pipe is embedded in carefully prepared base compacted with
15 mm diameter crusher run extending halfway up to the side of the pipe. The minimum
thickness of the crusher run shall be 100 mm or 1/4 of the pipe diameter (whichever is greater).
Th e sidefil l s and top of th e pipe sh al l b e of monol ith ic 1:2:4 concrete mix with minimum cover of
tOO mm thick.
(b) Class B bedding. Where the pipes are embedded in carefully prepared base compacted with
15 mm diameter crusher run extending halfway up the sides of the pipe. The minimum thickness
of the crusher run is 100 mm or 1/4 of the pipe diameter (whichever is greater). The remainder
sidefills and top of the pipe shall be compacted carefully with selected backfill to a minimum
thickness of 300 mm.
4.3.5 Inverted siphons. I nverted siph ons sh al l h ave not l ess th an two b arrel s with a minimu m
pipe size of 150 mm and shall be provided with necessary appurtenances for convenient flushing
and maintenance.
Th e manh ol es sh al l h ave adequ ate cl earance for rodding. I n general su fficient head shall be
provided and pipe siz es sel ected to secu re flow velocities of at least 0.9 rn/sec for average flow.
The inlet and outlet shall be arranged so that the normal flow is diverted to one barrel, and so
th at eith er may b e ou t of service for cleaning. Since siphons need more cleaning, they must be
avoided as much as practicable. The siphon shall not have sharp bends, either vertical or
horizontal. The rising leg shall be limited to 15% slope, for this reason. There shall be no change
in pipe diameter along the length of barrel too.
4.3.6 Service connections. Service connections should be of an adequate diameter to reduce
the problem of blockage. As it receives only intermittent flows, they are invariably subjected to
intermittent stoppages during normal operation and these are removed by wave action rather than
by the maintenance of a minimum flow velocity. The minimum gradient of 2% should be
provided. The connection should be to the top portion of the main sewer at an angle of
approximately of 45 in the direction of flow. The connection should be done with the use of tee
junction.
The minimum size of service connection shall be 150 mm.
4.4 Testing of sewers.
The testing of sewers can be done either by air test or water test. The tests should be carried out
before backfilling of the sewer trenches.
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4 . 4 . 1 Air test
4.4.1.1 General. It provides a rapid test which can be carri~dout after every third or fourth
pipe laid. This could then prevent a faulty pipe or a badly made joint passing unnoticed until it
is revealed by a test on a completed length.
4 . 4 . 1. 2 Procedu re. Th e fol l owing test procedu re sh ou l d b e adopted:-
(a) Seal the ends of the pipe run with expanding plugs;
(b) Attach U-tube (manometer) and a means of applying the air pressure to one of the plugs;
(c) Apply pressure to achieve a pressure slightly more than 100 mm. of water in the U-tube.
(d) Al l ow ab ou t 5 mm for stab il iz ation of air temperatu re.
(e) Adj u st air pressu re to 100 mm of water.
Without further pumping, the head of water should not fall by more than 25 mm in period of 5
minutes.
4.4.1.3 Factors affecting the test. There are several possible contributing factors that could
effect the apparent failure of the air test:-
(a) Temperature changes of the air in the pipe due to direct sunshine or cold wind acting on the
pipe barrel;
(b) Dryness of the pipe wall;
(c) Leaking plugs or other apparatus.
If there is a dramatic fall in pressure, then the pipeline is faulty or the end plugs or other
apparatus are leaking. If the failure is marginal, the pipeline should not be rejected on the air test
alone and the contractor should be given the opportunity of applying the water test.
4.4.2 Water lest
4.4.2.1 General. Sewers up to and including 750 mm diameter should be tested to an internal
pressure represented by 1 .2 m head of water above the crown of the pipe at the high end of the
line. The test pressure should not exceed 6 m head of water at the lower end and if necessary the
test on a pipeline can be carried out in two or more stages. The test pressure should be related to
the possible maximum level of ground water above the sewer.
When pipes larger than 750 mm diameter are to be tested, expert advice, and special equipment
rna~be needed.
4.4.2.2 Procedure. The following test procedure should be adopted:-
(a) Fit an expanding plug. suitably strutted to resist the full hydrostatic head, at the lower end
of the pipe and in any branches if necessary. The pipes may need strutting to prevent movement.
(b) Fit a similar plug and strutting at the higher end but with access for hose and standpipe.
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MS 1228 : 1991
(c) Fill the system with water ensuring that there are no pockets of trapped air.
(d) Fill the standpipe of requisite level.
(e) Leave for at least 2 hours to enable the pipe to become saturated, topping as necessary.
(f) After the absorption period, measure the loss of water from the system by noting the amount
of water needed to maintain the level in the standpipe over a further period of 30 mm, the
standpipe being topped up at regular intervals of 5 mm.
The rate of loss of water should not be greater than 1 litre per hour per metre diameter per linear
metre.
4.4.2.3 Factors affecting the test. Excessive leaking may be due to:-
(a) Porous or cracked pipe;
(b) Damaged, faulty or improperly assembled pipe joints;
(c) Defective plugs;
(d) Pipes or plugs moving.
4.4.3 Straightness. A sewer should be checked for line and level at all stages construction by
either:
(a) surveyors level and staff;
(b) laser beam with sighting targets;
(c) lamp and mirrors.
4.4.4 Infiltration. After backfilling is completed and after the groundwater level has
stabilized, the sewer should be checked for infiltration. All inlets should be sealed and the line
inspected from the manholes. Any flow from the pipeline coming into the manholes or within
manholes themselves should be investigated to establish its source.
In small pipes the point of infiltration may be located visually with light and mirror or with an
inflated rubber plug. When conditions justify it a television camera can be used. The rate of
infiltration is dependant upon many factors; a guide to its permissible extent cannot be given; this
will depend on the judgement of the engineer.
4.4.5 Freedom from obstruction. As the work progresses the sewer should be checked for
obstructions by visual inspection or inserting a mandrel or ~pig into the line. A television camera
can also be used.
4.5 Manholes
4.5.1 ,tIanholes location. Manholes or inspection chamber shall be provided at:-
(a) The upstream end of all sewers; however this may be replaced by a terminal layout:
(b) Every change in direction or alignment for sewers > 600 mm;
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MS 1228 : 1991
(c) Every change in gradient;
(d) Every change in size of sewer;
(e) All intersections and junctions.
(f) Distances of not greater than 100 metres for sewers equal to or more than 00 mm in
diameter and 150 metres for sewers equal to or greater than 450 mm in diameter. Greater
distances may be permitted in cases where adequate modern cleaning equipments for such spacing
is provided, and also in cases where sewers convey pretreated sewage.
4.5.2 Construction. (Typical drawings as shown in Fig. I). Every manhole and inspection
chamber shall be of such size and form so as to allow ready access for rodding. The struct should
be strong, durable and watertight and shall be constructed as follows:-
(a) Brickwork in cement mortar at least 225 mm in thickness or concrete (I : 2 : 4 nominal mix)
at least 125 mm in thickness or other approved impervious material.
(b) Internal faces shall be rendered with sulphate resistant cement mortar at least 20 mm thick so
as to provide a smooth and impervious surface.
(c) Step irons, ladders or other approved fittings shall be of non corrosive durable material so as
to provide safe access to the level of sewer. Cast iron or stainless steel or aluminium alloy is
recommended. The interval between steps should be 300 mm with slip prevention su rface.
~d) Foundation of every manhole shall be constructed of concrete (1 : 2 : 4 nominal mix) not
less than 150 mm in thickness.
(e) The channel within the manhole shall be formed with half round pipe made of the material
as the sewer joining the manhole and shall have a diameter not less than the largest inlet sewer
and not more than that of the outlet sewer from the manhole.
(1) Every inlet to a manhole shall be discharge into the channel therein with properly made
bends constructed within the benching of the manhole. The benching shall have a smooth
impervious finish with a minimum slope of 1:12 and so formed as to guide the flow of sewage
towards the point of discharge and to provide a safe foothold.
(g) Manhole shall be constructed in conjuction with its frame and cover to be watertight.
4.5.3 Dimension and shape. Generally, manholes shall be rectangular, square or circular. The
internal horizontal dimension shall be sufficient to perform inspection and cleaning operation
without difficulty and a clear opening shall be provided for access to the invert. The minimum
dimension required shall depend on whether it is a deep or a shallow manhole.
4.5.4 Frame and cover. The manhole frame and cover shall be of cast iron and shall have:-
(a) Adequate strength to support superimposed load;
(b) A good fit between each other such that surface runoff or rainfall will not get into it.
(C) Provision for hinge and/or locking the cover to prevent vandalism and unauthorised access to
the manhole.
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\I S 1228: 1991
Ihe following minimum requirements as to the weight and dimension of the frame and cover are
a~foliow
Type of cover
and frame
Dimension Weigh t Usage
Light duty 460 mm x 620 mm
54 lbs Use in domestic
premises compound
Medium Duty Cover 600 mm internal
mm. diameter 500 mm
Frame - 760 mm x
760 mm
250 lbs Use in domestic drives and
similar areas for bearing
wheel loads noi exceeding
I tonne
Heavy Duty As above 530 lbs Use in all carriagewavs.
4.5.5 Deep manhole dimensions. Where deep manholes are required, its internal dimension
must be more than 1.5 metre and the manhole may be tapered upwards to a section with
minimum internal dimensions of 0. 75 metres. I n su ch cases, a minimu m h eadroom of 1. 8 in trom
the base of manhole shall be provided. The opening to the manhole shall be at least 0.6 in.
4.5.6 Shallow manhole dimensions. Where the topography results in a shallow manhole that is
in the depth 01 invert of sewer being from 0.9 in to 1.5 m, a manhole of at least I .0 rn in internal
h oriz ontal dimension and a clear opening of at least 900 mm shall be used.
The dimensions of the manholes at various depths shall be as follows:
Depth Dimension
Less than 2 460 mm x 620 rum
Between 2 - 3 600 mm x 760 mm
Between 3 - 5 760
mm x 760 mm
Greater th an 5
To
follow deep manhole
4.5.7 Drop rnwtholes. If an incoming sewer is higher than the outgoing sewer by 600 mm or
more. a drop manhole shall be used. \Vhere the difference in elevation between the incoming
sewer and manhole invert is less than 600 nim. the invert shall be filleted at the curner~to
prevent solids deposition.
4.5.8 Connecilon bet itoeii manhole and ~eiver. To mini in se damage to the se wer due to
differential settlement, the joint between the sewer and the manhole shall be of the flexible t~PC.
lu acheive this, a flexible sewer pipe joint just outside the manhole ma~be used.
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MS 1228 : 1991
SECTI ON 5 . SEWAGE PUMPI NG STATI ONS
5 . 1 General . Sewage pu mping stations sh ou l d not be su b j ect to flooding and shall be located
off the right of way of streets and alleys preferably on land reserved for the purpose and readily
accessibility.
The pumping station structure is a major part of the cost of the station. It is th erefore essential
that it is efficient from a structural standpoint, that it is economical to construct, and that the
siz e of th e wet-wel l and dry-wel l and the space requirements of all equipment to be housed, be
carefu l l y determined, with efficient u se made of al l avail ab l e spaces.
Apart from the pumping facilities which may be required at sewage treatment plants, the
principl e conditions and factors necessitating the use of pumping stations shall be one or more of
the following:
(a) Th e topograph y of th e area or district does not permit drained b y gravity into trunk sewers
or treatment pl ants.
(b ) Omissions of pu mping, al th ou gh possib l e, would require excessive construction costs because
of the deep excavation required for the installation of a trunk sewer to drain the area.
(c) Service is requ ired for areas th at are ou tside th e natu ral drainage catch ment of th e pu rposed
sewage treatment plant.
Al l safety and other requirements should be met as required under other codes, standards and
regulations.
Pumping stations sh ou l d b e avoided as far as possib l e since th e instal l ation, operation and
maintenance of a pumping station is costly.
5.2 Design details. (Typical diagram of small pumping station is shown in Fig. 2). The
fol l owing design detail s sh al l b e given consideration in th e design of sewage pu mping stations:-
5.2.1 Type. The sewage pumping facility provided may be any one of the following type, the
choice depending mainly on the capacity and efficiency required.
(a) Wet-well type with submersible pump units
(b) Dry-well type
(c) Lift station, using screw-pumps or suction lift pumps. Suction pumps mainly used in sewage
treatment plants, and have the advantage of handling variation in flow and all solids without
clogging. However, the suction-lift shall not exceed 4.6 in.
5.2.2 Structure
(a) The pumping station substructure shall be of reinforced concrete construction and the
exterior wall below ground surface shall be adequately waterproofed and protected against
aggresive soils and groundwater.
(b) Wet and dry wells, shall be separated.
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(c) Suitable facilities shall be provided to facilitate the removal of pumps, motors and any other
equ ipment in th e pu mping station.
(d) Suitable and safe means of access shall be provided to the dry wells of pump stations, and to
wet wells containing either bar screens and/or mechanical equipment requiring inspection or
maintenance.
5 . 2. 2. 1 Wet well
(a) On smal l pu mp stations th e practice is to provide, b etween the cut in and the cut-out levels,
a storage vol u me equ al in l itres to 2 to 3 times the peak flow into the wet well in litres per
minute merely to protect the starting equipment from overheating and failure caused by too
frequ ent starting and stopping. On l arger instal l ations, th e effective capacity of th e wet wel l
sh ou l d not ex ceed 10 mm for th e design average 24 h fl ow. Wet wel l s th at are too large cause
seriou s maintenance and operation prob l ems b ecau se of ex cessive deposition of gritty and organic
material .
(b ) Th e wet wel l s sh ou l d b e narrow b u t not l ess th an 1. 2 m for ready access and sh ou l d b e as
deep as possible in order that the cut-in level of the last pumps will be below the invert of the
inlet channel to the wet-well.
(c) Wh ere continu ity of pu mp station operation is important, consideration sh ou l d b e given to
dividing the wet wel l in two sections properl y interconnected to facil itate repairs, cl eaning and
expansions.
(d) Wet wells and suction channels should be designed so that dead areas where solids and scum
may accu mu l ate are avoided. Th e b ottom sh ou l d h ave a minimu m sl ope of 1 . 5 vertical to I
h oriz ontal to th e h opper b ottom in th e direction of fl ow so th at deposits and scu m accu mu l ations
are carried to th e pu mp su ctions b y th e scou ring action of th e h igh vel ocities at l ow operating
levels.
(e) Th e wet wel l sh ou l d b e wel l l igh ted with fix tu res th at are b oth vapou r proof and ex pl osion
proof.
5 . 2. 2. 2 Dry wel l
(a) The size of the dry well depends primarily on the number and type of pumps sel ected and on
th e piping arrangement. (Total l y su b merged pu mping u nits do not requ ire dry wel l s). A good
ru l e of th u mb for th ose instal l ations requ iring dry wel l s is to provide at l east 1 . 0 m from each of
the outboard pumps to the nearest side wall and at least 1.2 m between each pump discharge
casing. Su fficient room is requ ired b etween pu mps to move th e pu mp-off of its b ase with
su fficient cl earance l eft over b etween su ction and disch arge piping and room for on site repairs,
inspection, or removal from the pit to the surface for repairs.
(b ) Depending on the size of the pump station, consideration should be given to the installation
of monorail s, lifting eyes in the ceiling, and A frames for the attachment of portable hoists,
cranes and other devices.
(c) Provisions sh ou l d al so b e made for drainage of th e dry wel l to th e wet well.
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5.2.3 Pump Unit
(a) Minimum number of units. At least 2 Units of pumps shall be provided of which one shall be
a standb y u nit. Constant speed pumps are recommended in view of simplicity of operation and
maintenance. If only 2 Units are provided, they shall have the same capacity each being able to
handle the design peak flow. Where 3 or more units are installed they shall be designed to fit
actual flow conditions and must be of such capacity that with any one unit being out of service,
th e remaining u nits wil l h ave capacity to h andl e max imu m sewage fl ow.
(b ) Pu mps h andl ing raw sewage sh ou l d b e preceeded b y readil y accessib l e b ar racks or screens
with cl ear spacings not ex ceeding 3 0 mm, u nl ess pneu matic ej ectors or screw pu mps are u sed, or
special devices are instal l ed to protect th e pu mp from cl ogging or damage. Convenient facil ities
shall be provided for handling screenings. Where the size of pumping stations warrant, a
mechanically cleaned bar screen or communition device is recommended. For larger or deeper
stations, du pl icate protection u nits of proper capacity are prefered.
