Macromolecules

Carbon Bonding and Functional Groups

____________atoms have 4 electrons in its outer shell

They can bond with ________ different elements

Functional groups

Clusters of atoms

The ______________ _______________ __________ that determines the characteristics of a compound

-_____________, the hydroxyl group, is important to living things

Large Carbon Molecules

In carbon compounds, molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules

______________________simple molecules that bonds during condensation reactions

______________________monomers that are bound together

Each releases ________- and H+ which combine to form _________________

____________________reversal of condensation reaction

Needs the addition of water to occur

Energy Currency
________________________________

________________ requires a ________________________ supply of energy

___________________ is a compound that contains large amounts of energy in its overall structure

__________________________ are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of
about 2 H atoms to 1 O atom

_____________________________a monomer of a carbohydrate

Simple sugar

Contains _______, ___________, and _______ in a ratio of 1:2:1. Most common monosaccharides are:

_______________main source of energy for the cell

_______________found in fruits

_______________found in milk

These sugars are _______________ same chemical formula but different structural
forms

Disaccharides and __________________

When 2 _____________________________ combine to form a ___________________

Examples: (write these in on your notes)

___________________

___________________

___________________

When 2 or more disaccharides combine, they will form a _________________________

Animals store glucose in the form of _____________________

Plants store glucose as ________________________

____________________ is another polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

Proteins

Organic compounds composed of _______, _________, _________, and __________

Formed by the linkage of ___________________________

Skin and muscles of animals and many of the catalysts found in plants and animals are made of ______________

Amino acidsthe 20 amino acids are the monomer building blocks for proteins

They share a basic structure

A _______________ carbon atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom

A carboxyl group, -___________________

An amino group, -NH2

A group that varies from amino acid to _________________ _________________

Dipeptides and polypeptides

_____________________2 amino acids bond to each other, one at a time to form a dipeptide

_____________________amino acids can bond to each other one at a time forming a very long chain

_________________enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its
substrate, the reactant being catalyzed

An enzyme may fail to work if its environment is changed

pH or temperature change can change the shape of the enzyme or substrate

Lipids

Lipids are ________________ _____________________ organic molecules that do not dissolve in water

Have a higher ratio of ____________ and H to O atoms than ________________ do

Fatty acidsunbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids

Two ends have very different properties

________________water lovingattracted to water molecules

________________water fearingdoes not interact with water

Lipids

Complex lipids

__________________made up of 3 molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of alcohol glycerol

__________________have three fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol

Waxa long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain

Highly ____________________________

In plants, forms a protective coating on the outer surfaces

In animals forms _________________________ ________________________

_____________________steroid molecules are composed of 4 fused C rings with various functional groups
attached to them

2 layers make up the ____________ _______________________

Make up animal hormones and cholesterol

Nucleic Acids

Very large and complex organic molecules that _____________ ______________________ in the cell

2 types

_________contains information that is essential for almost all cell activities

_________stores and transfers information that is essential for the _________________ ____
_______________________

Both DNA and RNA are ___________________, ______________________________________

____________________________________________________

___________________________ are made of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped

____________________ _________________