Graphics Basics

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Projection
3D Projection
provides an image of the object as the designers
minds eye.
is weak in providing details.
distort some feature (circle ellipse)

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3D Projection-Isometric Projection
The width and depth dimensions are sketched
at 30 from the horizontal.
Three angles at the upper front corner of the
part is 120 .
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Isometric
3D Projection-Trimetric Projection
The width and depth dimensions are at
arbitrary angles from the horizontal.
It fixes one side along the horizontal line and
tilts the part forward.
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Trimetric
3D Projection-Dimetric Projection
Equal angles with two axes
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Orthographic Projection
Multiview Projection
collection of flat 2D drawings of the different
sides of an object.
overcomes the distortion weakness from 3D
projection (i.e. circle looks like circle).
Requires substantial interpretation.


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Orthographic Projection
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3D Model
The CAD software stores the entire 3D shape of
the object.
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Wireframe Model
All edges of the model is
presented
Not clear which edges on
the front
Hidden Line Visible Model
Surface line shown as solid
lines.
Dashed-lines refers to
hidden lines (behind the
surface).
Hidden Line Removed Model
Only surface line shown as
solid lines.
No hidden lines is shown
3D Model
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Shaded Model
Virtual lighting source is assumed
near the object
Provide very realistic view of the
object
Shaded with Edges Model
Display shaded view of the model
with all surface edges
3D Solid Model
The object has surfaces, edges and volume
The interior of the part is represented in the model as
well as the outer surfaces
Is based on Constraint-Based Model the process
begins with creation of 2D profile (i.e. sketch) for the
cross-section of the part.
Constraint dimensions are added to the sketch to
define it.
Solid Models are used for:
Analysis Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Manufacturing Computer-Aided Manufacturing
(CAM) i.e. generating codes for CNC
Because the solid model is a complete mathematical
representation of the part.
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3D Solid Model
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Feature-Based Modeling
Modeling in a way to represent the manufacturing
steps:
Create base geometrical feature, then
Modify feature to reflect manufacturing process
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Engineer Model Machinist
Draw Cross Section





Select Bar Stock
Extrude Cross
Section to Create
Base Feature






Cut Off Bar Stock
Feature-Based Modeling
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Engineer Model Machinist
Create cut on the
left end and round
the right end





Turn on the Lathe
to reduce diameter
on left end and
round right end
Create a circular
cut to form a hole






Drill hole
Create Groove Cuts
Cut grooves on a
Lathe
Constraint-Based Modeling
Intelligence Parametric Parent-Child relation
Intelligent Design/Modeling to preserve the
Design Intent i.e. the design intent of the engineer
remains intact as the part is modified.
The exact size and shape of the profile is defined
through assigning enough parameters to Fully
Constrain or Fully Define it.
Parametric modeling means parameters (i.e.
dimensions) of the model may be modified to
change the geometry.
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Constraint-Based Modeling
Parametric modeling allow parameters to reference
other parameters through relations or equations
Aspect ratio
Length = 1.5 * Width
Parent-Child Relation means the order of feature
creation is critical to maintain the design intent
A hole (child) cannot exist before the volume (parent)
A groove (child) cannot exist before the volume (parent)
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Associative Modeling
Modification in one objects ripple through all
associated objects.
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Sketch
Change the diameter of circle
Part
Affect the form of the solid model
Assembly
Update in all assemblies
Drawing
Change the dimension on view
Feature
Change the hole diameter