(c) Pump openings. Pu mps sh al l b e capab l e of passing sph eres of at l east 75 mm in diameter.
Where a communition or screening device is provided, pumps with smaller-sphere passing
capab il ity may b e al l owed.
Pu mp su ction and disch arge openings sh al l b e at l east 100 mm in diameter.
(d) Priming. Ex cept for th e sel f-priming pu mps, screw pu mps and su b mersib l e pu mps, th e
gl and of th e pu ma sh al l b e so pl aced th at u nder normal operating conditions, it wil l operate
u nder a positive su ction h ead.
(e) Pumping rates. Th e pu mps and control s of pu mping stations, sh al l b e sel ected to operate at
varying del ivery rates to permit disch arging sewage from th e station to th e treatment works at
approx imatel y its rate of del ivery to th e pu mping station. Th e desirab l e range b etween th e
max imu m and minimu m wet-wel l l evel s is 900 mm, wh il e th e minimu m range sh al l b e 4 5 0 mm.
Wh ere 2 or more pu mps are to operate simu l taneou sl y, th e difference in l evel b etween th e start or
stop of respective pu mps sh al l not b e l ess th an 15 0 mm.
(f) Pumping cycle. Pu mping cycl e or time b etween su ccessive starts, of a pu mp operating over
th e control range, sh al l b e preferab l y more th an 10 minu tes for each pu mp.
5 . 2. 4 Valves. Su itab l e sh u t-off val ves sh al l b e pl aced on th e disch arge l ine of each pu mp and
its su ction l ine wh ere appl icab l e. A ch eck val ve sh al l b e provided on each disch arge l ine. Al l
val ves sh al l b e sel ected su ch th at th e cl osu re time is su fficientl y provided to minimise su rge
pressu re and water h ammer.
5 . 2. 5 Ventilation. Adequ ate ventil ation mu st b e provided for al l sections of th e pu mping
stations. Wh ere th e pu mp pit is b el ow th e grou nd su rface, mech anical ventil ation is requ ired.
The ventilation shall be so arranged as to provide completely separate and independant ventilation
for th e dry and wet wel l s.
Dampers sh al l not b e u sed on ex h au st or fresh air du cts and fine screens or oth er ob stru ction sh al l
b e avoided to prevent cl ogging. Switch es for ventil ation equ ipment sh al l b e marked and l ocated
convenientl y. Al l intermittentl y operated ventil ating systems sh al l b e interconnected with th e
respective pit l igh ting system.
Consideration sh ou l d al so b e given to au tomatic control s wh ere deh u midification equ ipment
wh ere dampness, ex cessive moistu re is a prob l em.
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(a) Wet wells. Ventilation shall be either intermittent (with at least 30 complete air changes per
hour) or continuous (in which case at least 12 complete air changes per hour). Such ventilation
shall be accomplished by introduction of fresh air into the wet well by mechanical means.
(b ) Dry wells. F or continu ou s ventil ation, at l east 6 compl ete air ch anges per h ou r sh al l b e
provided. If intermittent ventilation is proposed, at least 3 0 compl ete air ch anges per h ou r sh al l
be provided.
5.2.6 Flow measurement. Provision sh al l b e made to instal l convenient fl ow measu rement
equ ipment wh enever su ch data is requ ired.
5.2.7 Electrical equipment and power supply. All pump stations should be provided with
electricity from two independent sources (looped supply) and be given priority restoration by the
power au th ority wh en ou tages occu r. Wh en avail ab il ity of el ectrical power su ppl y cannot b e
assu red, th e u se of standb y generators or engine drives as wel l as in-system storage and b y-pass
sh ou l d b e considered.
Al l el ectrical equ ipment and l igh t in th e wet-wel l sh ou l d b e ex pl osion proof.
Adequ ate l igh ting and a convenient nu mb er of equ ipment receptacl es for power tool s sh al l b e
provided.
Th e motor starters and control s sh ou l d b e l ocated with in a safe and satisfactory control u nit.
Separate rooms sh al l b e u sed for th e el ectrical starters, switch es etc. for l arger stations. Su ch
control u nits or rooms sh al l b e easil y accessib l e, preferab l y ab ove fl ood l evel , and sh al l b e in
accordance to th e requ irements of oth er rel evant codes and regulations.
5 . 2. 8 Alarm systems. Al arm systems sh al l b e provided for al l pu mping stations. Th e al arms
sh al l b e activated in cases of power fail u re, pu mp fail u re, or any oth er mal fu nctioning of th e
station. Wh ere a mu nicipal facil ity of 24 h ou rs attendance is provided, pu mping stations al arms
sh al l b e tel emetered th ereto. Wh ere no su ch facil ity ex ists, an au dio-visu al device sh al l b e
instal l ed at th e station for ex ternal ob servation.
5 . 2. 9 Emergency operation. The ob j ective of emergency operation is to prevent in th e case of
power failure or pumping station malfunctions, the indiscriminate overflow of raw or partially
treated sewage to any waterway and to protect th e pu b l ic b y preventing b ack-u p of sewage and
su b sequ ent overfl ow to b asements, streets and oth er pu b l ic and private property.
(a) Emergency power supply. Provision of an emergency power su ppl y for pu mping stations
sh al l b e made especial l y for stations in wh ich interru ption du e to power is not desirab l e. Th is
may b e accompl ish ed b y connection of th e station to at l east 1 standb y generator, driven b y
petrol or diesel engines.
Where generator is used, the unit shall be provided with adequate foundation, and have facilities
to remove and perform routine maintenance. Provision shall be made for automatic and manual
start-up and cut-off. The generator housing shall be installed with ventilation equipment and
l igh ting. Wh ere internal comb u stion is u sed, provision for ventil ation of ex h au st gases sh al l b e
made.
(b) Portable pumping equipment. Alternatively, portable pumping equipment could be utilised.
The pumping facility shall have the capability to operate between the well and the discharges side
of the station, with the station provided with permanent fixtures which will facilitate rapid and
easy connection of lines.
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(c) Overflow. Consideration sh al l b e given to th e provision of overfl ow. Su ch provision of
overfl ow sh al l b e permitted in areas in wh ich the permitted overflow shall not adversely affect
th e qu al ity of pu b l ic water su ppl ies and oth er receiving water b odies.
5 . 2. 10 Instruction and maintenance. Sewage pumping station and shall be provided with a
complete set of operation and maintenance instructions, including emergency procedures.
maintenance schedules, tools and such spare parts as may be necessary.
5.2.1 1 Force or pumped mains design
(a) Th e minimu m internal diameter for pu mping mains sh al l b e 100 mm.
(b ) Pu mping main sh ou l d b e so siz ed su ch th at th e vel ocity in th e su ction wil l not
ex ceed 1. 5 0 rn/sec and disch arge 2. 5 rn/sec. Th e vel ocity in th e force mains sh ou l d b e at l east 0. 9
to 1. 1 rn/sec.
(c) Th e pu mping main sh al l b e of th e fol l owing material s:
i) Cast iron pipe
ii) Asb estos cement pressu re pipe
iii) Steel pipe with su l ph ate resisting concrete l ining
iv) P. V. C pressu re pipe
v) Ductile iron
vi) Oth er material s approved b y th e l ocal au th ority and certified b y SI RI M
(d) Al l j oints sh al l b e fl ex ib l e and watertigh t
(e) Th e pu mping mains sh al l b e provided with su ch appu rtenances as access/inspection ch amb er,
air rel ief val ves and wash ou t.
(f) Th e minimu m earth cover for pu mping mains sh al l b e 1. 0 m u nl ess it is concrete su rrou nded.
(g) Th e forced mains sh al l enter th e gravity sewer system at a point not more th an 600 mm
above the flow line of the receiving manhole.
(h) The force main and adjoining piping and appurtenances on the discharge side of the pump
sh ou l d b e h eavy enou gh to with stand th e max imu m h ydrau l ic h ead on th e system, incl u ding
ab normal pressu res th at may b e produ ced b y water h ammer and su rge pressu res.
Screening/communiting facilities. Where conventional pumps are used, facilities for screening or
commu nition of sol ids, wh ich are capab l e of cl ogging th e pu mps and/or pu mped mains sh al l b e
provided.
5 . 2. 12 Control system
(a) Th e sel ection of a control system and a specific control mode is at least as important as the
selection of the pump. The factors to be considered in selecting a control system are efficiency.
power factor, reliability, operational effects, structural costs and ease of operation.
(b) For larger installation, automatic variable speed controls are often more reliable and
maintenance free than presumably simpler automatic on off controls. The overall efficiency of a
variable speed system may be greater than that of an on off system despite control losses.
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(c) The sophistication and competence of the operating and maintenance personnel is an
important consideration wh en sel ecting control systems wh ich h ave to match th eir training and
experience.
5.2.12.1 Manual control
(a) General l y consist of pu sh b u tton stations or sel ector switch es th at energiz e or deenergiz e th e
pu mp motor starter. Manu al control systems are rarel y u sed with anyth ing oth er th an constant
speed pumps.
5.2.12.2 Automatic control
(a) Time. Pumps are started at regu l ar interval s and operate for a preset length of time. Time
controlled systems are generally used for sludge pu mping.
(b) Pressure. Pressu re drop is u sed to start th e pu mps on pl ant water systems. Pressu re is
general l y served b y a standard pressu re switch .
(c) Flow. Pumps are turned on as flow exceeds a certain value or turned off when flow drops.
I nfl u ent fl ow signal s are general l y from a flow meter or weir with multivolt control.
(d) Level. Most of the automatic constant speed systems operate from level signals. Pumps are
turned on as levels rise and turned off as they fall. Level detection systems include:
(e) Automatic switch over. The controlled system shall be designed to ensure automatic switch
over of operation between available pumps in each successive cycle. Level detection systems
include:
(i) Float switches using a rod or tape. Float type controls are economical, simple and reliable
when operated in effluent or clear water. When operated in raw wastewater or sludge,
maintenance problems can develop from grease coating the float and rods, solids punching the
floats, or corrosion of the float, roads or tapes.
(ii) Enclosed floats. Enclosed float switches consist of an encapsulated mercury switch that may
b e eith er open or cl osed wh en th e fl oat is in th e pendant position. As th e l iqu id rises, th e
position of th e fl oat ch anges th e angl e of th e mercu ry switch reversing its condition.
(iii) Electronic probes. With th e u se of rel ays, it is possible to control a single pump or multiple
pu mps. Encl osed prob es in a seal ed tu b e b el ow wh ich is su spended a b l adder type container with
fl u id resu l ts in l ess maintenance prob l em.
(iv) Captive air system. Captive air systems using a diaphragm and small diameter tubing to
transmit pressure signals to switches that turn pumps on and off.
(v) Pneumatic or air bubbler type control system. This system is generally used for a duplex or
multipump installation.
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SECTION 6. TREATMENT WORKS
6.1 General
6.1.1 General process design considerations. The treatment works processes shall be planned
and designed to meet the following aspects:
(a) the effluent quality requirements as specified in the Third Schedule of the Environmental
Qu al ity (Sewage and indu strial Effl u ents) Regu l ations, 1979. P.U.(A) 12/79 as in Appendix B:
(b) the projected effluent flows and characteristics, including anticipated variations in the flows
and characteristics;
(c) the local environmental and aesthetics requirements, including the proximity to the nearest
h ab itab l e premise, direction of th e prevail ing winds, l ocal z oning requ irements, socioeconomic
aspects, and compatibility of the treatment processes with the present and future land and
receiving water uses;
(d) th e avail ab il ity of l and space for th e treatment works, incl u ding area for fu tu re ex pansion
and/or u pgrading of th e treatment processes;
(e) other local conditions such as soil conditions, climatic conditions, topography, etc.;
(f) th e u l timate disposal of th e treated effl u ents, incl u ding th e access to receiving waters;
(g) the capitai costs and the operating and maintenance costs of the works;
(h ) th e rel iab il ity of th e process, incl u ding th e performance of th e process u nder normal
operating. conditions as well as during unusual or adverse circumstances (a treatment process
reliability is the measurement of the--ability of the facility to perform its designated function
without failure). The reliability criteria shall include the following:
(i) designing the facility for all anticipated circumstances, and this shall include, where
necessary, bypasses, standby units, and protection against floods;
(ii) the mechanical equipment installed shall be easily repaired or replaced without violating the
effluent limitations for long period of time (this shall also include adequate backup service and
the availability of spare parts);
(iii) units that require to be taken out of service for maintenance purpose on a routine basis shall
be duplicated in parallel, so that some treatment can be achieved during the maintenance period:
and
(iv) the electric power system shall be so designed to cater for breakdowns of the power supp1~i,
or to switch the circuitary to standby units in the event of breakdown of any units. Where
necessary, power supply shall be obtained from two sources, one of which shall be a standby
generator or another utility sub-station.
(j) complexity of the processes, including the level of process controls required, and level of
trained personnel required; and
(k) the ultimate disposal of the sludge.
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6. 1. 2 Physical design consideration. Having selected the treatment process to be employed,
careful considerations shall be given to the planning and design of the physical facilities.
6.1.2.1 Treatment works layout
6.1.2.1.1 Process units. Carefu l consideration sh al l b e given to siz e, sh ape and th e ph ysical
arrangement of the process units, depending on the availability of space, the number of units and
economics. In selecting the shape of the unit, due consideration shall be given to the aesthetics
aspects, without compromising on the functional aspects of the process unit. Wherever
practicable, multiple modules that will comprise of a single process will be preferred, as this will
facilitate diversion of flows during repairs and/or maintenance of a module.
6.1.2.1.2 Conduits and their identification. In planning the conduits connecting the various
process u nits, provisions sh al l b e made for fu tu re ex pansion, and for isol ation of each u nit,
th rou gh th e u se of val ves and oth er fl ow control devices. Th ese val ves and fl ow control devices
need only have manual operators or nuts that can be controlled by portab l e manu al or power
driven operators.
Wh ere mu l tipl e modu l es of a singl e process are empl oyed, proper fl ow division facil ity sh al l b e
provided so as to control b oth th e h ydrau l ic and organic loading on each modules, and shall be
designed for easy operation, change, observation and maintenance.
All connecting conduits shall be designed to convey the maximum anticipated flows, including
when flows are diverted from one Unit to another for maintenance or repair purposes. The
conduits shall be designed to avoid pockets and corners where solids can settle and accumulate.
For easy indentification of the conduits and piping, these shall be painted with the following
colour codes:
Chlorine line - - yellow -
Compressed air line - green
Fuel gas line - orange
Potable water supply line - blue
Sewage/effluent line - grey
Sludge line - b rown
6.1.2.1.3 Plant location
Th e fol l owing items sh al l b e considered wh en sel ecting a treatment plant site:
(a) Proximity to residential areas
(b) Direction of prevailing winds
(c) Accessibility by-all weather roads
(d) Area available for expansion
(e) Local zoning requirements
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(f) Local soil characteristics, geology, hydrology and topography available to minimize pumping.
(g) Access to receiving stream by gravity prefer
(h) Water quality of the receiving water course
(j) Compatibility of treatment process with the present and planned future land use, including
noise, potential odours, air quality, and anticipated sludge processing and disposal techniques.
6.1.2.1.4 Structure to be reinforced concrete
Unless otherwise required, wall, slabs, beams, columns and structure for sewerage plant shall, in
general, be in reinforced concrete. Walls shall have minimum thickness of 225 mm. Brickwork
may be used in shallow chamber.
Where a site must be used which is critical with respect to those items, appropriate measures shall
be taken to minimize adverse impacts. The treatment plant should be located in an area not
subject to flooding or otherwise ~e adequately protected against flood damage.
6.1.2.1.5 Foundation
Where necessary, special foundation (eg. bakau piling, reinforce concrete piling etc) shall
provided.
6.1.2.1.6 Quality of effluent
The required degree of treatment for sewage treatment plants shall be based on the parameter
limits as specified in the Third Schedule and the objectives for the receiving waters as established
by the Ministry of Health/Department of Environment. In any case the effluent must be
adequately disinfected to destroy disease causing organisms.
