Strength of Materials

V. DEMENKO.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 2008

LECTURE 2 (PROF). Geometr!"# Pro$erte% o& Ro' Cro%%
Se!to(% ($"rt 2)
2.). Mome(t% o& I(ert" Tr"(%&orm"to( *t+ P"r"##e# Tr"(%&er o& A,e%
P"r"##e#-A,% T+eorem
z
c

z
1
A
dA
y
1
y
c
a
y
1

z
1
b
z

y
C
1
C
Fig. 2.1
Given: A, a, b,
c
y
I
,
c
z
I
,
c c
z y
I
,where 0
y
and c
z
are central axes, i.e.
0 = =
c c
z y
S S
.
1
y
and 1
z
are axes parallel to the c
y
and c
z
axes. The distance between 1
z
and c
z
axes is a and the distance between 1
y
and c
y
axes is b.
The task is to determine the moments of inertia with respect to 1
z
and 1
y
axes.
By definition

= = =
A
z y
A
z
A
y
dA z y I dA y I dA z I
1 1
2
1
2
1
1 1 1 1
, ,
. (2.1
!n Fig.2.1 it is seen, that
a y y , b z z = =
1 1
. (2.2
09.09.2014 18:52:56 /var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/243678374.doc
)
V. DEMENKO. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 2008
"#bstit#ting 1
z
and 1
y
from expressions (2.2 into form#la (2.1, we find
( )

+ = =
A A A A
y
dA b zdA b dA z dA b z I
2 2 2
2
1 (2.$
( )

+ = =
A A A A
z
dA a ydA a dA y dA a y I
2 2 2
2
1 (2.%
( ) ( )

+ = =
A A A A A
z y
dA ab ydA b zdA a yzdA dA b z a y I
1 1
(2.&
!f c
z
and c
y
axes are central, then
0 = =
c c
z y
S S
and obtained expressions
are significantly simplified
.
,
,
1 1
1
1
2
2
abA I I
A a I I
A b I I
c c
c
c
z y z y
z z
y y
+ =
+ =
+ =
' parallel-axis theorem. (2.(
The moment of inertia of section with respect to any axis in its plane is
equal to the moment of inertia with respect to parallel centroidal axis plus the
product of the area and the square of the distance between two axes.
The product of inertia of a section with respect to any pair of axes in its
plane is equal to the product of inertia with respect to parallel centroidal axes
plus the product of a section area and the coordinates of the centroid with
respect to the pair of axes.
!t follows from the first two form#las of (2.( that a family of parallel
axes the moment of inertia with respect to the central axis is a minimum.
)hile determining the prod#ct of inertia by form#las (2.( it is necessary
to take into acco#nt the signs of *al#es a and b. They are centroid coordinates 0
in 1 1
0y z
orthogonal system.
2.2. T+e Mome(t% o& I(ert" !+"(.e /0 me"(% o& Coor'("te A,e% rot"t(.
+et #s take a cross section of a rod. ,elate it to a system of coordinates
1 1
0y z
.
2
z
A
d A

z
y

y

y
1
y
1
z
1
z
1
C
s i n y
s i n z
Fig. 2.2
!solate an element
dA
from the area A with coordinates z, y. +et #s
consider that cross section-s axial moments of inertia
y
I
, z
I
and prod#ct of
inertia
yz
I
are gi*en (Fig.2.2.
!t is re/#ired to determine I
y
,
I
z
, I
yz
, i.e. the moments of inertia
with respect to axes y
1
, z
1
rotated
thro#gh an angle in relation to
system y, z ( 0 0 i.e. co#nter
clockwise rotation is chosen as
positi*e.
!t sho#ld be obser*ed here
that the point C is not the section
centroid.
1sing Fig.2.2, we find.
+ = = sin z cos y y sin y cos z z
1 1
,
. (2.2
By definition
=
A
y
dA z I
2
1
1
,

=
A
z
dA y I
2
1
1
1

=
A
z y
dA y z I
1 1
1 1
. (2.3
Then
( ) = =

A A
y
dA z dA y z I
2 2 2
cos sin cos
1

+
A A
dA y yzdA
2 2
sin cos sin 2
4 (2.5
By similar way
( ) + = =

A A
z
dA y dA z y I
2 2 2
cos sin cos
1

+ +
A A
dA z yzdA
2 2
sin cos sin 2
4 (2.10
( ) ( ) = + =

A
z y
dA z y y z I sin cos sin cos
1 1
2
= + =

A A A A
dA z dA y yzdA yzdA
2 2 2 2
cos sin cos sin sin cos
( )
2
cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2
2 2