6. 1. 2. 1. 7 Flow
The sewage treatment plant shall be designed to serve the ultimate contributary population based
on an average daily per capita flow of 225 liters, to which must be added an anticipated amount
of industrial wastewater and some allowances for infiltration. Where a plant is designed to serve
an existing sewerage system, the plant shall be designed on the basis of actual flow measurements,
plus allowances for estimated future population and shall be staged as required.
i) Operating equipments
A complete range of tools, accessories and spare parts necessary for the plant operators use shall
be provided together with the necessary storage space.
ii) Grading a,zcl landscaping
Upon completion of the plant, the ground should be graded. Conrete or hard surfaced walkwa\s
should be provided for access to all units. Surface water shall not be permitted to drain into any
unit. Landscaping should be provided especially where a plant is located near residential areas.
Lansdcaping should be provided at all such plants to cover the harsh and unpleasant sight of
sewage structures.
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6.1.2.1.8 Plant oulfalls
The outfall sewer should be designed to discharge to the receiving waters with the consideration
for the following:
i) Preference for freefall or submerged discharged.
ii) Utilization of cascade aeration of effluent discharge to increase dissolved oxygen.
iii) Limited or complete dispersion across receiving waters.
6.1.2.1.9 Organic loading
The process design of a domestic waste treatment plant shall be on the basis of 55 grams of BOD
per capita per day and 68 grams of suspended solids per capita per day. When an existing
treatment works is to be upgraded or expanded, the design shall be based upon the actual strength
of the wastewater. Domestic waste treatment plants designed to include these industrial waste
loads should take into consideration the shock effects of high concentrations and diu-rinal peaks
for short periods of the time on the treatment process particularly for small treatment plants.
6.1 .2.1 .10 Flow division control
F l ow division control facil ities shall be provided as necessary to ensure organic and hydraulic
l oading control to plant process units and shall be designed for easy operator access, change,
ob servation and maintenance.
6.1.2.1.11 PlaNt details
i) Installation of mechanical equipment
The specifications should be written such that the installation and initial operation of major items
of mechanical equ ipment wil l b e su pervised by a representative of th e manu factu rer.
ii) Unit b,vpass
Bypass structure and piping properly located and arranged should b e provided so th at each u nit
of the plant can be removed from service independently.
iii) Appropriate effluent sampling
The outfall sewer should be so constructed and protected against the effects of floodwater, tide or
other hazards as to ensure its structural stability and freedom from stoppage. A manhole should
b e provided at th e shore end of all gravity sewers extending into the receiving waters. Hazards to
navigation shall be considered in designing outfall sewers. Provision shall be made for sampling
of influent or effluent as well as individual process unit.
6.1.2.1.12 Essential facilities
All plants shall be provided with an alternate source of electric power to allow continuity of
operation during power failures. An adequate supply of potable water under pressure should be
provided for use in the laboratory and for general cleanliness around the plant. Toilets, shower,
lavatory and locker facilities should be provided in sufficient numbers and convenient location to
serve the expected plant personnel. Flow measu rement facil ities sh al l b e provided at al l pl ants.
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6.1.2.1.13 Safely
Adequate provision shall be made to effectively protect the operator and visitors from hazards.
The following shall be provided to fulfill the particular needs of each plant:
(i) Fencing of the plant site to discourage the entrance of unauthorized persons and animals.
(ii) Hand rails and guards around tanks, trenches, pits, stairwells and other hazardous structures.
(iii) First aid equipment including CPR.
(iv) No Smoking signs in h az ardou s areas.
(v) Protective clothing and equipment.
(vi) Portable lighting equipment.
6.1.2.1.14 Laboratory
All treatment works shall include a laboratory for making the necessary analytical determination
and operating control tests, except in individual situations where the omission of a laboratory is
approved by the reviewing agency. The laboratory shall have sufficient size, bench-space,
equipment and supplies to perform the process control tests necessary for good management of
each treatment process incl u ded in th e design.
6.1.3 Measuring devices. Devices should be installed in all plants for indication flow rates
of raw sewage or primary effl u ent, retu rn sludge, and air to each tank unit. Where the design
provides for all return sludge to be mixed with the raw sewage (or primary effluent) at one
l ocation th en th e mixed liquor flow rate to each aeration unit should be measured
6.1 .4 Evaluation of new treatment processes. ifl th e case of a particu l ar new treatment
process not incl u ded in th is code of practice, th e designer shall obtain approval of the proposed
treatment process to th e rel evant approving au th ority.
6. 2 Prel iminary treatment
6. 2. 1 Bar screens. Bar screens shall be provided upstream of pumps or treatment facility
for protection against clogging and damage.
The screening device may he manually-cleaned or mechanically cleaned.
6.2.1.1 Manually or mechanically cleaned screens. Clear opening between bars shall be from
25 mm to 3 0 mm and sh al l b e pl aced at a sl oped of 10 to 45 to the vertical.
Approach vel ocities sh o-u l dnorex ced 0. 2 rn/sec and th e fl ow th rou gh vel ocity should not exceed
0. 8 m/sec at velocity average rate of flow.
The approach channel should be so designed to ensure a good distribution of velocity.
F acil ity for a screened b y-pass to b e provided in th e event of cl ogging.
Wh ere mech anical l y cl eaned screening devices are instal l ed au x il iary manu al l y cl eaned screen
shall be provided.
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6.2.2 Fine screens. F ine screens, where used for pre-treatment or primary treatment should
b e instal l ed to manu factu rers specification and requ ire prior approval of the Local Authority.
6.2.2.1 Disposal of screening. Screenings should be removed, handled, stored and disposed in a
sanitary manner.
6. 2. 3 Grit removal. Grit removal facilities may be considered as optional process depending
on th e natu re of sewage to b e treated. Grit removal systems may comprise either the Horizontal
Constant Vel ocity Grit Chamber or the Aerated Grit Chamber or Detritor.
6.2.3.1 Horizontal constant velocity grit chamber
(a) The flow through velocity should not exceed 0.23 rn/sec
(b) The surface loading rate should not exceed 1500 m
2
/d/m
2
.
6.2.3.2 Aerated grit chamber
(a) Max imu m detention time to b e 3 mm.
(b) Air rates should be in th e range of 4.5 to 12. 5 l iter/sec/rn of tank
(c) Depth to width ratio of 1:2.
(d) Length to width ratio of 1:2.
6. 2. 3 . 3 Detritors
(a) Th e max imu m fl ow th rou gh vel ocity sh ou l d not exceed 0.3 rn/sec at peak flows
(b) Tangential flow entry into detritor width minimum turbulence.
(c) Water depth in tank to b e control l ed b y weir outlet.
(d) Reciprocating inclined dewatering systems should be incorporated for washing grit and
redu cing organic content.
6.2.3.4 Disposal of grit. -Mechanical grit removal system of col l ecting and disposal of grit in a
sanitary manner sh ou l d b e provided.
6.3 Primary treatment
6.3.1 Design criteria for septic tanks. (Typical diagrams as in fig. 3). Septic tanks are to be
either rectangular or cylindrical chambers sited or constructed below ground level. They are to
be of watertight construction so that they neither permit ingress of ground water or engress of
sewage to the ground.
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6.3.1.1 Capacity. The capacity of th e septic tank should be based on th e nu mb er of persons or
equivalent population served based on the following formula:
C = 225 P
where
C is th e capacity of th e tank in l itres and
P is the designed population or equivalent population
The minimum capacity of septic tank should not be less than 2000 litres and should not serve an
equivalent population of more than 150.
6.3.2 Rectangular septic tank.
6.3.2.1 Minimum requirements. Rectangular septic tanks should have the following minimum
dimensions:
(a) Minimum liquid depth of 1.25 m but not more than 2.0 rn.
(b) Should have width not less than 750 mm,
(c) Have a length not less than 2 times its width.
(d) Should be roofed and have a minimum water free-board of 250 mm.
(e) Adequate opening for desludging and maintenance should be provided.
(f) Access for desludging vehicles should be provided.
6.3.2.2 Arrangement
(a) Tanks less tha,i 1.25 in width
(i) Th e septic tank sh al l b e constru cted with 2 or more compartments, either 2 separated tanks
or by dividing a single tank into two by a partition or baffle.
(ii) Where a baffle is used it shall be positioned at a distance of about 500 mm from the inlet
end. The baffle shall extend 150 mm above TWL and shall leave a minimum clearance of about
500 mm at the bottom.
(iii) The inlet and outlet shall be a vertical 150 mm diameter cast iron T-~shapeddip pipe with the
top limb extending above scumlevel and the bottom limb extending 500 mm below TWL.
(iv) The invert of the inlet dip-pipe should be 75 mm above the invert of outlet dip-pipe.
(v) The floor of the tank should be sloped towards the inlet end at a slope of I to 6.
(b) Tank greater than 1.25 m width.
(i) For tanks more than 1.25 m width, the tank shall be of two compartments in series. The
inlet compartments to have a capacity of twice that of the second compartment.
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(ii) The influent into tanks of more than 1 .25 m width shall discharge into a channel which feeds
two or more dip-pipes. The two compartments should also be interconnected by equal number of
dip-pipes.
(iii) The outlet shall be in the form of weir which should extend the full width of the tank.
Scum boards should be placed before the weirs.
(iv) The floor of th e inl et ch amb er sh ou l d b e sl oped towards th e inl et end at a sl ope of I to 6.
(v) The invert of the inlet dip-pipe should be 75 mm above the invert of the outlet dip-pipe.
6.3.3 Other types of septic tanks. As cylindrical septic tanks are precast and factory-made
th ey requ ires th e approval of the relevant Authority on an individual basis.
6.3.4 Design criteria for inihoff tank
6.3.4.1 Sedimentation compartment
The sedimentation compartment shall have a capacity of not less than 2 h ou rs detention time for
average daily flow of 225 litres/cap./day.
It shall have a surface overflow rate of not more than 30 m
3
/m
2
/day at design peak flow.
Th e sedimentation compartment sh al l h ave a l ength to width ratio of not l ess th an 3 to I .
Minimum width shall be 600 mm and depth of not less than 900 mm or more than 2.8 in.
I n th e sedimentation compartment of the lmhoff Tank the side slopes shall have a slope of not
less than 1 .5 times vertical to I horizontal.
The compartment shall have a false bottom and communication with the sludge digestion
compartment shall be by means of a horizontal slot minimum 150 mm wide running the full
width of th e tank.
A sl ot overl ap of at l east 200 mm to b e provided.
6.3.4.2 Sludge compartment
The sludge digestion compartment shall have a capacity of not less than 0.04 m
3
per capita.
Th e fl oor of th e compartment wil l h ave a sl ope of I vertical to 4 horizontal towards the sludge
draw-off pipe.
The sludge draw-off pipe shall be of cast-iron and not less than 100 mm and shall draw off
sludge from the bottom of the sludge compartment.
Sludge sampling pipes for sludge draw-off above and below the neutral zone shall be provided.
The scum compartment shall have a width not less than 45 0 mm or 25% of the total surface area
of th e sedimentation compartment, wh ich ever is l arger.
The scum compartment shall be adequately vented and facilities for adequate removal of gas
provided.
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6.3.4.3 Neutral zone. A neutral zone of not less than 300 mm deep shall be provided between
th e b ottom of th e sedimentation compartment and th e top of th e sl u dge digestion compartment.
6.3.4.4 Inlet and outlet
The inlet may be of minimum 150 mm diameter cast-iron T-shaped dip-pipe with the top limb
extending above the scum level and the bottom limb extending 500 mm below the TWL.
For wider tanks multiple inlets to be provided.
The outlet shall be in the form of weir which should extend the full width of the tank.
Scum boards shall be provided at the inlets and outlets and in the larger tanks at intermediate
points. Th e scu m b oards sh al l b e su b merged at l east 600 mm and ex tended by at least 450 mm
ab ove TWL.
The TWL in the sedimentation tank shall be at least 75 mm b el ow th e invert l evel of th e inl et
sewer.
6.3.4.5 Reversal of flow direction. In large installations with multiple units of sludge
compartment, provision sh al l b e made for reversal of fl ow periodical l y, so as to ob tain even
distrib u tion of sl u dge.
6. 3 . 4 . 6 Effl u ent. Effl u ent from septic and imh off tanks requ ire secondary treatment in
b iol ogical fil ter or oth er meth ods approved b y th e Local Au th ority.
6. 3 . 4 . 7 Sl ab cover. Th e roof of th e septic and imh off tanks sh al l b e eith er covered with a
reinforced concrete cast-in-situ sl ab with adequ ate openings with air-tigh ts manh ol es covers for
inspection and maintenance or covered with precast reinforced conc. rete sl ab s fitted with lifting
h andl es and h aving grooves for j ointing with l ine to prevent emission of smel l and b reeding of
insects. - -
6.3.5 Ventilation. I n al l septic and imh off tanks th e space b etween th e top of th e water l evel
and th e roof sh al l b e:
(a) Adequately ventilated;
(b ) Provided with adequ ate means for dra~vingoff gases;
(c) Al l ventil ation provided sh al l b e proofed against th e entry of mosqu itoes.
6.3.6 Prima,) sedimentation tank
6. 3 . 6. 1 General . Sedimentation tanks may provide th e principal degree of wastewater
treatment, or th ey may b e u sed as a prel iminary steps in th e fu rth er treatment of wastewater.
Wh en u sed as th e onl y means of treatment. th ese tanks sh al l b e provided for th e removal of:
(a) senl eab l e sol ids capab l e of forming sl u dge b anks in th e receiving waler and;
(b) much of the floating material.
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Wh en u sed as a prel iminary step to fu rth er treatment th e main fu nction of primary
sedimentation tank is to redu ce th e organic l oading on th e secondary treatment u nits and are
essential l y components of secondary sewage treatment.
The efficiency of a sedimentation tank is dependent on the velocity of the flow, which is
determined b y th e tank dimension. Effective fl ow measu rement devices and control
appu rtenances sh al l b e provided to permit proper proportioning of fl ow and sol ids l oading to each
u nit. Sedimentation tanks may b e of th e h oriz ontal fl ow or u pward fl ow or radial fl ow type.
Primary sedimentation tanks cou l d b e eith er rectangu l ar or circu l ar in sh ape, th e circu l ar
configu rations are recommended for l arger fl ows.
6. 3 . 6. 2 Rectangu l ar tanks. Th e l ength to width ratio sh ou l d b e 3 : 1 or more. Th e width to
depth ratio sh ou l d b e b etween 1 : 1 to 2.5 : I. Typical depth of rectangular primary
sedimentation tank is 2. 5 m to 3 . 0 m.
6.3.6.3 Circular tank. Th e side water depth sh ou l d not b e u nder 3 m. Th e fl oor sl ope wh en
u sed in conj u nction with scraper mech anism sh ou l d b e I : 12 or as recommended b y su ppl ier of
scraper.
6.3.6.4 Detention time. Detention time should vary with depth of tank and surface loading
rate and should be within the range of 90 to 150 mm at Average Daily Flow.
6.3.6.5 Surface loading. For the rectangular tank the sludge will mainly settle out at the
inl et end of th e tank. Th e settl ed sewage is col l ected at th e opposite end for treatment. F or
circu l ar tanks th e l oading can eith er b e central or periph eral . Th e su rface l oading rate at peak
fl ow sh ou l d not ex ceed 60 m
3
/day/m
2
.
6.3.6.6 Wej r l oading. Th e weir l oading rate sh ou l d b e in th e range of 15 0 to 180 m
3
iday/rn~.
6. 3 . 6. 7 Scraper mech anism and sl u dge Du mps. Scraper mech anism and sl u dge pu mps for th e
col l ection and transfer of scu m and sl u dge sh ou l d b e approveu b i-~cLcc:li~ori~.
6. 3 . 6. 8 Primary sedimentation tank with h opper b ottom and rectangu l ar (Typical diagrams
as in fig. 4).
6.3.6.8.1 Upward flow sedimentation tanks. An u pward fl ow tank is normal l y squ are or
circu l ar in pl an with h opper b ottom h aving steepl y sl oping sides to provide sl u dge storage.
Sewage enters th e tank th rou gh a feed pipe and is initial l y defl ected downwards b y a stil l ing b ox .
As th e sewage is dispersed into th e b ody of th e tank it rises steadil y towards a periph eral weir
and su spended material fal l into th e h opper.
[ n designing h opper b ottom tanks an angl e of sl ope of 60 (giving 5 1 val l ey sl ope) wil l u su al l y b e
saListactory. I n order to redu ce sl u dge accu mu l ation in th e val l ey angl e, a tank of steeper angl e
of sl ope of 68 (giving 60 val l ey sl ope) may b e considered.
6. 3 . 6. 8. 2 Capacity. The capacity of th e h opper sh ou l d b e equ ival ent to 2 h ou rs detention time
at peak fl ow.
Additional water depth of minimu m 4 00 mm sh ou l d b e provided ab ove th e h opper in th e vertical
side-wal l section b etween th e top of th e h opper and th e TWL. Th e side-wal l h eigh t sh ou l d not
b e l ess th an 4 00 mm.
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MS 1228 : 1991
6.3.6.8.3 Horizontal flow tank. A horizontal flow tank is normally rectangular in plan and
sh ou l d h ave l ength of approx imatel y 3 times its width and a depth b el ow TWL of about 1.5 m.
Th is tank sh ou l d b e designed to h ave a singl e or mu l tipl e h opper conforming to cl au se 6. 3 . 6. 8. 1.
To facilitate desludging twin tanks should be provided for larger installation.
6.3.6.8.4 Surface loading rate. The overflow rate should not be greater th an 60 m
3
/day. m
2
primary sedimentation tank.
6.3.6.8.5 Solid loading rate. Th e sol id l oading rate sh ou l d b e b etween 2. 5 to 6 kg/m
2
/h r.
6.3.6.8.6 Weir loading rate. The weir loading rate sh ou l d not ex ceed 15 0 m
3
/day/m.
6. 4 Secondary treatment. I n waste water treatment pl ants th e prel iminary and primary
stages of treatment wh ich were describ ed in th e earl ier ch apters of th is code can efficientl y
remove 3 0% to 4 0% of th e B. O. D. and
6
O% to 70% of th e infl u ent Su spended Sol ids (S. S).
Th e fraction remaining are sol u b l e, col l oidal or sufficiently small not to settle easily and they
consists of a wide range of organic and inorganic material s.
Th e u su al way in wh ich th e remaining fraction can b e fu rth er treated is to encou rage micro-
organism to ox idiz e th e organic material in a simil ar manner to th at in th e natu ral process
occu ring in rivers and streams b u t at an increased rate.
I n su ch secondary treatment th e organic material is made to come into contact with micro-
organisms eith er in a ~F ix edF il m Media or a ~Su spendedF il m Media.
The most commonly used biological process in the fixed film media is the trickling filter and in
th e su spended fil m media is th e activated sl u dge with th eir many varied and modified processes.
Oth er common b iol ogical process are th e Aerated Lagoon and th e Waste Stab il iz ation Pond.
6.4.1 Fixed growth (Typical diagrams as in fig. 5).
6.4.1.1 Mineral media. For sewage treatment plant of 500 persons capacity or less the
rectangu l ar type of percol ating fil ter with tipper, ch u te and ch annel distrib u tion system of settl ed
sewage may be used.
Tipper, chute and channel shall be made of aluminium sheet of minimum 2 mm thickness or of
cast iron or stainless steel. The size. capacity, dimension, support shall be approved by the Local
Authority.
Tipper trough should have a capacity equivalent to 4.5 litres/rn
2
of filter surface area.
For sewage treatment plant above 500 persons capacity the circular type percolating filter with
dosing syphon and rotary type distributors and ancillaries shall be used. Dosing syphon, rotary
distributor equipment shall be of approved make, size, capacity and material and designed for 3 x
DWF. The distributor arm shall be approximately 150 mm to 300 mm above the media line.
The average depth of the media shall not exceed 1.8 m and minimum depth shall not be less than
1.2 m.
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MS 1228 : 199]
The media provided shall be inert and resistant to biological attack e.g. granite. limestone or
coral. Two sizes of media shall be provided viz. 100 mm single size for the lower one-third and
50 mm single size for the upper two-third 01 the filter.
The loading for the low or standard rate filter shall be as follows:
(a) Hydraulic I 00O x P litres/day/rn
2
(b) Organic (BOD
5
~ 20C)-80 x P
1
kgdavi 1000 m
3
where P is the designed population.
The hydraulic loading rates are not to exceed 4500 litres/day/rn
2
and the organic loading rates are
not to exceed 400 kg/day/l000 rn
3
.
Good ventilation shall be provided at the bottom of and through the media.
Aeration pipes of 100 mm or 150 mm diameter shall be provided extending through the full
depth of the media. The size and/or number of opening that will provide the required volume of
air shall be based on 0.S% of the surface area of the bed.
The inlet openings into the filter underdrains have an unsubmerged gross combined area equal to
at least 15 percent of the Surface of the lilier.
The base slab shall be sloped no flatter than I in 50 and overlaid with approved drainage tiles or
pipes.
6.4.1.2 Synthetic media. The synthetic media for trickling filters has extended the range of
hydraulic and organic loading well beyond the range of stone media. Two properties that are of
interest are specific surface area and percent void space.
The ability of synthetic media to handle higher hydraulic and organic loadings is directly
attributed to the higher specific surface area and void space of these media compared to stone
media.
The organic and hydraulic loading should be inaccordance to the manufacturers specification.
6.4.2 Rotating biological contact ors IRBC)
6.4.2.1 General. Rotating biological contactors consist of basically high density plastic media
discs mounted on the shaft. The shaft is then made to turn slowly at approximately 1 rpm either
mechanically through a gear drive system or by the use of air through buoyancy forces exerted on
air trapped in air cups fixed to the edge of the discs from an air blow system. The slow rotation
of the shaft causes alternating exposure of the media to atmosphere and the wastewater.
Biological growths (biofilm) become attached to the surfaces of the discs and eventually form a
slime layer (biomass) over the discs. The rotation effects oxygen transfer, keep the biom.ass in an
aerobic condition and also causes excess biomass to slough from the discs into the mixed liquor
and out of the process basin. This sloughing maintains a uniformly thick biomass and prevents
clogging of the discs.
RBCs are also available in package units for limited capacit\ which incorporate facilities for
primary and secondary settlement together with sludge storage for a period of 4 to 6 months.
38
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MS 1228 : 1991
6.4.2.2 Process design
(a) The RBC system requ ires prel iminary treatment, primary and secondary settlement, sludge
storage and treatment.
(b) The soluble BOD is the controlling factor in design and therefore the approach taken is to
determine the amount of the soluble BOD removed per unit of surface area for each stage of a
multi-stage RBC system. The soluble BOD shall be taken as 70% of the total BOD for domestic
waste.
(c) Where primary sedimentation tanks are used also for sludge storage/digestion, an additional
increase of 50% of the soluble fraction shall be taken into account in design due to the exertion
of the secondary BOD from the digestion process.
(d) When the peaks flows are greater than 2.5 DWF, sufficient equilisation volumes shall be
provided additional l y to primary settling volumes or separate equalisation tanks.
(e) Where necessary the RBC systems should be preceeded by fine screens with a maximum clear
spacing of 20 mm. -
(f) Required media area should be calculated based on the peak loading rate.
(g) The RBC should be covered in order to protect media from effect of UV rays and rainfall.
Adequ ate ventil ation sh ou l d b e provided.
(h) The limiting design parameters for RBC are summarised below:-
Rotating Biological Contactor
Soluble BOD
5
specific loading on first stage 12 to 20 g/day.m
2
Tank volumes 5 I/day.m
2
of media
Maximum peripherel velocity 0.35 rn/sec
Minimum number of stages 2 stage
Dry sludge removal 0.8 - 1.1 kg of dry
sludge / kg of BOD removed.
Minimum detention in tank 1 hour
6.4.2.3 Detail design
6.4.2.3.1 input arrangements and capacity. Wherever possible installations using RBC system
should be supplied by gravity and means provided to minimise surges in flow. especially where
package units are used. Where crude sewage is admitted by pumping, it is important that the-
average frequency of pumping should not be less than four times per hour throughout most of the
day.
39
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MS 1228: 1991
Septic tanks or other system of sludge tanks built integrally with RBC should be able to hold at
least the total volume of sludge deposited in 1-3 months use, dependent on the size of the plant.
at the full design loading. They should provide convenient access for desludging and should be
sufficiently rigid to withstand pressure fromadjoining compartments during desludging.
In integral plants, it is desirable for the inlet zone to be baffled or for a weir providing a head
loss of 10 mm to 20 mm to be installed to minimise the effect of surges in flow. Treatment is
more efficient when longitudinal mixing is minimized in the treatment zone by installation of a
number of transverse baffles each providing a head loss of about 10 mm.
The design should facilitate the transfer of excess film, shed from the rotating surfaces from the
treatment zone to a secondary settlement unit, either by positive mechanical means or by ensuring
that sufficient turbulence is induced to carry it forward in the effluent stream.
6.4.2.3.2 Rotor units and drire mechanisms. The rotational speed (usually 1-3 rpm) and
diameter of the rotating structure govern the peripheral velocity, which should not exceed 0.35
rn/sec to avoid stripping of the biomass. Random media, where employed, should be tightly
packed for the same reason. Biological film accumulates more thickly on the surfaces nearest the
inlet to the treatment zone, and the spacing between adjacent surfaces of discs in this region
should be designed to prevent the bridging of gaps between surfaces.
6.4.2.3.3 Construction. The design and alignment of the drive shaft should provide adequate
strength to assure long trouble free life. Failure of power or other interruption of rotation max,
if continued more than 24 hours, allow the biomass on the rotor to become unbalanced due to
drainage and drying of the exposed areas. If the rotation recommences without the proper
maintenance and cleaning of the discs, severe strain will be placed on the shaft and drive. It is
therefore assential that proper provisions for overload protection of the motor is made that
automatic restart for the motor is provided after an electrical failure.
Structures supporting the rotor bearings and drive should have a adequate long term rigidity to
maintain alignment. Bearing, drive chains and sprockets should be protected from moisture and
provided with easy access for lubrication and adjustment.
Discs shall be durable materials including expanded metal, plastic mesh, GRP. unplasticized
polyvinyl chloride or similar materials or high density polystyrene foam. The packing used in
rotating cylinders may be similar to random fill media used in high rate biological filters. Rotors
are also used with a variety of surfaces disposed in a spiral or honeycomb form.
6.4.2.3.4 Loading and peiformance of the biological stage. Where full treatment of domestic
sewage to the Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents). Regulations 1979
standard is required the loading of the rotating surfaces in the biological zone should not exceed
5 g BOD/m
2
/day of settled sewage or 7.5 g BOD/m
2
/day as crude sewage entering an integrated
package plant. Higher loadings may be used provided that adequate technical support data has
been supplied. The loading should be based on the maximum population to be served. Where
quality standards are critical, additional tertiary treatment (polishing) should be provided.
6. 4 . 3 Suspended growth (Typical diagrams as in fig. 6).
6.4.3.1 Waste stabilization pond
6. 4 . 3 . 1. 1 General
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MS 1228 : 1991
(a) Waste stabilization ponds can be provided in a variety of combination covering anaerobic.
facultative and maturation ponds system. A series of ponds produces a better quality effluent
than that from a single pond of the same size and it avoids short circuiting of sewage flow.
(b) Ponds have considerable advantages as regards to costs and maintenance requirements and
the removal of faecal bacteria over all other methods of treating sewage from communities.
(c) Anaerobic ponds are designed to recei\e very high organic
wastes which have a high solids content where the solids settle to
anaerobically. The partially clarified supernatant liquor can be
pond for further treatment.
loading or to pretreat strong
the bottom and are digested
discharged into a facultative
(d) Facultative ponds are the most common and they normally receive raw sewage or that which
has received only preliminary treatment for example settled effluent from septic tanks and
anaerobic pretreatment ponds.
(e) Maturation ponds are used as a second stage to facultative ponds. Their main function is the
destruction of pathogens such as faecal bacteria and viruses.
6.4.3.1.2 Basis of design. The climate of the area (temperature, sunlight, cloud cover, wind.
etc) and the nature of the wastewater to be treated (presence of the toxic chemicals. non-
degradable substances, sulphates, total dissolved solids, etc) have a considerable effect on pond
loadings, and must be taken into account when designing the system. The design loading for the
various pond systems shall be as follows:-
Parameter
(a) Anaerobic Pond
Design Criteria
Liqu id depth -
Maximum loading rate
Detention time
Sludge accumulation rate
(b) Facultative Pond
Total surface loading rate
Standard A
Standard B
Minimum detention time
Standard A
Standard B
2.5 m - 4 rn
0.4 kg BOD/day.m
3
minimum 2 days
0.04 m
3
/year/capita
225 kg/h a/day
330 kg/ha/day
Maximum surface loading rate for the first stage facultative pond.
Standard A 330 kg/ha/day
Standard B 5 05 kg/ha/day
Minimum free board
Liquid depth (minimum)
Sludge accumulation rate
14 days
9 days
0.5 m
1. 5
0.04 rn
3
/vear/capita
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MS 1228 : 1991
6. 4 . 3 . 1. 3 Design and constructional details
(a) Pond geometry. Geometry of pond is not necessary rectangular. All corners of pond should
be rounded-up with a minimum radius of 10 rn.
(b) impermeable construction. The pond should be impermeable so as to avoid percolation and
ground water pollution.
(c) En2bankn2ent. The inner slope of pond embankment shall have a protective lining of cement
rip-rap 0.3 m thick or cast-in situ concrete slab of 75 mm thick extending from top of
embankment to a minimum of 0.5 m below liquid surface, or erosion of the embankment by
surface wave action can be avoided by placing precast concrete slabs at the top water level. The
inner slope shall have a maximum slope of 1 horizontal to 1 vertical if it is pitched with cement
rip-rap or ru b b l e pitching and the slope of the embankment is well compacted.
The outer slope shall be protected by turfing or rip-rap if subjected to external water wave
action. When it is turfed the recommended slope shall be 3 horizontal to 1 vertical.
All weather roads of enough width (minimum 3.5 m wide) and strength shall be provided for
large trucks or lorries to have easy access to the ponds. Surface runoff must be prevented from
entering the pond.
(d) inlet and outlet structures. In order to minimise hydraulic short circuiting, the inlet and
outlet to each pond shall be of multiple units and located in diagonally opposite corners cross
connection between ponds should also be provided.
The inlet into the waste stabilization pond shall be preceeded with a scum chamber to arrest scum
or other floating materials from entering the pond. A flow measuring device such as venturi or
partial fl u me to measure inflow and a vee-notch to measure final outflow shall be installed if
required.
in order to reduce the amount of scum the pipe should discharge below the pond surface with a
concrete splash pad at the pond base just below the end of inlet pipe to receive the incoming raw
sewage. in order to reduce the amount of scum the pipe should discharge below the pond surface
and in order to prevent the formation of a sludge bank, the end of the pipe should be sited up to
about 1/3 length of the pond away from the embankrnents.
(e) Facilities shall be provided for by-passing to the first, second and subsequent ponds.
6,4.3.2 Aerated lagoons
6. 4 . 3 . 2. 1 General. Aerated l agoons are essentially similar to waste stabilization ponds except
that it is mechanically aerated instead of algal oxygenation, much deeper and has a shorter
detention time. An advantage that aerated lagoons have is the relative ease with which additional
aerators can be added as population increases or as better efficiency is desired.
Aerated lagoons are activated sludge units operated without sludge return. Two basic aerated
lagoon systems are recommended, namely
(i) Compl etel y mixed aerated lagoon system or the aerobic flow through type; and
(ii) Partial l y mixed or facultative aerated lagoons system.
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Floating aerators are most commonly used to supply the necessary oxygen and mixing power.
6.4.3.2.2 Faculialive aerated lagoons. Facultative aerated lagoons are akin to the alga] ponds
used for waste stabilization except that the oxygen is derived from mechanical aeration instead of
algal photosynthesis. The power input is sufficient for diffusing enough oxygen into the liquid
but not sufficient for maintaining all the solids in suspension with the result that suspended solids
in the rawsewage entering the lagoons tend to settle down and undergo anaerobic decomposition
at the bottom. It is very significantly affected by changes in temperature. It requires lower
power to drive the aerator then the completely mixed lagoons.
Sludge accumulation will take place at the rate of 0.04 rn
3
/year/capita. Anaerobic decomposition
leads to liquefaction of solids and a non degradable residue while the original load of grit and
inorganic solids entering the lagoon along with raw sewage also settles at the lagoons bottom. The
detention time is much larger than the completely mixed lagoons.