+ =
A A
A
dA y dA z
yxdA
. (2.11
1sing moment of inertia definition and the form#la = 2
2 2
cos sin cos and
= 2 2 sin cos sin
, we may write, that
. 2 sin
2
2 cos
, sin 2 sin cos
, sin 2 sin cos
1 1
1
1
2 2
2 2

z y
yz z y
y yz z z
z yz y y
I I
I I
I I I I
I I I I
+ =
+ + =
+ =
(2.12
)e note that f#nctions (2.5, 2.10, 2.11 are periodic with a period . The
axial moments of inertia are positi*e. They can be minim#m or maxim#m but
simultaneously. The prod#ct of inertia changes its sign.
2.2.T+e A,"# Mome(t% o& I(ert" %3m
!t is e*ident, that
( ) ( ). cos sin I sin cos I sin I cos I
sin I sin I sin I cos I I I
z y yz z
y yz z y z y
+ + + = + +
+ + + = +
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
1 1
(2.1$
Th#s the s#m of the axial moments of inertia with respect to two m#t#ally
perpendic#lar axes depends on the angle of rotation and remains constant when
the axes are rotated.
6ote that
2 2 2
= + z y
(2.1%
and
( )

= +
A A
dA dA z y
2 2 2

, (2.1&
where is the distance from the origin to the element of area.
Th#s
= + I I I
z y
, (2.1(
4
where
I
is the familiar polar moment of inertia.
2.4. Pr(!$"# A,e%. Pr(!$"# Ce(tr"# A,e%. Pr(!$"# Mome(t% o& I(ert"
7ach of the /#antities
1
y
I
and
1
z
I
changes with the axis rotation angle,
b#t their s#m remains #nchanged. 8onse/#ently there exists an angle 0
at
which one of moments of inertia attains its maxim#m *al#e while the other
ass#mes a minim#m *al#e.
9ifferentiating the expression for
1
y
I
(2.5 with respect to and e/#ating
the deri*ati*e to :ero, we find
0 sin cos 2 2 cos 2 sin cos 2
0 0 0 0 0
1
= + =
z yz y
y
I I I
d
dI
,
( )
0 0
2 cos 2 2 sin
yz y z
I I I =
, (2.12
y z
yz
I I
I
tan
=
2
2
0 .
For this *al#e of the angle 0
, one of axial moments is maxim#m and the

other one is minim#m.
!f tan2 0 0, then axes sho#ld be rotated co#nter clockwise.
For the same angle 0
, the prod#ct of inertia *anishes.

0 2 sin
2
2 sin
2
0 0
1 1

=
z y y z
z y
I I I I
I (2.13
;xes, with respect to which the prod#ct of inertia is :ero and the axial
moments takes extremal *al#es, are called principal axes.
!f, in addition, they are central, they are called principal central axes.
The axial moments of inertia with respect to principal axes are called
principal moments of inertia.
<rincipal moments of inertia are determined by #sing the following
form#las.
5
( ) ( )

+
+
+

+
=
2 2
2
2 2
%
2
%
2 2
yz y z
yz
yz y z
y z y z y z
max
min
I I I
I
I I I
I I I I I I
I
,
( )
2 2
%
2
1
2
yz y z
y z
max
min
I I I
I I
I +
+
=
(2.15
The #pper sign corresponds to the maximal moment of inertia and the
lower one = to the minimal moment.
If section has an axis of symmetry, this axis is by all means the
principal one.
!t means that sectional parts, lying on different sides of the axis, and
prod#cts of inertia are e/#al, b#t ha*e opposite signs. 8onse/#ently,
0 =
yz
I
and
y and z axes are principal.
6
!"#$%&#'( )
m#t#ally >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?@ABCDEF
standard >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> GHADIApH
appendix >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JpBKLMNDBN
transfer >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JNpNDLG, JNpNOLI
rotate >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?pAPAHQ
alpha >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> AKQRA
sine >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> GBDSG
cotangent >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> TLHADUNDG
periodic >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JNpBLIBVNGTBF
principal >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JpBDWBJ, LGDL?DLN
differential >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> IBRRNpNDWBAK
assortment >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> GLpHACNDH
profile >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JpLRBKQ
transformation >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JpNLXpA@L?ADBN
rotation >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?pAPNDBN, JL?LpLH
co#nter=clockwise
rotation
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?pAPNDBN JpLHB?
VaGL?LF GHYNKTB
cosine >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> TLGBDSG
tangent >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> HADUNDG, TAGAHNKQDAZ
period >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JNpBLI
pi >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JB
principal >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> UKA?DEF LGDL?DLF
deri*ati*e >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JpoB@?LIDAZ
[lossary
Pro'3!t o& (ert" (YSG ' WNDHYLXNMDEF CLCNDH BDNYWBB, STY '
?\IWNDHYL?BF CLCNDH \DNYW\] )- ,elati*e to two rectang#lar axes, the s#m of
the prod#cts formed by m#ltiplying the mass (or, sometimes, the area of each
element of a fig#re by the prod#ct of the coordinates corresponding to those
axes
7

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V. DEMENKO.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS 2008

, one of axial moments is maxim#m and the

, the prod#ct of inertia *anishes.

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