6. 4 . 3 . 2. 3 Contpietelv mixed aerated lagoons sts/em. The lagoons need more power than the
facultative type as the surface aerator has to keep the solids in suspension (as in activated sludge
aeration tank) in addition to diffusing enough oxygen into the liquid. The wastewater enters at
one end and leaves at the other end of lagoons along with the solids under aeration. - Hence the
solids concentration in the effluent will be the same as the solids concentration in the lagoon
itself. The efficiency of BOD removal concentration in the lagoon is not very high since solids
are present in the effluent. -
6.4.3.2.4 The effluents from the aerated lagoons should be further treated.
6.4.3.2.5 Basis of design. The design criteria for both the completely mixed and facultative
lagoons are set out below.
Table 2. Design criteria for aerated lagoons
Parameters
Aerated Lagoons
Completely mixed Falcultative
Minimum detention period 1 day 2.5 days
Oxygen requirement 0.8 - 1.1 kg 02
consumed/kg BOD
removed.
1.5 - 1.8 kg 02
consumed/kg BOD
removed.
Minimum mixing power 5 kw/l000 m
3
3 kw/l000 m
3
Minimum freeboard
1.0 rn 1.0 rn
Maximum depth
5 m
5 iTt
BOD removal 50% 60% to 70/
Dissolved ox\gen concentration 2 mgi
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MS 1228 : 1991
6.4.3.2.6 Design details. The construction of aerated lagoons is essentially the same as that of
waste stabilization ponds. The major differences are : greater depths (usually 3 m - 5 m) steeper
embankment slopes and the provision of a complete butyl rubber or polythene or cemente~irip-
rap lining (minimum 0.5 m thick) to prevent scou ring by the turbulence induced by the aerators.
Where surface aerators are used, it is preferably to have floating units. Where fixed aerators are
used (mounted on columns or stilts) it is essential that the liquid level in the lagoon is maintained
constant so as to ensure the required degree of submergence of the aerator blades.
El ectric cab l e h as to b e carried overhead to the aerator from the banks of the lagoon. The steel
ropes used to anchor the aerator to the side banks can be used to carry the cable also. For repairs
or maintenance the aerator can be pulled in water to the corner of the lagoon where a small loop
or arm can be provided to wet-dock the aerator and enable lifting it up for inspection.
6.4.3 .2 .7 Pond geometry. Aerator ~agoons shall be designed to prevent short circuiting to
ensure uniform mixing and aeration. The shape of the pond will depend on the selection of the
aeration equipment and zone of influence.
6.4.3.3 Activated sludge
6.4.3.3.1 General. The activated sludge process is an aerobic, biological process which uses
micro-organisms in suspension to remove colloidal, suspended and dissolved substances exerting
an oxygen demand. Settled sewage is led to ad aeration tank where oxygen is supplied either by
mechanical agitation or by diffused aeration. Aeration of the sewage is followed by settlement in
the secondary sedimentation tank with part of the resulting sludge recycled to the aeration
system to maintain a high cell concentration (2000 - 8000 mg/I of MLSS) in the aeration tank and
the remainder being wasted for further treatment.
6.4.3.3.2 Type of processes and modification. The activated sludge process is very flexible and
can be adopted to almost any type of biological waste treatment problem. Basically the activated
sludge processes comprise of:
(a) Conventional activated sludge
(b) Contact stabilization
(c) Conventional extended aeration
(d) Oxidation ditch (a modified extended aeration process)
The other modified activated sludge systems that have become standardized vary from the above
4 processes in the way sewage and aeration is introduced into the tank. They include tapered
aeration process, continuous flow stirred-tank step aeration, modified aeration, high rate aeration
and the pure oxygen system.
6.4.3.3.2.1 Conventional activated sludge. The conventional activated sludge process consists of
an aeration tank, a primary and secondary clarifier, and a sludge recycling line. Sludge wasting
is accomplished from the recycle or mixed liquor line. Both influent settled wastewater and
recycled sludge enter the tank at the head end and are aerated for a period of about 4 to 8 hours.
The influent wastewater and recycled sludge are mixed by the action of diffused or mechanical
aeration, which is constant as the mixed liquor moves down the tank. During this period.
absorption, flocculation and oxidation of the organic matter take place. The mixed liquor is
settled in the activated sludge sedimentation tank and the sludge is returned at a rate of 20-50%
of the influent flow rate depending on the MLSS maintained in the aeration tank.
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MS 1228: 1991
6.4.3.3.2.2 Contact stabilization. The contact stabilization process involves treatment in four
distinct compartments. In the first compartment, sewage, which will usually be screened or
macerated is aerated in contact with activated sludge for a period of 30 to 90 mm, the mixed
liquor then passing to the settlement compartment. After settlement the supernatant liquor
treated effluent) is discharged and the sludge is transfered to a third (re-aeration) compartment
where it is aerated for a period of 3 to 6 hours during which time oxidation of absorbed organic
material occurs. A large proportion of the activated sludge is then recycled to the first (contact)
compartment. There may be a fourth (aerobic digester) compartment where surplus sludge is
further aerated to oxidize it as completely as possible before being removed for disposal.
6.4.3.3.2.3 Extended aeration. This process is used extensively for prefabricated package plants.
It involves treatment in two compartments, an aeration or mixed liquor compartment and a
settlement compartment. Sewage, which will usually be screened or macerated, flow to the
aeration compartment where it is aerated in admixture with activated sludge. The sludge is
separated from the mixed liquor in the settlement compartment which is usually integral with the
first compartment but separated from it by partition. The sludge is recycled to the aeration
compartment either by gravity pump or air lift. The supernatant liquor (treated effluent) leaves
the plant over a weir. Separate sludge wasting generally is provided.
Operating experience has indicated that problems have developed in many plants where wasting
facilities have not been provided. Provisions shall be made to remove excess sludge and this
should be treated prior to disposal.
6.4.3.3.2.4 Oxidation ditch. This is basically an extended aeration system and consists
essentially of a Continuous shallow channel 1 m to 3 m deep usually forming an oval Circuit in
plan.
Raw sewage, after screening and grit removal enters the ditch where mechanical rotors (aerator)
aerate the liquid and keep it in circulation. The ditch may be followed by a separate settling tank
from which the settled sludge may be returned to the ditch by a pump and the excessive solid be
sent to a drying bed while the clear supernatant is discharged. In some cases the ditch itself may
be used as settling compartment by periodically shutting off the aerators. Excess solids must be
removed as sludge on a regular basis.
The long sludge age, acheived by recycling more than 95% of the sludge ensures minimal excess
sludge production and a high degree of mineralization in the sludge that is produced.
Sludge handling and treatment is almost negligible since the small amount of waste sludge can be
readily dewatered without odour on drying beds.
The ditch should have a concrete lining with side slopes of about I in 1 .5 vertical, A rigid lining
should always be provided in the vicinity of the rotor extending to at least 4.5 rn downstream to
prevent damage due to the high turbulence in these areas.
The same depth below top water level and preferably of the same cross-sectional area should be
maintained for the complete circuit. The ditch should be equipped with one or more mechanical
aerators arranged to maintain a velocity of flow in the ditch sufficient to keep the activated
sludge in suspension.
Provision should be made for separate settlement of sludge before discharge of final effluent in
the ditch is designed for continous operations.
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MS 1228: 1991
6.4.3 .3 .3 Process design
6.4.3.3.3.1 Applicability
(a) Biodegradable waste. The activated sludge process and its various modification may be used
where sewage is amenable to biological treatment.
(b) Operational requirements..This process requires close attention and competent operating
supervision including routine laboratory control. These requirements shall be considered when
proposing this type of treatment.
(c) Energy requirements. This process requires major energy usage to meet aeration demands.
Provisions shall be made for the emergency energy supply.
6.4.3.3.3.2 Specific process selection. The activated sludge process and its several modifications
max be employed to accomplish varied degrees of removal of suspended solids and reduction of
carbonaceous and/or nitrogenous oxygen demand. Choice of the process most applicable will be
influenced by the degree and consistency of treatment required, type of waste to be treated,
proposed plant size anticipated, degree of operation and maintenance and operating and capital
costs. All design shall provide for flexibility in operation.
6.4.3.3.3.3 Pretreatment. Where primary sedimentation tanks are not used, effective removal or
exclusion of grit, debris, excessive oil or grease, and communition or screening of solids shall be
accomplished prior to the acti\ated sludge process.Where primary sedimentation is used, provision
shall be made for discharging raw sewage directly to the aeration tank to facilitate plant start-up
and operation during the initial stages of the plants design life.
6.4.3.3.3.4 Capacity~~~The size of the aeration tank or oxidation ditch for any partkul~r
adaptation of the process shall be determined by full scale experiment, or rational calculations
based mainly on food to microorganism ratio and mixed liquor sus~ehddsolids levels. Other
factors such as size of treatment plant, diurnal load variations and degree of treatment required
shall also be considered when designing for nitrification and denitrification. Calculations should
be submitted to justify the basis for design for aeration tank capacity. Calculation using values
differing substantially from. those in table 3 should made reference to actual operational plants.
Mixed liquor su spended sol ids l evel s greater th an 5 000 mg/i may be allowed providing adequate
data is submitted showing the aeration and clarification system capable of supporting such levels.
6.4.3.3.4 Detail design
6.4.3.3.4.1 General requirement. The installation should incorporate the following features:
(a) adequate protection against corrosion;
(b) standby electrical equipment incorporating automatic changeover, where practicable;
(c) automatic restarting in the event of power failure;
(d) arrangement for the removal and disposal of surplus sludge;
(e) adequate control of flow to minimise risk of washout of activated sludge;
(f) if below ground level, adequate protection against floatation.
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MS 1228 : 1991
Table 3. Common parameters and operating characteristics of
single-stage activated sludge system
Process Loading
-
Hydraulic
Detention
Time (hrs)
02 required
kg/kg
BOD removed
MLSS
mg/I
F/M
(Kg B0D/
Kg MLSS
SRT
(days)
kg of
BOD/m
Conventional
Extended
Aeration
Contact
Stabilization
Oxidation
Ditch
0.15 -
0.4
0.05 -
0.15
0.15 -
0.5
0.5 -
2.0
0.05 -
0.15
5 - 15
20 - 30
3 10
-
20 - 30
0.32 -
0.92
0.16 -
0.4
0.48 -
1.12
1.44 -
2.88
0.16 -
0.4
4 - 8
16 - 24
0.5-1.5
~
3 - 6
16 - 24
0.8 -
1.1
1.4 -
1.6
0.8 -
1.1
0.4 -
0.6
1.4 -
1.6
1500 -
4000
2000 -
6000
1000 -
3000
6000 -
10000
2000 -
6000
6. 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 2. .4eration taakg
6.4.3.3.4.2.1 General. Aeration tanks shall be constructed of reinforced concrete or other
approved materials. For large plant,the total aeration tank volume required should preferably be
divided among two or more units capable of independant operation.
If the wastewater is to be aerated with diffused air, the geometry of the tank may significantly
affect the aeration efficiency. The depth of wastewater in the tank should be between 3 m and
5 m so that the diffuser can work efficiently. Freeboard from 0.3 m to 0.6 m above the water
line should be provided. The width to depth ratio may vary from 1:1 to 2:1. This limits the
width of tank channel to 6 m to 12 m.
For tanks with diffusers on both sides or in the centre of the tank, greater widths are permissible
so that ~dead spots are eliminated or dimensions should be such as to maintain adequate velocities
so th at deposition of sol ids wil l not occu r. Triangular baffles or fillets may be placed
longitudinally in the corners of the channels to eliminate dead spots and to deflect the spiral flow.
Individual tanks should have inlet and outlet gates or valves so that they may be removed for
maintainence.
Aeration tanks must have adequate -foundations to prevent settlement or to prevent floatation in
saturated soil.
6.4.3.3..L2.2 Froth-control system. Large qu antities of foam may be produced during start up
of th e process, wh en th e mix ed l iqu or su spended sol ids is l ow, or whenever high concentration of
surfactants are present in the wastewater. The foaming action produces froth that contains sludge
sol ids, grease and b acteria and th e wind may lift the froth off the tank surface and blow it about.
F roth control l ing systems sh ou l d b e instal l ed to prevent it from foaming. A series of spray
noz z l es for spraying, cl eanwarer or screened effluent or antifoaming chemical additives can be
mou nted al ong th e top edge ~f th e aeration tank opposite th e air diffu ser.
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MS 1228 : 199]
6. 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 2. 3 Arrangement of aeration tanks
(a) Dirnensio/ls. The dimensions of each independent mix ed l iqu or aeration tank or retu rn
sludge reaeration tank shall be such as to maintain effective mixing and utilization of air.
Ordinarily, liquid depths should not be less than 3 m or more than 5 m.
(b) Short-circuiting. For very small tanks with special configuration, the shape of the tank and
the installation of earation equipment should provide for positive control of short circuiting
through the tank.
6. 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 2. 4 inl ets and ou tl ets
(a) Controls. Inlet and outlets for each aeration tank unit shall be suitably equipped with valves.
gates, stop plates, weirs or other devices to permit controlling the flow to any unit and to
maintain reasonably constant liquid levels. The hydraulic properties of the system shall permit
th e max imu m instantaneou s h ydrau l ic l oad to b e carried with any singl e aeration tank u nit ou t of
service.
(b ) Conduit. Ch annel s and pipes carrying l iqu ids with sol ids in su spension sh al l b e designed to
maintain self-cleansing velocity or shall be agitated to keep such solids in suspension at all rates
of fl ow with in th e design segment of ch annel s wh ich are not b eing u sed du e to al ternate fI ow
patterns.
6. 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 2. 5 F ree b oard. Al l aeration tanks should have a free board of not less than 0.5 m.
6.4.3.3.5 Aeration equipment
6.4.3.3.5.1 General. There are basically two methods of aerating wastewater i.e.:
(a) introduce air or pure oxygen into the wastewater with submerger porous diffusers or air
nozzles and
(b) to agitate the wastewater mechanically so as to promote solution of air from the atmosphere.
Oxygen requirements generally depend on maximum diurnal organic lO~ding, degree of
treatment, and level of suspended solids concentration to be maintained in the aeration tank
mixed liquor. Aeration equipment shall be capable of maintaining a minimum of 2 mg/I of
dissolved oxygen in the mixed liquor, in the absence of experimentally determined value, the
design oxygen requirements for all activated sludge processes shall be in accordance to Table 3.
6.4.3.3.5.2 Diffused air aeration. A diffused air system consists of diffusers (that are submerged
in the wastewater). header pipes, air mains and the blowers and appurtenances through which air
passes.
The efficiency of oxygen transfer depends- on the type and porosity of the diffuser, the size of
th e b u b b l es produ ced, th e depth of su b mersion etc. Th e diffuser that produces fine bubbles is
recommended for its higher transfer efficiency. As there are many different makes of air
diffu sers avail ab l e, th e recommended design ch arts and catalogues from the manu factu rer sh ou l d
be submitted for evaluation together with the calculation. Having determined the oxygen
requirements, air requirements for a diffused air system shall be determined with the following
factors:
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(a) (i) Tank depth
(ii) Certified aeration device transfer efficiency
(iii) Minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in aeration tank.
(iv) Critical wastewater temperatOre
(b) Normal oxygen requirements for all activated sludge process are as in table 3.
(c) The blowers shall be provided in multiple units, so arranged and in such capacities as to meet
the maximum air demand with the single largest unit out of service. The design shall also
provide for varying the volume of air delivered in proportion to the load demand of the plant.
Aeration equipment shall be easily adjustable in iOcrements and shall maintain solids suspension
within these limits.
(d) Diffuser systems shall be capable of providing for the diurnal peak oxygen demand or 200%
of the design average oxygen demand, whichever is larger. The air diffusion piping and diffuse
system shall be capable of delivering normal air-requirements with minimal friction losses.
All plants employing less than 4 independent aeration tanks shall be designed to incorporate
removable diffusers that can be serviced and/or replaced without dewatering the tank.
(e) Individually assemble unit diffusers shall be equipped with control valves. Air filters shall
be provided in numbers, arrangements, and capacities to furnish at all times and air supply
sufficiently free from dust to prevent damage to blowers and clogging of the diffuser system
used.
6.4..3.3.5.3 Mechanical aeration system
(a) Oxygen trans/er performance. The mechanisms and drive unit shall be designed for the
expected conditions in the aeration tank in terms of the power performance. Certified testing
shall verify mechanical aerator performance. -
(b) Design iequirement
(i) Maintain a minimum of 2 mg/I of dissolved oxygen in the mixed liquor at au times
throughout the tanks.
(ii) Maintain all biological solids in suspension.
(iii) Meet maximum oxygen demand and maintain process performance with the largest unit out
of service, and
(c) Provide for varying the amount of oxygen transferred in- proportion to the load demand on
the plant.
6.4.3.3.6 Return sIL-Idge equipment
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MS 1228 : 1991
6.4.3.3.6.1 Return sludge rate. The minimum permissible return sludge rate of withdraw) from
the final sedimentation tank is a function of the concentration of suspended solids in the mixed
liquor entering it. the sludge volume index of these solids, and the length of time these solids are
retained in the sedimentation tanks. Since undue retention of solids in the final sedimentation
tanks may he deleterious to both the aeration and sedimentation phase of the activated sludge
process, the rate of sludge return expressed as a percentage of the average design flow of sludge
return should be generally variable on the basis as F, M ratio and MLSS limits as set forth in
table 3.
6. 4 . 3 . 3 . 6. 2 Retu rn sl u dge pu mps. I f motor driven retu rn sl u dge pu mps are u sed, th e maximum
return sludge capacity shall be obtained with the largest pump out of service. A positive head
should be provided on pump suctions. Pumps should have at least 75 mm su ction and disch arge
openings. If air lifts are used for returning sludge from each sedimentation tank hopper, no
standb y u nit wil l b e requ ired provided th e design of th e air l ifts are su ch to facil itate th eir rapid
and easy cleaning and provided other suitable standby measures are provided. Air lifts should be
at least 75 mm in diameter,
6. 4 . 3 . 3 . 6. 3 Retu rn sl u dge piping. Disch arge piping sh ou l d b e at l east 100 mm in diameter and
should b e designed to maintain a velocity of not less than 0.60 m/sec when return sludge facil ities
are operating at normal return sludge rates. Suitable devices for observing, sampling and
controlling return activated sludge flow from each sedimentation tank hopper shall be provided.
6.4.3.3.6.4 Waste sludge facilities. Waste sludge control facilities should have a minimum
capacity of not less than 25% of the average rate of sewage flow and function satisfactorily at
rates of 0.50/o of average sewage flow or a minimum of 45.5 litres/mm. which ever is larger.
Means for ob serving, measu ring, sampling and controlling waste activated sludge flow shall be
provided. Waste sludge may be discharged to the concentration or thickening tank, primary
sedimentation tank, sludge digestion tank, vacuum filters, other dewatering devices or any
practical combination of these units.
6.4.3.4 Secondary sedimentation tank. Secondary sedimentation tank could be either
rectangular or circular in shape.
6.4.3 .4.1 Rectangular tanks. The length to depth ratio should be 3 : I or more. The width to
depth ratio should be between 1:1 to 2.5 : I. The typical depth is about 3 m and where possible
the maximum length of tank should not exceed 10 times its depth.
6.4 .3 .4.2 Circular tanks. The side water depth should not be under 3 m. It is desirable for the
radius of the tank not to exceed five times its side water depth.
The floor slope when used in conjunction with scraper mechanism should be 1:12 or as
recommended by supplier of scraper.
6.4.3.4.3 Detention time. The detention time should be between 90 to 120 mm at design peak
flow.
6.4.3.4.4 Surface loading rate, When used activated sl u dge processes th e su rface overfl ow rate
wil l depend, on th e concentration of the MLSS being settled in the sedimentation tank. For
concentration of MLSS of 600 mg/I th e overfl ow rate sh ou l d b e in th e region of 60 m
3
/dav
1
m2
and for MLSS concentration of 3 5 00 mg/I and ab ove th e overfl ow rate sh ou l d not ex ceed 3 0
m
3
/day/m
2
. Both these overflow rates should be at peak flows unless special flow control devices
are provided at th e infl ow of th e cl arifyer th en th is overfl ow rae of th e cl arifver sh ou l d b e b ased
on the constant flow rate of this device,
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The lower overflow rates to be used for secondary sedimentation tank for biological filter and
RBC units.
6.4.3.4.5 Solid loading iaie. Th e solid loading rate should be between 2.5 to 6.0 kg/m
2
/hour.
6.4.3.4.6 Weir loading rate. The weir loading should be in the range of ISO to 180 m
3
/day/m
2
.
6.4.3.4.7 Scraper mechanism and sludge pump. Scraper mechanism for the collection and
transfer or recycle of sludge should be approved by the Local Authority
6.4.3.4.8 Secondary sedimentation tank with hopper bottom. The design requirements are the
same as 6.3.6 except that the surface loading rate is 30 m /day/m.
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MS 1228 : 1991
SECTI ON 7. DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND TREATED EF F LUENTS
7.1 General . After treatment, th e disposal of final effluent into inland waters should
comply with the requirement of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 and Environmental Quality
(Sewage & Industrial Effluents) Regulations l979-P.U.(A) l2~79.
7.2 Discharge standard for final effluent
7.2.1 Di~chaigeto inland waters
7.2.1.1 All discharge from sewage treatment systems into any inland waters within the
catchment areas specified in the Fourth Schedule*~shall comply with Standard A. as shown in the
third column of the Third Schedule, of the Environmental Quality (Sewage & Industrial
Effluents) Regulations 1979 - P.U.(.A) 12/79.
In particular, where sewage is free from and does not include industrial effluents, the following
parameter limits of Standard A may be of primary consideration for the purpose of design of the
sewage treatment works:
Parameter Limit in mg/I
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 20
(5-Day: 20C)
Suspended Solids 50
7.2.1.2 All discharges from sewage treatment systems into any other inland waters shall comply
with Standard B, as shown in the fourth column of the Third Schedule of Environmental Quality
(Sewage & Industrial Effleunts) Regulations 1979.
In particular, where sewage is free from and does not include industrial effluents, the following
parameter limits of Standard B may be of primary consideration for the design of the sewage
treatment works:
Parameter Limit in mg/I
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 50
(5 Day~20C).
Suspended Solids 100
7.2.2 Municipal l-f-aslL-water Treatment Plant and Marine Outfall for Municipal Seiiagc
Discharge. in accordance with the provisions of the Environmental Qu al ity (Prescrib ed Activities)
(Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987, the following are listed as prescribed activities
and implementation of which are subjected to environmental imp~ctassessment.
(a) The construction of municipal wastewater treatment plant~
(b) The construction of marine outfall for municipal sewage discharge.
NOTE. The Fourth Schedule requires periodic updating with respect to new water supply intakes and due attention should
be given to new water supply catchnient areas subject to future gazzettrnent.
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I n th e ab ove event, final disch arge standards may differ from th ose specified as Standard A or
Standard B of the Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979, and
may b e presrib ed on th e b asis of those recommended following such an assessment.
7. 2. 3 Disposal of Effluent and Sludge onto Land. In accordance with the respective
provisions of the Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979, the
following are subject to the prior written permission of the Director-General of Environment
Quality: -
(i) disch arge of any effl u ent in or on any soil or su rface of any l and u nder Regu l ation 9.
(ii) disch arge of any sol id waste or sludge that is generated from any effl u ent treatment pl ant in
or on any soil or su rface of any land under Regulation 10,
7. 3 Marine o~tfaUs
7. 3 . 1 F or a proper design, it is essential to obtain detailed data on The fo~1owing:
(a) Profil es of possib l e ou tfal l rou tes:
(b) Nature of the ocean bottom;
(c) Water density stratification or thermoclines; and
(d) Patterns of water movement at point of disch arge and travel to shore.
(e) Tides and currents
(f) Prevailing winds
(g) Coastal habitation on either side of this proposal outfall site.
Since seawater is denser th an sanitary wastewater, th is cau ses th e disch arged wastewater rises
rapidl y, normal l y produ cing a ~b oil at th e su rface. Th e rising pl u me mix es with a qu antity of
seawater which is generally from 10 to 100 or more times the wastewater flow. Dilution increases
rapidl y as the wastewater field moves away from the boil. The required length and depth of the
ou tfal l is rel ated to th e degree of treatment of th e wastewater. Th e length must be calculated so
that time and dilution will protect adequately the beneficial uses of the adjacent waters.
7. 3 . 2 Wh ere th e ou tfal l is deep and there is good density stratification (thermocline). the rising
plume may pick up enough cold bottom water so that the mixture is heavier than the surface
water. The rising plume, therefore, stops b eneath th e su rface, or reach es th e su rface and th en
res u b merges.
7.3.3 The diffuser must be approximately level if it is to accomplish reasonably uniform
distribution. For design of the diffuser, the rule of thumb may be used that the total cross-
sectional area of the ports should not be more than half the cross-sectional area of the pipe. In
large diffusers, often exceeding 1 km in length, the diffu ser diameter may be stepped down in
size toward the end.
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7.3.4 Outfalls into the open ocean generally are buried to a point where the water is deep
enough to protect them from wave action, usually about 10 m. Beyond the buried portion the
outfall rests on the bottom. with a flanking of rock to prevent currents from undercutting it
where the bottom is soft.
7.3.5 Outfall pipes lines are constructed of reinforced concrete, cast iron ductile iron, steel or
other suitable material. Cast iron is sometimes given a cement mortar lining. Steel is more likel\
to be lined with mortar or bituminous material and is sometimes provided wIth cathodic
protection. Joints in the pipe should have substantial mechanical strength and be resistant to
chemical or biological corrosion. Ball-and-socket joints have been used in iron pipe, while steel
pipe is usually welded. Several ingenious joints have been employed in concrete outfalls. The
pipe may be placed in trenches on bottoms of soft rock, sand or gravel. On unstable bottoms
piling is necessary. Outfalls may employ a number of ports on the sides or top distributed over a
long length of the pipe, perhaps as much as a third of its total length. The ports may be plain or
may be fitted with Tees to discharge the sewage in low flows.
7.3.6 The implications of bacteriologicl contamination of tidal waters are difficult to quantify
which depends on the climatic and environmental conditions. However the effe~ro~~ub!~ health
should not be ruled out.
The effect on the flora and the fauna in the region of discharge- should be considered and could
have se~ereeconomic implications e.g. on fishing.
The presence of floating debris and settled solids can cause local problems, and therefore
screening of effluent should take place long before discharge.
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SECTION 8. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE
8.1 Process selection. The sludge resulting from wastewater treatment operations and
processes is usually in the form of a liquid or semisolid liquid which typically contains from 0.25
to 12% solids. The sludge must be disposed of in a manner which does not give rise to nuisance
or public health problems. The following factors shall form the basis of all sludge disposal
methods and design.
(a) There should be no public health hazard at site of disposal wh ich incl u de odou r, grou nd or
su rface water pol l u tion and nu isance of insects or rodents.
(b ) After tipping th e deposited sludge must remain firm and intact.
(c) Compl ex ity of equ ipment, financial and staffing requ irement.
(d) A b ack-u p meth od of sludge handling and disposal.
(e) Methods of ultimate sludge disposal.
There are many methods of sludge treatment processes and an almost infinite number of
combinations are possible. The more common and suitable processes applicable to Malaysian
conditions are:
(a) Preliminary treatment
(b) Thickening
(c) Stabilization
(d) Dewatering
(e) Ultimate disposal
8.2 Preliminary treatment
8.2.1 Sludge storage. Sl u dge storage must be provided to smooth out fluctuation in the rate of
sludge production, to allow sludge to accumulate during periods when subsequent sludge
processing facilities are not operating and to ensure a uniform feed rate into subsequent
treatment.
Short term sl u dge storage may b e accompl ish ed in wastewater sedimentation tanks or in sludge
thickening tanks. Long term sludge storage may be accomplished in sludge stabilization processes
with long detention times (i.e. aerobic or anaerobic digestion) or in specially designed separate
tanks. Such tanks may be sized to retain the sl u dge for a period of several h ou rs to several days.
Aeration of the sludge is necessary to prevent septicity.
8.3 Sludge thickening
8.3.1 General. Thickening is a procedure used to increase the solids content of sludge by
removing a portion of th e l iqu id fraction and h ence vol u me redu ction. Th e vol u me redu ction
obtained by sludge concentration is beneficial to subsequent treatment processes such as
digestion, dewatering, drying and combustion from the following stand points:
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(a) Capacity of tanks and equ ipment requ ired;
(b ) Qu antity of ch emical s requ ired for sl u dge conditioning;
(c) Amou nt of au x il iary fuel required for heat drying or incineration or both.
8.3.2 Design of thickeners. The design of th ickeners sh ou l d consider th e type and
concentration of sl u dge, th e sl u dge stabilization processes, the method of ultimate disposal,
chemical needs and the cost of operation. Particular attention should be given to the pumping
and piping of the concentrated sludge and possible on set of anaerobic conditions. Sludge should
be thickened to at least 5% solids prior to transmission to digescors. In designing thickening
facilities it is important to:
(a) provide adequate capacity to meet peak demands.
(b) prevent septicity wiTh its attendant odour problem, during thickening processes. To reduce
the size of the units, the use of sludge storage facilities, should be evaluated.
8.3.2.1 Gravity thickener. Gravity thickener is accomplished in a tank similar in design to a
conventional sedimentation tank. Normally a circular tank is used. Dilute sludge is fed to a
centre feed well. The feed sludge is allowed to settle and compact, and the thickened sludge is
with drawn from th e b ottom of th e tank. Enou gh storage space mu st b e provided for th e sl u dge.
Gravity thickening is most effective for untreated primary sludge.
The gravity thickener shall be designed with a maximum surface loading rate of 36 m
3
/m
2
.d.
The solids loading are as follows:
Type of Sludge (%) Sludge Concentration Solids Loading
kg/m
2
d
Unthickened Thickened
Primary sludge
Activated sludge
Trickl ing F il ter sl u dge
Primary and activated sl u dge
Primary and trickl ing fil ter sl u dge
4 - 12
0.5 - 2.5
1 - 3
3 - 10
4 - 10
6 - 12
1.5 - 4.0
4 - 10
3 - 10
4 - 10
150
40
50
80
100
In operation, a sludge blanket is maintained at the bottom of the thickener to aid in concentrating
the sludge. The sludge volume ratio (volume 01 sludge blanket held in the thickenner divided by
the volume of the thickened sludge removed daily) shall range between 0.5 to 20 days.
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8.3.2.2 Floatation thickeners. Floatation thickening is most efficiently used for waste sludges
from suspended growth biological treatment processes such as the activated sludge process. The
degree of thickening that can be achieved depends on the initial concentration of the sludge and
the sludge age at which the plant is b eing operated. High er l oading can be used with tloauation
thickeners than are permissible with gravity thickeners. The limiting values for the design of a
floatacion thickeners (secondary sludge) is summarised below.
Input concentration = 5000 mg/I
Output concentration = 4%
Sol ids l oading = 10 kg/ha.m
2
8.4 Anaerobic sludge digestion
8.4.1 General. Primary and secondary sl u dges are most commonl y treated togeth er in a two
stage anaerobic digester. The first tank is used for digestion. The second tank is used for storage
and concentration of digested sl u dge and for formation of a relatively clear supernatant.
Wh ere a singl e stage digestion is u sed, an al ternate meth od of sl u dge processing or emergency
storage to maintain continuity of service shall be provided.
8.4.2 Process design
8.4.2.1 Tank capacity. The total digestion tank capacity shall be determined by rational
calculation based upon such factors as volume of sludge added, its present solids and character,
the temperature to be maintained in the digesters, the degree or extend of mixing to be obtained,
and th e degree of vol atil e sol ids redu ction requ ired. Calculations should be submitted to justify
the basis of design.
When such calculations are not based on the above factors, the minimumcombined digestion tank
capacity outlined below will be required which assume, that a digestion temperature is to be
maintained in the range of 30C to 38C, that 40% to 5 0% vol atil e matter will be maintained in
th e digested sl u dge and that the digested sludge will be removed frequently from the system.
Process Sludge Age Loading Factor Detention Time
Completely mixed system
Moderatel y mix ed system
10 days
14 days
1.28 kg/m
3
.day
0. 6 kg/m
3
. day
30 days
3 0 days
8.4.3 Detail design. I n a two stage tank system, th e tanks are made identical , eith er one can
be the primary. In other cases the second tank may be an open tank, an unheated tank. or a
sludge lagoon. The tanks may have fixed roofs or floating covers. Any or all of the floating
roofs may be of the gas holder or compressed and stored under pressure.
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8.4.3.1 Depth. For those units proposed to serve as supernatant separation tanks, the depth
should be sufficient to allow for the formation of a reasonable depth of supernatant liquor.
Tanks shall be circular and range between 6 m to 3 5 m in diameter. The minimum water, depth
should be 7.5 m at the centre and the minimum sidewater depth of 6 m.
8.4.3.2 Maintenance provisions. To facilitate draining, cleaning and maintenance the following
features are desirable:
(a) Slope. The tank bottom should slope to drain toward the withdrawal pipe, For tanks
equ ipped with . a su ction mech anism for with drawal of sl u dge, a b ottom sl ope not less than I : 12
is recommended. Wh ere th e sl u dge is to b e removed b y gravity al one, I : 4 slope is recommended.
(b) Access n2anhole. At least two 900 mm diameter access manhole should be provided in the
top of the tank in addition to the gas dome. There should be stairways to reach the access
manholes. A separate sidewall manhole shall be provided. The opening shall be large enough to
permit the uses of mechanical equipment to remove grit and sand.
(c) Safety. Non sparking tools, safety lights, rubber solid shoes, safety hardness, gas detectors
for inflammable and toxic gases, and at least two self-contained breathing units shall be provided
for emergency use.
8.4.3.3 Sludge inlets and outlets. Multiple recirculation withdrawal and return points, to
enhance flexible operation and effective mixing should be provided, unless mixing facilities are
incorporated within the digester. The returns, in order to assist in scum breakup, should
disch arge ab ove th e l iqu id l evel and b e l ocated near th e centre of th e tank.
Raw sludge discharge to the digester should be through the sludge heater and recirculation return
piping or directly to the tank if internal mixing facilities are provided. Sludge withdrawal to
disposal should be from the bottom of the tank. This pipe should be interconnected with the
recirculation piping to increase versatility in mixing the tank contents, if such piping is provided.
8.4.4 Gas collection, piping and appurtenances
8. 4 . 4 . 1 General. All portions of the gas system, including the space above th e tank l iqu or, th e
storage facilities and the piping, shall be so designed that under all normal operating conditions,
including sludge withdrawal, the gas will be maintained under positive pressure. All enclosed
areas where any gas leakage may occur shall be adequately ventilated.
Total gas production is usually estimated form the volatile solids loading of the digester or from
the percentage of volatile solids reduction.
Typical val u es are from 0.5 to 0.75 m
3
/kg of volatile solids added and from 0.75 to 1.15 m
3
/kg of
volatile solids destroyed.
8.4.4.2 Gas collection. Floating covers fit on the surface of the digester contain and allow the
volume of the digester to change without allowing air to enter the digester. Gas and air must not
be allowed to mix, or else an explosive mixture may result. The covers may also be installed to
act as gas holders that store a small quantity of gas under pressure and act as reservoirs.
Fixed covers provide a free space between the roof the digester and the liquid surface. Gas
storage must be provided so that:
(a) When the liquid volume is changed, gas and hot air will be drawn into the digester.
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(b) Gas will not be lost by displacement.
Gas can b e stored eith er at l ow pressu re in gas h ol ders th at u se fl oating covers or at h igh pressu re
if gas compressors are u sed. Gas not u sed sh ou l d b e b u rned in a fl ame. Gas meter sh ou l d b e
instal l ed to measu re gas produ ced and gas u sed or wasted.
8.4.4.3 Safety equipment. All necessary safety facil ities sh al l b e incl u ded wh en gas is produ ced.
Pressure and vacuum relief valves and flame traps, together with automatic safety shutoff valves.
shall be provided. Water seal equipment shall not be installed. Gas safety equipment and gas
compressors should be housed in a separate room with an exterior entrance.
8.4.4.4 Gas piping and condensate. Gas piping shall be of adequate diameter and shall slope to
condensate traps at low points. The use of float controlled condensate trap is not permitted.
8.4.4.5 Gas ulitilization equipment. Gas fired boilers for heating digesters shall be located in a
separate room not connected to the digester gallery. Such separated room would not ordinarily be
classified as a hazardous location. Gas lines to these units shall be provided with suitable flame
traps.
8.4.4.6 Waste gas. Waste gas burners shall be readily accessible and should be located at least
7.5 m away from any plant structure if placed at ground level, or may be located on the roof of
the control building if sufficiently removed from the tank.
All waste gas burners shall be equipped with automatic ignition, such as pilot light or a device
using a photoelectric cell sensor. Consideration should be given to the use of natural or propane
gas to insure reliability of the pilot light.
I n remb te l ocations it may b e permissib l e to disch arge th e gas to th e atmosph ere th rou gh a retu rn
bend screened vent terminating at least 3 m above the ground surface, provided that the assemb l y
incorpOrates a fl ame trap.
8.4.4.7 Ventilation. Any underground enclosures connecting with digestion tanks or containing
sludge or gas piping or equipment shall be provided with forced ventilation.
8.4.5 Digester heating. The heat requirements of digesters consist of the amount needed to:
(a) raise the incoming sludge to digestion tank temperatures.
(b ) to compensate for th e h eat l osses th rou gh wal l s, fl oors and roof of th e digester.
(c) to make u p l osses in th e piping system. -
8. 4 . 5 . 1 I nsu l ation. Wh erever possib l e digestion sh ou l d b e constru cted ab ove grou nd water level
and sh ou l d b e su itab l y insu l ated to minimise h eat l oss.
8.4.5.2 Heating facilities. Sl u dge may b e h eated by circulating the sludge through external
heaters or by heating units located inside the digestion tank.
(a) External heating. Piping shall be designed to provide for the preheating of feed sludge
before introduction to the digesters. Provisions shall be made in the layout of the piping and
valving to facilitate cleaning of the lines. Heat exchanger sludge piping shOuld be sized for heat
transfer requ irements.
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(b) Other heating methods. Oth er types of h eating facil ities wil l al so b e considered on th eir own
merits.
8.4.5.3 Heating capacity. Heating capacity su fficient to consistently maintain the design sludge
temperature shall be provided. Where digested tank gas is used for heating, an auxiliary fuel
supply is required.
8.4.5.4 Hot water internal heating control
(a) it/fixing valves. A suitable automatic mixing valve shall be provided to temper the boiler
water with return water so that the inlet water to the heat jacket can be held below a temperature
at which caking will be accentuated. Manual control should also be provided by suitable by pass
valve.
(b ) Boiler controls. Th e b oil er sh ou l d b e provided with su itab l e au tomatic control s to maintain
th e b oil er temperatu re at approx imatel y 80C to minimise corrosion and to shut off the main gas
supply in the event of pilot burner or electrical failure, low boiler water level, or excessive
temperature.
(c) Thermometers. Thermometers shall be provided to show temperatures of the sludge. hot
water feed, hot water return and boiler water.
8.4.6 Supernatant withdrawal. Supernatant piping should not be less than 150 mm in
diameter. The piping should be arranged so that withdrawal can be made from 3 or more levels
in the digester. A positive unvalved vented overflow shall be provided. Provisions should also be
made for sampling at each supernatant draw-off level using a sampling pipes of minimum
diameter 3 7. 5 mm and sh ou l d terminate at a su itab l y siz ed sampl ing sink or b asin.
8.5 Aerobic sludge digestion
8.5.1 General. Aerobic digestion can be used to stabilize primary sludge, secondary sludge, or
a comb ination of th e two. Digestion is accomplished in single or multiple tanks, design to
provide effective air mix ing, redu ction of th e organic matter, su pernatant separation, and sl u dge
concentration under controlled conditions. Its advantages over anaerobic digestion are:
(a) vol atil e sol ids redu ction is approx imatel y equ al anaerob ic process
(b ) l ower BOD concentrations in su pernatant l iqu or
(c) produ ction of a rel ativel y odou rfree, stab l e end produ ct th at can b e disposed easil y
(d) produ ction of a sl u dge with ex cel l ent dewatering ch aracteristic
(e) recovery of more of the basic fertilizer values in the sludge
I ts disadvantages are du e to h igh er power cost associated with su ppl ying th e requ ired ox ygen and
that a usetul by-product such as methane is not recovered.
8. 5. 2 Detail design. Multiple tanks are recommended. A single sludge digestion tank may be
used in the case of small treatment plants or where adequate provision is niade for sludge
h andl ing and wh ere a singl e u nit wil l not adversel y affect normal pl ant operations.
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MS 1228 : 1991
The determination of tank capacities shall be based on rational calculations, including such
tactors as qu antity of sl u dge produ ced, sl u dge ch aracteristics, time of aeration, and sl u dge
temperature.
Th e aerob ic digestion tanks sh al l b e designed for effective mix ing b y satisfactory aeration
equ ipment. Su fficient air sh al l b e provided to keep th e sol ids in su spension and maintain
dissol ved ox ygen b etween I to 2 mg/I . A minimu m mix ing and ox ygen requ irement of 0. 3 5 I/rn
3
sh al l b e provided with th e l argest b l ower ou t of service, I f diffu sers are u sed, th e non-cl og type
is recommended, and th ey sh ou l d b e designed to permit continu ity of service. Th e design criteria
are summarised below:
Parameter Design criteria for aerobic digeser
(a) Hydraulic detention time
(i) Activated sl u dge 10 days
(ii) Primary sl u dge or with activated sl u dge 15 days
(b) Maximum volatile solids loading 1.6 kg/m
3
.d
(c) Dissolved oxygen level in liquid 1 - 2 mg/I
(d) Energy requ irements for mix ing
(i) Mechanical aerators 20 w/m
3
(ii) Diffu ser 0. 3 5 l /m
3
. s
8.5.3 Supernatant separation. Facilities should be provided for effective collection and
removal of scum and grease.
8.6 Sludge drying beds
8.6.1 General. This method of dewatering is most suitable in hot climatic conditions. In
determining the area of sludge drying beds, consideration shall be given to climatic conditions.
the character and volume of sludge to be dewatered, the method and schedule of sludge
removal . I t may invol ve pu mping if site l evel s do not permit gravity fl ow. Requ irements for
valves, sumps or pump well will depend on particular site conditions.
8.6.2 Design consideration. Air drying of sl u dge is carried ou t on u nder drained cl inker ash
or grit-sand drying b eds consisting of an adequ ate nu mb er of separate b ays wh ere drainage and
evaporation occur simultaneously.
Sl u dge is l aid on th e drying b eds in a 200 mm - 300 mm layer. Sludge bed loadings are computed
on a per capita basis or on a unit loading of kg of dry solids per square meter per year. The time
required to dry the sludge depends on the climatic condition and in Malaysian condition it should
be from 4 to 8 weeks. The area requirements of the drying bed is as the table below:
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MS 1228 : 1991
Tab l e 4 . Sl u dge l oading rate
T~pe of sl u dge Area
(in
2
/person)
Sl u dge l oading rate
kg dry soIids,/m
3
.~r
Primary digested
Primary and activate.d (digested)
Primary and humus (digested)
0.09
0.16
0.1
120
100
100
8.6.3 Detail ae.sigu
8.6.3.1 Floor. The floor of the diving be.d may be of concrete laid to a fall of 1:200 and the
walls of brick. insitu concrete or precast panels.
8.6.3.2 Wall. Walls should be watertight and its height above the ground should be kept to a
minimum in order to avoid obstruction to the passage of air over the surface of the sludge. v~hich
assist evaporation of the surface liquor. The outer walls should be curbed to prevent soil from
washing into the beds.
8.6.3.3 Underdrainage system. Sl u dge dewaters by drainage through the sludge mass and
supporting sand and by evaporation from the surface exposed to th~air. Underdrains should be
clay pipe or concrete drain tiles at least 100mm in diameter laid with open joints. linderdrains
should be spaced at not more than 6 m apart. The tile should be adequately supported and
covered with coarse gravel or cru sh ed stone.
8. 6. 3 . 4 Sands. Th e b ed sh al l consist of a b ottom l ayer of 25 0 mm depth consisting of coarse
agregate graded from 28 mm to 40 mm topped with a 225 mm layer of fine to coarse sand. The
finished sand surface should be level.
8. 6. 3 . 5 Bed compartment. Th e drying b ed area is partitioned into individual beds.
approximately 6 in wide by 6 m to 300 m long or a convenient size so that one or two beds will
b e fil l ed by a normal with drawal of sl u dge from th e digesters. The size of bed should be such
that it is filled to a depth of each not more than 225 mm at one desiudging operation.
The sludge should discharge onto a .precast concrete slab to avoid scouring of the surface of the
b ed. Decanting devices sh ou l d b e provided for th e removal of th e su pernatant l iqu or wh ich
forms in the initial stages. Not less than two beds should be provided and they should be
arranged to facil itate sl u dge removal .
8.6.3.6 Sludge influent. The sludge pipe to the drying beds should terminate 300 mm abo~e the
surface and be so arranged that it will drain. Tracks or roads of sufficient width for transporting
awa the dried sludge b big lorries or trucks should be provided.
8.6.3.7 Buffer. To avoid odour nuisance from poorly digested sludge. sludge beds should he
located at least 30 m away from dwellings.
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8.7 Mechanical dewatering facilities. Provision shall be made to maintain sufficient
continuity of service so that sludge may be dewatered without accumulation beyond storage
capacity. The auxilIaries should be provided to ensu re facil ities sh ou l d b e su fficient to dewater
the sludge produced with one largest unit out of service. Unless other standby facilities are
available, adequate storage facilities shall be provided. The storage capacity should be sufficient
to handle at least a 3 month sludge production.
8. 7. 1 Auxiliaiv facilities for vacuum filter. There shall be a back-up vacuum pump and
filtrate pump installed for each vacuum tilter. It is permissible to have an uninstalled back-up
vacu u m pu mp or fil trate pu mp for every th ree or l ess vacu u m fil ters, provided th at th e installed
unit can easily be removed and replaced.
8.7.2 Ventilation. Adequate facilities sh al l b e provided for ventil atiort 01 dewatering and the
exhaust air should be properly conditioned to avoid odour nuisance.
8. 7. 3 Chemical handling enclosures. Lime-mixing facilities should be completely enclosed to
prevent th e escape of l ime du st. Ch emical h andl ing equ ipment sh ou l d b e au tomated to el iminate
the manual lifting requirement.
8. 7. 4 Drainage and filtrate disposal. Drainage from beds or filtrate from dewatering units
sh al l b e retu rned to th e sewage treatment process at appropriate points.
8.7.5 Other dewatering facilities. If it is proposed dewater or dispose of sl u dge b y oth er
methods, a detailed description of the process and design data shall accompany the plants.
8.8 Sludge disposal on land
8.8.1 Site selection. The programme of land spreading of sludge must be evaluated as an
integral system which includes stabilization, storage, transportation, application, soil, crop and
groundwater. Sewage sludge is useful to crop and soil by providing nutrients and organic matter.
However, sewage sl u dge contains h eavy metal s and oth er su b stances wh ich cou l d affect soil
productivity and the quality of food and as such care should be taken on the application of sludge
especially in relation to food crops.
By proper sel ection of th e sl u dge appl ication site, th e nu isance potential and pu b l ic h eal th h az ard
should be minimized. The following items should be considered and the regulatory agency should
be consulted for specific limits:
(a) Land ownership information;
(b) Groundwater table and bed rock location;
(c) Location of dwellings, road and public access~
(d) Location of wells, springs, creeks, streams, and flood plains;
(e) Slope of land surface;
(f) Soil characteristics;
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MS 1228 : 1991
(g) Cl imatological information
(h) Land use plan; and
(.i) Road weight restrictions.
8. 8. 2 General limitations to be observed
8.8.2.1 Stabilized sludge. Only stabilized sludge shall be surface applied for agricultural
purposes. Stabilized sludge is defind as processed sludge in which the organic and bacterial
contents of raw sludge are reduced to level deemed necessary by the regulatory agency to prevent
nuisance. odours and public health hazards.
8.8.2.2 Raw vegetables. Sludge should not be applied to land which is used for growing food
crops to be eaten raw such as leafed vegetables and root crops.
8.8.2.3 Minimum pH. No sludge shall he applied on land if the soil pH is less than 6.5 when
sludge is applied. The pH shall be maintained above 6.5 for at least two years following end of
sludge application.
8.8.2.4 Persistent organic chemicals. At present, sufficient information is not available to
establish criteria of sludge spreading with regard to persistent organic chemicals, such as
pesticides and polychiorinated biphenyls (PCB) heavy metals and other toxic substances.
However, if there is a known source in the sewer system service area which discharge or
discharged in the past such chemicals, the sludge should be analysed for such chemicals, and the
regulatory agency shall be consulted for recommendations concerning sludge spreading.
8.9 Sludge pumps and piping
8.9.1 Sludge pumps
8.9.1.1 Capacity. Pump capacities should be adequate but not excessive. Provision for varying
pump capacity is desirable.
8.9.1.2 Duplicate units, Duplicate units shall be provided where failure of one unit would
seriou sl y h amper pl ant operation.
8.9.1.3 Type. Plunger pumps, screw feed pu mps, recessed impel l er type centrifu gal pu mps,
progressive cavity pumps, air lift pumps or other types of pumps with demonstrated solids
handling capability shall be provided for handling raw and digested sludge. Where centrifugal
pumps are used, a parallel plunger type pump should be provided as an alternate to increase
reliability of the centrifugal pump.
8.9.1.4 Minimum head. A minimum positive head of 600 mm shall be provided at the suction
side of centrifugal type pumps and is desirable for all types of sludge pumps. Maximum suction
l ifts sh ou l d not ex ceed 3 . 0 m for pl u nger pu mps.
8.9.1.5 Sampling facilities. Unless sludge sampling facilities are otherwise provid-ed. quick-
closing sampling valves shall be installed at the sludge pumps. The size of valve and piping
should be at least 400 mm.
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MS 1228: IYYI
8. 9. 2 S/uJ~,cpiping
8.9.2.1 Size and head. Sludge withdrawal piping should have a minimum diameter of 0() mm
for gravity withdra~valand lOU mm for pump suction and discharge Itnes. .\ here wthUra~al is
by gravity, the available head on the discharge pipe should be adequate to pros ide a least
0.90 m, s velocity.
8. 9. 2. 2 Slope. Gravity piping should be laid on uniform grade and al ignment. The slope of
grayitv discharge piping should not. be less than 3~/u. Provisions should be made for cleaning.
draining, and flushing discharge lines.
8. 9. 2. 3 Su pports. Special consideration sh ou l d b e given to th e corrosion resistance and
continuing stability of supporting systems located inside the digestion tank.
6)
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MS 1228 : 1991
Appendix A
List of references
Al. BS 6297:1983 - British Standard code of practice for Design and installation of small
sewage treatment works ai~dcesspools.
A2. Sewerage Master Plans* in Malaysia.
A3. Wastewater Treatment Plant Design by A joint committee of the Water Pollution Control
Federation and American Society of Civil Engineers.
.A4. Recommended standards for sewage works prepared by the Great Lakes. Upper
Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers 1978.
AS. Sewerage Treatment in Hot Climates by Duncan Mara.
A6. Wastewater Engineering by Metcal f and Eddy.
. A7. Wastewater System Engineering by Homer W. Parker.
AS. Sewerage Procedures and Requirements for Planning Approval, Building Plan Approval
And Sewerage Plan Approval by Sewerage Department,Environniental Engineering Division,
Ministry of the Environment of Singapore.
As available in the Economic Planning Unit of the Prime Ministers Department.
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MS 1228 : 1991
Key letter A C
E G H J K L P 4 0 P 0 R Approx. W.T. of
cover and frame
Grade
Heavy duty 20 23314 30 6 3/4j314 in 1 31/2 3/4 2 1io~5 4 1/2 CWI. A
Mediumduty
20 223 /4 28 4 1/2 1/2 i/a 3/4 21/2 7/lB li/S
1 4 2114CWT. B
Key letter A B C
0 B F C H
J K L P 4 0
Approx. W.T. of
cover and frame
Grade
LI~htduty
18 24 261o/IB 20l5/ie ~28 22 i~n11/4 1/32 3/32 1/4 7/0 3/~CWT,
C
Dimension in inches
SE CTIO N 1-1
LIGHT DUTY MANHO LE CO V E R
AND FRAME
4
T ~ A
SE CTIO N 1-~
HE AV Y AND ME DIUM DUTY MANHO LE
CO V E R AND FRAME
Figure 1. Typical diagram for manhole and inspection chamber
Siat.
PLAN (HALF CO V E R RE MO V E D I PLAN I HALF CO V E R RE MO V E D)
H
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0
_ I
Figure 1. Typical diagram for manhole and inspection chamber (contd.)
0/2
LIGHT C. I. M.H
CI)
0
0
9~
2
L
0~
~
0
.0
SE CTIO N A A SE CTIO N B -B
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- 6CO NC.SLAB . RE INFO RCE D WITH
5 /~M.sBARS AT 6 CR5
IN CE ME NT.
S.G.W. CHANNE L
Figure I. Typical diagram for manhole and inspection chamber (contd.)
P ATTE RN C.I.M.Ij COVE R
l8x 24
611
-l
I? l CE ME NT
BE NCH ING
(:2:4 CONc.
SE CTION C-C
6CONC. FOUNDATION (:3:6 MIX.
SE CTION D-D
CI)
P.-
00
C
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9 BRICKWORK
IN CE ME NT
BRICKWORi< IN CE ME NT.
4 S.G.w P IP E
SE CTIO N F-F
LIGHT P ATTE RN C. I.M.H
1
COYE R AND FRAME 18X 24 6CONC. S~.A6RE INFORCE ME NT
~~WITH 5/8 ~I 1.1.5 BARS Al 6
1
CES
(-I)
I.-
l.~e
00
0
1 12
o0o~~
SE CTIO N E -E
Figure 1. Typical diagram for manhole and inspection chamber (conId.)
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HE AVY DUTY CIRON
COVE R AND FRAME
HE AVY DUTY GIRON
COVE R AND FRAME
AP P ROX1 GE M. RE NDE RING TO S~T
COVE R AT CORRE CT LE VE L.
9~BRICKWORK IN CE M MORTAR.
(1:2)FLI.JSH P OINTE D BOTH SIDE S.
U
.i1I(2~BRIcKWORI< CE M. P IOP TAR
(1:2) F LUSH P OINT E D BOTHSIDE S
-3/4RE NDE RIln IN ALUMINA
CE M. AND SAND (1:2)
12 ~CAST IRON
ONE RING BRICK DUCI( FOOT BE ND
E DGE ARCH
~ I __~ 91 CONG. FOUNDATION
~G~IANNE L FORME D IN
BE NCHING RE NDE RE D.
SE CTIO N A-A
P RE CAST HIGH ALUMINA GRANOLITIC I
CE ME NT CONCRE TE CHARNE L
Figure 1. Typical diagram for manhole nut! inspection chamber (contd.)
COM.SLAB RE /HF
WITH
5
/
8
B G BARS AT 54 CR5.
CONC. BE NCH/tIC TO BE LE V~L
WITH SOFFIT OF P IP E SLOP E DTO
SIDE OF MANHOLE AT ONE
INCH IN ONE FOOT.
SE CTIO N B -B
I.-
I.-
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AP P ROX 1~CE M. RE NDE RING TO SE T
COVE R AT CORRE CT LE VE L.
HE AVY DUTY C IRON
COVE R AND FRAME .
BRICKWORK IN OE M. MORTAR..
(12) Ft.USF4 P OINTE D BOTHSIDE S.
18~BRICKWORK IN CE M MORTAR
(1:2 ) FLUSH POINTED
314 RENDERING IN
ALUMINA CE M. AND SAND
ONE RING BRICK
ON EDGE ARCH.
18~/~CAST IRON DUCK
FOOT BE ND.
911 CONC.S~.AB RE /HF
WITH 5/8. ~IM.S BARS AT
t~
11
CR5..
i8~BRICKWORK IN GE M.
/4 0R1AR 1)2) FLUSH
P OINTE D BOTH SIDE S.
3/4~RE NDE RING IN
ALUMINA CE M. AND
SAND (1:2 I.
SE CTIO N A-A SE CTIO N B -B
CONC. BE NCHING TO BE
LE VE L WITH SOFFIT OF
P IP E SLOP E D TO SIE ~
OF MANHOLE AT ONE
INCH IN ONE FOOT.
18~BRICKWORK TO CHAMBE R WHE RE
INVE RT iS GRE ATE R THAN 10- 0 DE E P .
I..-
HE AVY DUTY C IRON
COVER AND FRAME
I.-
00
0
0
131/2 BRICKWORK IN CEM. MORTAR.
(1: 2 ) FLUSH POINTED BOTHSIDES.
12 CO NG. FO UNDATIO N
P RE CAST HIGH ALUMINA GRANOLffHIC
CE M. CONC. CHANNE L.
NOTE
Figure I. Typical diagram for manhole and inspection chamber (conId.)
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HE AV Y O JWC.I1~
GO V E R AND FRAME
6~X59~X9~ CO NC. SLAV
RE INFO RCE D WITH 5 /8 MS. B ARS
AT 5 CRS WITH H~O KE DE NDS _________
I3~/2BRICKWORK IN
1-2 CE M. MO RTAR
FLUSH R)INTE D
E XTE RNALLY ~
HE AVY DUlY C.IRO N
CO V E R AND FRAME
O RO JID LE V E L
PLACE CO V E R TO ~ ~2I
CORR~T LE VE L .~L_i .
-~ :~O NERING
/ 27 ~ ~ B RICK O N
E 1X~EARCH
~ r~I ~9B RICKWO RK /~ __C__, ,~2 CE M. MCRTAR
~. CO V E R 2 PO INIE D B CTH
2 PLATE SICS.
2Chombe~.~ I
,/_ ,, 7__7
///7
3//. REINOERING
ALUMNA
- ~CAV LMALLE A~ ~
__ .1
9CO NC. FO UNDATIO N .~.
SE CTIO N SE CTIO N B -B
Figure 1 . Typical diagram for manhole and inspection chamber (contd.)
P.-)
00
0
0
O NE RING B RICK
O N E DGE ARCH
ONE RiNG or~,..,.
O N E DGE ARCH
0.1 B E ND
WITH DUCK
FO O T
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(ID
HE AVY DUTY C IRON
COVE R AND FRAME ~~
I
00
0
rdP C/tD4fl I FVFI 0
7 ~ P Ip p
~..~- - 1~6X3 ~ X9 CONC SLAB
/ ~ ~> ll/
2~
RE IN~O RCE O WITH 5/8~~MS BARS
BRICKWORK IN CE M. MORTAR ~ ~- /,~ AT 6 CR5. WITH HO O K E NDS.
(1:2) FWSI-I POINTED BOTHSIDE S ONE RING B RICK
ON EDGES ARCH
~O P~LAT~ ~
/
9~X7~6X9COtC.SLAB ~D.
RE INFORCE O WITH 5/8 ~IMS
BARS AT 6CRS WITH HIDOXED
EN OS.
18 BRICKWORK IN CE M.
(1:2 )FLUSH P OINTE D
E XTE RNALLY.
ONE RING BRICK
ON EDGE ARCH
12 CONC FOUNDATION
SE CTIO N B -B
HE AVY DUTY CIRON
COVE R L FRAME .
C. IRON
D
SE CTIO N A-A
Figtmre I. Typical diagram for manhole amid inspection chamber (could.)
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MS 1228: 1991
1. Cho~nfor lifting purpose
2 Level sw~fchfor alarm
3. Cable
4 . Level switch for start
~. Level switch ~r motor stop
Figure 2. Typical installation of automatic connecting
type submersible pump
75
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MS 1228 : 1991
ISO ME TRIC V IE W O F SE PTIC TANK & FILTE R B E D
.~(e-V2.T~ i-a
ccrru~otedperforated
asaes.os sheets (1 .nch fa~I
- deen channel
Figure 3. Typical diagrams for Septic Tank
/~
half round.
y.c channel
vent pipe
4 ~outlet pipe
..........atuminium stoinles steel or ci tipper
4 ~aeration pipe
tnk O w/c
2 nominal max . siz e stones
I I
9 layer or 6 _6 gouge stones
perforated precast cone.
under drainage tiles
76
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MS 1228 : 1991
Inlet Sel:itc
~LLi
-
Pump Sump
Typical Double Compartment SeptK Tank
Figure 3. Typical diagram for Septic Tank (contd.)
Outlet
FIlter B ed
1 ~1
Typical Single Compartment Septic Tank
Sump
77
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MS 1228 : 1991
Hydro~totic v~Iyc
PLAN
Dimcn~ion or~ .n IUn~ctrc~
T Y P IC.4 .L UPV ~RO FLOW SEDIMEW~L~JIUNTANK
Adju~to~Ic vc~wotch or
c:)e/ic/ed wc~r rio/cs
~cu (Sb ocr
Dcc kin
9
with rein o cOb/C
~cc/iori ovcr took
ccntrc aria roddin9 point
0/ e/uo9C out/ct
Figure 4. Typcal view of a Sedimentation Tank
/000
i000
p ~ip C
Sluice cO/cc
00 ~iudgc draw oi/
pipc work
78
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00
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.0
Licensed to Wan Roselan Mustapha / Purchased on 12-J uly-2007 / Single user license only, copying and networking prohibited
TANDA-TANDA STANDARD SIRIM
Tanda-tanda Standard SIRIM seperti yang tertera di bawah adalah tanda-tanda pengesahan dagangan
berdaftar. Tanda-tanda ml hanya boleh digunakan oleh mereka yang dilesenkan di bawah skim tanda
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Ketua Pengarah,
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Persiaran Dato Menteri, Seksyen 2, Peti Surat 703 5,
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Further particulars of the terms of licence may be obtained from:
Director-General,
Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia,
Persiaran Dato Menteri, Section 2, P.O . B ox 703 5,
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Selangor.
Dicetak dan diterbitkan oleh: Institut Standard dan P enyelidikan P erindustrian Malaysia.
Printed and Published by: Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia.
SIRIM STANDARD MARKS
Licensed to Wan Roselan Mustapha / Purchased on 12-J uly-2007 / Single user license only, copying and networking prohibited
MS ISO 10202-6 : 1996
6
INSTITUT STANDARD DAN PENYELIDIKAN PERINDUSTRIAN MALAYSIA
Institut Standard dan Penyelidikan Perindustrian Malaysia (SIRIM) telah ditubuhkan hasil dari cantuman Institut
Piawaian Malaysia (SIM) dengan Institut Negara bagi Penyelidikan Sains dan Perusahaan (NISIR) di bawah
Undang-Undang Malaysia Akta 157 pada 16hb. September 1975:Akta Institut Standard dan Penyelidikan
Perindustrian Malaysia (Perbadanan) 1975. Institut ini diletakhak dengan kuasa untuk memamju dan
menjalankan penyelidikan perindustrian dan untuk menyedia dan memajukan standard-standard bagi barangan-
barangan, proses-proses, amalan-amalan dan perkhidmatan-perkhidmatan; dan bagi mengadakan peruntukan
bagi perkara-perkara yang bersampingan atau berkaitan dengan maksud-maksud itu.
Satu daripada tugas-tugas Institut ini adalah menyediakan Standard-Standard Malaysia dalam bentuk
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sempurna dan selamat, sistem penamaan dan lain-lain. Standard-Standard Malaysia disediakan oleh
jawatankuasa-jawatankuasa perwakilan yang menyelaras keupayaan pengilang dan kecekapan pengeluaran
dengan kehendak-kehendak yang munasabah dari pengguna. Ia menuju ke arah mencapai kesesuaian bagi
maksud, memudahkan pengeluaran dan pengedaran, kebolehsalingtukaran gantian dan pelbagai pilihan yang
mencukupi tanpa pembaziran.
Standard-Standard Malaysia disediakan hanya setelah penyiasatan yang lengkap menujukkan bahawa sesuatu
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Khidmat Perunding.
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The Standard and Industrial research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) is established with the merger of the
Standards Institution of Malaysia (SIM) and the National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR)
under the Laws of Malaysia Act 157 on 16
th
. September 1975: Standards and Industrial Research Institute of
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undertaking of industrial research and for the preparation and promotion of standards for commodities,
processes, practices and services; and to provide for matters incidental to or connected with those purposes.
One of the functions of the Institute is to prepare Malaysian Standards in the form of specifications for materials
and products, methods of testing, codes of sound and safe practice, nomenclature, etc. Malaysian Standards are
prepared by representative committees which co-ordinate manufacturing capacity and production efficiency with
the users reasonable needs. They seek to achieve fitness for purpose, simplified production and distribution
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Malaysian Standards are prepared only after a full enquiry has shown that the project is endorsed as a desirable
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The Institute operates entirely on a non-profits basis. It is a grant aided body receiving financial aid from the
Government, funds from membership subscriptions and proceeds from sales of Standards and other
publications, fees and licence fees for the use of SIRIM Certification Mark and other activities associated with
Standardization, Industrial Research and Consultancy Services.
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